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Doobin DJ, Helmer P, Carabalona A, Bertipaglia C, Vallee RB. The Role of Nde1 phosphorylation in interkinetic nuclear migration and neural migration during cortical development. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar129. [PMID: 39167527 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-05-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Nde1 is a cytoplasmic dynein regulatory protein with important roles in vertebrate brain development. One noteworthy function is in the nuclear oscillatory behavior in neural progenitor cells, the control and mechanism of which remain poorly understood. Nde1 contains multiple phosphorylation sites for the cell cycle-dependent protein kinase CDK1, though the function of these sites is not well understood. To test their role in brain development, we expressed phosphorylation-state mutant forms of Nde1 in embryonic rat brains using in utero electroporation. We find that Nde1 T215 and T243 phosphomutants block apical interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) and, consequently, mitosis in radial glial progenitor cells. Another Nde1 phosphomutant at T246 also interfered with mitotic entry without affecting INM, suggesting a more direct role for Nde1 T246 in mitotic regulation. We also found that the Nde1 S214F mutation, which is associated with schizophrenia, inhibits Cdk5 phosphorylation at an adjacent residue which causes alterations in neuronal lamination. These results together identify important new roles for Nde1 phosphorylation in neocortical development and disease, and represent the first evidence for Nde1 phosphorylation roles in INM and neuronal lamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paige Helmer
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Aurelie Carabalona
- Institute of Mediterranean Neurobiology, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Richard B Vallee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Lack of ZNF365 Drives Senescence and Exacerbates Experimental Lung Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182848. [PMID: 36139424 PMCID: PMC9497065 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by aberrant activation of the alveolar epithelium, the expansion of the fibroblast population, and the accumulation of extracellular matrix. Global gene expression of human lung fibroblasts stimulated with TGFβ-1, a strong fibrotic mediator revealed the overexpression of ZNF365, a zinc finger protein implicated in cell cycle control and telomere stabilization. We evaluated the expression and localization of ZNF365 in IPF lungs and in the fibrotic response induced by bleomycin in WT and deficient mice of the orthologous gene Zfp365. In IPF, ZNF365 was overexpressed and localized in fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and alveolar epithelium. Bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis showed an upregulation of Zfp365 localized in lung epithelium and stromal cell populations. Zfp365 KO mice developed a significantly higher fibrotic response compared with WT mice by morphology and hydroxyproline content. Silencing ZNF365 in human lung fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial cells induced a significant reduction of growth rate and increased senescence markers, including Senescence Associated β Galactosidase activity, p53, p21, and the histone variant γH2AX. Our findings demonstrate that ZNF365 is upregulated in IPF and experimental lung fibrosis and suggest a protective role since its absence increases experimental lung fibrosis mechanistically associated with the induction of cell senescence.
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Soto-Perez J, Baumgartner M, Kanadia RN. Role of NDE1 in the Development and Evolution of the Gyrified Cortex. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:617513. [PMID: 33390896 PMCID: PMC7775536 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.617513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An expanded cortex is a hallmark of human neurodevelopment and endows increased cognitive capabilities. Recent work has shown that the cell cycle-related gene NDE1 is essential for proper cortical development. Patients who have mutations in NDE1 exhibit congenital microcephaly as a primary phenotype. At the cellular level, NDE1 is essential for interkinetic nuclear migration and mitosis of radial glial cells, which translates to an indispensable role in neurodevelopment. The nuclear migration function of NDE1 is well conserved across Opisthokonta. In mammals, multiple isoforms containing alternate terminal exons, which influence the functionality of NDE1, have been reported. It has been noted that the pattern of terminal exon usage mirrors patterns of cortical complexity in mammals. To provide context to these findings, here, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature regarding NDE1, its molecular biology and physiological relevance at the cellular and organismal levels. In particular, we outline the potential roles of NDE1 in progenitor cell behavior and explore the spectrum of NDE1 pathogenic variants. Moreover, we assessed the evolutionary conservation of NDE1 and interrogated whether the usage of alternative terminal exons is characteristic of species with gyrencephalic cortices. We found that gyrencephalic species are more likely to express transcripts that use the human-associated terminal exon, whereas lissencephalic species tend to express transcripts that use the mouse-associated terminal exon. Among gyrencephalic species, the human-associated terminal exon was preferentially expressed by those with a high order of gyrification. These findings underscore phylogenetic relationships between the preferential usage of NDE1 terminal exon and high-order gyrification, which provide insight into cortical evolution underlying high-order brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaseph Soto-Perez
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | | | - Rahul N. Kanadia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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Wynne CL, Vallee RB. Cdk1 phosphorylation of the dynein adapter Nde1 controls cargo binding from G2 to anaphase. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3019-3029. [PMID: 29930206 PMCID: PMC6122996 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201707081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is involved in diverse cell cycle-dependent functions regulated by several accessory factors, including Nde1 and Ndel1. Little is known about the role of these proteins in dynein cargo binding, and less is known about their cell cycle--dependent dynein regulation. Using Nde1 RNAi, mutant cDNAs, and a phosphorylation site-specific antibody, we found a specific association of phospho-Nde1 with the late G2-M nuclear envelope and prophase to anaphase kinetochores, comparable to the pattern for the Nde1 interactor CENP-F. Phosphomutant-Nde1 associated only with prometaphase kinetochores and showed weaker CENP-F binding in in vitro assays. Nde1 RNAi caused severe delays in mitotic progression, which were substantially rescued by both phosphomimetic and phosphomutant Nde1. Expression of a dynein-binding-deficient Nde1 mutant reduced kinetochore dynein by half, indicating a major role for Nde1 in kinetochore dynein recruitment. These results establish CENP-F as the first well-characterized Nde1 cargo protein, and reveal phosphorylation control of Nde1 cargo binding throughout a substantial fraction of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin L Wynne
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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5
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NDE1 positively regulates oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7644. [PMID: 29769557 PMCID: PMC5955916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system (CNS), undergo morphological differentiation characterized by elaborated branched processes to enwrap neuronal axons. However, the basic molecular mechanisms underlying oligodendrocyte morphogenesis remain unknown. Herein, we describe the essential roles of Nuclear Distribution E Homolog 1 (NDE1), a dynein cofactor, in oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation. In the mouse corpus callosum, Nde1 mRNA expression was detected in oligodendrocyte lineage cells at the postnatal stage. In vitro analysis revealed that downregulation of NDE1 by siRNA impaired the outgrowth and extensive branching of oligodendrocyte processes and led to a decrease in the expression of myelin-related markers, namely, CNPase and MBP. In myelinating co-cultures with dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, NDE1-knockdown oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) failed to develop into MBP-positive oligodendrocytes with multiple processes contacting DRG axons. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that NDE1 interacts with the dynein intermediate chain (DIC) in oligodendrocytes, and an overexpressed DIC-binding region of NDE1 exerted effects on oligodendrocyte morphogenesis that were similar to those following NDE1 knockdown. Furthermore, NDE1-knockdown-impaired oligodendrocyte process formation was rescued by siRNA-resistant wild-type NDE1 but not by DIC-binding region-deficient NDE1 overexpression. These results suggest that NDE1 plays a crucial role in oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation via interaction with dynein.
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Tan L, Bi B, Zhao P, Cai X, Wan C, Shao J, He X. Severe congenital microcephaly with 16p13.11 microdeletion combined with NDE1 mutation, a case report and literature review. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:141. [PMID: 29191162 PMCID: PMC5709987 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Microcephaly is a disorder characterized by severe impairment in brain development, reduced brain and head size. Congenital severe microcephaly is very rare, and NDE1 deletion and genetic mutations are important contributors. Case presentation Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and muation screening of NDE1 gene were performed in an 8-month patient with severe congenital microcephaly, and/or his parents. Genetic studies found a 16p13.11 deletion containing NDE1 gene, and a novel NDE1 mutation c.555_556GC > CT on the non-deleted homolog, inherited from his phenotypically normal parents, respectively. The 2 bp nucleotide change results in a missense mutation p.K185 N and a nonsense mutation p.Q186X. We also conducted literaturte review to compare the clinical phenotypes of our patient to those of cases previously reported with NDE1 mutations, and found all patients had mental retardation, severe microcephaly, and corpus callosum agenesis. Conclusion This is the first Chinese reported with microcephaly caused by NDE1 mutations. NDE1 is a critical pathogenetic gene in severe congenital microcephaly. Sequencing NDE1 and CMA in patients with severe congenital microcephaly may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Clinical Research Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430016, China
| | - Bo Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiwei Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430016, China
| | - Xiaonan Cai
- Clinical Research Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430016, China
| | - Chunhui Wan
- Clinical Research Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430016, China
| | - Jianbo Shao
- Department of CT/MRI Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xuelian He
- Clinical Research Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430016, China.
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Bradshaw NJ, Hayashi MAF. NDE1 and NDEL1 from genes to (mal)functions: parallel but distinct roles impacting on neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric illness. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1191-1210. [PMID: 27742926 PMCID: PMC11107680 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NDE1 (Nuclear Distribution Element 1, also known as NudE) and NDEL1 (NDE-Like 1, also known as NudEL) are the mammalian homologues of the fungus nudE gene, with important and at least partially overlapping roles for brain development. While a large number of studies describe the various properties and functions of these proteins, many do not directly compare the similarities and differences between NDE1 and NDEL1. Although sharing a high degree structural similarity and multiple common cellular roles, each protein presents several distinct features that justify their parallel but also unique functions. Notably both proteins have key binding partners in dynein, LIS1 and DISC1, which impact on neurodevelopmental and psychiatric illnesses. Both are implicated in schizophrenia through genetic and functional evidence, with NDE1 also strongly implicated in microcephaly, as well as other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions through copy number variation, while NDEL1 possesses an oligopeptidase activity with a unique potential as a biomarker in schizophrenia. In this review, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of the various cellular roles of these proteins in a "bottom-up" manner, from their biochemistry and protein-protein interactions on the molecular level, up to the consequences for neuronal differentiation, and ultimately to their importance for correct cortical development, with direct consequences for the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
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Hong JH, Kwak Y, Woo Y, Park C, Lee SA, Lee H, Park SJ, Suh Y, Suh BK, Goo BS, Mun DJ, Sanada K, Nguyen MD, Park SK. Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by the Ndel1-Tara complex is critical for cell migration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31827. [PMID: 27546710 PMCID: PMC4992831 DOI: 10.1038/srep31827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear distribution element-like 1 (Ndel1) plays pivotal roles in diverse biological processes and is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple neurodevelopmental disorders. Ndel1 function by regulating microtubules and intermediate filaments; however, its functional link with the actin cytoskeleton is largely unknown. Here, we show that Ndel1 interacts with TRIO-associated repeat on actin (Tara), an actin-bundling protein, to regulate cell movement. In vitro wound healing and Boyden chamber assays revealed that Ndel1- or Tara-deficient cells were defective in cell migration. Moreover, Tara overexpression induced the accumulation of Ndel1 at the cell periphery and resulted in prominent co-localization with F-actin. This redistribution of Ndel1 was abolished by deletion of the Ndel1-interacting domain of Tara, suggesting that the altered peripheral localization of Ndel1 requires a physical interaction with Tara. Furthermore, co-expression of Ndel1 and Tara in SH-SY5Y cells caused a synergistic increase in F-actin levels and filopodia formation, suggesting that Tara facilitates cell movement by sequestering Ndel1 at peripheral structures to regulate actin remodeling. Thus, we demonstrated that Ndel1 interacts with Tara to regulate cell movement. These findings reveal a novel role of the Ndel1-Tara complex in actin reorganization during cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ho Hong
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdo Kwak
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsik Woo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Cana Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol-Ae Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeryun Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Suh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyoung Suh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon Seong Goo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Mun
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamon Sanada
- Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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9
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Kimura H, Tsuboi D, Wang C, Kushima I, Koide T, Ikeda M, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Yamamoto N, Kunimoto S, Nakamura Y, Yoshimi A, Banno M, Xing J, Takasaki Y, Yoshida M, Aleksic B, Uno Y, Okada T, Iidaka T, Inada T, Suzuki M, Ujike H, Kunugi H, Kato T, Yoshikawa T, Iwata N, Kaibuchi K, Ozaki N. Identification of Rare, Single-Nucleotide Mutations in NDE1 and Their Contributions to Schizophrenia Susceptibility. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:744-53. [PMID: 25332407 PMCID: PMC4393687 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear distribution E homolog 1 (NDE1), located within chromosome 16p13.11, plays an essential role in microtubule organization, mitosis, and neuronal migration and has been suggested by several studies of rare copy number variants to be a promising schizophrenia (SCZ) candidate gene. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to rare single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) discovered by deep sequencing of candidate genes, because such SNVs may have large effect sizes and their functional analysis may clarify etiopathology. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted mutation screening of NDE1 coding exons using 433 SCZ and 145 pervasive developmental disorders samples in order to identify rare single nucleotide variants with a minor allele frequency ≤5%. We then performed genetic association analysis using a large number of unrelated individuals (3554 SCZ, 1041 bipolar disorder [BD], and 4746 controls). Among the discovered novel rare variants, we detected significant associations between SCZ and S214F (P = .039), and between BD and R234C (P = .032). Furthermore, functional assays showed that S214F affected axonal outgrowth and the interaction between NDE1 and YWHAE (14-3-3 epsilon; a neurodevelopmental regulator). CONCLUSIONS This study strengthens the evidence for association between rare variants within NDE1 and SCZ, and may shed light into the molecular mechanisms underlying this severe psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuboi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chenyao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koide
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamamoto
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohko Kunimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukako Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Banno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jingrui Xing
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuto Takasaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mami Yoshida
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan;
| | - Yota Uno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Iidaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inada
- Department of Psychiatry, Seiwa Hospital, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ujike
- Department of Psychiatry, Ujike Nishiguchi Clinic (HU), Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Koyama Y, Hattori T, Nishida T, Hori O, Tohyama M. Alterations in dendrite and spine morphology of cortical pyramidal neurons in DISC1-binding zinc finger protein (DBZ) knockout mice. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:52. [PMID: 25983680 PMCID: PMC4415407 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrite and dendritic spine formation are crucial for proper brain function. DISC1-binding zinc finger protein (DBZ) was first identified as a Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia1 (DISC1) binding partner. DBZ is highly expressed in the cerebral cortex of developing and adult rodents and is involved in neurite formation, cell positioning, and the development of interneurons and oligodendrocytes. The functional roles of DBZ in postnatal brain remain unknown; thus we investigated cortical pyramidal neuron morphology in DBZ knockout (KO) mice. Morphological analyses by Golgi staining alone in DBZ KO mice revealed decreased dendritic arborization, increased spine density. A morphological analysis of the spines revealed markedly increased numbers of thin spines. To investigate whole spine structure in detail, electron tomographic analysis using ultra-high voltage electron microscopy (UHVEM) combined with Golgi staining was performed. Tomograms and three-dimensional models of spines revealed that the spines of DBZ KO mice exhibited two types of characteristic morphology, filopodia-like spines and abnormal thin-necked spines having an extremely thin spine neck. Moreover, conventional electron microscopy revealed significantly decreased number of postsynaptic densities (PSDs) in spines of DBZ KO mice. In conclusion, DBZ deficiency impairs the morphogenesis of dendrites and spines in cortical pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Koyama
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui SuitaOsaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishida
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Tohyama
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki UniversityOsaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka Prefectural Hospital OrganizationOsaka, Japan
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11
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DBZ regulates cortical cell positioning and neurite development by sustaining the anterograde transport of Lis1 and DISC1 through control of Ndel1 dual-phosphorylation. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2942-58. [PMID: 25698733 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5029-13.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell positioning and neuronal network formation are crucial for proper brain function. Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is anterogradely transported to the neurite tips, together with Lis1, and functions in neurite extension via suppression of GSK3β activity. Then, transported Lis1 is retrogradely transported and functions in cell migration. Here, we show that DISC1-binding zinc finger protein (DBZ), together with DISC1, regulates mouse cortical cell positioning and neurite development in vivo. DBZ hindered Ndel1 phosphorylation at threonine 219 and serine 251. DBZ depletion or expression of a double-phosphorylated mimetic form of Ndel1 impaired the transport of Lis1 and DISC1 to the neurite tips and hampered microtubule elongation. Moreover, application of DISC1 or a GSK3β inhibitor rescued the impairments caused by DBZ insufficiency or double-phosphorylated Ndel1 expression. We concluded that DBZ controls cell positioning and neurite development by interfering with Ndel1 from disproportionate phosphorylation, which is critical for appropriate anterograde transport of the DISC1-complex.
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12
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Disturbance of oligodendrocyte function plays a key role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:492367. [PMID: 25705664 PMCID: PMC4332974 DOI: 10.1155/2015/492367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are thought to be multifactorial diseases related to both genetic and environmental factors. However, the genes responsible and the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of SZ and MDD remain unclear. We previously reported that abnormalities of disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) and DISC1 binding zinc finger (DBZ) might cause major psychiatric disorders such as SZ. Interestingly, both DISC and DBZ have been further detected in oligodendrocytes and implicated in regulating oligodendrocyte differentiation. DISC1 negatively regulates the differentiation of oligodendrocytes, whereas DBZ plays a positive regulatory role in oligodendrocyte differentiation. We have reported that repeated stressful events, one of the major risk factors of MDD, can induce sustained upregulation of plasma corticosterone levels and serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (Sgk1) mRNA expression in oligodendrocytes. Repeated stressful events can also activate the SGK1 cascade and cause excess arborization of oligodendrocyte processes, which is thought to be related to depressive-like symptoms. In this review, we discuss the expression of DISC1, DBZ, and SGK1 in oligodendrocytes, their roles in the regulation of oligodendrocyte function, possible interactions of DISC1 and DBZ in relation to SZ, and the activation of the SGK1 signaling cascade in relation to MDD.
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NDEL1 was decreased in the CA3 region but increased in the hippocampal blood vessel network during the spontaneous seizure period after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Neuroscience 2014; 268:276-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Shimizu S, Koyama Y, Hattori T, Tachibana T, Yoshimi T, Emoto H, Matsumoto Y, Miyata S, Katayama T, Ito A, Tohyama M. DBZ, a CNS-specific DISC1 binding protein, positively regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation. Glia 2014; 62:709-24. [PMID: 24481677 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown changes in myelin genes and alterations in white matter structure in a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Here we report that DBZ, a central nervous system (CNS)-specific member of the DISC1 interactome, positively regulates the oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation in vivo and in vitro. In mouse corpus callosum (CC), DBZ mRNA is expressed in OL lineage cells and expression of DBZ protein peaked before MBP expression. In the CC of DBZ-KO mice, we observed delayed myelination during the early postnatal period. Although the myelination delay was mostly recovered by adulthood, OLs with immature structural features were more abundant in adult DBZ-KO mice than in control mice. DBZ was also transiently upregulated during rat OL differentiation in vitro before myelin marker expression. DBZ knockdown by RNA interference resulted in a decreased expression of myelin-related markers and a low number of cells with mature characteristics, but with no effect on the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. We also show that the expression levels of transcription factors having a negative-regulatory role in OL differentiation were upregulated when endogenous DBZ was knocked down. These results strongly indicate that OL differentiation in rodents is regulated by DBZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Bradshaw NJ, Hennah W, Soares DC. NDE1 and NDEL1: twin neurodevelopmental proteins with similar 'nature' but different 'nurture'. Biomol Concepts 2013; 4:447-64. [PMID: 24093049 PMCID: PMC3787581 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2013-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear distribution element 1 (NDE1, also known as NudE) and NDE-like 1 (NDEL1, also known as Nudel) are paralogous proteins essential for mitosis and neurodevelopment that have been implicated in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. The two proteins possess high sequence similarity and have been shown to physically interact with one another. Numerous lines of experimental evidence in vivo and in cell culture have demonstrated that these proteins share common functions, although instances of differing functions between the two have recently emerged. We review the key aspects of NDE1 and NDEL1 in terms of recent advances in structure elucidation and cellular function, with an emphasis on their differing mechanisms of post-translational modification. Based on a review of the literature and bioinformatics assessment, we advance the concept that the twin proteins NDE1 and NDEL1, while sharing a similar 'nature' in terms of their structure and basic functions, appear to be different in their 'nurture', the manner in which they are regulated both in terms of expression and of post-translational modification within the cell. These differences are likely to be of significant importance in understanding the specific roles of NDE1 and NDEL1 in neurodevelopment and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, University Medical School, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - William Hennah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and National Institute for, Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance, Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dinesh C. Soares
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (MRC IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Western General, Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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16
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Koyama Y, Hattori T, Shimizu S, Taniguchi M, Yamada K, Takamura H, Kumamoto N, Matsuzaki S, Ito A, Katayama T, Tohyama M. DBZ (DISC1-binding zinc finger protein)-deficient mice display abnormalities in basket cells in the somatosensory cortices. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 53:1-10. [PMID: 23912123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1)-binding zinc finger protein (DBZ) is a DISC1-interacting molecule and the interaction between DBZ and DISC1 is involved in neurite outgrowth in vitro. DBZ is highly expressed in brain, especially in the cortex. However, the physiological roles of DBZ in vivo have not been clarified. Here, we show that development of basket cells, a morphologically defined class of parvalbumin (PV)-containing interneurons, is disturbed in DBZ knockout (KO) mice. DBZ mRNA was highly expressed in the ventral area of the subventricular zone of the medial ganglionic eminence, where PV-containing cortical interneurons were generated, at embryonic 14.5 days (E14.5). Although the expression level for PV and the number of PV-containing interneurons were not altered in the cortices of DBZ KO mice, basket cells were less branched and had shorter processes in the somatosensory cortices of DBZ KO mice compared with those in the cortices of WT mice. Furthermore, in the somatosensory cortices of DBZ KO mice, the level of mRNAs for the gamma-aminobutyric acid-synthesizing enzymes GAD67 was decreased. These findings show that DBZ is involved in the morphogenesis of basket cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Koyama
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Liang Y, Liu M, Wang P, Ding X, Cao Y. Analysis of 20 genes at chromosome band 12q13:RACGAP1andMCRS1overexpression in nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 52:305-15. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Pan J, Seeger-Nukpezah T, Golemis EA. The role of the cilium in normal and abnormal cell cycles: emphasis on renal cystic pathologies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:1849-74. [PMID: 22782110 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium protrudes from the cell surface and acts as a sensor for chemical and mechanical growth cues, with receptors for a number of growth factors (PDGFα, Hedgehog, Wnt, Notch) concentrated within the ciliary membrane. In normal tissues, the cilium assembles after cells exit mitosis and is resorbed as part of cell cycle re-entry. Although regulation of the cilium by cell cycle transitions has been appreciated for over 100 years, only recently have data emerged to indicate the cilium also exerts influence on the cell cycle. The resorption/protrusion cycle, regulated by proteins including Aurora-A, VHL, and GSK-3β, influences cell responsiveness to growth cues involving cilia-linked receptors; further, resorption liberates the ciliary basal body to differentiate into the centrosome, which performs discrete functions in S-, G2-, and M-phase. Besides these roles, the cilium provides a positional cue that regulates polarity of cell division, and thus directs cells towards fates of differentiation versus proliferation. In this review, we summarize the specific mechanisms mediating the cilia-cell cycle dialog. We then emphasize the examples of polycystic kidney disease (PKD), nephronopthisis (NPHP), and VHL-linked renal cysts as cases in which defects of ciliary function influence disease pathology, and may also condition response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Pan
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Guven A, Gunduz A, Bozoglu TM, Yalcinkaya C, Tolun A. Novel NDE1 homozygous mutation resulting in microhydranencephaly and not microlyssencephaly. Neurogenetics 2012; 13:189-94. [PMID: 22526350 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-012-0326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lissencephaly is characterized by deficient cortical lamination. Recently homozygous NDE1 mutations were reported in three kindred afflicted with extreme microcephaly with lissencephaly or microlissencephaly. Another severe developmental defect that involves the brain is microhydranencephaly which manifests with microcephaly, motor and mental retardation and brain malformations that include gross dilation of the ventricles with complete absence of the cerebral hemispheres or severe delay in their development. In the three related patients with microhydranencephaly that we had reported previously, we identified a homozygous deletion that encompasses NDE1 exon 2 containing the initiation codon. The mutation is predicted to result in a null allele. Herein we compare the clinical phenotypes of our research patients to those reported as microlissencephaly. The clinical findings in our patients having the fourth NDE1 mutation reported so far widen the spectrum of brain malformations resulting from mutations in NDE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Guven
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, KP 301, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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Bradshaw NJ, Porteous DJ. DISC1-binding proteins in neural development, signalling and schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1230-41. [PMID: 21195721 PMCID: PMC3275753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the decade since Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) was first identified it has become one of the most convincing risk genes for major mental illness. As a multi-functional scaffold protein, DISC1 has multiple identified protein interaction partners that highlight pathologically relevant molecular pathways with potential for pharmaceutical intervention. Amongst these are proteins involved in neuronal migration (e.g. APP, Dixdc1, LIS1, NDE1, NDEL1), neural progenitor proliferation (GSK3β), neurosignalling (Girdin, GSK3β, PDE4) and synaptic function (Kal7, TNIK). Furthermore, emerging evidence of genetic association (NDEL1, PCM1, PDE4B) and copy number variation (NDE1) implicate several DISC1-binding partners as risk factors for schizophrenia in their own right. Thus, a picture begins to emerge of DISC1 as a key hub for multiple critical developmental pathways within the brain, disruption of which can lead to a variety of psychiatric illness phenotypes.
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Key Words
- disc1
- schizophrenia
- neurodevelopment
- signalling
- synapse
- association studies
- app, amyloid precursor protein
- atf4, activating transcription factor 4
- bace1, β-site app-cleaving enzyme-1
- bbs4, bardet–biedl syndrome 4
- cep290, centrosomal protein 290 kda
- cnv, copy number variation
- cre, camp response element
- dbz, disc1-binding zinc finger
- disc1, disrupted in schizophrenia 1
- dixdc1, dishevelled-axin domain containing-1
- fez1, fasciculation and elongation protein zeta 1
- glur, glutamate receptor
- gsk3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- kal7, kalirin-7
- lef/tcf, lymphoid enhancer factor/t cell factor
- lis1, lissencephaly 1
- mtor, mammalian target of rapamycin
- nde1, nuclear distribution factor e homologue 1 or nuclear distribution element 1
- ndel1, nde-like 1
- nrg, neuregulin
- pacap, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
- pcm1, pericentriolar material 1
- pcnt, pericentrin
- pde4, phosphodiesterase 4
- pi3 k, phosphatidylinositiol 3-kinase
- psd, post-synaptic density
- rac1, ras-related c3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- tnik, traf2 and nck interacting kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Bradshaw
- Medical Genetics Section, Molecular Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH4 2XU, UK
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Segal M, Soifer I, Petzold H, Howard J, Elbaum M, Reiner O. Ndel1-derived peptides modulate bidirectional transport of injected beads in the squid giant axon. Biol Open 2012; 1:220-31. [PMID: 23213412 PMCID: PMC3507287 DOI: 10.1242/bio.2012307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional transport is a key issue in cellular biology. It requires coordination between microtubule-associated molecular motors that work in opposing directions. The major retrograde and anterograde motors involved in bidirectional transport are cytoplasmic dynein and conventional kinesin, respectively. It is clear that failures in molecular motor activity bear severe consequences, especially in the nervous system. Neuronal migration may be impaired during brain development, and impaired molecular motor activity in the adult is one of the hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases leading to neuronal cell death. The mechanisms that regulate or coordinate kinesin and dynein activity to generate bidirectional transport of the same cargo are of utmost importance. We examined how Ndel1, a cytoplasmic dynein binding protein, may regulate non-vesicular bidirectional transport. Soluble Ndel1 protein, Ndel1-derived peptides or control proteins were mixed with fluorescent beads, injected into the squid giant axon, and the bead movements were recorded using time-lapse microscopy. Automated tracking allowed for extraction and unbiased analysis of a large data set. Beads moved in both directions with a clear bias to the anterograde direction. Velocities were distributed over a broad range and were typically slower than those associated with fast vesicle transport. Ironically, the main effect of Ndel1 and its derived peptides was an enhancement of anterograde motion. We propose that they may function primarily by inhibition of dynein-dependent resistance, which suggests that both dynein and kinesin motors may remain engaged with microtubules during bidirectional transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Segal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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22
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Chansard M, Hong JH, Park YU, Park SK, Nguyen MD. Ndel1, Nudel (Noodle): flexible in the cell? Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2011; 68:540-54. [PMID: 21948775 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear distribution element-like 1 (Ndel1 or Nudel) was firstly described as a regulator of the cytoskeleton in microtubule and intermediate filament dynamics and microtubule-based transport. Emerging evidence indicates that Ndel1 also serves as a docking platform for signaling proteins and modulates enzymatic activities (kinase, ATPase, oligopeptidase, GTPase). Through these structural and signaling functions, Ndel1 plays a role in diverse cellular processes (e.g., mitosis, neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and neuronal migration). Furthermore, Ndel1 is linked to the etiology of various mental illnesses and neurodegenerative disorders. In the present review, we summarize the physiological and pathological functions associated with Ndel1. We further advance the concept that Ndel1 interfaces GTPases-mediated processes (endocytosis, vesicles morphogenesis/signaling) and cytoskeletal dynamics to impact cell signaling and behaviors. This putative mechanism may affect cellular functionalities and may contribute to shed light into the causes of devastating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Chansard
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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PKA phosphorylation of NDE1 is DISC1/PDE4 dependent and modulates its interaction with LIS1 and NDEL1. J Neurosci 2011; 31:9043-54. [PMID: 21677187 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5410-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear distribution factor E-homolog 1 (NDE1), Lissencephaly 1 (LIS1), and NDE-like 1 (NDEL1) together participate in essential neurodevelopmental processes, including neuronal precursor proliferation and differentiation, neuronal migration, and neurite outgrowth. NDE1/LIS1/NDEL1 interacts with Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and the cAMP-hydrolyzing enzyme phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). DISC1, PDE4, NDE1, and NDEL1 have each been implicated as genetic risk factors for major mental illness. Here, we demonstrate that DISC1 and PDE4 modulate NDE1 phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and identify a novel PKA substrate site on NDE1 at threonine-131 (T131). Homology modeling predicts that phosphorylation at T131 modulates NDE1-LIS1 and NDE1-NDEL1 interactions, which we confirm experimentally. DISC1-PDE4 interaction thus modulates organization of the NDE1/NDEL1/LIS1 complex. T131-phosphorylated NDE1 is present at the postsynaptic density, in proximal axons, within the nucleus, and at the centrosome where it becomes substantially enriched during mitosis. Mutation of the NDE1 T131 site to mimic PKA phosphorylation inhibits neurite outgrowth. Thus PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the NDE1/LIS1/NDEL1 complex is DISC1-PDE4 modulated and likely to regulate its neural functions.
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common mental illness resulting from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors. Establishing its primary molecular and cellular aetiopathologies has proved difficult. However, this is a vital step towards the rational development of useful disease biomarkers and new therapeutic strategies. The advent and large-scale application of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic technologies are generating data sets required to achieve this goal. This discovery phase, typified by its objective and hypothesis-free approach, is described in the first part of the review. The accumulating biological information, when viewed as a whole, reveals a number of biological process and subcellular locations that contribute to schizophrenia causation. The data also show that each technique targets different aspects of central nervous system function in the disease state. In the second part of the review, key schizophrenia candidate genes are discussed more fully. Two higher-order processes - adult neurogenesis and inflammation - that appear to have pathological relevance are also described in detail. Finally, three areas where progress would have a large impact on schizophrenia biology are discussed: deducing the causes of schizophrenia in the individual, explaining the phenomenon of cross-disorder risk factors, and distinguishing causative disease factors from those that are reactive or compensatory.
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Alkuraya F, Cai X, Emery C, Mochida G, Al-Dosari M, Felie J, Hill R, Barry B, Partlow J, Gascon G, Kentab A, Jan M, Shaheen R, Feng Y, Walsh C. Human mutations in NDE1 cause extreme microcephaly with lissencephaly [corrected]. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:536-47. [PMID: 21529751 PMCID: PMC3146728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes disrupted in human microcephaly (meaning "small brain") define key regulators of neural progenitor proliferation and cell-fate specification. In comparison, genes mutated in human lissencephaly (lissos means smooth and cephalos means brain) highlight critical regulators of neuronal migration. Here, we report two families with extreme microcephaly and grossly simplified cortical gyral structure, a condition referred to as microlissencephaly, and show that they carry homozygous frameshift mutations in NDE1, which encodes a multidomain protein that localizes to the centrosome and mitotic spindle poles. Both human mutations in NDE1 truncate the C-terminal NDE1domains, which are essential for interactions with cytoplasmic dynein and thus for regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics in mitosis and for cell-cycle-dependent phosphorylation of NDE1 by Cdk1. We show that the patient NDE1 proteins are unstable, cannot bind cytoplasmic dynein, and do not localize properly to the centrosome. Additionally, we show that CDK1 phosphorylation at T246, which is within the C-terminal region disrupted by the mutations, is required for cell-cycle progression from the G2 to the M phase. The role of NDE1 in cell-cycle progression probably contributes to the profound neuronal proliferation defects evident in Nde1-null mice and patients with NDE1 mutations, demonstrating the essential role of NDE1 in human cerebral cortical neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fowzan S. Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuyu Cai
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Carina Emery
- Department of Neurology and Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ganeshwaran H. Mochida
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammed S. Al-Dosari
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jillian M. Felie
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - R. Sean Hill
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brenda J. Barry
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer N. Partlow
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Generoso G. Gascon
- Department of Neurology, King Faisal Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Kentab
- Department of Pediatrics, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Jan
- Department of Neurology, King Faisal Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranad Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanyi Feng
- Department of Neurology and Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christopher A. Walsh
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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26
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Bakircioglu M, Carvalho OP, Khurshid M, Cox JJ, Tuysuz B, Barak T, Yilmaz S, Caglayan O, Dincer A, Nicholas AK, Quarrell O, Springell K, Karbani G, Malik S, Gannon C, Sheridan E, Crosier M, Lisgo SN, Lindsay S, Bilguvar K, Gergely F, Gunel M, Woods CG. The essential role of centrosomal NDE1 in human cerebral cortex neurogenesis. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:523-35. [PMID: 21529752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated three families whose offspring had extreme microcephaly at birth and profound mental retardation. Brain scans and postmortem data showed that affected individuals had brains less than 10% of expected size (≤10 standard deviation) and that in addition to a massive reduction in neuron production they displayed partially deficient cortical lamination (microlissencephaly). Other body systems were apparently unaffected and overall growth was normal. We found two distinct homozygous mutations of NDE1, c.83+1G>T (p.Ala29GlnfsX114) in a Turkish family and c.684_685del (p.Pro229TrpfsX85) in two families of Pakistani origin. Using patient cells, we found that c.83+1G>T led to the use of a novel splice site and to a frameshift after NDE1 exon 2. Transfection of tagged NDE1 constructs showed that the c.684_685del mutation resulted in a NDE1 that was unable to localize to the centrosome. By staining a patient-derived cell line that carried the c.83+1G>T mutation, we found that this endogeneously expressed mutated protein equally failed to localize to the centrosome. By examining human and mouse embryonic brains, we determined that NDE1 is highly expressed in neuroepithelial cells of the developing cerebral cortex, particularly at the centrosome. We show that NDE1 accumulates on the mitotic spindle of apical neural precursors in early neurogenesis. Thus, NDE1 deficiency causes both a severe failure of neurogenesis and a deficiency in cortical lamination. Our data further highlight the importance of the centrosome in multiple aspects of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bakircioglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, and Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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27
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Shmueli A, Segal M, Sapir T, Tsutsumi R, Noritake J, Bar A, Sapoznik S, Fukata Y, Orr I, Fukata M, Reiner O. Ndel1 palmitoylation: a new mean to regulate cytoplasmic dynein activity. EMBO J 2009; 29:107-19. [PMID: 19927128 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated activity of the retrograde molecular motor, cytoplasmic dynein, is crucial for multiple biological activities, and failure to regulate this activity can result in neuronal migration retardation or neuronal degeneration. The activity of dynein is controlled by the LIS1-Ndel1-Nde1 protein complex that participates in intracellular transport, mitosis, and neuronal migration. These biological processes are subject to tight multilevel modes of regulation. Palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational lipid modification, which can dynamically regulate protein trafficking. We found that both Ndel1 and Nde1 undergo palmitoylation in vivo and in transfected cells by specific palmitoylation enzymes. Unpalmitoylated Ndel1 interacts better with dynein, whereas the interaction between Nde1 and cytoplasmic dynein is unaffected by palmitoylation. Furthermore, palmitoylated Ndel1 reduced cytoplasmic dynein activity as judged by Golgi distribution, VSVG and short microtubule trafficking, transport of endogenous Ndel1 and LIS1 from neurite tips to the cell body, retrograde trafficking of dynein puncta, and neuronal migration. Our findings indicate, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time that Ndel1 palmitoylation is a new mean for fine-tuning the activity of the retrograde motor cytoplasmic dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Shmueli
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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28
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Schizophrenia-related neural and behavioral phenotypes in transgenic mice expressing truncated Disc1. J Neurosci 2008; 28:10893-904. [PMID: 18945897 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3299-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1), identified by positional cloning of a balanced translocation (1;11) with the breakpoint in intron 8 of a large Scottish pedigree, is associated with a range of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. To model this mutation in mice, we have generated Disc1(tr) transgenic mice expressing 2 copies of truncated Disc1 encoding the first 8 exons using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). With this partial simulation of the human situation, we have discovered a range of phenotypes including a series of novel features not previously reported. Disc1(tr) transgenic mice display enlarged lateral ventricles, reduced cerebral cortex, partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, and thinning of layers II/III with reduced neural proliferation at midneurogenesis. Parvalbumin GABAergic neurons are reduced in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, and displaced in the dorsolateral frontal cortex. In culture, transgenic neurons grow fewer and shorter neurites. Behaviorally, transgenic mice exhibit increased immobility and reduced vocalization in depression-related tests, and impairment in conditioning of latent inhibition. These abnormalities in Disc1(tr) transgenic mice are consistent with findings in severe schizophrenia.
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29
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Chi Y, Welcker M, Hizli AA, Posakony JJ, Aebersold R, Clurman BE. Identification of CDK2 substrates in human cell lysates. Genome Biol 2008; 9:R149. [PMID: 18847512 PMCID: PMC2760876 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-10-r149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein phosphorylation regulates a multitude of biological processes. However, the large number of protein kinases and their substrates generates an enormously complex phosphoproteome. The cyclin-dependent kinases--the CDKs--comprise a class of enzymes that regulate cell cycle progression and play important roles in tumorigenesis. However, despite intense study, only a limited number of mammalian CDK substrates are known. A comprehensive understanding of CDK function requires the identification of their substrate network. RESULTS We describe a simple and efficient approach to identify potential cyclin A-CDK2 targets in complex cell lysates. Using a kinase engineering strategy combined with chemical enrichment and mass spectrometry, we identified 180 potential cyclin A-CDK2 substrates and more than 200 phosphorylation sites. About 10% of these candidates function within pathways related to cell division, and the vast majority are involved in other fundamental cellular processes. We have validated several candidates as direct cyclin A-CDK2 substrates that are phosphorylated on the same sites that we identified by mass spectrometry, and we also found that one novel substrate, the ribosomal protein RL12, exhibits site-specific CDK2-dependent phosphorylation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We used methods entailing engineered kinases and thiophosphate enrichment to identify a large number of candidate CDK2 substrates in cell lysates. These results are consistent with other recent proteomic studies, and suggest that CDKs regulate cell division via large networks of cellular substrates. These methods are general and can be easily adapted to identify direct substrates of many other protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chi
- Divisions of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Markus Welcker
- Divisions of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Asli A Hizli
- Divisions of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Posakony
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich and Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce E Clurman
- Divisions of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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30
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Burdick KE, Kamiya A, Hodgkinson CA, Lencz T, DeRosse P, Ishizuka K, Elashvili S, Arai H, Goldman D, Sawa A, Malhotra AK. Elucidating the relationship between DISC1, NDEL1 and NDE1 and the risk for schizophrenia: evidence of epistasis and competitive binding. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2462-73. [PMID: 18469341 PMCID: PMC2486442 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DISC1 influences susceptibility to psychiatric disease and related phenotypes. Intact functions of DISC1 and its binding partners, NDEL1 and NDE1, are critical to neurodevelopmental processes aberrant in schizophrenia (SZ). Despite evidence of an NDEL1-DISC1 protein interaction, there have been no investigations of the NDEL1 gene or the relationship between NDEL1 and DISC1 in SZ. We genotyped six NDEL1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 275 Caucasian SZ patients and 200 controls and tested for association and interaction between the functional SNP Ser704Cys in DISC1 and NDEL1. We also evaluated the relationship between NDE1 and DISC1 genotype and SZ. Finally, in a series of in vitro assays, we determined the binding profiles of NDEL1 and NDE1, in relation to DISC1 Ser704Cys. We observed a single haplotype block within NDEL1; the majority of variation was captured by NDEL1 rs1391768. We observed a significant interaction between rs1391768 and DISC1 Ser704Cys, with the effect of NDEL1 on SZ evident only against the background of DISC1 Ser704 homozygosity. Secondary analyses revealed no direct relationship between NDE1 genotype and SZ; however, there was an opposite pattern of risk for NDE1 genotype when conditioned on DISC1 Ser704Cys, with NDE1 rs3784859 imparting a significant effect but only in the context of a Cys-carrying background. In addition, we report opposing binding patterns of NDEL1 and NDE1 to Ser704 versus Cys704, at the same DISC1 binding domain. These data suggest that NDEL1 significantly influences risk for SZ via an interaction with DISC1. We propose a model where NDEL1 and NDE1 compete for binding with DISC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA.
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31
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Abstract
The DISC locus is located at the breakpoint of a balanced t(1;11) chromosomal translocation in a large and unique Scottish family. This translocation segregates in a highly statistically significant manner with a broad diagnosis of psychiatric illness, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression, as well as with a narrow diagnosis of schizophrenia alone. Two novel genes were identified at this locus and due to the high prevalence of schizophrenia in this family, they were named Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) and Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-2 (DISC2). DISC1 encodes a novel multifunctional scaffold protein, whereas DISC2 is a putative noncoding RNA gene antisense to DISC1. A number of independent genetic linkage and association studies in diverse populations support the original linkage findings in the Scottish family and genetic evidence now implicates the DISC locus in susceptibility to schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder and major depression as well as various cognitive traits. Despite this, with the exception of the t(1;11) translocation, robust evidence for a functional variant(s) is still lacking and genetic heterogeneity is likely. Of the two genes identified at this locus, DISC1 has been prioritized as the most probable candidate susceptibility gene for psychiatric illness, as its protein sequence is directly disrupted by the translocation. Much research has been undertaken in recent years to elucidate the biological functions of the DISC1 protein and to further our understanding of how it contributes to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. These data are the main subject of this review; however, the potential involvement of DISC2 in the pathogenesis of psychiatric illness is also discussed. A detailed picture of DISC1 function is now emerging, which encompasses roles in neurodevelopment, cytoskeletal function and cAMP signalling, and several DISC1 interactors have also been defined as independent genetic susceptibility factors for psychiatric illness. DISC1 is a hub protein in a multidimensional risk pathway for major mental illness, and studies of this pathway are opening up opportunities for a better understanding of causality and possible mechanisms of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Chubb
- Medical Genetics Section, The Centre for Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Stehman SA, Chen Y, McKenney RJ, Vallee RB. NudE and NudEL are required for mitotic progression and are involved in dynein recruitment to kinetochores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 178:583-94. [PMID: 17682047 PMCID: PMC2064466 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200610112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
NudE and NudEL are related proteins that interact with cytoplasmic dynein and LIS1. Their functional relationship and involvement in LIS1 and dynein regulation are not completely understood. We find that NudE and NudEL each localize to mitotic kinetochores before dynein, dynactin, ZW10, and LIS1 and exhibit additional temporal and spatial differences in distribution from the motor protein. Inhibition of NudE and NudEL caused metaphase arrest with misoriented chromosomes and defective microtubule attachment. Dynein and dynactin were both displaced from kinetochores by the injection of an anti-NudE/NudEL antibody. Dynein but not dynactin interacted with NudE surprisingly through the dynein intermediate and light chains but not the motor domain. Together, these results identify a common function for NudE and NudEL in mitotic progression and identify an alternative mechanism for dynein recruitment to and regulation at kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Stehman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Du X, Wang Q, Hirohashi Y, Greene MI. DIPA, which can localize to the centrosome, associates with p78/MCRS1/MSP58 and acts as a repressor of gene transcription. Exp Mol Pathol 2006; 81:184-90. [PMID: 17014843 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
DIPA (delta-interacting protein A) was initially identified as a protein that associates with the hepatitis delta antigen. In this study, we found that DIPA can associate with p78/MCRS/MSP58, a Forkhead-associated domain containing protein implicated in malignant transformation as well as in regulation of gene transcription and translation. We analyzed the interaction between DIPA and p78 by co-immunoprecipitation and identified the structural regions involved in the interaction. Consistent with the physical interaction, we found that DIPA is predominant co-localized with p78 to the nucleus. In addition, a fraction of DIPA can be detected on the centrosome. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DIPA can act as a repressor of gene transcription, an activity that appears to be enhanced by p78. Taken together, our results revealed a novel protein complex that plays a role in regulation of gene expression and cell proliferation. We propose that dysfunction of DIPA may contribute to malignant transformation by affecting the functions of p78.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 252 John Morgan Building, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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