1
|
Chen YC, Auer-Grumbach M, Matsukawa S, Zitzelsberger M, Themistocleous AC, Strom TM, Samara C, Moore AW, Cho LTY, Young GT, Weiss C, Schabhüttl M, Stucka R, Schmid AB, Parman Y, Graul-Neumann L, Heinritz W, Passarge E, Watson RM, Hertz JM, Moog U, Baumgartner M, Valente EM, Pereira D, Restrepo CM, Katona I, Dusl M, Stendel C, Wieland T, Stafford F, Reimann F, von Au K, Finke C, Willems PJ, Nahorski MS, Shaikh SS, Carvalho OP, Nicholas AK, Karbani G, McAleer MA, Cilio MR, McHugh JC, Murphy SM, Irvine AD, Jensen UB, Windhager R, Weis J, Bergmann C, Rautenstrauss B, Baets J, De Jonghe P, Reilly MM, Kropatsch R, Kurth I, Chrast R, Michiue T, Bennett DLH, Woods CG, Senderek J. Transcriptional regulator PRDM12 is essential for human pain perception. Nat Genet 2015; 47:803-8. [PMID: 26005867 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pain perception has evolved as a warning mechanism to alert organisms to tissue damage and dangerous environments. In humans, however, undesirable, excessive or chronic pain is a common and major societal burden for which available medical treatments are currently suboptimal. New therapeutic options have recently been derived from studies of individuals with congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP). Here we identified 10 different homozygous mutations in PRDM12 (encoding PRDI-BF1 and RIZ homology domain-containing protein 12) in subjects with CIP from 11 families. Prdm proteins are a family of epigenetic regulators that control neural specification and neurogenesis. We determined that Prdm12 is expressed in nociceptors and their progenitors and participates in the development of sensory neurons in Xenopus embryos. Moreover, CIP-associated mutants abrogate the histone-modifying potential associated with wild-type Prdm12. Prdm12 emerges as a key factor in the orchestration of sensory neurogenesis and may hold promise as a target for new pain therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chun Chen
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Shinya Matsukawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Andreas C Themistocleous
- 1] Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tim M Strom
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Chrysanthi Samara
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrian W Moore
- Disease Mechanism Research Core, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Caecilia Weiss
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Schabhüttl
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rolf Stucka
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annina B Schmid
- 1] Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Yesim Parman
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Luitgard Graul-Neumann
- Ambulantes Gesundheitszentrum der Charité Campus Virchow (Humangenetik), Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Heinritz
- 1] Praxis für Humangenetik Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany. [2] Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eberhard Passarge
- 1] Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rosemarie M Watson
- Department of Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jens Michael Hertz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ute Moog
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Baumgartner
- Neuropädiatrische Ambulanz, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Schwestern Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Unit, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Diego Pereira
- Departamento de Cirugía Plástica, Hospital Infantil Universitario de San José, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Istvan Katona
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marina Dusl
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Stendel
- 1] Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany. [2] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fay Stafford
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katja von Au
- SPZ Neuropädiatrie Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Finke
- CharitéCentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Arbeitsbereich Kinderzahnmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael S Nahorski
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samiha S Shaikh
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ofélia P Carvalho
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adeline K Nicholas
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gulshan Karbani
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Maeve A McAleer
- Department of Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Roberta Cilio
- 1] Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - John C McHugh
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead M Murphy
- 1] Department of Neurology, Adelaide &Meath Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. [2] Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan D Irvine
- 1] Department of Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. [2] Clinical Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Joachim Weis
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- 1] Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany. [3] Center for Clinical Research, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Rautenstrauss
- 1] Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany. [2] Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Baets
- 1] Neurogenetics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. [2] Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. [3] Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- 1] Neurogenetics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. [2] Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. [3] Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mary M Reilly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology, London, UK
| | - Regina Kropatsch
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Roman Chrast
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. [2] Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. [3] Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David L H Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Geoffrey Woods
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan Senderek
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Crow YJ, Jackson AP, Roberts E, van Beusekom E, Barth P, Corry P, Ferrie CD, Hamel BCJ, Jayatunga R, Karbani G, Kálmánchey R, Kelemen A, King M, Kumar R, Livingstone J, Massey R, McWilliam R, Meager A, Rittey C, Stephenson JBP, Tolmie JL, Verrips A, Voit T, van Bokhoven H, Brunner HG, Woods CG. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome displays genetic heterogeneity with one locus (AGS1) on chromosome 3p21. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:213-21. [PMID: 10827106 PMCID: PMC1287108 DOI: 10.1086/302955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2000] [Accepted: 04/17/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied 23 children from 13 families with a clinical diagnosis of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Affected individuals had developed an early-onset progressive encephalopathy that was characterized by a normal head circumference at birth, basal ganglia calcification, negative viral studies, and abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid comprising either raised white cell counts and/or raised levels of interferon-alpha. By means of genomewide linkage analysis, a maximum-heterogeneity LOD score of 5.28 was reached at marker D3S3563, with alpha=.48, where alpha is the proportion of families showing linkage. Our data suggest the existence of locus heterogeneity in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and highlight potential difficulties in the differentiation of this condition from pseudo-TORCH (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2) syndrome.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis
- Abnormalities, Multiple/epidemiology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/physiopathology
- Age of Onset
- Brain Damage, Chronic/diagnosis
- Brain Damage, Chronic/epidemiology
- Brain Damage, Chronic/genetics
- Brain Damage, Chronic/physiopathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Lod Score
- Male
- Models, Genetic
- Pedigree
- Syndrome
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y. J. Crow
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. P. Jackson
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - E. Roberts
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - E. van Beusekom
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - P. Barth
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - P. Corry
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C. D. Ferrie
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - B. C. J. Hamel
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. Jayatunga
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - G. Karbani
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. Kálmánchey
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. Kelemen
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M. King
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J. Livingstone
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. Massey
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. McWilliam
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. Meager
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C. Rittey
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J. B. P. Stephenson
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J. L. Tolmie
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. Verrips
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - T. Voit
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - H. van Bokhoven
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - H. G. Brunner
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C. G. Woods
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|