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Hu D, Xu F, Gao Z, Chen K, Guo W, Wang Z, Li S, Feng C. Pleiotropic immunoregulation by growth-blocking peptide in Ostrinia furnacalis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:270-282. [PMID: 38329162 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Insects rely on their innate immune system to eliminate pathogenic microbes. As a system component, cytokines transmit intercellular signals to control immune responses. Growth-blocking peptide (GBP) is a member of the stress-responsive peptide family of cytokines found in several orders of insects, including Drosophila. However, the physiological role of GBP in defence against pathogens is not thoroughly understood. In this study, we explored the functions of GBP in a lepidopteran pest, Ostrinia furnacalis. Injection of recombinant O. furnacalis GBP (OfGBP) precursor (proGBP) and chemically synthesised GBP significantly induced the transcription of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and other immunity-related genes including immune deficiency (IMD) and Dorsal. The level of OfGBP mRNA was upregulated after bacterial infection. Knockdown of OfGBP expression led to a decrease in IMD, Relish, MyD88 and Dorsal mRNA levels. OfGBP induced phenoloxidase activity and affected hemocyte behaviours in O. furnacalis larvae. In summary, GBP is a potent cytokine, effectively regulating AMP synthesis, melanization response and cellular immunity to eliminate invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Hu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zupeng Gao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Guo
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zitian Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhong Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Congjing Feng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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2
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O'Hara MK, Saul C, Handa A, Cho B, Zheng X, Sehgal A, Williams JA. The NFκB Dif is required for behavioral and molecular correlates of sleep homeostasis in Drosophila. Sleep 2024:zsae096. [PMID: 38629438 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor binding the κ light chain in B-cells (NFκB) is involved in a wide range of cellular processes including development, growth, innate immunity, and sleep. However, genetic studies of the role of specific NFκB transcription factors in sleep have been limited. Drosophila fruit flies carry three genes encoding NFκB transcription factors, Dorsal, Dorsal Immunity Factor (Dif), and Relish. We previously found that loss of the Relish gene from fat body suppressed daily nighttime sleep, and abolished infection-induced sleep. Here we show that Dif regulates daily sleep and recovery sleep following prolonged wakefulness. Mutants of Dif showed reduced daily sleep and suppressed recovery in response to sleep deprivation. Pan-neuronal knockdown of Dif strongly suppressed daily sleep, indicating that in contrast to Relish, Dif functions from the central nervous system to regulate sleep. Based on the unique expression pattern of a Dif- GAL4 driver, we hypothesized that its effects on sleep were mediated by the pars intercerebralis (PI). While RNAi knock-down of Dif in the PI reduced daily sleep, it had no effect on the recovery response to sleep deprivation. However, recovery sleep was suppressed when RNAi knock-down of Dif was distributed across a wider range of neurons. Induction of the nemuri (nur) antimicrobial peptide by sleep deprivation was reduced in Dif mutants and pan-neuronal over-expression of nur also suppressed the Dif mutant phenotype by significantly increasing sleep and reducing nighttime arousability. Together, these findings indicate that Dif functions from brain to target nemuri and to promote deep sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K O'Hara
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Bumsik Cho
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Amita Sehgal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julie A Williams
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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3
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Ono M, Matsumura T, Sung EJ, Koyama T, Ochiai M, Shears SB, Hayakawa Y. Drosophila cytokine GBP2 exerts immune responses and regulates GBP1 expression through GPCR receptor Mthl10. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 167:104086. [PMID: 38295885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Growth-blocking peptide (GBP), an insect cytokine, was first found in armyworm Mythimna separata. A functional analogue of GBP, stress-responsive peptide (SRP), was also identified in the same species. SRP gene expression has been demonstrated to be enhanced by GBP, indicating that both cytokines are organized within a hierarchical regulatory network. Although GBP1 (CG15917) and GBP2 (CG11395) have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster, immunological functions have only been characterized for GBP1. It is expected that the biological responses of two structurally similar peptides should be coordinated, but there is little information on this topic. Here, we demonstrate that GBP2 replicates the GBP1-mediated cellular immune response from Drosophila S2 cells. Moreover, the GBP2-induced response was silenced by pre-treatment with dsRNA targeting the GBP receptor gene, Mthl10. Furthermore, treatment of S2 cells with GBP2 enhanced GBP1 expression levels, but GBP1 did not affect GBP2 expression. GBP2 derived enhancement of GBP1 expression was not observed in the presence of GBP1, indicating that GBP2 is an upstream expressional regulator of a GBP1/GBP2 cytokine network. GBP2-induced enhancement of GBP1 expression was not observed in Mthl10 knockdown cells. Enhancement of GBP2 expression was observed in both Drosophila larvae and S2 cells under heat stress conditions; expressional enhancement of both GBP1 and GBP2 was eliminated in Mthl10 knockdown cells and larvae. Finally, Ca2+ mobilization assay in GCaMP3-expressing S2 cells demonstrated that GBP2 mobilizes Ca2+ upstream of Mthl10. Our finding revealed that Drosophila GBP1 and GBP2 control immune responses as well as their own expression levels through a hierarchical cytokine network, indicating that Drosophila GBP1/GBP2 system can be a simple model that is useful to investigate the detailed regulatory mechanism of related cytokine complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Ono
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Eui Jae Sung
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Masanori Ochiai
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Stephen B Shears
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan.
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4
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O’Hara MK, Saul C, Handa A, Sehgal A, Williams JA. The NFκB Dif is required for behavioral and molecular correlates of sleep homeostasis in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562029. [PMID: 37905096 PMCID: PMC10614778 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor binding the κ light chain in B-cells (NFκB) is involved in a wide range of cellular processes including development, growth, innate immunity, and sleep. However, efforts have been limited toward understanding how specific NFκB transcription factors function in sleep. Drosophila fruit flies carry three genes encoding NFκB transcription factors, Dorsal, Dorsal Immunity Factor (Dif), and Relish. We previously found that loss of the Relish gene from fat body suppressed daily nighttime sleep, and abolished infection-induced sleep. Here we show that Dif regulates daily sleep and recovery sleep following prolonged wakefulness. Mutants of Dif showed reduced daily sleep and suppressed recovery in response to sleep deprivation. Pan-neuronal knockdown of Dif strongly suppressed daily sleep, indicating that in contrast to Relish, Dif functions from the central nervous system to regulate sleep. Based on the distribution of a Dif-associated GAL4 driver, we hypothesized that its effects on sleep were mediated by the pars intercerebralis (PI). While RNAi knock-down of Dif in the PI reduced daily sleep, it had no effect on the recovery response to sleep deprivation. However, recovery sleep was suppressed when RNAi knock-down of Dif was distributed across a wider range of neurons. Induction of the nemuri (nur) antimicrobial peptide by sleep deprivation was suppressed in Dif mutants and pan-neuronal over-expression of nur also suppressed the Dif mutant phenotype. Together, these findings indicate that Dif functions from brain to target nemuri and to promote sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amita Sehgal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Neuroscience
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104
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5
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Matsumura T, Ono M, Osada S, Matsuhisa F, Ochiai M, Hayakawa Y. N-acetyloxfenicine strongly induces mitohormesis in mice as well as in insects. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:288-297. [PMID: 36527170 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitohormesis defines the increase in fitness induced by adaptive responses to mild mitochondrial stress. Here, we show that N-acetyloxfenicine (NAO) exerted higher thermotolerance than an endogenous mitohormesis inducer, N-acetyltyrosine (NAT). This activity was not observed in armyworm larvae injected with oxfenicine, suggesting the importance of N-acetylation. NAO-induced hormetic effect was triggered by transient perturbation of mitochondria, which causes a small increase in ROS production and leads to retrograde responses including enhanced expression of antioxidant enzyme genes via activation of FoxO transcription factors. Furthermore, pretreatment with NAO significantly repressed stress-induced peroxidation of lipids in mice and growth of colorectal cancer HCT116 cells that had been transplanted into nude mice. Taken together, NAO is a potent mitohormesis inducer that is similar to NAT in terms of structure and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsumura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Masaya Ono
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Japan
| | - Satoshi Osada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Matsuhisa
- Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, Japan
| | - Masanori Ochiai
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Japan
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6
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Kariyawasam U, Gulati M, Wang Y, Bao H, Shan T, Li X, Cao X, Sumathipala N, Hu Y, Zhang X, Boons GJ, Jiang H. Preferential binding of DAP-PGs by major peptidoglycan recognition proteins found in cell-free hemolymph of Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 148:103827. [PMID: 36007680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) detect invading bacteria to trigger or modulate immune responses in insects. While these roles are established in Drosophila, functional studies are not yet achieved at the PGRP family level in other insects. To attain this goal, we selected Manduca sexta PGRP12 and five of the nine secreted PGRPs for recombinant expression and biochemical characterization. We cloned PGRP2-5, 12 and 13 cDNAs, produced the proteins in full (PGRP2-5, 13) or in part (PGRP3s, 12e, 13N, 13C) in Sf9 cells, and tested their bindings of two muramyl pentapeptides by surface plasmon resonance, two soluble peptidoglycans by competitive ELISA, and four insoluble peptidoglycans and eight whole bacteria by a pull-down assay. Preferential binding of meso-diaminopimelic acid-peptidoglycans (DAP-PGs) was observed in all the proteins containing a peptidoglycan binding domain and, since PGRP6, 7 and 9 proteins were hardly detected in cell-free hemolymph, the reportoire of PGRPs (including PGRP1 published previously) in M. sexta hemolymph is likely adapted to mainly detect Gram-negative bacteria and certain Gram-positive bacteria with DAP-PGs located on their surface. After incubation with plasma from naïve larvae, PGRP2, 3f, 4, 5, 13f and 13N considerably stimulated prophenoloxidase activation in the absence of a bacterial elicitor. PGRP3s and 12e had much smaller effects. Inclusion of the full-length PGRPs and their regions in the plasma also led to proHP8 activation, supporting their connections to the Toll pathway, since HP8 is a Spӓtzle-1 processing enzyme in M. sexta. Together, these findings raised concerns on the common belief that the Toll-pathway is specific for Gram-positive bacteria in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeshika Kariyawasam
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Mansi Gulati
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Haibo Bao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangshu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Tisheng Shan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Niranji Sumathipala
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yingxia Hu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Santos D, Verdonckt TW, Mingels L, Van den Brande S, Geens B, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Kolliopoulou A, Swevers L, Wynant N, Vanden Broeck J. PIWI Proteins Play an Antiviral Role in Lepidopteran Cell Lines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071442. [PMID: 35891422 PMCID: PMC9321812 DOI: 10.3390/v14071442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect antiviral immunity primarily relies on RNAi mechanisms. While a key role of small interfering (si)RNAs and AGO proteins has been well established in this regard, the situation for PIWI proteins and PIWI-interacting (pi)RNAs is not as clear. In the present study, we investigate whether PIWI proteins and viral piRNAs are involved in the immunity against single-stranded RNA viruses in lepidopteran cells, where two PIWIs are identified (Siwi and Ago3). Via loss- and gain-of-function studies in Bombyx mori BmN4 cells and in Trichoplusia ni High Five cells, we demonstrated an antiviral role of Siwi and Ago3. However, small RNA analysis suggests that viral piRNAs can be absent in these lepidopteran cells. Together with the current literature, our results support a functional diversification of PIWI proteins in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Santos
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.-W.V.); (L.M.); (S.V.d.B.); (B.G.); (N.W.); (J.V.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas-Wolf Verdonckt
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.-W.V.); (L.M.); (S.V.d.B.); (B.G.); (N.W.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Lina Mingels
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.-W.V.); (L.M.); (S.V.d.B.); (B.G.); (N.W.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Stijn Van den Brande
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.-W.V.); (L.M.); (S.V.d.B.); (B.G.); (N.W.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Bart Geens
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.-W.V.); (L.M.); (S.V.d.B.); (B.G.); (N.W.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Gent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, 153 10 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, 153 10 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Niels Wynant
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.-W.V.); (L.M.); (S.V.d.B.); (B.G.); (N.W.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.-W.V.); (L.M.); (S.V.d.B.); (B.G.); (N.W.); (J.V.B.)
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8
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O’Connor JT, Shannon EK, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Mounting Drosophila pupae for laser ablation and live imaging of the dorsal thorax. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101396. [PMID: 35600923 PMCID: PMC9117934 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes the preparation of Drosophilamelanogaster pupae for laser ablation and live imaging of the notum (dorsal thorax). Because the pupa is stationary, it can be continuously live imaged for multiple days if desired, making it ideal for studying wound signaling and repair, from before laser ablation through wound closure. In this protocol, we demonstrate the processes of staging, partially dissecting, mounting, wounding, and live imaging the pupal notum, with the wounding occurring during the live imaging process. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to O’Connor et al. (2021b). The Drosophila pupa is an attractive model to study wound repair in vivo The dorsal thorax epithelium is accessible after partial dissection of the pupal case Pupae are mounted on a cover glass and wounded by laser ablation Pupae are imaged live during wounding through wound closure to analyze signaling/repair
Publisher's note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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9
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Meschi E, Delanoue R. Adipokine and fat body in flies: Connecting organs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 533:111339. [PMID: 34082046 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Under conditions of nutritional and environmental stress, organismal homeostasis is preserved through inter-communication between multiple organs. To do so, higher organisms have developed a system of interorgan communication through which one tissue can affect the metabolism, activity or fate of remote organs, tissues or cells. In this review, we discuss the latest findings emphasizing Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful model organism to study these interactions and may constitute one of the best documented examples depicting the long-distance communication between organs. In flies, the adipose tissue appears to be one of the main organizing centers for the regulation of insect development and behavior: it senses nutritional and hormonal signals and in turn, orchestrates the release of appropriate adipokines. We discuss the nature and the role of recently uncovered adipokines, their regulations by external cues, their secretory routes and their modes of action to adjust developmental growth and timing accordingly. These findings have the potential for identification of candidate factors and signaling pathways that mediate conserved interorgan crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Meschi
- Centre for Neural Circuit and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Mansfield road, OX3 1SR, Oxford, UK
| | - Renald Delanoue
- University Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.
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10
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O'Connor JT, Stevens AC, Shannon EK, Akbar FB, LaFever KS, Narayanan NP, Gailey CD, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Proteolytic activation of Growth-blocking peptides triggers calcium responses through the GPCR Mthl10 during epithelial wound detection. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2160-2175.e5. [PMID: 34273275 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a wound triggers surrounding cells to initiate repair mechanisms, but it is not clear how cells initially detect wounds. In epithelial cells, the earliest known wound response, occurring within seconds, is a dramatic increase in cytosolic calcium. Here, we show that wounds in the Drosophila notum trigger cytoplasmic calcium increase by activating extracellular cytokines, Growth-blocking peptides (Gbps), which initiate signaling in surrounding epithelial cells through the G-protein-coupled receptor Methuselah-like 10 (Mthl10). Latent Gbps are present in unwounded tissue and are activated by proteolytic cleavage. Using wing discs, we show that multiple protease families can activate Gbps, suggesting that they act as a generalized protease-detector system. We present experimental and computational evidence that proteases released during wound-induced cell damage and lysis serve as the instructive signal: these proteases liberate Gbp ligands, which bind to Mthl10 receptors on surrounding epithelial cells, and activate downstream release of calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T O'Connor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron C Stevens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Erica K Shannon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fabiha Bushra Akbar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly S LaFever
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Neil P Narayanan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Casey D Gailey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Shane Hutson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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11
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Matsumoto H, Ochiai M, Imai E, Matsumura T, Hayakawa Y. Stress-derived reactive oxygen species enable hemocytes to release activator of growth blocking peptide (GBP) processing enzyme. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104225. [PMID: 33736983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect cytokine growth blocking peptide (GBP) is synthesized as an inactive precursor, termed proGBP, that is normally present in a significant concentration in the hemolymph of non-stressed animals (Hayakawa, 1990, 1991). Under stress conditions, proGBP is instantly processed to active GBP by a serine protease and this is thought to be an important initial step for insects to cope with stress-induced adverse effects via GBP-induced physiological changes. However, the detailed mechanism underlying proteolytic processing of hemolymph proGBP in insects under stress conditions remains unknown. Here we demonstrated that proGBP processing requires ROS-induced release of a proteinaceous factor from hemocytes that activates the inactive proGBP processing enzyme. The release of the activator protein from hemocytes is initiated by an elevation of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration induced by ROS. Therefore, we concluded that stress-induced activation of proGBP requires ROS-dependent stimulation of an intracellular calcium signaling pathway in hemocytes, followed by release of the hemocyte proteinaceous factor that specifically activates the proGBP processing enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masanori Ochiai
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Erina Imai
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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12
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Ramond E, Dudzic JP, Lemaitre B. Comparative RNA-Seq analyses of Drosophila plasmatocytes reveal gene specific signatures in response to clean injury and septic injury. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235294. [PMID: 32598400 PMCID: PMC7323993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster's blood cells (hemocytes) play essential roles in wound healing and are involved in clearing microbial infections. Here, we report the transcriptional changes of larval plasmatocytes after clean injury or infection with the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli or the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus compared to hemocytes recovered from unchallenged larvae via RNA-Sequencing. This study reveals 676 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in hemocytes from clean injury samples compared to unchallenged samples, and 235 and 184 DEGs in E. coli and S. aureus samples respectively compared to clean injury samples. The clean injury samples showed enriched DEGs for immunity, clotting, cytoskeleton, cell migration, hemocyte differentiation, and indicated a metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis, a well-defined metabolic adaptation observed in mammalian macrophages. Microbial infections trigger significant transcription of immune genes, with significant differences between the E. coli and S. aureus samples suggesting that hemocytes have the ability to engage various programs upon infection. Collectively, our data bring new insights on Drosophila hemocyte function and open the route to post-genomic functional analysis of the cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ramond
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Paul Dudzic
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Matsumura T, Uryu O, Matsuhisa F, Tajiri K, Matsumoto H, Hayakawa Y. N-acetyl-l-tyrosine is an intrinsic triggering factor of mitohormesis in stressed animals. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49211. [PMID: 32118349 PMCID: PMC10563448 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Under stress conditions, mitochondria release low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which triggers a cytoprotective response, called "mitohormesis". It still remains unclear how mitochondria respond to stress-derived stimuli and release a low level of ROS. Here, we show that N-acetyl-l-tyrosine (NAT) functions as a plausible intrinsic factor responsible for these tasks in stressed animals. NAT is present in the blood or hemolymph of healthy animals, and its concentrations increase in response to heat stress. Pretreatment with NAT significantly increases the stress tolerance of tested insects and mice. Analyses using Drosophila larvae and cultured cells demonstrate that the hormetic effects are triggered by transient NAT-induced perturbation of mitochondria, which causes a small increase in ROS production and leads to sequential retrograde responses: NAT-dependent FoxO activation increases in the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and Keap1. Moreover, we find that NAT represses tumor growth, possibly via the activation of Keap1. In sum, we propose that NAT is a vital endogenous molecule that could serve as a triggering factor for mitohormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsumura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural SciencesKagoshima UniversityKagoshimaJapan
| | - Outa Uryu
- Department of Applied Biological SciencesSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Fumikazu Matsuhisa
- Analytical Research Center for Experimental SciencesSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Keiji Tajiri
- Department of Applied Biological SciencesSaga UniversitySagaJapan
- Present address:
Fuji Environment Service Co., Kansai BranchKyotoJapan
| | | | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural SciencesKagoshima UniversityKagoshimaJapan
- Department of Applied Biological SciencesSaga UniversitySagaJapan
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14
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Abstract
Insects possess powerful immune systems that have evolved to defend against wounding and environmental pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and parasitoids. This surprising sophistication is accomplished through the activation of multiple immune pathways comprised of a large array of components, many of which have been identified and studied in detail using both genetic manipulations and traditional biochemical techniques. Recent advances indicate that certain pathways activate arrays of proteins that interact to form large functional complexes. Here we discuss three examples from multiple insects that exemplify such processes, including pathogen recognition, melanization, and coagulation. The functionality of each depends on integrating recognition with the recruitment of immune effectors capable of healing wounds and destroying pathogens. In both melanization and coagulation, protein interactions also appear to be essential for enzymatic activities tied to the formation of melanin and for the recruitment of hemocytes. The importance of these immune complexes is highlighted by the evolution of mechanisms in pathogens to disrupt their formation, an example of which is provided. While technically difficult to study, and not always readily amenable to dissection through genetics, modern mass spectrometry has become an indispensable tool in the study of these higher-order protein interactions. The formation of immune complexes should be viewed as an essential and emerging frontier in the study of insect immunity.
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15
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Matsumura T, Taya H, Matsumoto H, Hayakawa Y. Repeated phenotypic selection for cuticular blackness of armyworm larvae decreased stress resistance. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103889. [PMID: 31136741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Armyworm Mythimna separata larvae show changes in cuticle darkening depending on population densities and are roughly categorized into two phenotypes, a pale brown solitary type and black-colored gregarious type. Although the color difference in both larval types is apparent, it remains ambiguous whether any change in physiological traits accompanies the cuticle darkening. To answer this query, we repeated genetic selection of the blackness phenotype over one hundred generations in our laboratory colony and produced a black-colored (BL) strain. Comparison between non-selected control (CTL) and BL strains revealed an increased fecundity and adult life span in the BL strain compared with the CTL strain. In contrast, BL strain larvae were found to be significantly more sensitive to heat stress than those in the CTL strain. Hemolymph reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were higher in the BL strain than in the CTL strain under both non-stress and heat stress conditions. Antioxidant activities of the hemolymph were not significantly different between the two strains under non-stress condition, but the activities increased to higher levels in the CTL strain than those in the BL strain after heat stress. Activities and gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the fat body were significantly higher in CTL strain larvae than in BL strain larvae after heat treatment. Thermal stress tolerance of the offspring of crossings between the two strains showed a tolerance level almost equivalent to the maternal one: the cross between CTL females and BL males produced offspring with the higher tolerance compared with the oppositely crossed offspring. Expression levels of the antioxidant enzyme genes of the former offspring were found to be similar to those of CTL strain. These results indicate a trade-off between reproductive activity and stress resistance: the BL strain had acquired high reproductivity but had lost stress tolerance through repeated genetic selection. Furthermore, the present genetic analyses demonstrated that the phenotype of stress tolerance is derived from the maternal parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsumura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hikaru Taya
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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16
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Shears SB, Hayakawa Y. Functional Multiplicity of an Insect Cytokine Family Assists Defense Against Environmental Stress. Front Physiol 2019; 10:222. [PMID: 30967784 PMCID: PMC6439351 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread distribution of insects over many ecological niches owes much to evolution of multiple mechanisms to defend against environmental stress, especially because their ectothermic nature and small body size render them particularly susceptible to extremes in temperature and water availability. In this review, we will summarize the latest information describing a single, multifunctional cytokine family that is deployed by six orders of insect species to combat a diverse variety of environmental stresses. The originating member of this peptide family was identified in Mythimna (formerly called Pseudaletia) separata armyworm; the cytokine was named growth-blocking peptide (GBP), reflecting its actions in combating parasitic invasion. The peptide’s name has been retained, though the list of its regulatory activities has greatly expanded. All members of this family are small peptides, 19–25 amino acid residues, whose major source is fat body. They are now known to regulate embryonic morphogenesis, larval growth rates, feeding activities, immune responses, nutrition, and aging. In this review, we will describe recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of action of the GBP family, but we will also highlight remaining gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Shears
- Inositol Signalling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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17
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Zhang J, Yang W, Xu J, Yang W, Li Q, Zhong Y, Cao Y, Yu XQ, Deng X. Regulation of antimicrobial peptide genes via insulin-like signaling pathway in the silkworm Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 103:12-21. [PMID: 30321587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important effector molecules of insect humoral immunity, and expression of AMPs is mainly regulated by the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways. FoxO, a key downstream regulator of the insulin-like signaling (ILS) pathway, has been recently reported to be involved in the regulation of AMPs in Drosophila melanogaster. In the present study, we investigated AMP gene expression and the regulation pathway controlled by the starvation in the silkworm Bombyx mori. We discovered that antibacterial activity in the hemolymph of B. mori larvae was increased by starvation, and expression of AMP genes (BmCecB6, BmAtta1, BmLeb3 and BmDefB) as well as the ILS target genes (FoxO, InR and Brummer) were strongly activated in the fat body by starvation. Moreover, phosphorylation of Akt kinase was reduced in the Bm-12 cells after starvation, suggesting that the ILS pathway was inhibited by starvation. We then showed that more FoxO protein was present in the cytoplasm than in the nucleus of Bm-12 cells under normal conditions, but more FoxO was detected in the nucleus after cells were starved for 8 h, indicating that FoxO was activated by starvation. In summary, our results indicated that starvation can activate AMP gene expression in B. mori via the ILS/FoxO signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Weike Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junfeng Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qingrong Li
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Yangjin Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
| | - Xiaojuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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18
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Pei J, Kinch LN, Grishin NV. FlyXCDB—A Resource for Drosophila Cell Surface and Secreted Proteins and Their Extracellular Domains. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3353-3411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Matsumura T, Nakano F, Matsumoto H, Uryu O, Hayakawa Y. Identification of a cytokine combination that protects insects from stress. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 97:19-30. [PMID: 29680289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth-blocking peptide (GBP) and stress-responsive peptide (SRP) are insect cytokines whose expression levels are elevated by various stressful conditions such as parasitization and high or low temperatures. Both GBP and SRP are synthesized as precursors and released into the hemolymph, where they are enzymatically processed to active peptides. Injection of active GBP or SRP into early last instar larvae elicits a reduction in feeding and consequent growth retardation in the armyworm Mythimna separata. Although such functions are thought to benefit insects under stressful conditions by affecting their physiologies and behaviors, the relationship between GBP and SRP remains elusive. Here we show that heat stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevated hemolymph GBP, which activated SRP transcription and increased the SRP concentration in the hemolymph. Injection of both GBP and SRP elevated hemolymph antioxidant levels. We found that simultaneous increases in both active cytokines occurred in the larval hemolymph from 2 to 3 h after heat stress or H2O2 injection, suggesting a synergic action of the two factors. This speculation was confirmed by demonstrating that co-injection of GBP and SRP caused a more severe reduction in appetite and growth retardation than injection of an individual peptide alone. However, injection of GBP together with SRP did not elevate SRP expression at all, indicating the effect of negative feedback regulation. Furthermore, SRP RNAi larvae showed higher body weights compared to controls, and GBP-induced growth retardation was partially abrogated in SRP RNAi larvae. These results led us to conclude that GBP is an upstream cytokine in the regulation of SRP expression and that these cytokines synergistically retard larval growth by repressing feeding activities when insects are exposed to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsumura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Nakano
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Outa Uryu
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan.
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20
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Shears SB, Hayakawa Y. The Drosophila cytokine, GBP: A model that illuminates the yin-yang of inflammation and longevity in humans? Cytokine 2018; 110:298-300. [PMID: 29456061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratories have determined that the Drosophila cytokine, Growth-blocking peptide (GBP), mediates its biological effects through the Mthl10 G-protein coupled receptor. In this Cytokine Stimulus, we discuss the functional plasticity of the GBP/Mthl10 axis, and we propose that conserved components of this regulatory network may be relevant to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Shears
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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21
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Cytokine signaling through Drosophila Mthl10 ties lifespan to environmental stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13786-13791. [PMID: 29229844 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712453115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A systems-level understanding of cytokine-mediated, intertissue signaling is one of the keys to developing fundamental insight into the links between aging and inflammation. Here, we employed Drosophila, a routine model for analysis of cytokine signaling pathways in higher animals, to identify a receptor for the growth-blocking peptide (GBP) cytokine. Having previously established that the phospholipase C/Ca2+ signaling pathway mediates innate immune responses to GBP, we conducted a dsRNA library screen for genes that modulate Ca2+ mobilization in Drosophila S3 cells. A hitherto orphan G protein coupled receptor, Methuselah-like receptor-10 (Mthl10), was a significant hit. Secondary screening confirmed specific binding of fluorophore-tagged GBP to both S3 cells and recombinant Mthl10-ectodomain. We discovered that the metabolic, immunological, and stress-protecting roles of GBP all interconnect through Mthl10. This we established by Mthl10 knockdown in three fly model systems: in hemocyte-like Drosophila S2 cells, Mthl10 knockdown decreases GBP-mediated innate immune responses; in larvae, Mthl10 knockdown decreases expression of antimicrobial peptides in response to low temperature; in adult flies, Mthl10 knockdown increases mortality rate following infection with Micrococcus luteus and reduces GBP-mediated secretion of insulin-like peptides. We further report that organismal fitness pays a price for the utilization of Mthl10 to integrate all of these various homeostatic attributes of GBP: We found that elevated GBP expression reduces lifespan. Conversely, Mthl10 knockdown extended lifespan. We describe how our data offer opportunities for further molecular interrogation of yin and yang between homeostasis and longevity.
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22
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Matsumura T, Matsumoto H, Hayakawa Y. Heat stress hardening of oriental armyworms is induced by a transient elevation of reactive oxygen species during sublethal stress. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 96:e21421. [PMID: 28872705 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pre-exposure to mild heat stress enhances the thermotolerance of insects. Stress hardening is a beneficial physiological plasticity, but the mechanism underlying it remains elusive. Here we report that reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations were quickly and transiently elevated in the armyworms, Mythimna separata, by exposing them to 40°C, but not other tested temperatures. Larvae exposed to 40°C had subsequently elevated antioxidant activity and the highest survival of all tested heating conditions. The elevation of ROS after lethal heating at 44°C for 1 h was approximately twofold compared to heating at 40°C. Injection of an optimal amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) similarly caused sequential elevation of ROS and antioxidant activity in the test larval hemolymph, which led to significantly enhanced survival after lethal heat stress. The H2 O2 -induced thermotolerance was abolished by coinjection of potent antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or N-acetylcysteine. Both preheating at 40°C and H2 O2 injection enhanced expression of genes encoding superoxide dismutase 1, catalase, and heat shock protein 70 in the fat body of test larvae, indicating the adequate heat stress induced a transient elevation of ROS, followed by upregulation of antioxidant activity. We infer that thermal stress hardening is induced by a small timely ROS elevation that triggers a reduction-oxidation signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsumura
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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23
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Schrag LG, Cao X, Herrera AI, Wang Y, Jiang H, Prakash O. Solution Structure and Expression Profile of an Insect Cytokine: Manduca sexta Stress Response Peptide-2. Protein Pept Lett 2017; 24:3-11. [PMID: 27903232 DOI: 10.2174/0929866524666161121142840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Manduca sexta stress response peptide-2 (SRP2) is predicted to be a 25-residue peptide (FGVKDGKCPSGRVRRLGICVPDDDY), which may function as an insect cytokine to regulate immune responses. Produced as an inactive precursor, endogenous proSRP2 is probably converted to active SRP2 by limited proteolysis in response to invading pathogens, along with prophenoloxidase and pro-Spätzle activation. In addition to immunity, SRP2 may control head morphogenesis or other developmental processes in the lepidopteran insect. We have examined the profiles of SRP2 gene expression in terms of immune induction capacity, tissue specificity, and developmental changes. To gain insights into its functions, we chemically synthesized SRP2, injected the peptide solution into naïve larvae, and detected significant up-regulation of several antimicrobial peptide genes. We determined the 3D molecular structure in solution of SRP2 by two-dimensional 1H-1H NMR spectroscopy. SRP2 has an ordered structure, which is composed of two short β-strands at regions R12 - R15 and I18 - V20, one type-I' β-turn at region R15 - I18, and a half turn at region C8 - S10 in its welldefined core stabilized by a covalent disulfide bond between C8 and C19. The secondary and tertiary structures are further stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Possible relationships between the structure and function are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State Universities, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Adamo SA. The stress response and immune system share, borrow, and reconfigure their physiological network elements: Evidence from the insects. Horm Behav 2017; 88:25-30. [PMID: 27746212 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The classic biomedical view is that stress hormone effects on the immune system are largely pathological, especially if the stress is chronic. However, more recent interpretations have focused on the potential adaptive function of these effects. This paper examines stress response-immune system interactions from a physiological network perspective, using insects because of their simpler physiology. For example, stress hormones can reduce disease resistance, yet activating an immune response results in the release of stress hormones in both vertebrates and invertebrates. From a network perspective, this phenomenon is consistent with the 'sharing' of the energy-releasing ability of stress hormones by both the stress response and the immune system. Stress-induced immunosuppression is consistent with the stress response 'borrowing' molecular components from the immune system to increase the capacity of stress-relevant physiological processes (i.e. a trade off). The insect stress hormones octopamine and adipokinetic hormone can also 'reconfigure' the immune system to help compensate for the loss of some of the immune system's molecular resources (e.g. apolipophorin III). This view helps explain seemingly maladaptive interactions between the stress response and immune system. The adaptiveness of stress hormone effects on individual immune components may be apparent only from the perspective of the whole organism. These broad principles will apply to both vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A Adamo
- Dept. Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS,Canada, B3H4R2.
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25
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Adamo SA, Easy RH, Kovalko I, MacDonald J, McKeen A, Swanburg T, Turnbull KF, Reeve C. Predator exposure-induced immunosuppression: trade-off, immune redistribution or immune reconfiguration? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:868-875. [PMID: 28011823 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.153320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although predator exposure increases the risk of wound infections, it typically induces immunosuppression. A number of non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have been put forward to explain this immunosuppression, including: trade-offs between the immune system and other systems required for anti-predator behaviour, redistribution of immune resources towards mechanisms needed to defend against wound infections, and reconfiguration of the immune system to optimize defence under the physiological state of fight-or-flight readiness. We tested the ability of each hypothesis to explain the effects of chronic predator stress on the immune system of the caterpillar Manduca sexta Predator exposure induced defensive behaviours, reduced mass gain, increased development time and increased the concentration of the stress neurohormone octopamine. It had no significant effect on haemocyte number, melanization rate, phenoloxidase activity, lysozyme-like activity or nodule production. Predator stress reduced haemolymph glutathione concentrations. It also increased constitutive expression of the antimicrobial peptide attacin-1 but reduced attacin-1 expression in response to an immune challenge. These results best fit the immune reconfiguration hypothesis, although the other hypotheses are also consistent with some results. Interpreting stress-related changes in immune function may require an examination at the level of the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Russell H Easy
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada B4P 2R6
| | - Ilya Kovalko
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Jenna MacDonald
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Ashleigh McKeen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Taylor Swanburg
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | | | - Catherine Reeve
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
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Song L, Wang F, Dong Z, Hua X, Xia Q. Label-free quantitative phosphoproteomic profiling of cellular response induced by an insect cytokine paralytic peptide. J Proteomics 2016; 154:49-58. [PMID: 27903465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paralytic peptide (PP) participates in diverse physiological processes as an insect cytokine, such as immunity control, paralysis induction, regulation of cell morphology and proliferation. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying those physiological activities, we systematically investigated the global phosphorylation events in fat body of silkworm larvae induced by PP through label-free quantitative phosphoproteomics. 2534 phosphosites were finally identified, of which the phosphorylation level of 620 phosphosites on 244 proteins was significantly up-regulated and 67 phosphosites on 43 proteins was down-regulated. Among those proteins, 13 were protein kinases (PKs), 13 were transcription factors (TFs) across 10 families and 17 were metabolism related enzymes. Meanwhile, Motif-X analysis of the phosphorylation sites showed that 16 motifs are significantly enriched, including 8 novel phosphorylation motifs. In addition, KEGG and functional interacting network analysis revealed that phosphorylation cascades play the crucial regulation roles in PP-dependent signaling pathways, and highlighted the potential central position of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in them. These analyses provide direct insights into the molecule mechanisms of cellular response induced by PP. SIGNIFICANCE PP as an insect cytokine participated in diverse functions including immunity control paralysis induction, regulation of cell morphology and proliferation. In this study, we performed firstly a label-free quantitative phosphoproteomics analysis. We found some new phosphorylation targets of PP-stimulation. Meanwhile, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis and functional networks revealed that phosphorylation cascades play the crucial regulation roles in PP-dependent signaling pathways. In addition, the potential central position of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was highlighted in PP-dependent signaling pathways. We think our findings may help us gain a systematic understanding of the cytokine-dependent response regulation in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Xiaoting Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, 216, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Abstract
Studies in mammals and Drosophila have demonstrated the existence and significance of secreted factors involved in communication between distal organs. In this review, primarily focusing on Drosophila, we examine the known interorgan communication factors and their functions, physiological inducers, and integration in regulating physiology. Moreover, we describe how organ-sensing screens in Drosophila can systematically identify novel conserved interorgan communication factors. Finally, we discuss how interorgan communication enabled and evolved as a result of specialization of organs. Together, we anticipate that future studies will establish a model for metazoan interorgan communication network (ICN) and how it is deregulated in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia A Droujinine
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; ,
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; ,
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Adamo SA, Kovalko I, Turnbull KF, Easy RH, Miles CI. The parasitic wasp Cotesia congregata uses multiple mechanisms to control host (Manduca sexta) behaviour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:3750-3758. [PMID: 27634401 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.145300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Some parasites alter the behaviour of their hosts. The larvae of the parasitic wasp Cotesia congregata develop within the body of the caterpillar Manduca sexta During the initial phase of wasp development, the host's behaviour remains unchanged. However, once the wasps begin to scrape their way out of the caterpillar, the caterpillar host stops feeding and moving spontaneously. We found that the caterpillar also temporarily lost sensation around the exit hole created by each emerging wasp. However, the caterpillars regained responsiveness to nociception in those areas within 1 day. The temporary reduction in skin sensitivity is probably important for wasp survival because it prevents the caterpillar from attacking the emerging wasp larvae with a defensive strike. We also found that expression of plasmatocyte spreading peptide (PSP) and spätzle genes increased in the fat body of the host during wasp emergence. This result supports the hypothesis that the exiting wasps induce a cytokine storm in their host. Injections of PSP suppressed feeding, suggesting that an augmented immune response may play a role in the suppression of host feeding. Injection of wasp larvae culture media into non-parasitized caterpillars reduced feeding, suggesting that substances secreted by the wasp larvae may help alter host behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Ilya Kovalko
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Kurtis F Turnbull
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Russell H Easy
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada B4P 2R6
| | - Carol I Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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Dubovskiy IM, Grizanova EV, Whitten MMA, Mukherjee K, Greig C, Alikina T, Kabilov M, Vilcinskas A, Glupov VV, Butt TM. Immuno-physiological adaptations confer wax moth Galleria mellonella resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Virulence 2016; 7:860-870. [PMID: 27029421 PMCID: PMC5160394 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1164367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microevolutionary mechanisms of resistance to a bacterial pathogen were explored in a population of the Greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, selected for an 8.8-fold increased resistance against the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) compared with a non-selected (suspectible) line. Defense strategies of the resistant and susceptible insect lines were compared to uncover mechanisms underpinning resistance, and the possible cost of those survival strategies. In the uninfected state, resistant insects exhibited enhanced basal expression of genes related to regeneration and amelioration of Bt toxin activity in the midgut. In addition, these insects also exhibited elevated activity of genes linked to inflammation/stress management and immune defense in the fat body. Following oral infection with Bt, the expression of these genes was further elevated in the fat body and midgut of both lines and to a greater extent some of them in resistant line than the susceptible line. This gene expression analysis reveals a pattern of resistance mechanisms targeted to sites damaged by Bt with the insect placing greater emphasis on tissue repair as revealed by elevated expression of these genes in both the fat body and midgut epithelium. Unlike the susceptible insects, Bt infection significantly reduced the diversity and richness (abundance) of the gut microbiota in the resistant insects. These observations suggest that the resistant line not only has a more intact midgut but is secreting antimicrobial factors into the gut lumen which not only mitigate Bt activity but also affects the viability of other gut bacteria. Remarkably the resistant line employs multifactorial adaptations for resistance to Bt without any detected negative trade off since the insects exhibited higher fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Dubovskiy
- a Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Grizanova
- a Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Miranda M A Whitten
- b Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University , Swansea , Wales , UK
| | - Krishnendu Mukherjee
- c Department of Bioresources , Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , Giessen , Germany
| | - Carolyn Greig
- d Department of Biosciences , College of Science, Swansea University , Swansea , Wales , UK
| | - Tatiana Alikina
- e Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Marsel Kabilov
- e Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- f Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig University , Giessen , Germany
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- a Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Tariq M Butt
- d Department of Biosciences , College of Science, Swansea University , Swansea , Wales , UK
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Koyama T, Mirth CK. Growth-Blocking Peptides As Nutrition-Sensitive Signals for Insulin Secretion and Body Size Regulation. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002392. [PMID: 26928023 PMCID: PMC4771208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the fat body, functionally equivalent to the mammalian liver and adipocytes, plays a central role in regulating systemic growth in response to nutrition. The fat body senses intracellular amino acids through Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling, and produces an unidentified humoral factor(s) to regulate insulin-like peptide (ILP) synthesis and/or secretion in the insulin-producing cells. Here, we find that two peptides, Growth-Blocking Peptide (GBP1) and CG11395 (GBP2), are produced in the fat body in response to amino acids and TOR signaling. Reducing the expression of GBP1 and GBP2 (GBPs) specifically in the fat body results in smaller body size due to reduced growth rate. In addition, we found that GBPs stimulate ILP secretion from the insulin-producing cells, either directly or indirectly, thereby increasing insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling activity throughout the body. Our findings fill an important gap in our understanding of how the fat body transmits nutritional information to the insulin producing cells to control body size. The insect fat body transmits nutritional information to control body growth by producing and secreting two peptides, GBP1 and GBP2, in response to dietary amino acids. These two peptides stimulate insulin-like peptide secretion, increasing insulin-signaling activity throughout the body and inducing systemic growth. Organisms adjust their development in response to environmental conditions to maximize important life history traits such as body size and survival. From work in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, we are beginning to resolve some of the molecular mechanisms through which environmental conditions, specifically nutrition, modify developmental processes. The insect fat body is functionally equivalent to the mammalian liver and adipocytes. In response to the concentration of dietary amino acids, the fat body secretes a peptide signal into the insect bloodstream that regulates the systemic release of important growth-regulating peptides, the insulin-like peptides. The nature of this peptide signal was previously unknown. Here we found that two peptides, Growth-Blocking Peptide (GBP1) and CG11395 (GBP2), are produced in the fat body in response to amino acids. Once secreted from the fat body, these two peptides stimulate secretion of insulin-like peptides, which results in elevating insulin-signaling activity in the rest of the body to stimulate body growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koyama
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Christen K. Mirth
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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The Female Post-Mating Response Requires Genes Expressed in the Secondary Cells of the Male Accessory Gland in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2016; 202:1029-41. [PMID: 26746709 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.181644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal proteins from the Drosophila male accessory gland induce post-mating responses (PMR) in females. The PMR comprise behavioral and physiological changes that include increased egg laying, decreased receptivity to courting males, and changes in the storage and use of sperm. Many of these changes are induced by a "sex peptide" (SP) and are maintained by SP's binding to, and slow release from, sperm. The accessory gland contains two secretory cell types with distinct morphological and developmental characteristics. Products of these "main" and "secondary" cells work interdependently to induce and maintain the PMR. To identify individual genes needed for the morphology and function of secondary cells, we studied iab-6(cocu) males, whose secondary cells have abnormal morphology and fail to provide products to maintain the PMR. By RNA-seq, we identified 77 genes that are downregulated by a factor of >5× in iab-6(cocu) males. By functional assays and microscopy, we tested 20 candidate genes and found that at least 9 are required for normal storage and release of SP in mated females. Knockdown of each of these 9 genes consequently leads to a reduction in egg laying and an increase in receptivity over time, confirming a role for the secondary cells in maintaining the long-term PMR. Interestingly, only 1 of the 9 genes, CG3349, encodes a previously reported seminal fluid protein (Sfp), suggesting that secondary cells may perform essential functions beyond the production and modification of known Sfps. At least 3 of the 9 genes also regulate the size and/or abundance of secondary cell vacuoles, suggesting that the vacuoles' contents may be important for the machinery used to maintain the PMR.
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32
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Vanha-Aho LM, Valanne S, Rämet M. Cytokines in Drosophila immunity. Immunol Lett 2015; 170:42-51. [PMID: 26730849 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are a large and diverse group of small proteins that can affect many biological processes, but most commonly cytokines are known as mediators of the immune response. In the event of an infection, cytokines are produced in response to an immune stimulus, and they function as key regulators of the immune response. Cytokines come in many shapes and sizes, and although they vary greatly in structure, their functions have been well conserved in evolution. The immune signaling pathways that respond to cytokines are remarkably conserved from fly to man. Therefore, Drosophila melanogaster, provides an excellent platform for studying the biology and function of cytokines. In this review, we will describe the cytokines and cytokine-like molecules found in the fly and discuss their roles in host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena-Maija Vanha-Aho
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, 33014 University of Tampere, Finland.
| | - Susanna Valanne
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, 33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Rämet
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, 33014 University of Tampere, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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33
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Shekhawat MS, Kannan N, Manokari M, Ravindran C. In vitro regeneration of shoots and ex vitro rooting of an important medicinal plant Passiflora foetida L. through nodal segment cultures. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2015; 13:209-214. [PMID: 30647585 PMCID: PMC6299801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Methods were developed in the present investigation for cloning and large scale plant production of Passiflora foetida L. germplasm selected from the East-Coast region of South India. Nodal shoot segments were used as explants. The explants were dressed and surface sterilized with 0.1% (w/v) HgCl2. Multiple shoots were induced (6.13 ± 0.22 shoots per explant) by proliferation of nodal shoot meristems on Murashige and Skoog (MS) semi-solid medium + 2.0 mg l-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The shoots of P. foetida were further multiplied (16.45 ± 0.44 shoots per explant) on MS medium + 0.5 mg l-1 each of BAP and Kinetin (Kin). The in vitro generated shoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium containing 2.5 mg l-1 indole-3 butyric acid (IBA). By this method 67% shoots were rooted. About 97% shoots were rooted ex vitro (8.33 ± 0.29 roots per shoot) when the cut ends of the shoots were treated with 300 mg l-1 IBA for 5 min. The in vitro rooted plants were hardened and acclimatized in the greenhouse and successfully (100%) transplanted to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahipal S. Shekhawat
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, M.G.G.A.C., Mahe, Pondicherry 673311, India
| | - N. Kannan
- Biotechnology Unit, K.M. Centre for Postgraduate Studies, Pondicherry 605 008, India
| | - M. Manokari
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, M.G.G.A.C., Mahe, Pondicherry 673311, India
| | - C.P. Ravindran
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, M.G.G.A.C., Mahe, Pondicherry 673311, India
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34
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Duressa TF, Boonen K, Hayakawa Y, Huybrechts R. Identification and functional characterization of a novel locust peptide belonging to the family of insect growth blocking peptides. Peptides 2015; 74:23-32. [PMID: 26471907 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth blocking peptides (GBPs) are recognized as insect cytokines that take part in multifaceted functions including immune system activation and growth retardation. The peptides induce hemocyte spreading in vitro, which is considered as the initial step in hemocyte activation against infection in many insect species. Therefore, in this study, we carried out a series of in vitro bioassay driven fractionations of Locusta migratoria hemolymph combined with mass spectrometry to identify locust hemocyte activation factors belonging to the family of insect GBPs. We identified the locust hemocyte spreading peptide (locust GBP) as a 28-mer peptide encoded at the C-terminus of a 64 amino acid long precursor polypeptide. As demonstrated by QRT-PCR, the gene encoding the locust GBP precursor (proGBP) was expressed in large quantities in diverse locust tissues including fat body, endocrine glands, central nervous system, reproductive tissues and flight muscles. In contrary, hemocytes, gut tissues and Malpighian tubules displayed little expression of the proGBP transcript. The bioactive peptide induces transient depletion of hemocytes in vivo and when injected in last instar nymphs it extends the larval growth phase and postpones adult molting. In addition, we identified a functional homologous hemocyte spreading peptide in Schistocerca gregaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Firdissa Duressa
- Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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35
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Furihata S, Hirata M, Matsumoto H, Hayakawa Y. Bacteria Endosymbiont, Wolbachia, Promotes Parasitism of Parasitoid Wasp Asobara japonica. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140914. [PMID: 26492411 PMCID: PMC4619603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is the most widespread endosymbiotic bacterium that manipulates reproduction of its arthropod hosts to enhance its own spread throughout host populations. Infection with Wolbachia causes complete parthenogenetic reproduction in many Hymenoptera, producing only female offspring. The mechanism of such reproductive manipulation by Wolbachia has been extensively studied. However, the effects of Wolbachia symbiosis on behavioral traits of the hosts are scarcely investigated. The parasitoid wasp Asobara japonica is an ideal insect to investigate this because symbiotic and aposymbiotic strains are available: Wolbachia-infected Tokyo (TK) and noninfected Iriomote (IR) strains originally collected on the main island and southwest islands of Japan, respectively. We compared the oviposition behaviors of the two strains and found that TK strain females parasitized Drosophila melanogaster larvae more actively than the IR strain, especially during the first two days after eclosion. Removing Wolbachia from the TK strain wasps by treatment with tetracycline or rifampicin decreased their parasitism activity to the level of the IR strain. Morphological and behavioral analyses of both strain wasps showed that Wolbachia endosymbionts do not affect development of the host female reproductive tract and eggs, but do enhance host-searching ability of female wasps. These results suggest the possibility that Wolbachia endosymbionts may promote their diffusion and persistence in the host A. japonica population not only at least partly by parthenogenesis but also by enhancement of oviposition frequency of the host females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Furihata
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Makiko Hirata
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
- * E-mail:
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36
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Song L, Wang F, Dong S, Hu C, Hua X, Xia Q. Paralytic peptide activates insect humoral immune response via epidermal growth factor receptor. Peptides 2015; 71:20-7. [PMID: 26003397 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic peptide (PP) activates innate immunity of silkworm Bombyx mori, inducing production of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) and phagocytosis-related proteins; however the signal pathways of PP-dependent immune responses are not clear. In present study, we characterized BmE cells as a PP-responsive cell line by examining the expression of AMP genes and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) under PP stimulation, and we also found PP directly binds to BmE cell membrane. Then we found that PP-dependent expression of AMP genes is suppressed by tyrosine kinase inhibitor (genistein) both in BmE cells and in fat body of silkworm larvae. Moreover, the specific tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor (AG1478) attenuates PP-induced expression of AMP genes in BmE cells and fat body of silkworm and RNA interference (RNAi) to BmEGFR also suppresses PP-induced expression of AMP genes. Furthermore, the PP-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation is inhibited by AG1478. Our results suggest that BmE cells can be used as a cell model to investigate the signal pathway of PP-dependent humoral immune response and receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR/p38 MAPK pathway is involved in the production of AMPs induced by PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Shifeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Cuimei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Xiaoting Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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37
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Ishii K, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K. Studies of host-pathogen interactions and immune-related drug development using the silkworm: interdisciplinary immunology, microbiology, and pharmacology studies. Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:238-46. [PMID: 25865526 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity acts as a front-line barrier against invading pathogens, and the majority of the components are widely conserved among species. Regulation of innate immunity is important for overcoming infections and preventing self-damaging sepsis. Using the silkworm (Bombyx mori) as an animal model, we elucidated the activation processes of innate immunity with emphasis on a multifunctional insect cytokine called paralytic peptide. Moreover, we established an ex vivo system using silkworm larval specimens to quantitatively evaluate the immunostimulatory activity of natural compounds. We observed that overactivation of innate immunity in silkworms induces tissue damage followed by host death, resembling sepsis-induced multi-organ failure in humans. Here, we summarize our recent findings and propose the usefulness of the silkworm as an animal model for studying immune regulation and for evaluating compounds with the potential to regulate innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Ishii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
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38
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Tsuzuki S, Matsumoto H, Furihata S, Ryuda M, Tanaka H, Sung EJ, Bird GS, Zhou Y, Shears SB, Hayakawa Y. Switching between humoral and cellular immune responses in Drosophila is guided by the cytokine GBP. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4628. [PMID: 25130174 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects combat infection through carefully measured cellular (for example, phagocytosis) and humoral (for example, secretion of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)) innate immune responses. Little is known concerning how these different defense mechanisms are coordinated. Here, we use insect plasmatocytes and hemocyte-like Drosophila S2 cells to characterize mechanisms of immunity that operate in the haemocoel. We demonstrate that a Drosophila cytokine, growth-blocking peptides (GBP), acts through the phospholipase C (PLC)/Ca(2+) signalling cascade to mediate the secretion of Pvf, a ligand for platelet-derived growth factor- and vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor (Pvr) homologue. Activated Pvr recruits extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase to inhibit humoral immune responses, while stimulating cell 'spreading', an initiating event in cellular immunity. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-targeted knockdown of either Pvf2 or Pvr inhibits GBP-mediated cell spreading and activates AMP expression. Conversely, Pvf2 overexpression enhances cell spreading but inhibits AMP expression. Thus, we describe mechanisms to initiate immune programs that are either humoral or cellular in nature, but not both; such immunophysiological polarization may minimize homeostatic imbalance during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Tsuzuki
- 1] Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan [2]
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- 1] Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan [2]
| | - Shunsuke Furihata
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masasuke Ryuda
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Eui Jae Sung
- Inositol Signaling Section, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Gary S Bird
- 1] Inositol Signaling Section, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA [2] Calcium Regulation Section, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Yixing Zhou
- Inositol Signaling Section, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Stephen B Shears
- Inositol Signaling Section, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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39
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Identification of a Serratia marcescens virulence factor that promotes hemolymph bleeding in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 117:61-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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40
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Ming M, Obata F, Kuranaga E, Miura M. Persephone/Spätzle pathogen sensors mediate the activation of Toll receptor signaling in response to endogenous danger signals in apoptosis-deficient Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7558-68. [PMID: 24492611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that removes damaged or unwanted cells, effectively maintaining cellular homeostasis. It has long been suggested that a deficiency in this type of naturally occurring cell death could potentially lead to necrosis, resulting in the release of endogenous immunogenic molecules such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and a noninfectious inflammatory response. However, the details about how danger signals from apoptosis-deficient cells are detected and translated to an immune response are largely unknown. In this study, we found that Drosophila mutants deficient for Dronc, the key initiator caspase required for apoptosis, produced the active form of the endogenous Toll ligand Spätzle (Spz). We speculated that, as a system for sensing potential DAMPs in the hemolymph, the dronc mutants constitutively activate a proteolytic cascade that leads to Spz proteolytic processing. We demonstrated that Toll signaling activation required the action of Persephone, a CLIP domain serine protease that usually reacts to microbial proteolytic activities. Our findings show that the Persephone proteolytic cascade plays a crucial role in mediating DAMP-induced systemic responses in apoptosis-deficient Drosophila mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ming
- From the Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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41
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Zhang Y, Dong Z, Wang D, Wu Y, Song Q, Gu P, Zhao P, Xia Q. Proteomics of larval hemolymph in Bombyx mori reveals various nutrient-storage and immunity-related proteins. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1021-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Kiyotake H, Matsumoto H, Nakayama S, Sakai M, Miyatake T, Ryuda M, Hayakawa Y. Gain of long tonic immobility behavioral trait causes the red flour beetle to reduce anti-stress capacity. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 60:92-97. [PMID: 24291367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tonic immobility (death-feigning) behavior of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is a predator defense mechanism; it is a reflex elicited when a beetle is jarred with the substrate, often a result of the activities of a predator. We previously demonstrated that the frequency of predation by a jumping spider, Hasarius adansoni, was significantly lower among beetles with higher frequencies and longer durations of tonic immobility (L-type) than those with lower frequencies and shorter durations of tonic immobility (S-type). However, we found that the population of L-type beetles is much smaller than that of S-type beetles in their natural habitat. Here we demonstrated that L-type beetles are significantly more sensitive to environmental stressors such as mechanical vibration and high or low temperatures. We measured expression levels of stress-responsive genes such as heat shock proteins (Hsps) and antioxidant enzymes in both types of beetles. Among the genes we investigated, only catalase gene expression levels were significantly higher in S-type than in L-type beetles. Furthermore, a similar difference in the gene expression was observed in the T. castaneum ortholog of the insect cytokine growth-blocking peptide (GBP) gene. These results indicate the possibility that high expression of catalase and GBP in S-type beetles contributes to augmentation of their anti-stress capacity and expansion of their population in their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Kiyotake
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | | | - Miyuki Sakai
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | | | - Masasuke Ryuda
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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43
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Garcia EL, Lu Z, Meers MP, Praveen K, Matera AG. Developmental arrest of Drosophila survival motor neuron (Smn) mutants accounts for differences in expression of minor intron-containing genes. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 19:1510-1516. [PMID: 24006466 PMCID: PMC3851718 DOI: 10.1261/rna.038919.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Reduced levels of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein lead to a neuromuscular disease called spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Animal models of SMA recapitulate many aspects of the human disease, including locomotion and viability defects, but have thus far failed to uncover the causative link between a lack of SMN protein and neuromuscular dysfunction. While SMN is known to assemble small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that catalyze pre-mRNA splicing, it remains unclear whether disruptions in splicing are etiologic for SMA. To investigate this issue, we carried out RNA deep-sequencing (RNA-seq) on age-matched Drosophila Smn-null and wild-type larvae. Comparison of genome-wide mRNA expression profiles with publicly available data sets revealed the timing of a developmental arrest in the Smn mutants. Furthermore, genome-wide differences in splicing between wild-type and Smn animals did not correlate with changes in mRNA levels. Specifically, we found that mRNA levels of genes that contain minor introns vary more over developmental time than they do between wild-type and Smn mutants. An analysis of reads mapping to minor-class intron-exon junctions revealed only small changes in the splicing of minor introns in Smn larvae, within the normal fluctuations that occur throughout development. In contrast, Smn mutants displayed a prominent increase in levels of stress-responsive transcripts, indicating a systemic response to the developmental arrest induced by loss of SMN protein. These findings not only provide important mechanistic insight into the developmental arrest displayed by Smn mutants, but also argue against a minor-intron-dependent etiology for SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Garcia
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Zhipeng Lu
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Michael P. Meers
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Kavita Praveen
- Program in Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - A. Gregory Matera
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Program in Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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44
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Wan H, Lee KS, Kim BY, Yuan M, Zhan S, Lu Y, You H, Li J, Jin BR. Developmental regulation and antifungal activity of a growth-blocking peptide from the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:240-247. [PMID: 23732405 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Insect cytokine growth-blocking peptides (GBPs) are involved in growth regulation and the innate immune response. However, the microbial binding and antimicrobial activities of GBPs remain unclear. Here, we investigate the developmental role and antifungal activity of a GBP from the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (SeGBP). Sequence analysis predicted that mature SeGBP consists of 24 amino acid residues, including 2 cysteine residues. During S. exigua development, SeGBP is constitutively expressed in the fat body during the larval and adult stages but not in pupae. SeGBP expression is up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone and down-regulated by juvenile hormone analog. Recombinant SeGBP purified from baculovirus-infected insect cells retards the growth of S. exigua larvae. Additionally, SeGBP expression is acutely induced in the fat body after injection with Escherichia coli, Bacillus thuringiensis, or Beauveria bassiana. Recombinant SeGBP can bind to B. bassiana but not to E. coli or B. thuringiensis. Consistent with these findings, SeGBP shows antifungal activity against B. bassiana. Therefore, these results provide insight into the role of SeGBP during the innate immune response following microbial infection, and furthermore, they suggest a novel function for SeGBP as a direct antifungal agent against entomopathogenic fungi, such as B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wan
- Department of Plant Protection, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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45
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Furihata SX, Matsumoto H, Kimura MT, Hayakawa Y. Venom components of Asobara japonica impair cellular immune responses of host Drosophila melanogaster. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 83:86-100. [PMID: 23606512 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The endoparasitoid wasp Asobara japonica has highly poisonous venom: the host Drosophila larvae are killed by envenomation at a dose that is naturally injected by the female wasp at parasitism. This insecticidal venom is neutralized, however, because A. japonica introduces lateral oviduct components soon after venom injection at oviposition. Although the venom and lateral oviduct components of this parasitoid have been partially characterized, how the venom components favor successful development of wasp eggs and larvae in the host remains ambiguous. Here, we demonstrated that A. japonica venom did not affect host humoral immune responses, determined as expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes, but significantly diminished two cellular responses, spreading and phagocytosis, by host hemocytes. Moreover, venom components drastically elevated a serine protease-like activity 4 h after its injection. The lateral oviduct components did not negate the detrimental effects of the venom on host cellular immunities, but significantly reduced the venom-induced elevation of protease activity. Both active factors in venom and lateral oviduct components were roughly characterized as heat-labile substances with a molecular mass of at least 10 kDa. Finally, venom of A. japonica, with a wide host range, was found to be much more toxic than that of Asobara rossica, which has a limited host range. These results reveal that A. japonica venom toxicity allows exploitation of a broader range of host insects because it is essential to overcome cellular immune responses of the host for successful parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke X Furihata
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Zhou Y, Wu S, Wang H, Hayakawa Y, Bird GS, Shears SB. Activation of PLC by an endogenous cytokine (GBP) in Drosophila S3 cells and its application as a model for studying inositol phosphate signalling through ITPK1. Biochem J 2012; 448:273-83. [PMID: 22928859 PMCID: PMC3925326 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using immortalized [3H]inositol-labelled S3 cells, we demonstrated in the present study that various elements of the inositol phosphate signalling cascade are recruited by a Drosophila homologue from a cytokine family of so-called GBPs (growth-blocking peptides). HPLC analysis revealed that dGBP (Drosophila GBP) elevated Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels 9-fold. By using fluorescent Ca2+ probes, we determined that dGBP initially mobilized Ca2+ from intracellular pools; the ensuing depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores by dGBP subsequently activated a Ca2+ entry pathway. The addition of dsRNA (double-stranded RNA) to knock down expression of the Drosophila Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor almost completely eliminated mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores by dGBP. Taken together, the results of the present study describe a classical activation of PLC (phospholipase C) by dGBP. The peptide also promoted increases in the levels of other inositol phosphates with signalling credentials: Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, Ins(1,4,5,6)P4 and Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5. These results greatly expand the regulatory repertoire of the dGBP family, and also characterize S3 cells as a model for studying the regulation of inositol phosphate metabolism and signalling by endogenous cell-surface receptors. We therefore created a cell-line (S3ITPK1) in which heterologous expression of human ITPK (inositol tetrakisphosphate kinase) was controlled by an inducible metallothionein promoter. We found that dGBP-stimulated S3ITPK1 cells did not synthesize Ins(3,4,5,6)P4, contradicting a hypothesis that the PLC-coupled phosphotransferase activity of ITPK1 [Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5+Ins(1,3,4)P3→Ins(3,4,5,6)P4+Ins(1,3,4,6)P4] is driven solely by the laws of mass action [Chamberlain, Qian, Stiles, Cho, Jones, Lesley, Grabau, Shears and Spraggon (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 28117-28125]. This conclusion represents a fundamental breach in our understanding of ITPK1 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Zhou
- Inositol Signaling Section, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, U.S.A
| | - Shilan Wu
- Calcium Regulation Section, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, U.S.A
| | - Huanchen Wang
- Inositol Signaling Section, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, U.S.A
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Honjo-1, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Gary S. Bird
- Calcium Regulation Section, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, U.S.A
| | - Stephen B. Shears
- Inositol Signaling Section, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, U.S.A
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47
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Shelby KS, Popham HJR. RNA-Seq Study of Microbially Induced Hemocyte Transcripts from Larval Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECTS 2012; 3:743-62. [PMID: 26466627 PMCID: PMC4553588 DOI: 10.3390/insects3030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of the tobacco budworm are major polyphagous pests throughout the Americas. Development of effective microbial biopesticides for this and related noctuid pests has been stymied by the natural resistance mediated innate immune response. Hemocytes play an early and central role in activating and coordinating immune responses to entomopathogens. To approach this problem we completed RNA-seq expression profiling of hemocytes collected from larvae following an in vivo challenge with bacterial and fungal cell wall components to elicit an immune response. A de novo exome assembly was constructed by combination of sequence tags from all treatments. Sequence tags from each treatment were aligned separately with the assembly to measure expression. The resulting table of differential expression had >22,000 assemblies each with a distinct combination of annotation and expression. Within these assemblies >1,400 were upregulated and >1,500 downregulated by immune activation with bacteria or fungi. Orthologs to innate immune components of other insects were identified including pattern recognition, signal transduction pathways, antimicrobial peptides and enzymes, melanization and coagulation. Additionally orthologs of components regulating hemocytic functions such as autophagy, apoptosis, phagocytosis and nodulation were identified. Associated cellular oxidative defenses and detoxification responses were identified providing a comprehensive snapshot of the early response to elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent S Shelby
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203, USA.
| | - Holly J R Popham
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203, USA.
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48
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Matsumoto H, Tsuzuki S, Date-Ito A, Ohnishi A, Hayakawa Y. Characteristics common to a cytokine family spanning five orders of insects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:446-454. [PMID: 22465148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Growth-blocking peptide (GBP) is a member of an insect cytokine family with diverse functions including growth and immunity controls. Members of this cytokine family have been reported in 15 species of Lepidoptera, and we have recently identified GBP-like peptides in Diptera such as Lucilia cuprina and Drosophila melanogaster, indicating that this peptide family is not specific to Lepidoptera. In order to extend our knowledge of this peptide family, we purified the same family peptide from one of the tenebrionids, Zophobas atratus,(1) isolated its cDNA, and sequenced it. The Z. atratus GBP sequence together with reported sequence data of peptides from the same family enabled us to perform BLAST searches against EST and genome databases of several insect species including Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera and identify homologous peptide genes. Here we report conserved structural features in these sequence data. They consist of 19-30 amino acid residues encoded at the C terminus of a 73-152 amino acid precursor and contain the motif C-x(2)-G-x(4,6)-G-x(1,2)-C-[KR], which shares a certain similarity with the motif in the mammalian EGF peptide family. These data indicate that these small cytokines belonging to one family are present in at least five insect orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Honjo-1, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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