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Jaime F, Desbief S, Silvent J, Goupil G, Bernacki M, Bozzolo N, Nicolaÿ A. Study of curtaining effect reduction methods in Inconel 718 using a plasma focused ion beam. J Microsc 2024; 295:287-299. [PMID: 38757719 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The curtaining effect is a common challenge in focused ion beam (FIB) surface preparation. This study investigates methods to reduce this effect during plasma FIB milling of Inconel 718 (nickel-based superalloy). Platinum deposition, silicon mask and XeF2 gas injection were explored as potential solutions. These methods were evaluated for two ion beam current conditions; a high ion beam intensity condition (30 kV-1 µA) and a medium one (30 kV-100 nA) and their impact on curtaining reduction and resulting cross-section quality was assessed quantitatively thanks to topographic measurements done by atomic force microscopy (AFM). XeF2 assistance notably improved cross-section quality at medium current level. Pt deposition and Si mask individually mitigated the curtaining effect, with greater efficacy at 100 nA. Both methods also contributed to reducing cross-section curvature, with the Si mask outperforming Pt deposition. However, combining Pt deposition and Si mask with XeF2 injection led to deterioration of these protective layers and the reappearance of the curtaining effect after a quite short exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jaime
- Mines Paris, PSL University, Centre for material forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - J Silvent
- Orsay Physics, Tescan group, Fuveau, France
| | - G Goupil
- Orsay Physics, Tescan group, Fuveau, France
| | - M Bernacki
- Mines Paris, PSL University, Centre for material forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - N Bozzolo
- Mines Paris, PSL University, Centre for material forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
- SafranTech, Materials & Process Department, Safran SA, Magny-Les-Hameaux Cedex, France
| | - A Nicolaÿ
- Mines Paris, PSL University, Centre for material forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
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2
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Kreuz S, Apeleo Zubiri B, Englisch S, Buwen M, Kang SG, Ramachandramoorthy R, Spiecker E, Liers F, Rolfes J. Improving reconstructions in nanotomography for homogeneous materials via mathematical optimization. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3934-3947. [PMID: 39050954 PMCID: PMC11265594 DOI: 10.1039/d3na01089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Compressed sensing is an image reconstruction technique to achieve high-quality results from limited amount of data. In order to achieve this, it utilizes prior knowledge about the samples that shall be reconstructed. Focusing on image reconstruction in nanotomography, this work proposes enhancements by including additional problem-specific knowledge. In more detail, we propose further classes of algebraic inequalities that are added to the compressed sensing model. The first consists in a valid upper bound on the pixel brightness. It only exploits general information about the projections and is thus applicable to a broad range of reconstruction problems. The second class is applicable whenever the sample material is of roughly homogeneous composition. The model favors a constant density and penalizes deviations from it. The resulting mathematical optimization models are algorithmically tractable and can be solved to global optimality by state-of-the-art available implementations of interior point methods. In order to evaluate the novel models, obtained results are compared to existing image reconstruction methods, tested on simulated and experimental data sets. The experimental data comprise one 360° electron tomography tilt series of a macroporous zeolite particle and one absorption contrast nano X-ray computed tomography (nano-CT) data set of a copper microlattice structure. The enriched models are optimized quickly and show improved reconstruction quality, outperforming the existing models. Promisingly, our approach yields superior reconstruction results, particularly when only a small number of tilt angles is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kreuz
- Department of Data Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 11 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Benjamin Apeleo Zubiri
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Silvan Englisch
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Moritz Buwen
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sung-Gyu Kang
- Department Structure and Nano- / Micromechanics of Materials, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Str. 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University Jinju-daero 501 52828 Jinju Republic of Korea
| | - Rajaprakash Ramachandramoorthy
- Department Structure and Nano- / Micromechanics of Materials, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Str. 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frauke Liers
- Department of Data Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 11 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jan Rolfes
- Department of Data Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 11 91058 Erlangen Germany
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3
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Gholinia A, Donoghue J, Garner A, Curd M, Lawson MJ, Winiarski B, Geurts R, Withers PJ, Burnett TL. Exploration of fs-laser ablation parameter space for 2D/3D imaging of soft and hard materials by tri-beam microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 257:113903. [PMID: 38101083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Tri-beam microscopes comprising a fs-laser beam, a Xe+ plasma focused ion beam (PFIB) and an electron beam all in one chamber open up exciting opportunities for site-specific correlative microscopy. They offer the possibility of rapid ablation and material removal by fs-laser, subsequent polishing by Xe-PFIB milling and electron imaging of the same area. While tri-beam systems are capable of probing large (mm) volumes providing high resolution microscopical characterisation of 2D and 3D images across exceptionally wide range of materials and biomaterials applications, presenting high quality/low damage surfaces to the electron beam can present a significant challenge, especially given the large parameter space for optimisation. Here the optimal conditions and artefacts associated with large scale volume milling, mini test piece manufacture, serial sectioning and surface polishing are investigated, both in terms of surface roughness and surface quality for metallic, ceramic, mixed complex phase, carbonaceous, and biological materials. This provides a good starting place for those wishing to examine large areas or volumes by tri-beam microscopy across a range of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gholinia
- Department of Materials, Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - J Donoghue
- Department of Materials, Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - A Garner
- Department of Materials, Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - M Curd
- Department of Materials, Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - M J Lawson
- Department of Materials, Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - B Winiarski
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Pecha 1282/12, Brno 62700, Czech Republic
| | - R Geurts
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, Eindhoven 5651GG, The Netherlands
| | - P J Withers
- Department of Materials, Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - T L Burnett
- Department of Materials, Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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4
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Johnson TF, Conti M, Iacoviello F, Shearing PR, Pullen J, Dimartino S, Bracewell DG. Evaluating 3D-printed bioseparation structures using multi-length scale tomography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5961-5971. [PMID: 37522918 PMCID: PMC10556175 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography was applied in imaging 3D-printed gyroids used for bioseparation in order to visualize and characterize structures from the entire geometry down to individual nanopores. Methacrylate prints were fabricated with feature sizes of 500 µm, 300 µm, and 200 µm, with the material phase exhibiting a porous substructure in all cases. Two X-ray scanners achieved pixel sizes from 5 µm to 16 nm to produce digital representations of samples across multiple length scales as the basis for geometric analysis and flow simulation. At the gyroid scale, imaged samples were visually compared to the original computed-aided designs to analyze printing fidelity across all feature sizes. An individual 500 µm feature, part of the overall gyroid structure, was compared and overlaid between design and imaged volumes, identifying individual printed layers. Internal subvolumes of all feature sizes were segmented into material and void phases for permeable flow analysis. Small pieces of 3D-printed material were optimized for nanotomographic imaging at a pixel size of 63 nm, with all three gyroid samples exhibiting similar geometric characteristics when measured. An average porosity of 45% was obtained that was within the expected design range, and a tortuosity factor of 2.52 was measured. Applying a voidage network map enabled the size, location, and connectivity of pores to be identified, obtaining an average pore size of 793 nm. Using Avizo XLAB at a bulk diffusivity of 7.00 × 10-11 m2s-1 resulted in a simulated material diffusivity of 2.17 × 10-11 m2s-1 ± 0.16 × 10-11 m2s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Johnson
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Mariachiara Conti
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL UK
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - James Pullen
- Fujifilm Diosynth Technologies, Belasis Avenue, Billingham, TS23 1LH UK
| | - Simone Dimartino
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL UK
| | - Daniel G. Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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5
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Gajjar P, Styliari ID, Legh-Land V, Bale H, Tordoff B, Withers PJ, Murnane D. Microstructural insight into inhalation powder blends through correlative multi-scale X-ray computed tomography. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 191:265-275. [PMID: 37657613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPI) are important for topical drug delivery to the lungs, but characterising the pre-aerosolised powder microstructure is a key initial step in understanding the post-aerosolised blend performance. In this work, we characterise the pre-aerosolised 3D microstructure of an inhalation blend using correlative multi-scale X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT), identifying lactose and drug-rich phases at multiple length scales on the same sample. The drug-rich phase distribution across the sample is shown to be homogeneous on a bulk scale but heterogeneous on a particulate scale, with individual clusters containing different amounts of drug-rich phase, and different parts of a carrier particle coated with different amounts of drug-rich phase. Simple scalings of the drug-rich phase thickness with carrier particle size are used to derive the drug-proportion to carrier particle size relationship. This work opens new doors to micro-structural assessment of inhalation powders that could be invaluable for bioequivalence assessment of dry powder inhalers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmesh Gajjar
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; National Facility for Laboratory X-ray Computed Tomography, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Seda Pharmaceutical Development Services, Unit D, Oakfield Road, Cheadle Royal Business Park, Stockport SK8 3GX, UK.
| | - Ioanna Danai Styliari
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Victoria Legh-Land
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Hrishikesh Bale
- Carl Zeiss X-ray Microscopy, 5300 Central Parkway, Dublin, CA 94568, USA
| | - Benjamin Tordoff
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 22, 73447 Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Philip J Withers
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; National Facility for Laboratory X-ray Computed Tomography, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Darragh Murnane
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.
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6
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Winiarski B, Gheysen J, Pyka G, Hannard F, Arseenko M, Villanova J, Brinek A, Chirazi A, Jiang L, Simar A. Correlative Microscopy Discovers Self-Healing of AM-Build Al-Mg Alloy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1981-1982. [PMID: 37612913 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Winiarski
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Gheysen
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
| | - G Pyka
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
| | - F Hannard
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
| | - M Arseenko
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
| | - J Villanova
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - A Brinek
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Chirazi
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bordeaux, France
| | - L Jiang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - A Simar
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
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7
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Ribart C, King A, Ludwig W, Bertoldo JPC, Proudhon H. In situ synchrotron X-ray multimodal experiment to study polycrystal plasticity. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:379-389. [PMID: 36891851 PMCID: PMC10000803 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522011705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The microstructure of polycrystals is known to govern the performance of structural materials. This drives the need for mechanical characterization methods capable of probing large representative volumes at the grain and sub-grain scales. In this paper, the use of in situ diffraction contrast tomography (DCT) along with far-field 3D X-ray diffraction (ff-3DXRD) at the Psiché beamline of Soleil is presented and applied to study crystal plasticity in commercially pure titanium. A tensile stress rig was modified to comply with the DCT acquisition geometry and used for in situ testing. DCT and ff-3DXRD measurements were carried out during a tensile test of a tomographic Ti specimen up to 1.1% strain. The evolution of the microstructure was analyzed in a central region of interest comprising about 2000 grains. Using the 6DTV algorithm, DCT reconstructions were successfully obtained and allowed the characterization of the evolution of lattice rotation in the entire microstructure. The results are backed up by comparisons with EBSD and DCT maps acquired at ESRF-ID11 that allowed the validation of the orientation field measurements in the bulk. Difficulties at the grain boundaries are highlighted and discussed in line with increasing plastic strain during the tensile test. Finally, a new outlook is provided on the potential of ff-3DXRD to enrich the present dataset with access to average lattice elastic strain data per grain, on the possibility of performing crystal plasticity simulations from DCT reconstructions, and ultimately on comparisons between experiments and simulations at the scale of the grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Ribart
- Mines Paris, PSL University, Centre des Matériaux (MAT), UMR7633 CNRS, 91003 Evry, France
| | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wolfgang Ludwig
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon MATEIS CNRS UMR 5510, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Joao P. C. Bertoldo
- Mines Paris, PSL University, Centre des Matériaux (MAT), UMR7633 CNRS, 91003 Evry, France
| | - Henry Proudhon
- Mines Paris, PSL University, Centre des Matériaux (MAT), UMR7633 CNRS, 91003 Evry, France
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8
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Cognigni F, Pasquali M, Prosini PP, Paoletti C, Aurora A, Scaramuzzo FA, Rossi M. X‐Ray Microscopy: A Non‐Destructive Multi‐Scale Imaging to Study the Inner Workings of Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Cognigni
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI) University of Rome LA SAPIENZA Via Antonio Scarpa 14 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Mauro Pasquali
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI) University of Rome LA SAPIENZA Via Antonio Scarpa 14 00161 Rome Italy
- Research Center on Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering (CNIS) University of Rome LA SAPIENZA Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Prosini
- Department of Energy Technologies and Renewable Sources C.R. ENEA Casaccia Via Anguillarese 301 00123 Rome Italy
| | - Claudia Paoletti
- Department of Energy Technologies and Renewable Sources C.R. ENEA Casaccia Via Anguillarese 301 00123 Rome Italy
| | - Annalisa Aurora
- Department of Energy Technologies and Renewable Sources C.R. ENEA Casaccia Via Anguillarese 301 00123 Rome Italy
| | - Francesca Anna Scaramuzzo
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI) University of Rome LA SAPIENZA Via Antonio Scarpa 14 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI) University of Rome LA SAPIENZA Via Antonio Scarpa 14 00161 Rome Italy
- Research Center on Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering (CNIS) University of Rome LA SAPIENZA Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
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Li J, Hughes AE, Yang YS, Laleh M, Wang H, Zhang X, Ma J, Xu W, Tan MY. Quantitative 3D Characterization for Kinetics of Corrosion Initiation and Propagation in Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201162. [PMID: 36285796 PMCID: PMC9799015 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In situ X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) is used to investigate the effects of characteristic microstructural features on the pitting initiation and propagation in austenitic stainless steel specimens prepared with laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing. In situ X-ray CT in probing the mechanism and kinetics of localized corrosion is demonstrated by immersing two LPBF specimens with different porosities in an aggressive ferric chloride solution for the evaluation of corrosion. X-ray CT images are acquired from the specimens after every 8 hours of immersion over an extended period of time (216 hours). Corrosion pit growth is then quantitatively analyzed with a data-constrained modeling method. The pitting growth mechanism of LPBF stainless steel is found to be different from that of conventional stainless steels. More specifically, the mechanism of corrosion pit initiation is closely correlated with the original lack of fusion porosity (LOF) distribution on the surface of the specimens and preferential pit propagation through the LOF pores inside the specimens. Pit growth kinetics are derived from pit volume changes determined through 3D data analysis. The pit growth kinetics in LPBF specimens are found to vary in the initial pit formation, competitive pit propagation, and the dominant pit growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Li
- Institute of Theoretical PhysicsSchool of Physics and Electronic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme OpticsShanxi UniversityTaiyuanShanxi030006China
| | - Anthony E. Hughes
- Institute for Frontier MaterialsDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVIC3216Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Private Bag 10Clayton SouthVIC3169Australia
| | - Y. S. Yang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Private Bag 10Clayton SouthVIC3169Australia
| | - Majid Laleh
- Institute for Frontier MaterialsDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVIC3216Australia
- School of EngineeringDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVIC3216Australia
| | - Haipeng Wang
- Institute of Theoretical PhysicsSchool of Physics and Electronic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme OpticsShanxi UniversityTaiyuanShanxi030006China
| | - Xufang Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical PhysicsSchool of Physics and Electronic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme OpticsShanxi UniversityTaiyuanShanxi030006China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics DevicesInstitute of Laser Spectroscopy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme OpticsShanxi UniversityTaiyuanShanxi030006China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of EngineeringDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVIC3216Australia
| | - Mike Y. Tan
- Institute for Frontier MaterialsDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVIC3216Australia
- School of EngineeringDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVIC3216Australia
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10
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In situ synthesis of hierarchically-assembled three-dimensional ZnS nanostructures and 3D printed visualization. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16955. [PMID: 36216856 PMCID: PMC9550785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have gained enormous interest in improving the performance of energy harvest systems, biomedical devices, and high-strength composites. Many studies were performed fabricating more elaborate and heterogeneous nanostructures then the structures were characterized using TEM tomographic images, upgrading the fabrication technique. Despite the effort, intricate fabrication process, agglomeration characteristic, and non-uniform output were still limited to presenting the 3D panoramic views straightforwardly. Here we suggested in situ synthesis method to prepare complex and hierarchically-assembled nanostructures that consisted of ZnS nanowire core and nanoparticles under Ag2S catalyst. We demonstrated that the vaporized Zn and S were solidified in different shapes of nanostructures with the temperatures solely. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of synthesizing heterogeneous nanostructures, consisting of a nanowire from the vapor-liquid-solid and then nanoparticles from the vapor-solid grown mechanism by in situ temperature control. The obtained hierarchically-assembled ZnS nanostructures were characterized by various TEM technologies, verifying the crystal growth mechanism. Lastly, electron tomography and 3D printing enabled the nanoscale structures to visualize with centimeter scales. The 3D printing from randomly fabricated nanomaterials is rarely performed to date. The collaborating work could offer a better opportunity to fabricate advanced and sophisticated nanostructures.
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11
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Inhibiting weld cracking in high-strength aluminium alloys. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5816. [PMID: 36192380 PMCID: PMC9530225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cracking from a fine equiaxed zone (FQZ), often just tens of microns across, plagues the welding of 7000 series aluminum alloys. Using a multiscale correlative methodology, from the millimeter scale to the nanoscale, we shed light on the strengthening mechanisms and the resulting intergranular failure at the FQZ. We show that intergranular AlCuMg phases give rise to cracking by micro-void nucleation and subsequent link-up due to the plastic incompatibility between the hard phases and soft (low precipitate density) grain interiors in the FQZ. To mitigate this, we propose a hybrid welding strategy exploiting laser beam oscillation and a pulsed magnetic field. This achieves a wavy and interrupted FQZ along with a higher precipitate density, thereby considerably increasing tensile strength over conventionally hybrid welded butt joints, and even friction stir welds.
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12
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Chen M, Sun L, Hong Z, Wang H, Xia Y, Liu S, Ren X, Zhang X, Chi D, Yang H, Hu W. Anthracene Single-Crystal Scintillators for Computer Tomography Scanning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41275-41282. [PMID: 36064330 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
X-ray imaging and computed tomography (CT) technology, as the important non-destructive measurements, can observe internal structures without destroying the detected sample, which are always used in biological diagnosis to detect tumors, pathologies, and bone damages. It is always a challenge to find materials with a low detection limit, a short exposure time, and high resolution to reduce X-ray damage and acquire high-contrast images. Here, we described a low-cost and high-efficient method to prepare centimeter-sized anthracene crystals, which exhibited intense X-ray radioluminescence with a detection limit of ∼0.108 μGy s-1, which is only one-fifth of the dose typically used for X-ray diagnostics. Additionally, the low absorption reduced the damage in radiation and ensured superior cycle performance. X-ray detectors based on anthracene crystals also exhibited an extremely high resolution of 40 lp mm-1. The CT scanning and reconstruction of a foam sample were then achieved, and the detailed internal structure could be clearly observed. These indicated that organic crystals are expecting to be leading candidate low-cost materials for low-dose and highly sensitive X-ray detection and CT scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Innovis, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Lingjie Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongzhu Hong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fuzhou 350207, China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.345# Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Si Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaochen Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science of Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dongzhi Chi
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Innovis, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fuzhou 350207, China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Scharf J, Chouchane M, Finegan DP, Lu B, Redquest C, Kim MC, Yao W, Franco AA, Gostovic D, Liu Z, Riccio M, Zelenka F, Doux JM, Meng YS. Bridging nano- and microscale X-ray tomography for battery research by leveraging artificial intelligence. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:446-459. [PMID: 35414116 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a non-destructive imaging technique in which contrast originates from the materials' absorption coefficient. The recent development of laboratory nanoscale CT (nano-CT) systems has pushed the spatial resolution for battery material imaging to voxel sizes of 50 nm, a limit previously achievable only with synchrotron facilities. Given the non-destructive nature of CT, in situ and operando studies have emerged as powerful methods to quantify morphological parameters, such as tortuosity factor, porosity, surface area and volume expansion, during battery operation or cycling. Combined with artificial intelligence and machine learning analysis techniques, nano-CT has enabled the development of predictive models to analyse the impact of the electrode microstructure on cell performances or the influence of material heterogeneities on electrochemical responses. In this Review, we discuss the role of X-ray CT and nano-CT experimentation in the battery field, discuss the incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning analyses and provide a perspective on how the combination of multiscale CT imaging techniques can expand the development of predictive multiscale battery behavioural models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Scharf
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mehdi Chouchane
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UMR CNRS 7314, Hub de l'Energie, Amiens, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, Hub de l'Energie, Amiens, France
| | | | - Bingyu Lu
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Redquest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Min-Cheol Kim
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weiliang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alejandro A Franco
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UMR CNRS 7314, Hub de l'Energie, Amiens, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, Hub de l'Energie, Amiens, France
- Alistore-ERI European Research Institute, FR CNRS 3104, Hub de l'Energie, Amiens, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Zhao Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jean-Marie Doux
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ying Shirley Meng
- Department of Nano-Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center (SPEC), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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14
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Bernabale M, Cognigni F, Nigro L, Rossi M, de Caro T, De Vito C. A comprehensive strategy for exploring corrosion in iron-based artefacts through advanced Multiscale X-ray Microscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6125. [PMID: 35414686 PMCID: PMC9005549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10151-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The best strategy to tackle complexity when analyzing corrosion in iron artefacts is to combine different analytical methods. Traditional techniques provide effective means to identify the chemistry and mineralogy of corrosion products. Nevertheless, a further step is necessary to upgrade the understanding of the corrosion evolution in three dimensions. In this regard, Multiscale X-ray Microscopy (XRM) enables multi-length scale visualization of the whole object and provides the spatial distribution of corrosion phases. Herein, we propose an integrated workflow to explore corrosion mechanisms in an iron-nail from Motya (Italy) through destructive and non-destructive techniques, which permit the extraction of the maximum information with the minimum sampling. The results reveal the internal structure of the artefact and the structural discontinuities which lead the corrosion, highlighting the compositional differences between the tip and the head of the iron nail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bernabale
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Cognigni
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nigro
- Department Italian Institute of Oriental Studies-ISO, Sapienza University of Rome, Circonvallazione Tiburtina 4, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Tilde de Caro
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati-National Research Council (ISMN-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina De Vito
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Sarosi PM, Furmanski J, Reese WC, Carpenter DL, Nittoli MA, Myers MG, Callen NM, Neeraj T. Damage evolution during fracture by correlative microscopy with hyperspectral electron microscopy and laboratory-based microtomography. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj6738. [PMID: 35385319 PMCID: PMC8986107 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj6738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Damage evolution during fracture of metals is a critical factor in determining the reliability and integrity of the infrastructure that the society relies upon. However, experimental techniques for directly observing these phenomena have remained challenged. We have addressed this gap by developing a correlative microscopy framework combining high-resolution hyperspectral electron microscopy with laboratory x-ray microtomography (XMT) and applied it to study fracture mechanisms in a steel inclusion system. We observed damage nucleation and growth to be inhomogeneous and anisotropic. Fracture resistance was observed to be controlled by inclusion distribution and the size scale of an inclusion-depleted zone. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that laboratory XMT can characterize damage to the micrometer scale with a large field of view in dense metals like steel, offering a more accessible alternative to synchrotron-based tomography. The framework presented provides a means to broadly adopt correlative microscopy for studies of degradation phenomena and help accelerate discovery of new materials solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Sarosi
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Jevan Furmanski
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - William C. Reese
- Research and Technology Department, ExxonMobil Upstream Integrated Solutions, Spring, TX 77389, USA
| | - Donald L. Carpenter
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Mikel A. Nittoli
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Michael G. Myers
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Nicole M. Callen
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Thirumalai Neeraj
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
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16
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17
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Sample preparation for analytical scanning electron microscopy using initial notch sectioning. Micron 2021; 150:103090. [PMID: 34385109 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for broad ion beam based sample sectioning using the concept of initial notches is presented. An adapted sample geometry is utilized in order to create terraces with a well-define d step in erosion depth from the surface. The method consists of milling a notch into the surface, followed by glancing-angle ion beam erosion, which leads to preferential erosion at the notch due to increased local surface elevation. The process of terrace formation can be utilized in sample preparation for analytical scanning electron microscopy in order to get efficient access to the depth-dependent microstructure of a material. It is demonstrated that the method can be applied to both conducting and non-conducting specimens. Furthermore, experimental parameters influencing the preparation success are determined. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, an electron backscatter diffraction study on a surface crystallized diopside glass ceramic is performed, where the method is used to analyze orientation dependent crystal growth phenomena occurring during growth of surface crystals into the bulk.
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18
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Unraveling Structural Details in Ga-Pd SCALMS Systems Using Correlative Nano-CT, 360° Electron Tomography and Analytical TEM. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11070810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive structural and analytical characterization of the highly promising supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) system. This novel catalyst shows excellent performance for alkane dehydrogenation, especially in terms of resistance to coking. SCALMS consists of a porous support containing catalytically active low-melting alloy particles (e.g., Ga-Pd) featuring a complex structure, which are liquid at reaction temperature. High-resolution 3D characterization at various length scales is required to reveal the complex pore morphology and catalytically active sites’ location. Nano X-ray computed tomography (nano-CT) in combination with electron tomography (ET) enables nondestructive and scale-bridging 3D materials research. We developed and applied a correlative approach using nano-CT, 360°-ET and analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to decipher the morphology, distribution and chemical composition of the Ga-Pd droplets of the SCALMS system over several length scales. Utilizing ET-based segmentations of nano-CT reconstructions, we are able to reliably reveal the homogenous porous support network with embedded Ga-Pd droplets featuring a nonhomogenous elemental distribution of Ga and Pd. In contrast, large Ga-Pd droplets with a high Ga/Pd ratio are located on the surface of SCALMS primary particles, whereas the droplet size and the Ga/Pd ratio decreases while advancing into the porous volume. Our studies reveal new findings about the complex structure of SCALMS which are required to understand its superior catalytic performance. Furthermore, advancements in lab-based nano-CT imaging are presented by extending the field of view (FOV) of a single experiment via a multiple region-of-interest (ROI) stitching approach.
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19
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Gignac PM, O'Brien HD, Sanchez J, Vazquez-Sanroman D. Multiscale imaging of the rat brain using an integrated diceCT and histology workflow. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2153-2168. [PMID: 34173869 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in tissue visualization techniques have spurred significant gains in the biomedical sciences by enabling researchers to integrate their datasets across anatomical scales. Of particular import are techniques that enable the interpolation of multiple hierarchical scales in samples taken from the same individuals. In this study, we demonstrate that two-dimensional histology techniques can be employed on neural tissues following three-dimensional diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) without causing tissue degradation. This represents the first step toward a multiscale pipeline for brain visualization. We studied brains from adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats, comparing experimental (diceCT-stained then de-stained) to control (without diceCT) brains to examine neural tissues for immunolabeling integrity, compare somata sizes, and distinguish neurons from glial cells within the telencephalon and diencephalon. We hypothesized that if experimental and control samples do not differ significantly in morphological cell analysis, then brain tissues are robust to the chemical, temperature, and radiation environments required for these multiple, successive imaging protocols. Visualizations for experimental brains were first captured via micro-computed tomography scanning of isolated, iodine-infused specimens. Samples were then cleared of iodine, serially sectioned, and prepared again using immunofluorescent, fluorescent, and cresyl violet labeling, followed by imaging with confocal and light microscopy, respectively. Our results show that many neural targets are resilient to diceCT imaging and compatible with downstream histological staining as part of a low-cost, multiscale brain imaging pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Gignac
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Haley D O'Brien
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Jimena Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Dolores Vazquez-Sanroman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA.
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20
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Bayguinov PO, Fisher MR, Fitzpatrick JAJ. Assaying three-dimensional cellular architecture using X-ray tomographic and correlated imaging approaches. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15782-15793. [PMID: 32938716 PMCID: PMC7667966 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.009633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of our understanding of the spatial organization of and interactions between cellular organelles and macromolecular complexes has been the result of imaging studies utilizing either light- or electron-based microscopic analyses. These classical approaches, while insightful, are nonetheless limited either by restrictions in resolution or by the sheer complexity of generating multidimensional data. Recent advances in the use and application of X-rays to acquire micro- and nanotomographic data sets offer an alternative methodology to visualize cellular architecture at the nanoscale. These new approaches allow for the subcellular analyses of unstained vitrified cells and three-dimensional localization of specific protein targets and have served as an essential tool in bridging light and electron correlative microscopy experiments. Here, we review the theory, instrumentation details, acquisition principles, and applications of both soft X-ray tomography and X-ray microscopy and how the use of these techniques offers a succinct means of analyzing three-dimensional cellular architecture. We discuss some of the recent work that has taken advantage of these approaches and detail how they have become integral in correlative microscopy workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Bayguinov
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Max R Fisher
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - James A J Fitzpatrick
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
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21
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Graham HK, McConnell JC, Limbert G, Sherratt MJ. How stiff is skin? Exp Dermatol 2020; 28 Suppl 1:4-9. [PMID: 30698873 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of the mechanical properties of skin (such as stiffness, extensibility and strength) is a key step in characterisation of both dermal ageing and disease mechanisms and in the assessment of tissue-engineered skin replacements. However, the biomechanical terminology and plethora of mathematical analysis approaches can be daunting to those outside the field. As a consequence, mechanical studies are often inaccessible to a significant proportion of the intended audience. Furthermore, devices for the measurement of skin function in vivo generate relative values rather than formal mechanical measures, therefore limiting the ability to compare studies. In this viewpoint essay, we discuss key biomechanical concepts and the influence of technical and biological factors (including the nature of the testing apparatus, length scale, donor age and anatomical site) on measured mechanical properties such as stiffness. Having discussed the current state-of-the-art in macro-mechanical and micromechanical measuring techniques and in mathematical and computational modelling methods, we then make suggestions as to how these approaches, in combination with 3D X-ray imaging and mechanics methods, may be adopted into a single strategy to characterise the mechanical behaviour of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Graham
- Division of Musculoskeletal& Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James C McConnell
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Georges Limbert
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Biomechanics and Mechanobiology Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Division, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael J Sherratt
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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22
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Clark RN, Burrows R, Patel R, Moore S, Hallam KR, Flewitt PE. Nanometre to micrometre length-scale techniques for characterising environmentally-assisted cracking: An appraisal. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03448. [PMID: 32190752 PMCID: PMC7068651 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The appraisal is strongly focussed on challenges associated with the nuclear sector, however these are representative of what is generally encountered by a range of engineering applications. Ensuring structural integrity of key nuclear plant components is essential for both safe and economic operation. Structural integrity assessments require knowledge of the mechanical and physical properties of materials, together with an understanding of mechanisms that can limit the overall operating life. With improved mechanistic understanding comes the ability to develop predictive models of the service life of components. Such models often require parameters which can be provided only by characterisation of processes occurring in situ over a range of scales, with the sub-micrometre-scale being particularly important, but also challenging. This appraisal reviews the techniques currently available to characterise microstructural features at the nanometre to micrometre length-scale that can be used to elucidate mechanisms that lead to the early stages of environmentally-assisted crack formation and subsequent growth. Following an appraisal of the techniques and their application, there is a short discussion and consideration for future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N. Clark
- National Nuclear Laboratory Limited, 102B, Stonehouse Park, Sperry Way, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, GL10 3UT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Burrows
- National Nuclear Laboratory Limited, 102B, Stonehouse Park, Sperry Way, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, GL10 3UT, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Patel
- National Nuclear Laboratory Limited, 102B, Stonehouse Park, Sperry Way, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, GL10 3UT, United Kingdom
| | - Stacy Moore
- University of Bristol, Interface Analysis Centre, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R. Hallam
- University of Bristol, Interface Analysis Centre, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E.J. Flewitt
- University of Bristol, Interface Analysis Centre, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
- University of Bristol, School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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23
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Kim FH, Moylan SP, Phan TQ, Garboczi EJ. Investigation of the Effect of Artificial Internal Defects on the Tensile Behavior of Laser Powder Bed Fusion 17-4 Stainless Steel Samples: Simultaneous Tensile Testing and X-Ray Computed Tomography. EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS 2020; 60:10.1007/s11340-020-00604-6. [PMID: 36619901 PMCID: PMC9813929 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-020-00604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient data are available to fully understand the effects of metal additive manufacturing (AM) defects for widespread adoption of the emerging technology. Characterization of failure processes of complex internal geometries and defects in metal AM can significantly enhance this understanding. We aim to demonstrate a complete experimental measurement process and failure analysis method to study the effects of AM defects. We utilized simultaneous implementation of tensile tests with high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (XCT) measurements on 17-4 stainless steel dog-bone samples with an intentional octahedron-shaped internal cavity included in the gauge length and also containing much smaller lack-of-fusion (LOF) defects, all generated by a Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing process. The LOF defects were introduced by intentionally changing the LPBF default processing parameters. XCT image-based linear elastic finite element (FE) simulations were used to interpret the data. The in-situ tensile tests combined with simultaneous XCT measurements revealed the details of the failure process initiated by additively manufactured rough internal surfaces and porous defect structures, which experienced high stress concentrations. Progressive collapse of ligaments leading to larger pores was clearly observed, and the resulting porosity evolution until failure was quantitatively analyzed. The high stress concentrations were also directly confirmed by the FE simulations. The experimental methods described in this paper enable the quantitative study of the complex failure mechanisms of additively manufactured metal parts, and the image-based FE simulation method is effective for identifying and/or confirming possible failure locations and features.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Kim
- Intelligent Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - S P Moylan
- Intelligent Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - T Q Phan
- Intelligent Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - E J Garboczi
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
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24
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Burnett TL, Withers PJ. Completing the picture through correlative characterization. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:1041-1049. [PMID: 31209389 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural and manufactured materials rely on complex hierarchical microstructures to deliver a suite of interesting properties. To predict and tailor their performance requires a joined-up knowledge of their multiphase microstructure, interfaces, chemistry and crystallography from the nanoscale to the macroscale. This Perspective reflects on how recent developments in correlative characterization can bring together multiple image modalities and maps of the local chemistry, structure and functionality to form rich multimodal and multiscale correlated datasets. The automated collection and digitization of multidimensional data is an essential part of the picture for developing multiscale modelling and 'big data'-driven machine learning approaches. These are needed to both improve our understanding of existing materials and exploit high-throughput combinatorial synthesis, processing and testing methods to develop materials with bespoke properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Burnett
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P J Withers
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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25
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Starborg T, O'Sullivan JDB, Carneiro CM, Behnsen J, Else KJ, Grencis RK, Withers PJ. Experimental steering of electron microscopy studies using prior X-ray computed tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 201:58-67. [PMID: 30928781 PMCID: PMC6504073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Using microCT pre-scans to accurately steer serial block face SEM. High throughput screening and mapping samples to reduce time hunting for features of interest. Using microCT to optimise specimen preparation and staining. Using microCT to guide site-specific TEM sample preparation.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can provide unrivalled high-resolution images of specific features and volumes of interest. However, the regions interrogated are typically very small, and sample preparation is both time-consuming and destructive. Here we consider how prior X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) presents an opportunity to increase the efficiency of electron microscopy in biology. We demonstrate how it can be used to; select the most promising samples and target site-specific locations; provide a wider context of the location being interrogated (multiscale correlative imaging); guide sample preparation and 3D imaging schemes; as well as quantify the effects of destructive sample preparation and staining procedures. We present a workflow utilising open source software in which microCT can be used either broadly, or precisely, to experimentally steer and inform subsequent electron microscopy studies. As automated sample registration procedures are developed to enable correlative microscopy, experimental steering by prior CT could be beneficially routinely incorporated into many experimental workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Starborg
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - James D B O'Sullivan
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Claudia Martins Carneiro
- Immunopathology Laboratory, NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Julia Behnsen
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kathryn J Else
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Richard K Grencis
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Philip J Withers
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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26
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Cougot N, Douillard T, Dalmas F, Pradelle N, Gauthier R, Sanon C, Grosgogeat B, Colon P, Chevalier J. Towards quantitative analysis of enamel erosion by focused ion beam tomography. Dent Mater 2018; 34:e289-e300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.08.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Pore characterization in shales is challenging owing to the wide range of pore sizes and types present. Haynesville-Bossier shale (USA) was sampled as a typical clay-bearing siliceous, organic-rich, gas-mature shale and characterized over pore diameters ranging 2 nm to 3000 nm. Three advanced imaging techniques were utilized correlatively, including the application of Xe+ plasma focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (plasma FIB or PFIB), complemented by the Ga+ FIB method which is now frequently used to characterise porosity and organic/inorganic phases, together with transmission electron microscope tomography of the nano-scale pores (voxel size 0.6 nm; resolution 1-2 nm). The three pore-size scales each contribute differently to the pore network. Those <10 nm (greatest number), 10 nm to 100 nm (best-connected hence controls transport properties), and >100 nm (greatest total volume hence determines fluid storativity). Four distinct pore types were found: intra-organic, organic-mineral interface, inter-mineral and intra-mineral pores were recognized, with characteristic geometries. The whole pore network comprises a globally-connected system between phyllosilicate mineral grains (diameter: 6-50 nm), and locally-clustered connected pores within porous organic matter (diameter: 200-800 nm). Integrated predictions of pore geometry, connectivity, and roles in controlling petrophysical properties were verified through experimental permeability measurements.
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28
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Chaurand P, Liu W, Borschneck D, Levard C, Auffan M, Paul E, Collin B, Kieffer I, Lanone S, Rose J, Perrin J. Multi-scale X-ray computed tomography to detect and localize metal-based nanomaterials in lung tissues of in vivo exposed mice. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29535369 PMCID: PMC5849692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this methodological study, we demonstrated the relevance of 3D imaging performed at various scales for the ex vivo detection and location of cerium oxide nanomaterials (CeO2-NMs) in mouse lung. X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) with a voxel size from 14 µm to 1 µm (micro-CT) was combined with X-ray nano-computed tomography with a voxel size of 63 nm (nano-CT). An optimized protocol was proposed to facilitate the sample preparation, to minimize the experimental artifacts and to optimize the contrast of soft tissues exposed to metal-based nanomaterials (NMs). 3D imaging of the NMs biodistribution in lung tissues was consolidated by combining a vast variety of techniques in a correlative approach: histological observations, 2D chemical mapping and speciation analysis were performed for an unambiguous detection of NMs. This original methodological approach was developed following a worst-case scenario of exposure, i.e. high dose of exposure with administration via intra-tracheal instillation. Results highlighted both (i) the non-uniform distribution of CeO2-NMs within the entire lung lobe (using large field-of-view micro-CT) and (ii) the detection of CeO2-NMs down to the individual cell scale, e.g. macrophage scale (using nano-CT with a voxel size of 63 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Chaurand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France. .,International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology iCEINT, CNRS-Duke University, Aix en Provence, France.
| | - Wei Liu
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France.,International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology iCEINT, CNRS-Duke University, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Daniel Borschneck
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France.,International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology iCEINT, CNRS-Duke University, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Clément Levard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France.,International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology iCEINT, CNRS-Duke University, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Mélanie Auffan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France.,International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology iCEINT, CNRS-Duke University, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Emmanuel Paul
- INSERM, Equipe 04, U955, Creteil, France.,Univ Paris Est Creteil, IMRB, Fac Med, DHU A TVB, Creteil, France
| | - Blanche Collin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France.,International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology iCEINT, CNRS-Duke University, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Isabelle Kieffer
- OSUG-FAME, UMS 832 CNRS-Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Lanone
- INSERM, Equipe 04, U955, Creteil, France.,Univ Paris Est Creteil, IMRB, Fac Med, DHU A TVB, Creteil, France
| | - Jérôme Rose
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France.,International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology iCEINT, CNRS-Duke University, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Jeanne Perrin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France.,Univ Avignon, Inst Mediterraneen Biodiversite & Ecol Marine & C, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Marseille, France.,AP HM La Conception, CECOS, Lab Reprod Biol, Dept Gynecol Obstet & Reprod Med, Pole Femmes Parents Enfants, Marseille, France
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29
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Abstract
X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) is a technique which can obtain three-dimensional images of a sample, including its internal structure, without the need for destructive sectioning. Here, we review the capability of the technique and examine its potential to provide novel insights into the lifestyles of parasites embedded within host tissue. The current capabilities and limitations of the technology in producing contrast in soft tissues are discussed, as well as the potential solutions for parasitologists looking to apply this technique. We present example images of the mouse whipworm Trichuris muris and discuss the application of μCT to provide unique insights into parasite behaviour and pathology, which are inaccessible to other imaging modalities.
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30
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Multiscale correlative tomography: an investigation of creep cavitation in 316 stainless steel. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7332. [PMID: 28779097 PMCID: PMC5544716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Creep cavitation in an ex-service nuclear steam header Type 316 stainless steel sample is investigated through a multiscale tomography workflow spanning eight orders of magnitude, combining X-ray computed tomography (CT), plasma focused ion beam (FIB) scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) tomography. Guided by microscale X-ray CT, nanoscale X-ray CT is used to investigate the size and morphology of cavities at a triple point of grain boundaries. In order to understand the factors affecting the extent of cavitation, the orientation and crystallographic misorientation of each boundary is characterised using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Additionally, in order to better understand boundary phase growth, the chemistry of a single boundary and its associated secondary phase precipitates is probed through STEM energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) tomography. The difference in cavitation of the three grain boundaries investigated suggests that the orientation of grain boundaries with respect to the direction of principal stress is important in the promotion of cavity formation.
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31
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Parlanti P, Cappello V, Brun F, Tromba G, Rigolio R, Tonazzini I, Cecchini M, Piazza V, Gemmi M. Size and specimen-dependent strategy for x-ray micro-ct and tem correlative analysis of nervous system samples. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2858. [PMID: 28588216 PMCID: PMC5460131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative approaches are a powerful tool in the investigation of biological samples, but require specific preparation procedures to maintain the strength of the employed methods. Here we report the optimization of the embedding protocol of nervous system samples for a correlative synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (micro-CT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) approach. We demonstrate that it is possible to locate, with the micrometric resolution of micro-CT, specific volumes of interest for a further ultrastructural characterization to be performed with TEM. This approach can be applied to samples of different size and morphology up to several cm. Our optimized method represents an invaluable tool for investigating those pathologies in which microscopic alterations are localized in few confined regions, rather than diffused in entire tissues, organs or systems. We present a proof of concept of our method in a mouse model of Globoid Cells Leukodistrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Parlanti
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - V Cappello
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - F Brun
- National Research Council - Institute of Nanotechnology (CNR Nanotech) c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via A. Valerio 10, I-34127, Trieste, Italy
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Tromba
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - R Rigolio
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Experimental Neurology Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, I-20900, Monza, Italy
| | - I Tonazzini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Nanoscienze - CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca, I-20122, Milano, Italy
| | - M Cecchini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Nanoscienze - CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - V Piazza
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Gemmi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
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32
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Dwivedi D, Lepkova K, Becker T. Emerging surface characterization techniques for carbon steel corrosion: a critical brief review. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160852. [PMID: 28413351 PMCID: PMC5378249 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon steel is a preferred construction material in many industrial and domestic applications, including oil and gas pipelines, where corrosion mitigation using film-forming corrosion inhibitor formulations is a widely accepted method. This review identifies surface analytical techniques that are considered suitable for analysis of thin films at metallic substrates, but are yet to be applied to analysis of carbon steel surfaces in corrosive media or treated with corrosion inhibitors. The reviewed methods include time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods, particle-induced X-ray emission, Rutherford backscatter spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, small-angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectometry, and conversion electron Moessbauer spectrometry. Advantages and limitations of the analytical methods in thin-film surface investigations are discussed. Technical parameters of nominated analytical methods are provided to assist in the selection of suitable methods for analysis of metallic substrates deposited with surface films. The challenges associated with the applications of the emerging analytical methods in corrosion science are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Dwivedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin Corrosion Engineering Industry Centre, Western Australia, Australia
| | - K. Lepkova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin Corrosion Engineering Industry Centre, Western Australia, Australia
| | - T. Becker
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
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33
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Broad ion beam serial section tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 172:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Guo W, Sneed BT, Zhou L, Tang W, Kramer MJ, Cullen DA, Poplawsky JD. Correlative Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopic Tomography and Atom Probe Tomography of the Phase Separation in an Alnico 8 Alloy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:1251-1260. [PMID: 27998366 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616012496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alnico alloys have long been used as strong permanent magnets because of their ferromagnetism and high coercivity. Understanding their structural details allows for better prediction of the resulting magnetic properties. However, quantitative three-dimensional characterization of the phase separation in these alloys is still challenged by the spatial quantification of nanoscale phases. Herein, we apply a dual tomography approach, where correlative scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDS) tomography and atom probe tomography (APT) are used to investigate the initial phase separation process of an alnico 8 alloy upon non-magnetic annealing. STEM-EDS tomography provides information on the morphology and volume fractions of Fe-Co-rich and Νi-Al-rich phases after spinodal decomposition in addition to quantitative information of the composition of a nanoscale volume. Subsequent analysis of a portion of the same specimen by APT offers quantitative chemical information of each phase at the sub-nanometer scale. Furthermore, APT reveals small, 2-4 nm Fe-rich α 1 phases that are nucleated in the Ni-rich α 2 matrix. From this information, we show that phase separation of the alnico 8 alloy consists of both spinodal decomposition and nucleation and growth processes. The complementary benefits and challenges associated with correlative STEM-EDS and APT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences,Oak Ridge,TN 37831,USA
| | - Brian T Sneed
- 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences,Oak Ridge,TN 37831,USA
| | - Lin Zhou
- 2Ames Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering,Ames,IA 50011,USA
| | - Wei Tang
- 2Ames Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering,Ames,IA 50011,USA
| | - Matthew J Kramer
- 2Ames Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering,Ames,IA 50011,USA
| | - David A Cullen
- 3Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Materials Science and Technology Division,Oak Ridge,TN 37831,USA
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences,Oak Ridge,TN 37831,USA
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35
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Kellner M, Heidrich M, Lorbeer RA, Antonopoulos GC, Knudsen L, Wrede C, Izykowski N, Grothausmann R, Jonigk D, Ochs M, Ripken T, Kühnel MP, Meyer H. A combined method for correlative 3D imaging of biological samples from macro to nano scale. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35606. [PMID: 27759114 PMCID: PMC5069670 DOI: 10.1038/srep35606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlative analysis requires examination of a specimen from macro to nano scale as well as applicability of analytical methods ranging from morphological to molecular. Accomplishing this with one and the same sample is laborious at best, due to deformation and biodegradation during measurements or intermediary preparation steps. Furthermore, data alignment using differing imaging techniques turns out to be a complex task, which considerably complicates the interconnection of results. We present correlative imaging of the accessory rat lung lobe by combining a modified Scanning Laser Optical Tomography (SLOT) setup with a specially developed sample preparation method (CRISTAL). CRISTAL is a resin-based embedding method that optically clears the specimen while allowing sectioning and preventing degradation. We applied and correlated SLOT with Multi Photon Microscopy, histological and immunofluorescence analysis as well as Transmission Electron Microscopy, all in the same sample. Thus, combining CRISTAL with SLOT enables the correlative utilization of a vast variety of imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Kellner
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Marko Heidrich
- Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Wrede
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Izykowski
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roman Grothausmann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tammo Ripken
- Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark P Kühnel
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiko Meyer
- Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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36
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Bradley RS, Robinson IK, Yusuf M. 3D X-Ray Nanotomography of Cells Grown on Electrospun Scaffolds. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Bradley
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility; The University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ian K. Robinson
- London Centre for Nanotechnology; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Didcot OX11 0FA UK
| | - Mohammed Yusuf
- London Centre for Nanotechnology; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Didcot OX11 0FA UK
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37
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Moroni R, Börner M, Zielke L, Schroeder M, Nowak S, Winter M, Manke I, Zengerle R, Thiele S. Multi-Scale Correlative Tomography of a Li-Ion Battery Composite Cathode. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30109. [PMID: 27456201 PMCID: PMC4960488 DOI: 10.1038/srep30109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy tomography (FIB/SEMt) and synchrotron X-ray tomography (Xt) are used to investigate the same lithium manganese oxide composite cathode at the same specific spot. This correlative approach allows the investigation of three central issues in the tomographic analysis of composite battery electrodes: (i) Validation of state-of-the-art binary active material (AM) segmentation: Although threshold segmentation by standard algorithms leads to very good segmentation results, limited Xt resolution results in an AM underestimation of 6 vol% and severe overestimation of AM connectivity. (ii) Carbon binder domain (CBD) segmentation in Xt data: While threshold segmentation cannot be applied for this purpose, a suitable classification method is introduced. Based on correlative tomography, it allows for reliable ternary segmentation of Xt data into the pore space, CBD, and AM. (iii) Pore space analysis in the micrometer regime: This segmentation technique is applied to an Xt reconstruction with several hundred microns edge length, thus validating the segmentation of pores within the micrometer regime for the first time. The analyzed cathode volume exhibits a bimodal pore size distribution in the ranges between 0-1 μm and 1-12 μm. These ranges can be attributed to different pore formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riko Moroni
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Börner
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lukas Zielke
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Schroeder
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sascha Nowak
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ingo Manke
- Helmholtz Centre Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Zengerle
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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38
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Yedra L, Eswara S, Dowsett D, Wirtz T. In-situ Isotopic Analysis at Nanoscale using Parallel Ion Electron Spectrometry: A Powerful New Paradigm for Correlative Microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28705. [PMID: 27350565 PMCID: PMC4923888 DOI: 10.1038/srep28705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Isotopic analysis is of paramount importance across the entire gamut of scientific research. To advance the frontiers of knowledge, a technique for nanoscale isotopic analysis is indispensable. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) is a well-established technique for analyzing isotopes, but its spatial-resolution is fundamentally limited. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is a well-known method for high-resolution imaging down to the atomic scale. However, isotopic analysis in TEM is not possible. Here, we introduce a powerful new paradigm for in-situ correlative microscopy called the Parallel Ion Electron Spectrometry by synergizing SIMS with TEM. We demonstrate this technique by distinguishing lithium carbonate nanoparticles according to the isotopic label of lithium, viz. 6Li and 7Li and imaging them at high-resolution by TEM, adding a new dimension to correlative microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Yedra
- Advanced Instrumentation for Ion Nano-Analytics (AINA), MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Santhana Eswara
- Advanced Instrumentation for Ion Nano-Analytics (AINA), MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - David Dowsett
- Advanced Instrumentation for Ion Nano-Analytics (AINA), MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Tom Wirtz
- Advanced Instrumentation for Ion Nano-Analytics (AINA), MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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39
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Hashimoto T, Thompson GE, Zhou X, Withers PJ. 3D imaging by serial block face scanning electron microscopy for materials science using ultramicrotomy. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 163:6-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Burnett T, Kelley R, Winiarski B, Contreras L, Daly M, Gholinia A, Burke M, Withers P. Large volume serial section tomography by Xe Plasma FIB dual beam microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 161:119-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Karreman MA, Mercier L, Schieber NL, Solecki G, Allio G, Winkler F, Ruthensteiner B, Goetz JG, Schwab Y. Fast and precise targeting of single tumor cells in vivo by multimodal correlative microscopy. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:444-56. [PMID: 26659665 PMCID: PMC4732291 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.181842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy provides dynamic understanding of multiple cell biological processes, but its limited resolution has so far precluded structural analysis. Because it is difficult to capture rare and transient events, only a few attempts have been made to observe specific developmental and pathological processes in animal models using electron microscopy. The multimodal correlative approach that we propose here combines intravital microscopy, microscopic X-ray computed tomography and three-dimensional electron microscopy. It enables a rapid (c.a. 2 weeks) and accurate (<5 µm) correlation of functional imaging to ultrastructural analysis of single cells in a relevant context. We demonstrate the power of our approach by capturing single tumor cells in the vasculature of the cerebral cortex and in subcutaneous tumors, providing unique insights into metastatic events. Providing a significantly improved throughput, our workflow enables multiple sampling, a prerequisite for making correlative imaging a relevant tool to study cell biology in vivo. Owing to the versatility of this workflow, we envision broad applications in various fields of biological research, such as cancer or developmental biology. Highlighted Article: We provide here a novel correlative workflow combining intravital microscopy, microCT and 3D electron microscopy to reveal metastatic events in mouse brain and skin tissue at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthia A Karreman
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Luc Mercier
- MN3T, Inserm U1109, Strasbourg 67200, France Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Nicole L Schieber
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Gergely Solecki
- Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Guillaume Allio
- MN3T, Inserm U1109, Strasbourg 67200, France Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Frank Winkler
- Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | - Jacky G Goetz
- MN3T, Inserm U1109, Strasbourg 67200, France Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
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Abbasi M, Kim DI, Guim HU, Hosseini M, Danesh-Manesh H, Abbasi M. Application of Transmitted Kikuchi Diffraction in Studying Nano-oxide and Ultrafine Metallic Grains. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10991-11002. [PMID: 26482120 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transmitted Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) is an emerging SEM-based technique that enables investigation of highly refined grain structures. It offers higher spatial resolution by utilizing conventional electron backscattered diffraction equipment on electron-transparent samples. A successful attempt has been made to reveal nano-oxide grain structures as well as ultrafine severely deformed metallic grains. The effect of electron beam current was studied. Higher beam currents enhance pattern contrast and intensity. Lower detector exposure times could be employed to accelerate the acquisition time and minimize drift and carbon contamination. However, higher beam currents increase the electron interaction volume and compromise the spatial resolution. Lastly, TKD results were compared to orientation mapping results in TEM (ASTAR). Results indicate that a combination of TKD and EDS is a capable tool to characterize nano-oxide grains such as Al2O3 and Cr2O3 with similar crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Abbasi
- High Temperature Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ik Kim
- High Temperature Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Uk Guim
- Korea Basic Science Institute , Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Morteza Hosseini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Habib Danesh-Manesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Abbasi
- Department of Mining and Metallurgy, Amirkabir University of Technology , Tehran, Iran
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43
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Frankl A, Mari M, Reggiori F. Electron microscopy for ultrastructural analysis and protein localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 2:412-428. [PMID: 28357267 PMCID: PMC5349205 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.11.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key model system for studying of a multitude of cellular processes because of its amenability to genetics, molecular biology and biochemical procedures. Ultrastructural examinations of this organism, though, are traditionally difficult because of the presence of a thick cell wall and the high density of cytoplasmic proteins. A series of recent methodological and technical developments, however, has revived interest in morphological analyses of yeast (e.g. 123). Here we present a review of established and new methods, from sample preparation to imaging, for the ultrastructural analysis of S. cerevisiae. We include information for the use of different fixation methods, embedding procedures, approaches for contrast enhancement, and sample visualization techniques, with references to successful examples. The goal of this review is to guide researchers that want to investigate a particular process at the ultrastructural level in yeast by aiding in the selection of the most appropriate approach to visualize a specific structure or subcellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri Frankl
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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44
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Walton LA, Bradley RS, Withers PJ, Newton VL, Watson REB, Austin C, Sherratt MJ. Morphological Characterisation of Unstained and Intact Tissue Micro-architecture by X-ray Computed Micro- and Nano-Tomography. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10074. [PMID: 25975937 PMCID: PMC4650804 DOI: 10.1038/srep10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterisation and quantification of tissue structures is limited by sectioning-induced artefacts and by the difficulties of visualising and segmenting 3D volumes. Here we demonstrate that, even in the absence of X-ray contrast agents, X-ray computed microtomography (microCT) and nanotomography (nanoCT) can circumvent these problems by rapidly resolving compositionally discrete 3D tissue regions (such as the collagen-rich adventitia and elastin-rich lamellae in intact rat arteries) which in turn can be segmented due to their different X-ray opacities and morphologies. We then establish, using X-ray tomograms of both unpressurised and pressurised arteries that intra-luminal pressure not only increases lumen cross-sectional area and straightens medial elastic lamellae but also induces profound remodelling of the adventitial layer. Finally we apply microCT to another human organ (skin) to visualise the cell-rich epidermis and extracellular matrix-rich dermis and to show that conventional histological and immunohistochemical staining protocols are compatible with prior X-ray exposure. As a consequence we suggest that microCT could be combined with optical microscopy to characterise the 3D structure and composition of archival paraffin embedded biological materials and of mechanically stressed dynamic tissues such as the heart, lungs and tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victoria L. Newton
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E. B. Watson
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Austin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Sherratt
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Withers PJ. Fracture mechanics by three-dimensional crack-tip synchrotron X-ray microscopy. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:20130157. [PMID: 25624521 PMCID: PMC4308984 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the relationship between the nucleation and growth of defects and the local stresses and phase changes that cause them, we need both imaging and stress mapping. Here, we explore how this can be achieved by bringing together synchrotron X-ray diffraction and tomographic imaging. Conventionally, these are undertaken on separate synchrotron beamlines; however, instruments capable of both imaging and diffraction are beginning to emerge, such as ID15 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility and JEEP at the Diamond Light Source. This review explores the concept of three-dimensional crack-tip X-ray microscopy, bringing them together to probe the crack-tip behaviour under realistic environmental and loading conditions and to extract quantitative fracture mechanics information about the local crack-tip environment. X-ray diffraction provides information about the crack-tip stress field, phase transformations, plastic zone and crack-face tractions and forces. Time-lapse CT, besides providing information about the three-dimensional nature of the crack and its local growth rate, can also provide information as to the activation of extrinsic toughening mechanisms such as crack deflection, crack-tip zone shielding, crack bridging and crack closure. It is shown how crack-tip microscopy allows a quantitative measure of the crack-tip driving force via the stress intensity factor or the crack-tip opening displacement. Finally, further opportunities for synchrotron X-ray microscopy are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Withers
- Manchester X-ray Imaging Facility, School of Materials, Manchester University, Manchester M13 9PL, UK Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
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46
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Bushong EA, Johnson DD, Kim KY, Terada M, Hatori M, Peltier ST, Panda S, Merkle A, Ellisman MH. X-ray microscopy as an approach to increasing accuracy and efficiency of serial block-face imaging for correlated light and electron microscopy of biological specimens. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:231-8. [PMID: 25392009 PMCID: PMC4415271 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614013579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The recently developed three-dimensional electron microscopic (EM) method of serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM) has rapidly established itself as a powerful imaging approach. Volume EM imaging with this scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method requires intense staining of biological specimens with heavy metals to allow sufficient back-scatter electron signal and also to render specimens sufficiently conductive to control charging artifacts. These more extreme heavy metal staining protocols render specimens light opaque and make it much more difficult to track and identify regions of interest (ROIs) for the SBEM imaging process than for a typical thin section transmission electron microscopy correlative light and electron microscopy study. We present a strategy employing X-ray microscopy (XRM) both for tracking ROIs and for increasing the efficiency of the workflow used for typical projects undertaken with SBEM. XRM was found to reveal an impressive level of detail in tissue heavily stained for SBEM imaging, allowing for the identification of tissue landmarks that can be subsequently used to guide data collection in the SEM. Furthermore, specific labeling of individual cells using diaminobenzidine is detectable in XRM volumes. We demonstrate that tungsten carbide particles or upconverting nanophosphor particles can be used as fiducial markers to further increase the precision and efficiency of SBEM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Bushong
- 1Center for Research in Biological Systems,National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research,University of California at San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive,La Jolla,CA 92093,USA
| | - Donald D Johnson
- 1Center for Research in Biological Systems,National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research,University of California at San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive,La Jolla,CA 92093,USA
| | - Keun-Young Kim
- 1Center for Research in Biological Systems,National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research,University of California at San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive,La Jolla,CA 92093,USA
| | - Masako Terada
- 2Carl Zeiss X-ray Microscopy Inc.,4385 Hopyard Rd #100,Pleasanton,CA 94588,USA
| | - Megumi Hatori
- 3Salk Institute for Biological Sciences,10010 N Torrey Pines Rd,La Jolla,CA 92037,USA
| | - Steven T Peltier
- 1Center for Research in Biological Systems,National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research,University of California at San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive,La Jolla,CA 92093,USA
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- 3Salk Institute for Biological Sciences,10010 N Torrey Pines Rd,La Jolla,CA 92037,USA
| | - Arno Merkle
- 2Carl Zeiss X-ray Microscopy Inc.,4385 Hopyard Rd #100,Pleasanton,CA 94588,USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- 1Center for Research in Biological Systems,National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research,University of California at San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive,La Jolla,CA 92093,USA
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47
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Egan CK, Jacques SDM, Wilson MD, Veale MC, Seller P, Withers PJ, Cernik RJ. Full-field energy-dispersive powder diffraction imaging using laboratory X-rays. J Appl Crystallogr 2015. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576715000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A laboratory instrument with the ability to spatially resolve energy-dispersed X-ray powder diffraction patterns taken in a single snapshot has been developed. The experimental arrangement is based on a pinhole camera coupled with a pixelated spectral X-ray detector. Collimation of the diffracted beam is defined by the area of the footprint of a detector pixel and the diameter of the pinhole aperture. Each pixel in the image, therefore, contains an energy-dispersed powder diffraction pattern. This new X-ray imaging technique enables spatial mapping of crystallinity, crystalline texture or crystalline phases from within a sample. Validation of the method has been carried out with a back-to-back comparison with crystalline texture mapping local to a friction stir weld in an aluminium alloy taken using synchrotron radiation.
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