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Díaz-Rivera J, Rodríguez-Rivera MA, Meléndez-Vázquez NM, Godoy-Vitorino F, Dorta-Estremera SM. Immune and Microbial Signatures Associated with PD-1 Blockade Sensitivity in a Preclinical Model for HPV+ Oropharyngeal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2065. [PMID: 38893183 PMCID: PMC11171047 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The United States is suffering from an epidemic associated with high-risk strains of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) predominantly responsible for the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed death 1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 has shown poor efficacy in HNSCC patients, observing only a 20-30% response. Therefore, biological marker identification associated with PD-1 blockade response is important to improve prognosis and define novel therapeutics for HNSCC patients. Therapy response was associated with increased frequencies of activated CD27+T cells, activated CD79a+ B cells, antigen-presenting CD74+ dendritic and B cells, and PD-L1+ and PD-L2+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). The oral microbiota composition differed significantly in mice bearing tongue tumors and treated with anti-PD-1. A higher abundance of Allobaculum, Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Dorea, or Roseburia was associated with response to the therapy. However, an increase in Enterococcus was attributed to tongue tumor-bearing non-responding mice. Our findings indicate that differences in immune phenotypes, protein expression, and bacterial abundance occur as mice develop tongue tumors and are treated with anti-PD-1. These results may have a clinical impact as specific bacteria and immune phenotype could serve as biomarkers for treatment response in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Díaz-Rivera
- Cancer Biology Division, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (J.D.-R.); (M.A.R.-R.)
- Microbiology and Medical Zoology Department, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (N.M.M.-V.); (F.G.-V.)
| | - Michael A. Rodríguez-Rivera
- Cancer Biology Division, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (J.D.-R.); (M.A.R.-R.)
- Microbiology and Medical Zoology Department, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (N.M.M.-V.); (F.G.-V.)
| | - Natalie M. Meléndez-Vázquez
- Microbiology and Medical Zoology Department, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (N.M.M.-V.); (F.G.-V.)
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Microbiology and Medical Zoology Department, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (N.M.M.-V.); (F.G.-V.)
| | - Stephanie M. Dorta-Estremera
- Cancer Biology Division, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (J.D.-R.); (M.A.R.-R.)
- Microbiology and Medical Zoology Department, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (N.M.M.-V.); (F.G.-V.)
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Wen F, Zhao F, Huang W, Liang Y, Sun R, Lin Y, Zhang W. A novel ferroptosis-related gene signature for overall survival prediction in patients with gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4422. [PMID: 38388534 PMCID: PMC10883968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The global diagnosis rate and mortality of gastric cancer (GC) are among the highest. Ferroptosis and iron-metabolism have a profound impact on tumor development and are closely linked to cancer treatment and patient's prognosis. In this study, we identified six PRDEGs (prognostic ferroptosis- and iron metabolism-related differentially expressed genes) using LASSO-penalized Cox regression analysis. The TCGA cohort was used to establish a prognostic risk model, which allowed us to categorize GC patients into the high- and the low-risk groups based on the median value of the risk scores. Our study demonstrated that patients in the low-risk group had a higher probability of survival compared to those in the high-risk group. Furthermore, the low-risk group exhibited a higher tumor mutation burden (TMB) and a longer 5-year survival period when compared to the high-risk group. In summary, the prognostic risk model, based on the six genes associated with ferroptosis and iron-metabolism, performs well in predicting the prognosis of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruolan Sun
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yize Lin
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Hospital of the Office of the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region in Chengdu, Chengdu, 850015, Sichuan, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Huang H, Yao Y, Shen L, Jiang J, Zhang T, Xiong J, Li J, Sun S, Zheng S, Jia F, Zhou J, Yu X, Chen W, Shen J, Xia W, Shao X, Wang Q, Huang J, Ni C. CD24hiCD27+ Bregs within Metastatic Lymph Nodes Promote Multidrug Resistance in Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:5227-5243. [PMID: 37831062 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Axillary lymph nodes (LN) are the primary and dominant metastatic sites in breast cancer. However, the interaction between tumor cells and immune cells within metastatic LNs (mLN) remains poorly understood. In our study, we explored the effect of CD24hiCD27+ regulatory B cells (Breg) within mLNs on orchestrating drug resistance of breast cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We collected mLN samples from patients with breast cancer who had received standard neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) and analyzed the spatial features of CD24hiCD27+ Bregs through multicolor immunofluorescence staining. The effect of CD24hiCD27+ Bregs on drug resistance of breast cancer cells was evaluated via in vitro experiments. A mouse model with mLNs was used to evaluate the strategies with blocking the interactions between Bregs and breast cancer for improving tumor regression within mLNs. RESULTS In patients with breast cancer who had received NAT, there is a close spatial correlation between activated CD24hiCD27+ Bregs and residual tumor cells within mLNs. Mechanistically, CD24hiCD27+ Bregs greatly enhance the acquisition of multidrug resistance and stem-like features of breast cancer cells by secreting IL6 and TNFα. More importantly, breast cancer cells further promote the activation of CD24hiCD27+ Bregs via CD40L-dependent and PD-L1-dependent proximal signals, forming a positive feedback pattern. PD-L1 blockade significantly attenuates the drug resistance of breast cancer cells induced by CD24hiCD27+ Bregs, and addition of anti-PD-L1 antibody to chemotherapy improves tumor cell remission in mLNs. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the pivotal role of CD24hiCD27+ Bregs in promoting drug resistance by interacting with breast cancer cells in mLNs, providing novel evidence for an improved strategy of chemoimmunotherapy combination for patients with breast cancer with mLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lesang Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jingxin Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jia Xiong
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Siwei Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Fang Jia
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyan Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Wuzhen Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ni
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Bao J, Betzler AC, Hess J, Brunner C. Exploring the dual role of B cells in solid tumors: implications for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233085. [PMID: 37868967 PMCID: PMC10586314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the tumor milieu of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), distinct B cell subpopulations are present, which exert either pro- or anti-tumor activities. Multiple factors, including hypoxia, cytokines, interactions with tumor cells, and other immune infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), alter the equilibrium between the dual roles of B cells leading to cancerogenesis. Certain B cell subsets in the tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibit immunosuppressive function. These cells are known as regulatory B (Breg) cells. Breg cells suppress immune responses by secreting a series of immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-10, IL-35, TGF-β, granzyme B, and adenosine or dampen effector TILs by intercellular contacts. Multiple Breg phenotypes have been discovered in human and mouse cancer models. However, when compartmentalized within a tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS), B cells predominantly play anti-tumor effects. A mature TLS contains a CD20+ B cell zone with several important types of B cells, including germinal-center like B cells, antibody-secreting plasma cells, and memory B cells. They kill tumor cells via antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, and local complement activation effects. TLSs are also privileged sites for local T and B cell coordination and activation. Nonetheless, in some cases, TLSs may serve as a niche for hidden tumor cells and indicate a bad prognosis. Thus, TIL-B cells exhibit bidirectional immune-modulatory activity and are responsive to a variety of immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the functional distinctions between immunosuppressive Breg cells and immunogenic effector B cells that mature within TLSs with the focus on tumors of HNSCC patients. Additionally, we review contemporary immunotherapies that aim to target TIL-B cells. For the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to complement T-cell-based immunotherapy, a full understanding of either effector B cells or Breg cells is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Bao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Zheng H, Cao P, Su Z, Xia L. Insights into the roles of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in cardiovascular disorders: recent advances and future perspectives. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:315-324. [PMID: 37284816 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10-producing regulatory B (B10) cells mediate the immunomodulatory functions of biosystems by secreting anti-inflammatory factors, thus playing vital roles in cardiovascular diseases such as viral myocarditis, myocardial infarction, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, several challenges hinder B10 cells from regulating the immunoreactivity of organisms in specific cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerotic disease. Regarding the regulatory mechanisms of B10 cells, the interplay between B10 cells and the cardiovascular and immune systems is complex and requires clarification. In this study, we summarize the roles of B10 cells in bacterial and aseptic heart injuries, address their regulatory functions in different stages of cardiovascular disorders, and discuss their challenges and opportunities in addressing cardiovascular diseases from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, China
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, No.301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Pei Cao
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, No.301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, No.301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Jiangsu University, No. 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, China
- Institute of Hematological Disease, Jiangsu University, No. 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, China
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6
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Xuan Z, Liu L, Zhang G, Zheng X, Jiang J, Wang K, Huang P. Novel cell subtypes of SPP1 + S100P+, MS4A1-SPP1 + S100P+ were key subpopulations in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130420. [PMID: 37433400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we integrated single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data to investigate cell heterogeneity and utilized MSigDB and CIBERSORTx to explore the pathways of major cell types and the relationships between different cell subtypes. Subsequently, we explored the correlation of cell subtypes with survival and used Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analyses to assess the pathways associated with the infiltration of specific cell subtypes. Finally, multiplex immunohistochemistry in tissue microarray cohort were performed to validate differences in protein level and their correlation with survival. RESULTS iCCA presented a unique immune ecosystem, with increased proportions of Epi (epithelial)-SPP1-2, Epi-S100P-1, Epi-DN (double negative for SPP1 and S100P expression)-1, Epi-DN-2, Epi-DP (double positive for SPP1 and S100P expression)-1, Plasma B-3, Plasma B-2, B-HSPA1A-1, B-HSPA1A-2 cells, and decreased proportions of B-MS4A1. High level of Epi-DN-2, Epi-SPP1-1, Epi-SPP1-2, B-MS4A1, and low level of Epi-DB-1, Epi-S100P-1, and Epi-S100P-2 was significantly associated with longer overall survival (OS), and high level of B-MS4A1_Low_Epi-DN-2_Low was associated with the shortest OS. Moreover, the results of MsigDB and GSEA suggest that bile acid metabolism is a crucial process in iCCA. Finally, we found that S100P+, SPP1+, SPP1 + S100P+, and MS4A1-SPP1 + S100P+ were highly expressed, whereas MS4A1 was lowly expressed in iCCA, and patients with high level of S100P+, SPP1 + S100P+, and MS4A1-SPP1 + S100P+ exhibited shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS We identified the cell heterogeneity of iCCA, found that iCCA is a unique immune ecosystem with many cell subtypes, and showed that the novel cell subtypes of SPP1 + S100P+ and MS4A1-SPP1 + S100P+ were key subpopulations in iCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixue Xuan
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Linqing Liu
- International Medical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guobing Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinying Jiang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Ping Huang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China.
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7
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Peng JM, Su YL. Lymph node metastasis and tumor-educated immune tolerance: Potential therapeutic targets against distant metastasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115731. [PMID: 37541450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis has been shown to positively associated with the prognosis of many cancers. However, in clinical treatment, lymphadenectomy is not always successful, suggesting that immune cells in the tumor and sentinel lymph nodes still play a pivotal role in tumor immunosuppression. Recent studies had shown that tumors can tolerate immune cells through multiple strategies, including tumor-induced macrophage reprogramming, T cells inactivation, production of B cells pathogenic antibodies and activation of regulatory T cells to promote tumor colonization, growth, and metastasis in lymph nodes. We reviewed the bidirectional effect of immune cells on anti-tumor or promotion of cancer cell metastasis during lymph node metastasis, and the mechanisms by which malignant cancer cells modify immune cells to create a more favorable environment for the growth and survival of cancer cells. Research and treatment strategies focusing on the immune system in lymph nodes and potential immune targets in lymph node metastasis were also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jei-Ming Peng
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Li Su
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
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8
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Chayé MAM, Gasan TA, Ozir-Fazalalikhan A, Scheenstra MR, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, van Hengel ORJ, Gentenaar M, Manurung MD, Harvey MR, Codée JDC, Chiodo F, Heijke AM, Kalinowska A, van Diepen A, Hensbergen PJ, Yazdanbakhsh M, Guigas B, Hokke CH, Smits HH. Schistosoma mansoni egg-derived thioredoxin and Sm14 drive the development of IL-10 producing regulatory B cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011344. [PMID: 37363916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic schistosome infections, a complex regulatory network is induced to regulate the host immune system, in which IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells play a significant role. Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEA) are bound and internalized by B cells and induce both human and mouse IL-10 producing Breg cells. To identify Breg-inducing proteins in SEA, we fractionated SEA by size exclusion chromatography and found 6 fractions able to induce IL-10 production by B cells (out of 18) in the high, medium and low molecular weight (MW) range. The high MW fractions were rich in heavily glycosylated molecules, including multi-fucosylated proteins. Using SEA glycoproteins purified by affinity chromatography and synthetic glycans coupled to gold nanoparticles, we investigated the role of these glycan structures in inducing IL-10 production by B cells. Then, we performed proteomics analysis on active low MW fractions and identified a number of proteins with putative immunomodulatory properties, notably thioredoxin (SmTrx1) and the fatty acid binding protein Sm14. Subsequent splenic murine B cell stimulations and hock immunizations with recombinant SmTrx1 and Sm14 showed their ability to dose-dependently induce IL-10 production by B cells both in vitro and in vivo. Identification of unique Breg cells-inducing molecules may pave the way to innovative therapeutic strategies for inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde A M Chayé
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas A Gasan
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maaike R Scheenstra
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oscar R J van Hengel
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Max Gentenaar
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mikhael D Manurung
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Harvey
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Anouk M Heijke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alicja Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Hensbergen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Piersiala K, Hjalmarsson E, da Silva PFN, Lagebro V, Kolev A, Starkhammar M, Elliot A, Marklund L, Munck-Wikland E, Margolin G, Georén SK, Cardell LO. Regulatory B cells producing IL-10 are increased in human tumor draining lymph nodes. Int J Cancer 2023. [PMID: 37144812 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of different immune cell subsets, especially T cells, in anti-tumor immune response is well established. In contrast to T cells, the anti-tumor contribution of B cells has been scarcely investigated. B-cells are often overlooked, even though they are important players in a fully integrated immune response and constitute a substantial fraction of tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) known also as Sentinel Nodes. In this project, samples including TDLNs, non-TDLNs (nTDLNs) and metastatic lymph nodes from 21 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed by flow cytometry. TDLNs were characterized by a significantly higher proportion of B cells compared with nTDLNs (P = .0127). TDLNs-associated B cells contained high percentages of naïve B cells, in contrary to nTDLNs which contained significantly higher percentages of memory B cells. Patients having metastases in TDLNs showed a significantly higher presence of immunosuppressive B regulatory cells compared with metastasis-free patients (P = .0008). Elevated levels of regulatory B cells in TDLNs were associated with the advancement of the disease. B cells in TDLNs were characterized by significantly higher expression of an immunosuppressive cytokine-IL-10 compared with nTDLNs (P = .0077). Our data indicate that B cells in human TDLNs differ from B cells in nTDLNs and exhibit more naïve and immunosuppressive phenotypes. We identified a high accumulation of regulatory B cells within TDLNs which may be a potential obstacle in achieving response to novel cancer immunotherapies (ICIs) in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Piersiala
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Hjalmarsson
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Vilma Lagebro
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aeneas Kolev
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Medical unit Head Neck, Lung and skin Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Starkhammar
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Elliot
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Medical unit Head Neck, Lung and skin Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Marklund
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Medical unit Head Neck, Lung and skin Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Munck-Wikland
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Medical unit Head Neck, Lung and skin Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gregori Margolin
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Medical unit Head Neck, Lung and skin Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Kumlien Georén
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Olaf Cardell
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Saudi A, Banday V, Zirakzadeh AA, Selinger M, Forsberg J, Holmbom M, Henriksson J, Waldén M, Alamdari F, Aljabery F, Winqvist O, Sherif A. Immune-Activated B Cells Are Dominant in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030920. [PMID: 36765877 PMCID: PMC9913271 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are multifaceted immune cells responding robustly during immune surveillance against tumor antigens by presentation to T cells and switched immunoglobulin production. However, B cells are unstudied in prostate cancer (PCa). We used flow cytometry to analyze B-cell subpopulations in peripheral blood and lymph nodes from intermediate-high risk PCa patients. B-cell subpopulations were related to clinicopathological factors. B-cell-receptor single-cell sequencing and VDJ analysis identified clonal B-cell expansion in blood and lymph nodes. Pathological staging was pT2 in 16%, pT3a in 48%, and pT3b in 36%. Lymph node metastases occurred in 5/25 patients (20%). Compared to healthy donors, the peripheral blood CD19+ B-cell compartment was significantly decreased in PCa patients and dominated by naïve B cells. The nodal B-cell compartment had significantly increased fractions of CD19+ B cells and switched memory B cells. Plasmablasts were observed in tumor-draining sentinel lymph nodes (SNs). VDJ analysis revealed clonal expansion in lymph nodes. Thus, activated B cells are increased in SNs from PCa patients. The increased fraction of switched memory cells and plasmablasts together with the presence of clonally expanded B cells indicate tumor-specific T-cell-dependent responses from B cells, supporting an important role for B cells in the protection against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aws Saudi
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Viqar Banday
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umea University, 901 85 Umea, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Umea University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Selinger
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, 6K and 6L, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon Forsberg
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Holmbom
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Henriksson
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, 6K and 6L, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mauritz Waldén
- Department of Urology, Central Hospital of Karlstad, 652 30 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Farhood Alamdari
- Department of Urology, Västmanland Hospital, 721 89 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Firas Aljabery
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ola Winqvist
- ABClabs, BioClinicum, Campus Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amir Sherif
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umea University, 901 85 Umea, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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11
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Role of lymphocytes, macrophages and immune receptors in suppression of tumor immunity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:269-310. [PMID: 36631195 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is now the leading cause of mortality across the world. Inflammatory immune cells are functionally important in the genesis and progression of tumors, as demonstrated by their presence in human tumors. Numerous research has recently been conducted to determine if the innate and adaptive immune systems' cytotoxic cells can inhibit tumor growth and spread. Majority of cancers, when growing into identifiable tumors use multiple strategies to elude immune monitoring by lowering tumor immunity. Immunological suppression in the tumor microenvironment is achieved through interfering with antigen-presenting cells and effector T cells. Treatment of cancer requires managing both the tumor as well as tumor microenvironment (TME). Most patients will not be able to gain benefits from immunotherapy because of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The actions of many stromal myeloid and lymphoid cells are regulated to suppress tumor-specific T lymphocytes. These frequently exhibit inducible suppressive processes brought on by the same anti-tumor inflammatory response the immunotherapy aims to produce. Therefore, a deeper comprehensive understanding of how the immunosuppressive environment arises and endures is essential. Here in this chapter, we will talk about how immune cells, particularly macrophages and lymphocytes, and their receptors affect the ability of tumors to mount an immune response.
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12
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Abstract
Immuno-oncology has traditionally focused on the cellular arm of the adaptive immune response, while attributing tumor-promoting activity to humoral responses in tumor-bearing hosts. This view stems from mouse models that do not necessarily recapitulate the antibody response process consistently observed in most human cancers. In recent years, the field has reconsidered the coordinated action of T and B cell responses in the context of anti-tumor immunity, as in any other immune response. Thus, recent studies in human cancer identify B cell responses with better outcome, typically in association with superior T cell responses. An area of particular interest is tertiary lymphoid structures, where germinal centers produce isotype switched antibodies and B cells and T lymphocytes interact with other immune cell types. The presence of these lymphoid structures is associated with better immunotherapeutic responses and remain poorly understood. Here, we discuss recent discoveries on how coordination between humoral and cellular responses is required for effective immune pressure against malignant progression, providing a perspective on the role of tertiary lymphoid structures and interventions to elicit their formation in unresectable tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Subir Biswas
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ricardo Chaurio
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Paulo C Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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13
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Cancer co-opts differentiation of B-cell precursors into macrophage-like cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5376. [PMID: 36104343 PMCID: PMC9474882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that some cancers induce accumulation of bone marrow (BM) B-cell precursors in the spleen to convert them into metastasis-promoting, immunosuppressive B cells. Here, using various murine tumor models and samples from humans with breast and ovarian cancers, we provide evidence that cancers also co-opt differentiation of these B-cell precursors to generate macrophage-like cells (termed B-MF). We link the transdifferentiation to a small subset of CSF1R+ Pax5Low cells within BM pre-B and immature B cells responding to cancer-secreted M-CSF with downregulation of the transcription factor Pax5 via CSF1R signaling. Although the primary source of tumor-associated macrophages is monocytes, B-MFs are phenotypically and functionally distinguishable. Compared to monocyte-derived macrophages, B-MFs more efficiently phagocytize apoptotic cells, suppress proliferation of T cells and induce FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. In mouse tumor models, B-MFs promote shrinkage of the tumor-infiltrating IFNγ+ CD4 T cell pool and increase cancer progression and metastasis, suggesting that this cancer-induced transdifferentiation pathway is functionally relevant and hence could serve as an immunotherapeutic target. The tumour microenvironment has been shown to change the phenotypes and functionality of immune cells to enable tumour propagation. Here authors show that cancers can derail B cell development to give rise to macrophage-like cells, contributing to cancer progression and metastasis via disabling local T cell response.
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14
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Therien AD, Beasley GM, Rhodin KE, Farrow NE, Tyler DS, Boczkowski D, Al-Rohil RN, Holl EK, Nair SK. Spatial biology analysis reveals B cell follicles in secondary lymphoid structures may regulate anti-tumor responses at initial melanoma diagnosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952220. [PMID: 36052068 PMCID: PMC9425113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction B cells are key regulators of immune responses in melanoma. We aimed to explore differences in the histologic location and activation status of B cell follicles in sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) of melanoma patients. Methods Flow cytometry was performed on fresh tumor draining lymph nodes (LN). Paraffin slides from a separate cohort underwent NanoString Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP)®. After staining with fluorescent markers for CD20 (B cells), CD3 (T cells), CD11c (antigen presenting cells) and a nuclear marker (tumor) was performed, regions of interest (ROI) were selected based on the location of B cell regions (B cell follicles). A panel of 68 proteins was then analyzed from the ROIs. Results B cell percentage trended higher in patients with tumor in LN (n=3) compared to patients with nSLN (n=10) by flow cytometry. B cell regions from a separate cohort of patients with tumor in the (pSLN) (n=8) vs. no tumor (nSLN) (n=16) were examined with DSP. Within B cell regions of the SLN, patients with pSLN had significantly higher expression of multiple activation markers including Ki-67 compared to nSLN patients. Among 4 patients with pSLN, we noted variability in arrangement of B cell follicles which were either surrounding the tumor deposit or appeared to be infiltrating the tumor. The B cell follicle infiltrative pattern was associated with prolonged recurrence free survival. Conclusion These data suggest a role for B cell follicles in coordinating effective adaptive immune responses in melanoma when low volume metastatic disease is present in tumor draining LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Therien
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia M. Beasley
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Norma E. Farrow
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Douglas S. Tyler
- Department of Surgery, University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - David Boczkowski
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rami N. Al-Rohil
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Eda K. Holl
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Eda K. Holl, ; Smita K. Nair,
| | - Smita K. Nair
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Eda K. Holl, ; Smita K. Nair,
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15
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Flores-Borja F, Blair P. "Mechanisms of induction of regulatory B cells in the tumour microenvironment and their contribution to immunosuppression and pro-tumour responses". Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:33-45. [PMID: 35350071 PMCID: PMC9307227 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of tumour-infiltrating immune cells was originally associated with the induction of anti-tumour responses and good a prognosis. A more refined characterization of the tumour microenvironment has challenged this original idea and evidence now exists pointing to a critical role for immune cells in the modulation of anti-tumour responses and the induction of a tolerant pro-tumour environment. The coordinated action of diverse immunosuppressive populations, both innate and adaptive, shapes a variety of pro-tumour responses leading to tumour progression and metastasis. Regulatory B cells have emerged as critical modulators and suppressors of anti-tumour responses. As reported in autoimmunity and infection studies, Bregs are a heterogeneous population with diverse phenotypes and different mechanisms of action. Here we review recent studies on Bregs from animal models and patients, covering a variety of types of cancer. We describe the heterogeneity of Bregs, the cellular interactions they make with other immune cells and the tumour itself, and their mechanism of suppression that enables tumour escape. We also discuss the potential therapeutic tools that may inhibit Bregs function and promote anti-tumour responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Flores-Borja
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, London
| | - Paul Blair
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity, and Transplantation, University College London, London
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16
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Liu W, Stachura P, Xu HC, Váraljai R, Shinde P, Ganesh NU, Mack M, Van Lierop A, Huang A, Sundaram B, Lang KS, Picard D, Fischer U, Remke M, Homey B, Roesch A, Häussinger D, Lang PA, Borkhardt A, Pandyra AA. BAFF Attenuates Immunosuppressive Monocytes in the Melanoma Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2022; 82:264-277. [PMID: 34810198 PMCID: PMC9397630 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates B-cell activating factor (BAFF, Tnfsf13b) to be an important cytokine for antitumor immunity. In this study, we generated a BAFF-overexpressing B16.F10 melanoma cell model and found that BAFF-expressing tumors grow more slowly in vivo than control tumors. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of BAFF-overexpressing tumors had decreased myeloid infiltrates with lower PD-L1 expression. Monocyte depletion and anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment confirmed the functional importance of monocytes for the phenotype of BAFF-mediated tumor growth delay. RNA sequencing analysis confirmed that monocytes isolated from BAFF-overexpressing tumors were characterized by a less exhaustive phenotype and were enriched for in genes involved in activating adaptive immune responses and NF-κB signaling. Evaluation of patients with late-stage metastatic melanoma treated with inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis demonstrated a stratification of patients with high and low BAFF plasma levels. Patients with high BAFF levels experienced lower responses to anti-PD-1 immunotherapies. In summary, these results show that BAFF, through its effect on tumor-infiltrating monocytes, not only impacts primary tumor growth but can serve as a biomarker to predict response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in advanced disease. SIGNIFICANCE: The BAFF cytokine regulates monocytes in the melanoma microenvironment to suppress tumor growth, highlighting the importance of BAFF in antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paweł Stachura
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Haifeng C. Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Renáta Váraljai
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen and the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Essen, Germany
| | - Prashant Shinde
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikkitha Umesh Ganesh
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anke Van Lierop
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anfei Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S. Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Picard
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Roesch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen and the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Essen, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aleksandra A. Pandyra
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Corresponding Author: Aleksandra A. Pandyra, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraβe 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany. E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
Early engagement of the lymphatic system by solid tumors in peripheral, nonlymphoid tissues is a clinical hallmark of cancer and often forecasts poor prognosis. The significance of lymph node metastasis for distant spread, however, has been questioned by large-scale lymph node dissection trials and the likely prevalence of direct hematogenous metastasis. Still, an emerging appreciation for the immunological role of the tumor-draining lymph node has renewed interest in its basic biology, role in metastatic progression, antitumor immunity, and patient outcomes. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the early mechanisms through which tumors engage lymphatic transport and condition tumor-draining lymph nodes, the significance of these changes for both metastasis and immunity, and potential implications of the tumor-draining lymph node for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley du Bois
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Taylor A. Heim
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Amanda W. Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016
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18
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Wei Y, Huang CX, Xiao X, Chen DP, Shan H, He H, Kuang DM. B cell heterogeneity, plasticity, and functional diversity in cancer microenvironments. Oncogene 2021; 40:4737-4745. [PMID: 34188249 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
B cells constitute a major component of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. However, the influence of these cells on malignancy is currently under debate, reflecting the heterogeneity of B cell subsets in tumors. With recent advances, it becomes apparent that this debate includes not only the evaluation of B cells themselves, but also the underlying immune microenvironment network, which scripts the highly heterogeneous B cell populations in tumors and directs the roles of those sub-populations in disease progression and clinical treatment. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the heterogeneous subset composition of B cells in both human and mouse tumor models and their different impacts on disease progression. We further describe the multidimensional interplays between B cells and other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which account for the regulation of B cell differentiation and function in situ. We also assess the potential influences of distinct sub-tumor locations on B cell function in primary tumors during development and those under immunotherapy treatment. Illuminating the heterogeneous nature of B cell subset composition, generation, localization, and related immune network in tumor is of immense significance for comprehensively understanding B cell response in tumor and designing more efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wei
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Cancer Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shan
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Huanhuan He
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Dong-Ming Kuang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Kinker GS, Vitiello GAF, Ferreira WAS, Chaves AS, Cordeiro de Lima VC, Medina TDS. B Cell Orchestration of Anti-tumor Immune Responses: A Matter of Cell Localization and Communication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:678127. [PMID: 34164398 PMCID: PMC8215448 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.678127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a crucial role in cancer development either by fostering tumor growth or destroying tumor cells, which has open new avenues for cancer immunotherapy. It was only over the last decade that the role of B cells in controlling anti-tumor immune responses in the tumor milieu has begun to be appreciated. B and plasma cells can exert anti-tumor effects through antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) and activation of the complement cascade, even though their effector functions extend beyond the classical humoral immunity. In tumor tissues, B cells can be found in lymphoid aggregates, known as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), well-organized non-encapsulated structures composed of immune and stromal cells. These structures reflect a process of lymphoid neogenesis occurring in peripheral tissues upon long-lasting exposure to inflammatory signals. The TLS provides an area of intense B cell antigen presentation that can lead to optimal T cell activation and effector functions, as well as the generation of effector B cells, which can be further differentiated in either antibody-secreting plasma cells or memory B cells. Of clinical interest, the crosstalk between B cells and antigen-experienced and exhausted CD8+ T cells within mature TLS was recently associated with improved response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in melanoma, sarcoma and lung cancer. Otherwise, B cells sparsely distributed in the tumor microenvironment or organized in immature TLSs were found to exert immune-regulatory functions, inhibiting anti-tumor immunity through the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Such phenotype might arise when B cells interact with malignant cells rather than T and dendritic cells. Differences in the spatial distribution likely underlie discrepancies between the role of B cells inferred from human samples or mouse models. Many fast-growing orthotopic tumors develop a malignant cell-rich bulk with reduced stroma and are devoid of TLSs, which highlights the importance of carefully selecting pre-clinical models. In summary, strategies that promote TLS formation in close proximity to tumor cells are likely to favor immunotherapy responses. Here, the cellular and molecular programs coordinating B cell development, activation and organization within TLSs will be reviewed, focusing on their translational relevance to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Sarti Kinker
- Translational Immuno-oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glauco Akelinghton Freire Vitiello
- Translational Immuno-oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira
- Translational Immuno-oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Tissue Culture and Cytogenetics, Environment Section (SAMAM), Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Silva Chaves
- Translational Immuno-oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago da Silva Medina
- Translational Immuno-oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics and Therapeutic Innovation, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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The survival and function of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells are negatively controlled by SLAMF5. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1893. [PMID: 33767202 PMCID: PMC7994628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells have essential functions in multiple sclerosis and in its mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, both as drivers and suppressors of the disease. The suppressive effects are driven by a regulatory B cell (Breg) population that functions, primarily but not exclusively, via the production of IL-10. However, the mechanisms modulating IL-10-producing Breg abundance are poorly understood. Here we identify SLAMF5 for controlling IL-10+ Breg maintenance and function. In EAE, the deficiency of SLAMF5 in B cells causes accumulation of IL10+ Bregs in the central nervous system and periphery. Blocking SLAMF5 in vitro induces both human and mouse IL-10-producing Breg cells and increases their survival with a concomitant increase of a transcription factor, c-Maf. Finally, in vivo SLAMF5 blocking in EAE elevates IL-10+ Breg levels and ameliorates disease severity. Our results suggest that SLAMF5 is a negative moderator of IL-10+ Breg cells, and may serve as a therapeutic target in MS and other autoimmune diseases. Regulatory B (Breg) cells suppress excessive inflammation primary via the production of interleukin 10 (IL-10). Here the authors show that the function and homeostasis of mouse and human IL-10+ Breg cells are negatively regulated by the cell surface receptor, SLAMF5, to impact experimental autoimmunity, thereby hinting SLAMF5 as a potential target for immunotherapy.
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21
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Progression of Metastasis through Lymphatic System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030627. [PMID: 33808959 PMCID: PMC7999434 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes are the most common sites of metastasis in cancer patients. Nodal disease status provides great prognostic power, but how lymph node metastases should be treated is under debate. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which lymph node metastases progress and how they can be targeted to provide therapeutic benefits. In this review, we focus on delineating the process of cancer cell migration to and through lymphatic vessels, survival in draining lymph nodes and further spread to other distant organs. In addition, emerging molecular targets and potential strategies to inhibit lymph node metastasis are discussed.
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22
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Xiang W, Xie C, Guan Y. The identification, development and therapeutic potential of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 354:577520. [PMID: 33684831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells are a rare B-cell subset widely known to exert their immunosuppressive function via the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and other mechanisms. B10 cells are a special subset of regulatory B cells with immunoregulatory function that is fully attributed to IL-10. Their unique roles in the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been described, as well as their relevance in MS patients. This review specifically focuses on the identification and development of B10 cells, the signals that promote IL-10 production in B cells, the roles of B10 cells in MS, and the potential and major challenges of the application of B10-based therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai 200127, China.
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23
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Ding X, Zhao T, Lee CC, Yan C, Du H. Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency Controls T- and B-Regulatory Cell Homeostasis in the Lymph Nodes of Mice with Human Cancer Xenotransplants. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:353-367. [PMID: 33159889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of proper preclinical models accelerates development of immunotherapeutics and the study of the interplay between human malignant cells and immune cells. Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is a critical lipid hydrolase that generates free fatty acids and cholesterol. Ablation of LAL suppresses immune rejection and allows growth of human lung cancer cells in lal-/- mice. In the lal-/- lymph nodes, the percentages of both T- and B-regulatory cells (Tregs and Bregs, respectively) are increased, with elevated expression of programmed death-ligand 1 and IL-10, and decreased expression of interferon-γ. Levels of enzymes in the glucose and glutamine metabolic pathways are elevated in Tregs and Bregs of the lal-/- lymph nodes. Pharmacologic inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase, which controls the transition from glycolysis to the citric acid cycle, effectively reduces Treg and Breg elevation in the lal-/- lymph nodes. Blocking the mammalian target of rapamycin or reactivating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, an LAL downstream effector, reduces lal-/- Treg and Breg elevation and PD-L1 expression in lal-/- Tregs and Bregs, and improves human cancer cell rejection. Treatment with PD-L1 antibody also reduces Treg and Breg elevation in the lal-/- lymph nodes and improves human cancer cell rejection. These observations conclude that LAL-regulated lipid metabolism is essential to maintain antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Ding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chih-Chun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Cong Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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24
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Shang J, Zha H, Sun Y. Phenotypes, Functions, and Clinical Relevance of Regulatory B Cells in Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582657. [PMID: 33193391 PMCID: PMC7649814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In immune system, B cells are classically positive modulators that regulate inflammation and immune responses. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a subset of B cells which play crucial roles in various conditions, including infection, allergies, autoimmune diseases, transplantation, and tumors. Until now, unequivocal surface markers for Bregs still lack consensus, although numerous Breg subsets have been identified. Generally, Bregs exert their immunoregulatory functions mainly through cytokine secretion and intercellular contact. In the tumor microenvironment, Bregs suppress effector T cells, induce regulatory T cells and target other tumor-infiltrating immune cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, natural killer cells and macrophages, to hamper anti-tumor immunity. Meanwhile, the cross-regulations between Bregs and tumor cells often result in tumor escape from immunosurveillance. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that Bregs are closely associated with many clinicopathological factors of cancer patients and might be potential biomarkers for accessing patient survival. Thus, Bregs are potential therapeutic targets for future immunotherapy in cancer patients. In this review, we will discuss the phenotypes, functions, and clinical relevance of Bregs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Shang
- Department of Health Service, Guard Bureau of the Joint Staff Department, Central Military Commission of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Zha
- Department of Oncology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yufa Sun
- Department of Health Service, Guard Bureau of the Joint Staff Department, Central Military Commission of PLA, Beijing, China
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25
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Baba Y, Saito Y, Kotetsu Y. Heterogeneous subsets of B-lineage regulatory cells (Breg cells). Int Immunol 2020; 32:155-162. [PMID: 31630184 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells represent a key cellular component of humoral immunity. Besides antigen presentation and antibody production, B cells also play a role in immune regulation and induction of tolerance through several mechanisms. Our understanding of B-lineage cells with regulatory ability has been revolutionized by the delineation of heterogeneous subsets of these cells. Specific environmental signals may further determine the polarization and function of B-lineage regulatory cells. With the availability of new genetic, molecular and pharmacological tools, considerable advances have been made toward our understanding of the surface phenotype, developmental processes and functions of these cells. These exciting discoveries, some of which are still controversial, also raise many new questions, which makes the inhibitory function of B cells a rapidly growing field in immunopathology. Here we review highlights of the regulatory activity of B cells and the recent advances in the function and phenotype of these B-cell subsets in healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Baba
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Saito
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kotetsu
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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26
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Yukuyama MN, de Araujo GLB, de Souza A, Löbenberg R, Barbosa EJ, Henostroza MAB, Rocha NPD, de Oliveira IF, Folchini BR, Peroni CM, Masiero JF, Bou-Chacra NA. Cancer treatment in the lymphatic system: A prospective targeting employing nanostructured systems. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119697. [PMID: 32750440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer related to lymphangiogenesis has gained a great deal of attention in recent decades ever since specific markers of this intriguing system were discovered. Unlike the blood system, the lymphatic system has unique features that can advance cancer in future metastasis, or, conversely, can provide an opportunity to prevent or treat this disease that affects people worldwide. The aim of this review is to show the recent research of cancer treatment associated with the lymphatic system, considered one of the main gateways for disseminating metastatic cells to distant organs. Nanostructured systems based on theranostics and immunotherapies can offer several options for this complex disease. Precision targeting and accumulation of nanomaterials into the tumor sites and their elimination, or targeting the specific immune defense cells to promote optimal regression of cancer cells are highlighted in this paper. Moreover, therapies based on nanostructured systems through lymphatic systems may reduce the side effects and toxicity, avoid first pass hepatic metabolism, and improve patient recovery. We emphasize the general understanding of the association between the immune and lymphatic systems, their interaction with tumor cells, the mechanisms involved and the recent developments in several nanotechnology treatments related to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Nishitani Yukuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 508, Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lima Barros de Araujo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 508, Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aline de Souza
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 508, Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, 11361 - 87 Avenue, Room 3-142-K, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Eduardo José Barbosa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 508, Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirla Anali Bazán Henostroza
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 508, Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nataly Paredes da Rocha
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 508, Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabela Fernandes de Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 508, Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Rabelo Folchini
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 508, Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilla Midori Peroni
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 508, Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica Fagionato Masiero
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 508, Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nádia Araci Bou-Chacra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 508, Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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27
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Circulation of gut-preactivated naïve CD8 + T cells enhances antitumor immunity in B cell-defective mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23674-23683. [PMID: 32907933 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010981117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has garnered attention as an effective target to boost immunity and improve cancer immunotherapy. We found that B cell-defective (BCD) mice, such as µ-membrane targeted deletion (µMT) and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) knockouts (KOs), have elevated antitumor immunity under specific pathogen-free but not germ-free conditions. Microbial dysbiosis in these BCD mice enriched the type I IFN (IFN) signature in mucosal CD8+ T cells, resulting in up-regulation of the type I IFN-inducible protein stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1). Among CD8+ T cells, naïve cells predominantly circulate from the gut to the periphery, and those that had migrated from the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) to the periphery had significantly higher expression of Sca-1. The gut-educated Sca-1+ naïve subset is endowed with enhanced mitochondrial activity and antitumor effector potential. The heterogeneity and functional versatility of the systemic naïve CD8+ T cell compartment was revealed by single-cell analysis and functional assays of CD8+ T cell subpopulations. These results indicate one of the potential mechanisms through which microbial dysbiosis regulates antitumor immunity.
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28
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Ran Z, Yue-Bei L, Qiu-Ming Z, Huan Y. Regulatory B Cells and Its Role in Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1884. [PMID: 32973780 PMCID: PMC7468432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B (Breg) cells represent a population of suppressor B cells that participate in immunomodulatory processes and inhibition of excessive inflammation. The regulatory function of Breg cells have been demonstrated in mice and human with inflammatory diseases, cancer, after transplantation, and particularly in autoinflammatory disorders. In order to suppress inflammation, Breg cells produce anti-inflammatory mediators, induce death ligand-mediated apoptosis, and regulate many kinds of immune cells such as suppressing the proliferation and differentiation of effector T cell and increasing the number of regulatory T cells. Central nervous system Inflammatory demyelinating diseases (CNS IDDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders, which occur against the background of an acute or chronic inflammatory process. With the advent of monoclonal antibodies directed against B cells, breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of CNS IDDs. Therefore, the number and function of B cells in IDDs have attracted attention. Meanwhile, increasing number of studies have confirmed that Breg cells play a role in alleviating autoimmune diseases, and treatment with Breg cells has also been proposed as a new therapeutic direction. In this review, we focus on the understanding of the development and function of Breg cells and on the diversification of Breg cells in CNS IDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Ran
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Luo Yue-Bei
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zeng Qiu-Ming
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Huan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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29
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Conejo-Garcia JR, Biswas S, Chaurio R. Humoral immune responses: Unsung heroes of the war on cancer. Semin Immunol 2020; 49:101419. [PMID: 33183950 PMCID: PMC7738315 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid cancers progress from primordial lesions through complex interactions between tumor-promoting and anti-tumor immune cell types, ultimately leading to the orchestration of humoral and T cell adaptive immune responses, albeit in an immunosuppressive environment. B cells infiltrating most established tumors have been associated with a dual role: Some studies have associated antibodies produced by tumor-associated B cells with the promotion of regulatory activities on myeloid cells, and also with direct immunosuppression through the production of IL-10, IL-35 or TGF-β. In contrast, recent studies in multiple human malignancies identify B cell responses with delayed malignant progression and coordinated T cell protective responses. This includes the elusive role of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures identified in many human tumors, where the function of B cells remains unknown. Here, we discuss emerging data on the dual role of B cell responses in the pathophysiology of human cancer, providing a perspective on future directions and possible novel interventions to restore the coordinated action of both branches of the adaptive immune response, with the goal of maximizing immunotherapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Subir Biswas
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ricardo Chaurio
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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30
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Ho WJ, Yarchoan M, Charmsaz S, Munday RM, Danilova L, Sztein MB, Fertig EJ, Jaffee EM. Multipanel mass cytometry reveals anti-PD-1 therapy-mediated B and T cell compartment remodeling in tumor-draining lymph nodes. JCI Insight 2020; 5:132286. [PMID: 31855578 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) therapy has become an immunotherapeutic backbone for treating many cancer types. Although many studies have aimed to characterize the immune response to anti-PD-1 therapy in the tumor and in the peripheral blood, relatively less is known about the changes in the tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs). TDLNs are primary sites of tumor antigen exposure that are critical to both regulation and cross-priming of the antitumor immune response. We used multipanel mass cytometry to obtain a high-parameter proteomic (39 total unique markers) immune profile of the TDLNs in a well-studied PD-1-responsive, immunocompetent mouse model. Based on combined hierarchal gating and unsupervised clustering analyses, we found that anti-PD-1 therapy enhances remodeling of both B and T cell compartments toward memory phenotypes. Functionally, expression of checkpoint markers was increased in conjunction with production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, or IL-2 in key cell types, including B and T cell subtypes, and rarer subsets, such as Tregs and NKT cells. A deeper profiling of the immunologic changes that occur in the TDLN milieu during effective anti-PD-1 therapy may lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers for monitoring response and provide key insights toward developing combination immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jin Ho
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
| | - Soren Charmsaz
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
| | | | - Ludmila Danilova
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health.,Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Program in Life Sciences.,Department of Pediatrics, and.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy.,McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, and.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy.,Department of Pediatrics, and.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Program and.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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31
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Norouzian M, Mehdipour F, Balouchi Anaraki S, Ashraf MJ, Khademi B, Ghaderi A. Atypical Memory and Regulatory B Cell Subsets in Tumor Draining Lymph Nodes of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Correlate with Good Prognostic Factors. Head Neck Pathol 2019; 14:645-656. [PMID: 31691165 PMCID: PMC7413970 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-019-01095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Research on the role of B cells in the development and modulation of antitumor immunity has increased in recent years; however, knowledge about B cell phenotype and function in tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) is still incomplete. This study aimed to investigate changes in the phenotypic profile of B cells in TDLNs of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) during disease progression. Mononuclear cells were isolated from TDLNs and stained with antibodies for CD19 and other B cell-related markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. CD19+ B cells comprised 38.6 ± 8.9% of lymphocytes in TDLNs of HNSCC. Comparison of metastatic and non-metastatic LNs disclosed no significant differences in the frequencies of B cell subsets including antigen-experienced, naïve, switched, unswitched, atypical memory, marginal zone-like B cells, and B cells with regulatory phenotypes. The percentage of atypical memory (CD27-IgM-IgD-) B cells was significantly higher in patients with tongue SCC with no involved LNs (p = 0.033) and correlated inversely with the number of involved LNs. The frequency of CD24hiCD38hi B cells was significantly higher in non-metastatic LNs of patients with grade I compared to grade II (p = 0.016), and the percentage of CD5+ B cells decreased as tumors progressed from stage III to IV (p = 0.008). Our data show that in TDLNs of HNSCC, the frequency of B cells with atypical memory and regulatory phenotypes was significantly associated with good prognostic factors; however, their function remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Norouzian
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehdipour
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-3119, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sima Balouchi Anaraki
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Ashraf
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bijan Khademi
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ,grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-3119, Shiraz, Iran
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Hamilton JA, Hsu HC, Mountz JD. Autoreactive B cells in SLE, villains or innocent bystanders? Immunol Rev 2019; 292:120-138. [PMID: 31631359 PMCID: PMC6935412 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current concepts for development of autoreactive B cells in SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) focus on extrinsic stimuli and factors that provoke B cells into tolerance loss. Traditionally, major tolerance loss pathways are thought to be regulated by factors outside the B cell including autoantigen engagement of the B-cell receptor (BCR) with simultaneous type I interferon (IFN) produced by dendritic cells, especially plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Later, in autoreactive follicles, B-cells encounter T-follicular helper cells (Tfh) that produce interleukin (IL)-21, IL-4 and pathogenic cytokines, IL-17 and IFN gamma (IFNɣ). This review discusses these mechanisms and also highlights recent advances pointing to the peripheral transitional B-cell stage as a major juncture where transient autocrine IFNβ expression by developing B-cells imprints a heightened susceptibility to external factors favoring differentiation into autoantibody-producing plasmablasts. Recent studies highlight transitional B-cell heterogeneity as a determinant of intrinsic resistance or susceptibility to tolerance loss through the shaping of B-cell responsiveness to cytokines and other environment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John D Mountz
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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33
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MEK inhibition suppresses B regulatory cells and augments anti-tumor immunity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224600. [PMID: 31671149 PMCID: PMC6822709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK) is an integral component of the RAS pathway and a therapeutic target in RAS-driven cancers. Although tumor responses to MEK inhibition are rarely durable, MEK inhibitors have shown substantial activity and durable tumor regressions when combined with systemic immunotherapies in preclinical models of RAS-driven tumors. MEK inhibitors have been shown to potentiate anti-tumor T cell immunity, but little is known about the effects of MEK inhibition on other immune subsets, including B cells. We show here that treatment with a MEK inhibitor reduces B regulatory cells (Bregs) in vitro, and reduces the number of Bregs in tumor draining lymph nodes in a colorectal cancer model in vivo. MEK inhibition does not impede anti-tumor humoral immunity, and B cells contribute meaningfully to anti-tumor immunity in the context of MEK inhibitor therapy. Treatment with a MEK inhibitor is associated with improved T cell infiltration and an enhanced response to anti-PD1 immunotherapy. Together these data indicate that MEK inhibition may reduce Bregs while sparing anti-tumor B cell function, resulting in enhanced anti-tumor immunity.
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34
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Suga H, Sato S. IL
‐10–producing regulatory B cells in skin diseases. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Suga
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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35
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Abstract
In this review, Boothby et al. summarize some salient advances toward elucidation of the molecular programming of the fate choices and function of B cells in the periphery. They also note unanswered questions that pertain to differences among subsets of B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Mature B lymphocytes are crucial components of adaptive immunity, a system essential for the evolutionary fitness of mammals. Adaptive lymphocyte function requires an initially naïve cell to proliferate extensively and its progeny to have the capacity to assume a variety of fates. These include either terminal differentiation (the long-lived plasma cell) or metastable transcriptional reprogramming (germinal center and memory B cells). In this review, we focus principally on the regulation of differentiation and functional diversification of the “B2” subset. An overview is combined with an account of more recent advances, including initial work on mechanisms that eliminate DNA methylation and potential links between intracellular metabolites and chromatin editing.
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36
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Tokunaga R, Naseem M, Lo JH, Battaglin F, Soni S, Puccini A, Berger MD, Zhang W, Baba H, Lenz HJ. B cell and B cell-related pathways for novel cancer treatments. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 73:10-19. [PMID: 30551036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
B cells are recognized as the main effector cells of humoral immunity which suppress tumor progression by secreting immunoglobulins, promoting T cell response, and killing cancer cells directly. Given these properties, their anti-tumor immune response in the tumor micro-environment (TME) is of great interest. Although T cell-related immune responses have become a therapeutic target with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, not all patients benefit from these treatments. B cell and B cell-related pathways (CCL19, -21/CCR7 axis and CXCL13/CXCR5 axis) play key roles in activating immune response through humoral immunity and local immune activation via tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) formation. However they have some protumorigenic works in the TME. Thus, a better understanding of B cell and B cell-related pathways is necessary to develop effective cancer control. In this review, we summarize recent evidences regarding the roles of B cell and B cell-related pathways in the TME and immune response and discuss their potential roles for novel cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuma Tokunaga
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Madiha Naseem
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Jae Ho Lo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Francesca Battaglin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Shivani Soni
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Alberto Puccini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Martin D Berger
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Wu Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 8608556, Japan
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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Liu J, Li Y, Lu Z, Gu J, Liang Y, Huang E, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wang L, Zhang D, Yu H, Liu R, Chu Y. Deceleration of glycometabolism impedes IgG-producing B-cell-mediated tumor elimination by targeting SATB1. Immunology 2018; 156:56-68. [PMID: 30171602 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes, known as antibody producers, mediate tumor cell destruction in the manner of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; however, their anti-tumor function seems to be weakened during tumorigenesis, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that IgG mediated anti-tumor effects, but IgG-producing B cells decreased in various tumors. Considering the underlying mechanism, glycometabolism was noteworthy. We found that tumor-infiltrating B cells were glucose-starved and accompanied by a deceleration of glycometabolism. Both inhibition of glycometabolism and deprivation of glucose through tumor cells, or glucose-free treatment, reduced the differentiation of B cells into IgG-producing cells. In this process, special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-1 (SATB1) was significantly silenced in B cells. Down-regulating SATB1 by inhibiting glycometabolism or RNA interference reduced the binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) to the promoter of germline Cγ gene, subsequently resulting in fewer B cells producing IgG. Our findings provide the first evidence that glycometabolic inhibition by tumorigenesis suppresses differentiation of B cells into IgG-producing cells, and altering glycometabolism may be promising in improving the anti-tumor effect of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Enyu Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hushan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiu Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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38
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Subsite heterogeneity in the profiles of circulating cytokines in colorectal cancer. Cytokine 2018; 110:435-441. [PMID: 29801973 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) are treated as one entity but are in fact a heterogeneous group of diseases. If not addressed, subsite-associated variability may interfere with mechanism-targeted therapies and accuracy of potential CRC biomarkers. Little is known about the contribution of systemic inflammatory and immune mediators to subsite heterogeneity in CRC. Our purpose was to compare the profiles of key cytokines between right and left colonic and rectal CRCs. Using Luminex xMAP® technology, serum concentrations of eotaxin, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IFNγ, IP-10, FGF-2, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1α and β, PDGF-BB, RANTES, TNFα, and VEGF-A were determined in 104 CRC patients. We found the concentrations of IL-12(p70), IL-10, IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, G-CSF and TNFα to be significantly higher in right-sided and GM-CSF in left-sided than rectal CRCs. The concentrations of IFNγ and MIP-1α were significantly higher in right-sided CRCs as compared to cancers of other locations combined. In turn, MIP-1β was higher in rectal CRCs as compared to colon cancers. Taken together, our results show subsite heterogeneity of CRC cancers in terms of systemic inflammatory and immune responses that ought to be taken into account when attempting immunotherapy or developing biomarkers. Additionally, more pronounced TH2 response accompanied by TH1 immunity and more prominent tumor-promoting inflammation in CRC patients with primary tumors originating from right-sided colon may constitute a molecular background of unfavorable prognosis associated with this location.
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39
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Maeda T, Hayashi T, Furukawa H, Iwasaki D, Ishikawa K, Funayama E, Murao N, Osawa M, Oyama A, Yamamoto Y. Immune-mediated antitumor effect of a transplanted lymph node. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1224-1235. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Maeda
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku; Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku; Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furukawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku; Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Daisuke Iwasaki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku; Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Kosuke Ishikawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku; Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Emi Funayama
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku; Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Naoki Murao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku; Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Masayuki Osawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku; Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Akihiko Oyama
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku; Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Yuhei Yamamoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku; Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace J Yuen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge MA 02139
| | - Ezana Demissie
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge MA 02139
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge MA 02139
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41
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Shen M, Wang J, Yu W, Zhang C, Liu M, Wang K, Yang L, Wei F, Wang SE, Sun Q, Ren X. A novel MDSC-induced PD-1 -PD-L1 + B-cell subset in breast tumor microenvironment possesses immuno-suppressive properties. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1413520. [PMID: 29632731 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1413520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid cells that suppress T-cell activity in a tumor microenvironment. However, the suppressive function of MDSCs on B cells and its underlying mechanism remain unclear. Here, we show that in 4T1 breast cancer mice, a significantly increased number of MDSCs, in parallel with splenic B cells, are accumulated when compared to normal mice. In the presence of MDSCs, the surface molecules of B cells are remolded, with checkpoint-related molecules such as PD-1 and PD-L1 changing prominently. MDSCs also emerge as vital regulators in B-cell immune functions such as proliferation, apoptosis and the abilities to secrete antibodies and cytokines. Our study further identifies that MDSCs can transform normal B cells to a subtype of immuno- regulatory B cells (Bregs) which inhibit T-cell response. Furthermore, we identified a novel kind of Bregs with a specific phenotype PD-1-PD-L1+CD19+, which exert the greatest suppressive effects on T cells in comparison with the previously reported Bregs characterized as CD1d+CD5+CD19+, CD5+CD19+ and Interleukin (IL)-10-secreting B cells. Our results highlight that MDSCs regulate B-cell response and may serve as a therapeutic approach in anti-tumor treatment. Investigation of this new Breg subtype extends our understanding of regulation of T-cell response and sheds new light on anti-tumor immunity and immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shen
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Shizhen Emily Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
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42
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Ding Q, Mohib K, Kuchroo VK, Rothstein DM. TIM-4 Identifies IFN-γ-Expressing Proinflammatory B Effector 1 Cells That Promote Tumor and Allograft Rejection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2585-2595. [PMID: 28848066 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cells give rise to polarized subsets, including B effector 1 (Be1) cells and regulatory B cells, which can promote or inhibit immune responses through expression of IFN-γ and IL-10, respectively. Such subsets likely explain why B cell depletion can either ameliorate or exacerbate inflammatory diseases; however, these cells remain poorly understood because of the absence of specific markers. Although T cell Ig and mucin domain-containing molecule (TIM)-1 broadly identifies IL-10+ regulatory B cells, no similar markers for Be1 cells have been described. We now show that TIM-4 is expressed by a subset of B cells distinct from those expressing TIM-1. Although TIM-1+ B cells are enriched for IL-10, TIM-4+ B cells are enriched for IFN-γ. TIM-1+ B cells enhanced the growth of B16-F10 melanoma. In contrast, TIM-4+ B cells decreased B16-F10 metastasis and s.c. tumor growth, and this was IFN-γ dependent. TIM-1+ B cells prolonged islet allograft survival in B-deficient mice, whereas TIM-4+ B cells accelerated rejection in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Moreover, TIM-4+ B cells promoted proinflammatory Th differentiation in vivo, increasing IFN-γ while decreasing IL-4, IL-10, and Foxp3 expression by CD4+ T cells-effects that are opposite from those of TIM-1+ B cells. Importantly, a monoclonal anti-TIM-4 Ab promoted allograft tolerance, and this was dependent on B cell expression of TIM-4. Anti-TIM-4 downregulated T-bet and IFN-γ expression by TIM-4+ B cells and indirectly increased IL-10 expression by TIM-1+ B cells. Thus, TIM-4+ B cells are enriched for IFN-γ-producing proinflammatory Be1 cells that enhance immune responsiveness and can be specifically targeted with anti-TIM-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ding
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Kanishka Mohib
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David M Rothstein
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
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43
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Mion F, Tonon S, Valeri V, Pucillo CE. Message in a bottle from the tumor microenvironment: tumor-educated DCs instruct B cells to participate in immunosuppression. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:730-732. [PMID: 28757609 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mion
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Silvia Tonon
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Viviana Valeri
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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44
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Tang J, Zha J, Guo X, Shi P, Xu B. CXCR5 +CD8 + T cells present elevated capacity in mediating cytotoxicity toward autologous tumor cells through interleukin 10 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:146-151. [PMID: 28662433 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common and aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, with limited treatment options in refractory and relapsed patients. Growing evidence supports the notion that CD8+ T cell immunity could be utilized to eliminate B cell lymphomas. CXCR5+CD8+ T cell is a novel cell subtype and share CXCR5 expression with CD19+ tumor cells. In this study, we investigated the frequency and function of existing CXCR5+CD8+ T cells in DLBCL patients. We found that DLBCL patients as a group demonstrated significantly higher level of CXCR5+CD8+ T cells than healthy individuals, with huge variability in each patient. Using anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated CD8+ T cells as effector (E) cells and autologous CD19+ tumor cells as target (T) cells, at high E:T ratio, no difference between the intensities of CXCR5+CD8+ T cell- and CXCR5-CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity were observed. However, at intermediate and low E:T ratios, the CXCR5+CD8+ T cells presented stronger cytotoxicity than CXCR5-CD8+ T cells. The expressions of granzyme A, granzyme B, and perforin were significantly higher in CXCR5+CD8+ T cells than in CXCR5-CD8+ T cells, with no significant difference in the level of degranulation. Tumor cells in DLBCL were known to secrete high level of interleukin 10 (IL-10). We therefore blocked the IL-10/IL-10R pathway, and found that the expressions of granzyme A, granzyme B, and perforin by CXCR5+CD8+ T cells were significantly elevated. Together, these results suggest that CXCR5+CD8+ T cells are potential candidates of CD8+ T cell-based immunotherapies, could mediate elimination of autologous tumor cells in DLBCL patients, but are also susceptible to IL-10-mediated suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Tang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jie Zha
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Xutao Guo
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Pengcheng Shi
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China.
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45
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Mion F, Vetrano S, Tonon S, Valeri V, Piontini A, Burocchi A, Petti L, Frossi B, Gulino A, Tripodo C, Colombo MP, Pucillo CE. Reciprocal influence of B cells and tumor macro and microenvironments in the ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1336593. [PMID: 28919998 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1336593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most fascinating aspects of the immune system is its dynamism, meant as the ability to change and readapt according to the organism needs. Following an insult, we assist to the spontaneous organization of different immune cells which cooperate, locally and at distance, to build up an appropriate response. Throughout tumor progression, adaptations within the systemic tumor environment, or macroenvironment, result in the promotion of tumor growth, tumor invasion and metastasis to distal organs, but also to dramatic changes in the activity and composition of the immune system. In this work, we show the changes of the B-cell arm of the immune system following tumor progression in the ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer. Tumor macroenvironment leads to an increased proportion of total and IL-10-competent B cells in draining LNs while activates a differentiation route that leads to the expansion of IgA+ lymphocytes in the spleen and peritoneum. Importantly, serum IgA levels were significantly higher in ApcMin/+ than Wt mice. The peculiar involvement of IgA response in the adenomatous transformation had correlates in the gut-mucosal compartment where IgA-positive elements increased from normal mucosa to areas of low grade dysplasia while decreasing upon overt carcinomatous transformation. Altogether, our findings provide a snapshot of the tumor education of B lymphocytes in the ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer. Understanding how tumor macroenvironment affects the differentiation, function and distribution of B lymphocytes is pivotal to the generation of specific therapies, targeted to switching B cells to an anti-, rather than pro-, tumoral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mion
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tonon
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Viviana Valeri
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Piontini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessia Burocchi
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Luciana Petti
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Frossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Department of Health Science, Tumor Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Palermo University School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Department of Health Science, Tumor Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Palermo University School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario P Colombo
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
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46
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The Multifaceted Roles of B Cells in Solid Tumors: Emerging Treatment Opportunities. Target Oncol 2017; 12:139-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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47
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Chiaruttini G, Mele S, Opzoomer J, Crescioli S, Ilieva KM, Lacy KE, Karagiannis SN. B cells and the humoral response in melanoma: The overlooked players of the tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1294296. [PMID: 28507802 PMCID: PMC5414880 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1294296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of tumor-resident mature B cell and antibody compartments and reports of associations with favorable prognosis in malignant melanoma suggest that humoral immunity could participate in antitumor defense. Likely striving to confer immunological protection while being subjected to tumor-promoting immune tolerance, B cells may engender multiple functions, including antigen processing and presentation, cytokine-mediated signaling, antibody class switching, expression and secretion. We review key evidence in support of multifaceted immunological mechanisms by which B cells may counter or contribute to malignant melanoma, and we discuss their potential translational implications. Dissecting the contributions of tumor-associated humoral responses can inform future treatment avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chiaruttini
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Silvia Mele
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - James Opzoomer
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kristina M Ilieva
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London, UK
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48
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Guzman-Genuino RM, Diener KR. Regulatory B Cells in Pregnancy: Lessons from Autoimmunity, Graft Tolerance, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2017; 8:172. [PMID: 28261223 PMCID: PMC5313489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of pregnancy is contingent on the maternal immune system recognizing and accommodating a growing semi-allogeneic fetus. Specialized subsets of lymphocytes capable of negative regulation are fundamental in this process, and include the regulatory T cells (Tregs) and potentially, regulatory B cells (Bregs). Most of our current understanding of the immune regulatory role of Bregs comes from studies in the fields of autoimmunity, transplantation tolerance, and cancer biology. Bregs control autoimmune diseases and can elicit graft tolerance by inhibiting the differentiation of effector T cells and dendritic cells (DCs), and activating Tregs. Furthermore, in cancer, Bregs are hijacked by neoplastic cells to promote tumorigenesis. Pregnancy therefore represents a condition that reconciles these fields-mechanisms must be in place to ensure maternal immunological tolerance throughout gravidity to allow the semi-allogeneic fetus to grow within. Thus, the mechanisms underlying Breg activities in autoimmune diseases, transplantation tolerance, and cancer may take place during pregnancy as well. In this review, we discuss the potential role of Bregs as guardians of pregnancy and propose an endocrine-modulated feedback loop highlighting the Breg-Treg-tolerogenic DC interface essential for the induction of maternal immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Marian Guzman-Genuino
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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49
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Schwartz M, Zhang Y, Rosenblatt JD. B cell regulation of the anti-tumor response and role in carcinogenesis. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:40. [PMID: 27437104 PMCID: PMC4950763 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between immune effector cells such as T cells and natural killer cells, and immunosuppressive Treg cells, dendritic, myeloid and monocytic sub-populations in the tumor microenvironment acts to calibrate the immune response to malignant cells. Accumulating evidence is pointing to a role for B cells in modulating the immune response to both solid tumors and hematologic cancer. Evidence from murine autoimmune models has defined B regulatory cell (Breg) subsets that express cytokines such as IL-10, TGF-β, and/or express immune regulatory ligands such as PD-L1, which can suppress T cell and/or natural killer cell responses. Multiple murine tumor models exhibit decreased tumor growth in B cell deficient or B cell depleted mice. In several of these models, B cells inhibit T cell mediated tumor immunity and/or facilitate conversion of T cells to CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regs, which act to attenuate the innate and/or adaptive antitumor immune response. Mechanisms of suppression include the acquisition of inhibitory ligand expression, and phosphorylation of Stat3, and induction of IL-10 and TGF-β, resulting in a Breg phenotype. Breg suppressive activity may affect diverse cell subtypes, including T effector cells, NK cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and/or tumor associated macrophages. B cells may also directly promote tumorigenesis through recruitment of inflammatory cells, and upregulation of pro-angiogenic genes and pro-metastatic collagenases. Breg infiltration has now been identified in a variety of solid tumor malignancies including but not limited to ovarian, gastric, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic, esophageal, head and neck, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Increasing evidence suggests that recruitment of B cells and acquisition of suppressive activity within the tumor bed may be an important mechanism through which B cells may modulate innate and/or adaptive anti-tumor immunity. B cell depletion in the clinic using anti-CD20 antibodies and/or inhibitors of BTK and/or other signaling pathways, may be a useful strategy for augmenting the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA ; UM Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Joseph D Rosenblatt
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA ; UM Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1120 NW 14th St., CRB 610, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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50
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Saul L, Ilieva KM, Bax HJ, Karagiannis P, Correa I, Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Josephs DH, Tosi I, Egbuniwe IU, Lombardi S, Crescioli S, Hobbs C, Villanova F, Cheung A, Geh JLC, Healy C, Harries M, Sanz-Moreno V, Fear DJ, Spicer JF, Lacy KE, Nestle FO, Karagiannis SN. IgG subclass switching and clonal expansion in cutaneous melanoma and normal skin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29736. [PMID: 27411958 PMCID: PMC4944184 DOI: 10.1038/srep29736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells participate in immune surveillance in human circulation and tissues, including tumors such as melanoma. By contrast, the role of humoral responses in cutaneous immunity is underappreciated. We report circulating skin-homing CD22+CLA+B cells in healthy volunteers and melanoma patients (n = 73) and CD22+ cells in melanoma and normal skin samples (n = 189). Normal and malignant skin featured mature IgG and CD22 mRNA, alongside mRNA for the transiently-expressed enzyme Activation-induced cytidine Deaminase (AID). Gene expression analyses of publically-available data (n = 234 GEO, n = 384 TCGA) confirmed heightened humoral responses (CD20, CD22, AID) in melanoma. Analyses of 51 melanoma-associated and 29 normal skin-derived IgG sequence repertoires revealed lower IgG1/IgGtotal representation compared with antibodies from circulating B cells. Consistent with AID, comparable somatic hypermutation frequencies and class-switching indicated affinity-matured antibodies in normal and malignant skin. A melanoma-associated antibody subset featured shorter complementarity-determining (CDR3) regions relative to those from circulating B cells. Clonal amplification in melanoma-associated antibodies and homology modeling indicated differential potential antigen recognition profiles between normal skin and melanoma sequences, suggesting distinct antibody repertoires. Evidence for IgG-expressing B cells, class switching and antibody maturation in normal and malignant skin and clonally-expanded antibodies in melanoma, support the involvement of mature B cells in cutaneous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Saul
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina M Ilieva
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather J Bax
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Correa
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Debra H Josephs
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Tosi
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Isioma U Egbuniwe
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Lombardi
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Skin Tumor Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Hobbs
- Wolfson Center for Age-Related Diseases; King's College London, London, UK
| | - Federica Villanova
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Cheung
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L C Geh
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran Healy
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Harries
- Clinical Oncology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - David J Fear
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - James F Spicer
- Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Skin Tumor Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank O Nestle
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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