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Huoi C, Vargas-Zambrano J, Macina D, Vidor E. A combined DTaP-IPV vaccine (Tetraxim®/Tetravac®) used as school-entry booster: a review of more than 20 years of clinical and post-marketing experience. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1215-1231. [PMID: 35983656 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2084076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Routine infant primary series and toddler booster vaccination are associated with waning of antibody levels over time, which can lead to an increased incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases. A diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) booster vaccination at school-entry (aged 4-7 years) allows continued protection against these diseases and is included in many national immunization programs. AREAS COVERED The available immunogenicity and safety data from 6 clinical studies of a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (DTaP-IPV [Tetraxim®]) used as a school-entry booster vaccination were identified using a PubMed search or on file at Sanofi. The studies spanned a 15-year period (1995-2010) and were performed in different populations using different study designs, so all data were reviewed descriptively (no meta-analyses were conducted). Additionally, post-marketing experience was reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Each vaccine antigen is highly immunogenic, and the safety profile of the vaccine is satisfactory. Post-marketing evaluations have shown the effectiveness of a school-age booster, particularly against increased pertussis disease incidence around the time of school entry and the associated risk of spreading the disease through contact with younger vulnerable infants. School-entry provides an ideal opportunity to implement DTaP-IPV vaccination to close the gap between waning immunity from the previous infant/toddler vaccination and future adolescent vaccination.
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Dankwa EA, Donnelly CA, Brouwer AF, Zhao R, Montgomery MP, Weng MK, Martin NK. Estimating vaccination threshold and impact in the 2017-2019 hepatitis A virus outbreak among persons experiencing homelessness or who use drugs in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Vaccine 2021; 39:7182-7190. [PMID: 34686394 PMCID: PMC9128446 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Between September 2017 and June 2019, an outbreak of hepatitis A virus (HAV) occurred in Louisville, Kentucky, resulting in 501 cases and 6 deaths, predominantly among persons who experience homelessness or who use drugs (PEH/PWUD). The critical vaccination threshold (Vc) required to achieve herd immunity in this population is unknown. We investigated Vc and vaccination impact using epidemic modeling. METHODS To determine which population subgroups had high infection risks, we employed a technique based on comparing the proportion of cases arising before and after the epidemic peak, across subgroups. We also developed a dynamic deterministic model of HAV transmission among PEH/PWUD to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0), herd immunity threshold, Vc and the effect of timing of the vaccination intervention on epidemic and economic outcomes. RESULTS Of the 501 confirmed or probable cases, 385 (76.8%) were among PEH/PWUD. Among PEH/PWUD and within the general population, homelessness was a significant risk factor for infection in the initial stages of the outbreak (odds ratios for homeless versus not homeless: 2.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62-4.25 for PEH/PWUD and 2.39; 95% CI: 1.51-3.78 for all detected cases). Our estimate for R0 ranges between 2.85 and 3.54, corresponding to an estimate of 69% (95% CI: 65-72) for herd immunity threshold and 76% (95% CI: 72%-80%) for Vc, assuming a vaccine with 90% efficacy. The observed vaccination program was estimated to have averted 30 hospitalizations (95% CI: 19-43), associated with over US$490 000 (95% CI: $310 000-700 000) in hospitalization cost. Greater impact was observed with earlier and faster vaccination implementation. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination coverage of at least 77% is likely required to prevent outbreaks of HAV among PEH/PWUD in Louisville, assuming a 90% vaccine efficacy. Proactive hepatitis A vaccination programs among PEH/PWUD will maximize health and economic benefits of these programs and reduce the likelihood of another outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle A Dankwa
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 24-29 St Giles', Oxford OX1 3LB, UK.
| | - Christl A Donnelly
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 24-29 St Giles', Oxford OX1 3LB, UK; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Andrew F Brouwer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, 400 E Gray St, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Martha P Montgomery
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop US12-3, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA
| | - Mark K Weng
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop US12-3, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA
| | - Natasha K Martin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, CA 92093, USA; Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
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Zhang Y, Bambrick H, Mengersen K, Tong S, Feng L, Liu G, Xu A, Zhang L, Hu W. Association of weather variability with resurging pertussis infections among different age groups: A non-linear approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137510. [PMID: 32135321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pertussis has resurged in many countries over recent years, especially among adolescents and adults. This study assessed the effect of weather variability on resurging pertussis among different age groups in Jinan, China. Data on weekly pertussis notifications by age group and weather factors (mean temperature (MeanT), mean temperature standard deviation within a week (MeanT SD), diurnal temperature range (DTR) and relative humidity (RH)) were collected between 2013 and 2017. Distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs) and regression tree models were used to examine the non-linear association between weather variability and pertussis infections. The 2-weeks cumulative relative risk (RR) of pertussis infections was 4.46 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.33-9.51) in 0-4 age group, 6.25 (95% CI: 1.38-22.76) in 5-9 age group and 10.11 (95% CI: 2.83-39.07) in 10+ age group when MeanT was at 30.0 °C. MeanT SD (RR range in the three age groups: 2.82-5.83), DTR (RR range: 6.33-11.56) and RH (RR range: 2.02-7.43) also exert significant influence, with the highest risks at 10+ age group. Regression tree models showed the interactive effects of weather variability. The mean pertussis infections increased by over 1.7-fold in 0-4 years group when MeanT ≥14 °C, RH ≥57% and DTR ≥10 °C; by over 2.3-fold in 5-9 years group when MeanT ≥20 °C and MeanT SD ≥3 °C; by 2.0-fold in 10+ years group when MeanT ≥0.7 °C, DTR ≥8.3 °C and RH ≥74%. The study found significantly different associations between weather variability and pertussis infections by age group, and appeared to be stronger in 10+ years group. Continuing climate change, together with other risk factors such as low antibody levels among adolescents and adults, may facilitate pertussis resurgence. This supports previous suggestions of carefully reconsidering current vaccination programme to effectively curb the resurgence of pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Zhang
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hilary Bambrick
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kerrie Mengersen
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shilu Tong
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Public Health and Institute of Environment and Human Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Shanghai Children's Medical Centre, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Shandong Provincial Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Guifang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Wi CI, Wheeler PH, Kaur H, Ryu E, Kim D, Juhn Y. Spatio-temporal comparison of pertussis outbreaks in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 2004-2005 and 2012: a population-based study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025521. [PMID: 31110089 PMCID: PMC6530371 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two pertussis outbreaks occurred in Olmsted County, Minnesota, during 2004-2005 and 2012 (5-10 times higher than other years), with significantly higher incidence than for the State. We aimed to assess whether there were similar spatio-temporal patterns between the two outbreaks. SETTING Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of all Olmsted County residents during the 2004-2005 and 2012 outbreaks, including laboratory-positive pertussis cases. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE For each outbreak, we estimated (1) age-specific incidence rate using laboratory-positive pertussis cases (numerator) and the Rochester Epidemiology Project Census (denominator), a medical record-linkage system for virtually all Olmsted County residents, and (2) pertussis case density using kernel density estimation to identify areas with high case density. To account for population size, we calculated relative difference of observed density and expected density based on age-specific incidence. RESULTS We identified 157 and 195 geocoded cases in 2004-2005 and 2012, respectively. Incidence was the highest among adolescents (ages 11 to <14 years) for both outbreaks (9.6 and 7.9 per 1000). The 2004-2005 pertussis outbreak had higher incidence in winter (52% of cases) versus summer in 2012 (53%). We identified a consistent area with higher incidence at the beginning (ie, first quartile) of two outbreaks, but it was inconsistent for later quartiles. The relative difference maps for the two outbreaks suggest a greater role of neighbourhood population size in 2012 compared with 2004-2005. CONCLUSIONS Comparing spatio-temporal patterns between two pertussis outbreaks identified a consistent geographical area with higher incidence of pertussis at the beginning of outbreaks in this community. This finding can be tested in future outbreaks, and, if confirmed, can be used for identifying epidemiological risk factors clustered in such areas for geographically targeted intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Il Wi
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Philip H Wheeler
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Harsheen Kaur
- Department of Pediatrics, Univeristy of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Euijung Ryu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dohyeong Kim
- Geospatial Health Research Group, School of Economic, Political and Policy Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Young Juhn
- Department of Community Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
There is limited information on the roles of different age groups in propagating pertussis outbreaks, and the temporal changes in those roles since the introduction of acellular pertussis vaccines. The relative roles of different age groups in propagating the 2010 and the 2014 pertussis epidemics in California were evaluated using the relative risk (RR) statistic that measures the change in the group's proportion among all detected cases before vs. after the epidemic peak. For the 2010–11 epidemic, evidence for a predominant transmission age group was weak, with the largest RR estimates being 1.26 (95% CI 1.08–1.46) (aged 11–13 years); 1.19 (1.01–1.4) (aged 9–10 years); 1.17 (0.86–1.59) (aged 14–15 years); 1.12 (0.86–1.46) (aged 16–19 years) and 1.1 (0.89–1.36) (aged 7–8 years). The 2014 epidemic showed a strong signal of the role of older adolescents, with the highest RR estimate being in those aged 14–15 years (RR = 1.83, 1.61–2.07), followed by adolescents aged 16–19 years (RR = 1.41, 1.24–1.61) and 11–13 years (RR = 1.26, 1.12–1.41), with lower RR estimates in other age groups. As the time following introduction of acellular pertussis vaccines in California progressed, older adolescents played an increasing role in transmission during the major pertussis outbreaks. Booster pertussis vaccination for older adolescents with vaccines effective against pertussis transmission should be considered with the aim of mitigating future pertussis epidemics in the community.
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Goldstein E, Nguyen HH, Liu P, Viboud C, Steiner CA, Worby CJ, Lipsitch M. On the Relative Role of Different Age Groups During Epidemics Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:238-244. [PMID: 29112722 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While circulation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) results in high rates of hospitalization, particularly among young children and elderly individuals, little is known about the role of different age groups in propagating annual RSV epidemics. Methods We evaluate the roles played by individuals in different age groups during RSV epidemics in the United States between 2001 and 2012, using the previously defined relative risk (RR) statistic estimated from the hospitalization data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Transmission modeling was used to examine the robustness of our inference method. Results Children aged 3-4 years and 5-6 years each had the highest RR estimate for 5 of 11 seasons included in this study, with RSV hospitalization rates in infants being generally higher during seasons when children aged 5-6 years had the highest RR estimate. Children aged 2 years had the highest RR estimate during one season. RR estimates in infants and individuals aged ≥11 years were mostly lower than in children aged 1-10 years. Highest RR values aligned with groups for which vaccination had the largest impact on epidemic dynamics in most model simulations. Conclusions Our estimates suggest the prominent relative roles of children aged ≤10 years (particularly among those aged 3-6 years) in propagating RSV epidemics. These results, combined with further modeling work, should help inform RSV vaccination policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Goldstein
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hieu H Nguyen
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Liu
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Cecile Viboud
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Claudia A Steiner
- Agency for HealthCare Research and Quality, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland.,Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver
| | - Colin J Worby
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, New Jersey
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Goldstein E, Worby CJ, Lipsitch M. On the Role of Different Age Groups and Pertussis Vaccines During the 2012 Outbreak in Wisconsin. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy082. [PMID: 29942818 PMCID: PMC5961225 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited information on the roles of different age groups in propagating pertussis outbreaks, and on the impact of vaccination on pertussis transmission in the community. Methods The relative roles of different age groups in propagating the 2012 pertussis outbreak in Wisconsin were evaluated using the relative risk (RR) statistic that measures the change in the group’s proportion among all detected cases before vs after the epidemic peak. The impact of vaccination in different age groups against infection (that is potentially different from the protective effect against detectable disease) was evaluated using the odds ratios (ORs), within each age group, for being vaccinated vs undervaccinated before vs after the outbreak’s peak. Results The RR statistic suggests that children aged 13–14 years played the largest relative role during the outbreak’s ascent (with estimates consistent across the 3 regions in Wisconsin that were studied), followed by children aged 7–8, 9–10, and 11–12 years. Young children and older teenagers and adults played more limited relative roles during the outbreak. Results of the vaccination status analysis for the fifth dose of DTaP (for children aged 7–8 years: OR, 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23–0.86; for children aged 9–10 years: OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27–0.95); and for Tdap for children aged 13–14 years (OR, 0.38, 95% CI, 0.16–0.89) are consistent with protective effect against infection. Conclusions While our epidemiological findings for the fifth dose of DTaP and for Tdap are consistent with protective effect against infection, further studies, including those estimating vaccine effectiveness against infection/transmission to others particularly for pertussis vaccines for adolescents, are needed to evaluate the impact of vaccination on the spread of pertussis in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Goldstein
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Colin J Worby
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Temporally Varying Relative Risks for Infectious Diseases: Implications for Infectious Disease Control. Epidemiology 2018; 28:136-144. [PMID: 27748685 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Risks for disease in some population groups relative to others (relative risks) are usually considered to be consistent over time, although they are often modified by other, nontemporal factors. For infectious diseases, in which overall incidence often varies substantially over time, the patterns of temporal changes in relative risks can inform our understanding of basic epidemiologic questions. For example, recent studies suggest that temporal changes in relative risks of infection over the course of an epidemic cycle can both be used to identify population groups that drive infectious disease outbreaks, and help elucidate differences in the effect of vaccination against infection (that is relevant to transmission control) compared with its effect against disease episodes (that reflects individual protection). Patterns of change in the age groups affected over the course of seasonal outbreaks can provide clues to the types of pathogens that could be responsible for diseases for which an infectious cause is suspected. Changing apparent efficacy of vaccines during trials may provide clues to the vaccine's mode of action and/or indicate risk heterogeneity in the trial population. Declining importance of unusual behavioral risk factors may be a signal of increased local transmission of an infection. We review these developments and the related public health implications.
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Bento AI, Riolo MA, Choi YH, King AA, Rohani P. Core pertussis transmission groups in England and Wales: A tale of two eras. Vaccine 2018; 36:1160-1166. [PMID: 29395520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The recent resurgence of pertussis in England and Wales has been marked by infant deaths and rising cases in teens and adults. To understand which age cohorts are most responsible for these trends, we employed three separate statistical methods to analyze high-resolution pertussis reports from 1982 to 2012. The fine-grained nature of the time-series allowed us to describe the changes in age-specific incidence and contrast the transmission dynamics in the 1980s and during the resurgence era. Our results identified infants and school children younger than 10 years of age as a core group, prior to 2002: pertussis incidence in these populations was predictive of incidence in other age groups. After 2002, no core groups were identifiable. This conclusion is independent of methodology used. Because it is unlikely that the underlying contact patterns substantially changed over the study period, changes in predictability likely result from the introduction of more stringent diagnostics tests that may have inadvertently played a role in masking the relative contributions of core transmission groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Bento
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Maria A Riolo
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yoon H Choi
- Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Aaron A King
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Worby CJ, Wallinga J, Lipsitch M, Goldstein E. Population effect of influenza vaccination under co-circulation of non-vaccine variants and the case for a bivalent A/H3N2 vaccine component. Epidemics 2017; 19:74-82. [PMID: 28262588 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Some past epidemics of different influenza subtypes (particularly A/H3N2) in the US saw co-circulation of vaccine-type and variant strains. There is evidence that natural infection with one influenza subtype offers short-term protection against infection with another influenza subtype (henceforth, cross-immunity). This suggests that such cross-immunity for strains within a subtype is expected to be strong. Therefore, while vaccination effective against one strain may reduce transmission of that strain, this may also lead to a reduction of the vaccine-type strain's ability to suppress spread of a variant strain. It remains unclear what the joint effect of vaccination and cross-immunity is for co-circulating influenza strains within a subtype, and what is the potential benefit of a bivalent vaccine that protects against both strains. We simulated co-circulation of vaccine-type and variant strains under a variety of scenarios. In each scenario, we considered the case when the vaccine efficacy against the variant strain is lower than the efficacy against the vaccine-type strain (monovalent vaccine), as well the case when vaccine is equally efficacious against both strains (bivalent vaccine). Administration of a bivalent vaccine results in a significant reduction in the overall incidence of infection compared to administration of a monovalent vaccine, even with lower coverage by the bivalent vaccine. Additionally, we found that with greater cross-immunity, increasing coverage levels for the monovalent vaccine becomes less beneficial, while introducing the bivalent vaccine becomes more beneficial. Our work exhibits the limitations of influenza vaccines that have low efficacy against non-vaccine strains, and demonstrates the benefits of vaccines that offer good protection against multiple influenza strains. The results elucidate the need for guarding against the potential co-circulation of non-vaccine strains for an influenza subtype, at least during select seasons, possibly through inclusion of multiple strains within a subtype (particularly A/H3N2) in a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Worby
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jacco Wallinga
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward Goldstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Radke S, Petousis-Harris H, Watson D, Gentles D, Turner N. Age-specific effectiveness following each dose of acellular pertussis vaccine among infants and children in New Zealand. Vaccine 2017; 35:177-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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