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Wang J, Ye X, Wang Y. Anshen Shumai Decoction inhibits post-infarction inflammation and myocardial remodeling through suppression of the p38 MAPK/c-FOS/EGR1 pathway. J Mol Histol 2024:10.1007/s10735-024-10214-4. [PMID: 38874870 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-024-10214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Anshen Shumai Decoction (ASSMD) is traditionally employed to manage coronary artery disease arrhythmias. Its protective efficacy against myocardial infarction remains to be elucidated. This investigation employed a rat model of myocardial infarction, achieved through the ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, followed by a 28-day administration of ASSMD. The study observed the decoction's mitigative impact on myocardial injury, with gene regulation effects discerned through transcriptomic analysis. Furthermore, ASSMD's influence on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrotic protein secretion was assessed using an embryonic rat cardiomyocyte cell line (H9c2) under hypoxic conditions and rat cardiac fibroblasts subjected to normoxic culture conditions with TGF-β. A functional rescue assay involving overexpression of FOS and Early Growth Response Factor 1 (EGR1), combined with inhibition of the p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway, was conducted. Results indicated that ASSMD significantly curtailed cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis in infarcted rats, primarily by downregulating FOS and EGR1 gene expression and inhibiting the upstream p38 MAPK pathway. These actions of ASSMD culminated in reduced expression of pro-apoptotic, collagen, and fibrosis-associated proteins, conferring myocardial protection and anti-fibrotic effects on cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chun'an County Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 1 Xin'an West Road, Qiandaohu Town, Chun'an County, Hangzhou, 311700, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chun'an County Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 1 Xin'an West Road, Qiandaohu Town, Chun'an County, Hangzhou, 311700, P. R. China.
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Lu Y, Wang YD, Xu TQ, Zhao XH, Zhou J, Jin LH, Liu JJ. Pyridostigmine attenuates hypertension by inhibiting activation of the renin-angiotensin system in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03156-x. [PMID: 38767671 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) triggers oxidative stress and an inflammatory response in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), in turn increasing the sympathetic hyperactivity that is a major cause of hypertension. Pyridostigmine has cardioprotective effects by suppressing the RAS of myocardial tissue. However, whether pyridostigmine attenuates hypertension by inhibiting the RAS of the PVN remains unclear. We thus investigated the effect and mechanism of pyridostigmine on two-kidney one-clip (2K1C)-induced hypertension. 2K1C rats received pyridostigmine, or not, for 8 weeks. Cardiovascular function, hemodynamic parameters, and autonomic activity were measured. The PVN levels of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and RAS signaling molecules were evaluated. Our results showed that hypertension was accompanied by cardiovascular dysfunction and an autonomic imbalance characterized by enhanced sympathetic but diminished vagal activity. The PVN levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), reactive oxygen species (ROS), NOX-2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased; those of IL-10 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased. Moreover, the RAS signaling pathway was activated, as evidenced by increased levels of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II (Ang II), and the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and a decreased AT2R level. Pyridostigmine lowered blood pressure and improved cardiovascular function, associated with restoration of the autonomic balance. Meanwhile, pyridostigmine decreased PVN IL-6, TNF-α, ROS, NOX-2, and MDA levels and increased IL-10 and SOD levels. Additionally, pyridostigmine suppressed PVN ACE, Ang II, and AT1R levels and increased AT2R expression. Pyridostigmine attenuated hypertension by inhibiting PVN oxidative stress and inflammation induced by the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Dong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian-Qi Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu-He Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Lian-Hai Jin
- Low Pressure and Low Oxygen Environment and Health Intervention Innovation Center, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, China.
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Yu X. Promising Therapeutic Treatments for Cardiac Fibrosis: Herbal Plants and Their Extracts. Cardiol Ther 2023; 12:415-443. [PMID: 37247171 PMCID: PMC10423196 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-023-00319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is closely associated with multiple heart diseases, which are a prominent health issue in the global world. Neurohormones and cytokines play indispensable roles in cardiac fibrosis. Many signaling pathways participate in cardiac fibrosis as well. Cardiac fibrosis is due to impaired degradation of collagen and impaired fibroblast activation, and collagen accumulation results in increasing heart stiffness and inharmonious activity, leading to structure alterations and finally cardiac function decline. Herbal plants have been applied in traditional medicines for thousands of years. Because of their naturality, they have attracted much attention for use in resisting cardiac fibrosis in recent years. This review sheds light on several extracts from herbal plants, which are promising therapeutics for reversing cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA.
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Proteomics Reveals Long-Term Alterations in Signaling and Metabolic Pathways Following Both Myocardial Infarction and Chemically Induced Denervation. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2416-2430. [PMID: 35716295 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infraction (MI) is the principal risk factor for the onset of heart failure (HF). Investigations regarding the physiopathology of MI progression to HF have revealed the concerted engagement of other tissues, such as the autonomic nervous system and the medulla oblongata (MO), giving rise to systemic effects, important in the regulation of heart function. Cardiac sympathetic afferent denervation following application of resiniferatoxin (RTX) attenuates cardiac remodelling and restores cardiac function following MI. While the physiological responses are well documented in numerous species, the underlying molecular responses during the initiation and progression from MI to HF remains unclear. We obtained multi-tissue time course proteomics with a murine model of HF induced by MI in conjunction with RTX application. We isolated tissue sections from the left ventricle (LV), MO, cervical spinal cord and cervical vagal nerves at four time points over a 12-week study. Bioinformatic analyses consistently revealed a high statistical enrichment for metabolic pathways in all tissues and treatments, implicating a central role of mitochondria in the tissue-cellular response to both MI and RTX. In fact, the additional functional pathways found to be enriched in these tissues, involving the cytoskeleton, vesicles and signal transduction, could be downstream of responses initiated by mitochondria due to changes in neuronal pulse frequency after a shock such as MI or the modification of such frequency communication from the heart to the brain after RTX application. Development of future experiments, based on our proteomic results, should enable the dissection of more precise mechanisms whereby metabolic changes in neuronal and cardiac tissues can effectively ameliorate the negative physiological effects of MI via RTX application.
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Xiong X, Li J, Zhang S, Jia X, Xiao C. Involvement of Polyamines From Cardiac Mast Cells in Myocardial Remodeling Induced by Pressure Overload Through Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Opening. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:850688. [PMID: 35479269 PMCID: PMC9035547 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.850688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Polyamines mainly contain spermine (SPM), spermidine (SPD), and putrescine (PUT). Many research results suggest that polyamines participate in cell proliferation, differentiation, and the regulation of gene expression, and have a close relationship with the occurrence and development of many diseases. However, the role and possible mechanisms of action of polyamines from cardiac mast cells in myocardial remodeling induced by pressure overload remain to be elucidated. Methods Pressure overload was induced by abdominal aortic constriction (AAC). Toluidine blue staining was used to visualize mast cells in cardiac tissue. The polyamine content of cardiac tissue was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) was determined by the Ca2+-induced swelling of isolated cardiac mitochondria, measured as a reduction in A520. Results Compared with sham rats, the cardiac mast cell density, the polyamine content (PUT, SPB, and SPM), and myocardial MPTP opening in rats with AAC were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and were accompanied by increased myocardial fibrosis and heart weight/body weight ratio. Intraperitoneal injection of polyamines mimicked these results, and these effects were reversed by cromolyn sodium, a mast cell stabilizer (P < 0.05). Myocardial MPTP opening increased in rats with AAC (P < 0.05), and the three polyamines also increased myocardial MPTP opening (P < 0.05). Conclusion Mast cell-derived polyamines are involved in pressure overload-induced myocardial remodeling by increasing opening of the MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Xiong
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Second People’s Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, China
| | - Junming Li
- The First People’s Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- *Correspondence: Shizhong Zhang,
| | - Xiaoli Jia
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Chao Xiao
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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Chen P, Zhou D, Liu Y, Wang P, Wang W. Peiminine inhibits myocardial injury and fibrosis after myocardial infarction in rats by regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 26:87-94. [PMID: 35203059 PMCID: PMC8890941 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction promotes cardiac remodeling and myocardial fibrosis, thus leading to cardiac dysfunction or heart failure. Peiminine has been regarded as a traditional anti-fibrotic Chinese medicine in pulmonary fibrosis. However, the role of peiminine in myocardial infarction-induced myocardial injury and fibrosis remained elusive. Firstly, rat model of myocardial infarction was established using ligation of the left coronary artery, which were then intraperitoneally injected with 2 or 5 mg/kg peiminine once a day for 4 weeks. Echocardiography and haemodynamic evaluation results showed that peiminine treatment reduced left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and enhanced maximum rate of increase/decrease of left ventricle pressure (± dP/dt max) and left ventricular systolic pressure, which ameliorate the cardiac function. Secondly, myocardial infarction-induced myocardial injury and infarct size were also attenuated by peiminine. Moreover, peiminine inhibited myocardial infarction-induced increase of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α production, as well as the myocardial cell apoptosis, in the rats. Thirdly, peiminine also decreased the myocardial fibrosis related protein expression including collagen I and collagen III. Lastly, peiminine reduced the expression of p38 and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in rat model of myocardial infarction. In conclusion, peiminine has a cardioprotective effect against myocardial infarction-induced myocardial injury and fibrosis, which can be attributed to the inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Vasculocardiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, China
| | - Dengming Zhou
- Department of Vasculocardiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Department of Vasculocardiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Vasculocardiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, China
| | - Weina Wang
- Department of Vasculocardiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, China
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An excellent antibacterial and high self-adhesive hydrogel can promote wound fully healing driven by its shrinkage under NIR. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112395. [PMID: 34579914 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The lacks of antibacterial properties, low adhesion and delayed wound healing of the hydrogel wound dressings limit their applications in wound treatment. To resolve these, a novel hydrogel composed of polydopamine (PDA), Ag and graphene oxide (GO) is fabricated for wound dressing via the chemical crosslinking of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide (BIS). The prepared hydrogel containing PDA@Ag5GO1 (Ag5GO1 denotes the mass ratio between Ag and GO is 5:1) exhibits effective antibacterial properties and high inhibition rate against E. coli and S. aureus. It shows high adhesion ability to various substrate materials, implying a simpler method to the wound obtained by self-fixing rather than suturing. More important, it can produce strong contractility under the irradiation of near-infrared light (NIR), exerting a centripetal force that helps accelerate wound healing. Thus, the hydrogel containing a high concentration PDA@Ag5GO1 irradiated by NIR can completely repair the wound defect (1.0 × 1.0 cm2) within 15 days, the wound healing rate can reach 100%, which was far higher than other groups. Taken together, the new hydrogel with excellent antibacterial, high adhesion and strong contractility will subvert the traditional treatment methods on wound defect, extending its new application range in wound dressing.
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He X, Yang S, Deng J, Wu Q, Zang WJ. Amelioration of circadian disruption and calcium-handling protein defects by choline alleviates cardiac remodeling in abdominal aorta coarctation rats. J Transl Med 2021; 101:878-896. [PMID: 33649466 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The key pathophysiological process leading to heart failure is cardiac remodeling, a term referring to cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis. We explored circadian rhythm disruption and calcium dyshomeostasis in cardiac remodeling and investigated the cardioprotective effect of choline. The experiments were conducted using a model of cardiac remodeling by abdominal aorta coarctation (AAC) in Sprague-Dawley rats. In vitro cardiomyocyte remodeling was induced by exposing neonatal rat cardiomyocytes to angiotensin II. The circadian rhythms of the transcript levels of the seven major components of the mammalian clock (Bmal1, Clock, Rev-erbα, Per1/2, and Cry1/2) were altered in AAC rat hearts during a normal 24 h light/dark cycle. AAC also upregulated the levels of proteins that mediate store-operated Ca2+ entry/receptor-operated Ca2+ entry (stromal interaction molecule 1 [STIM1], Orai1, and transient receptor potential canonical 6 [TRPC6]) in rat hearts. Moreover, choline ameliorated circadian rhythm disruption, reduced the upregulated protein levels of STIM1, Orai1, and TRPC6, and alleviated cardiac dysfunction and remodeling (evidenced by attenuated cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis) in AAC rats. In vitro analyses showed that choline ameliorated calcium overload, downregulated STIM1, Orai1, and TRPC6, and inhibited thapsigargin-induced store-operated Ca2+ entry and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol-induced receptor-operated Ca2+ entry in angiotensin II-treated cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, choline attenuated AAC-induced cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction, which was related to amelioration of circadian rhythm disruption and attenuation of calcium-handling protein defects. Modulation of vagal activity by choline targeting the circadian rhythm and calcium homeostasis may have therapeutic potential for cardiac remodeling and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Si Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Juan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Wei-Jin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China.
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Saw EL, Pearson JT, Schwenke DO, Munasinghe PE, Tsuchimochi H, Rawal S, Coffey S, Davis P, Bunton R, Van Hout I, Kai Y, Williams MJA, Kakinuma Y, Fronius M, Katare R. Activation of the cardiac non-neuronal cholinergic system prevents the development of diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:50. [PMID: 33618724 PMCID: PMC7898760 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a crucial role in the function of the heart. Recent evidence suggests that cardiomyocytes possess a non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) that comprises of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), choline transporter 1 (CHT1), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and type-2 muscarinic ACh receptors (M2AChR) to synthesize, release, degrade ACh as well as for ACh to transduce a signal. NNCS is linked to cardiac cell survival, angiogenesis and glucose metabolism. Impairment of these functions are hallmarks of diabetic heart disease (DHD). The role of the NNCS in DHD is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of diabetes on cardiac NNCS and determine if activation of cardiac NNCS is beneficial to the diabetic heart. METHODS Ventricular samples from type-2 diabetic humans and db/db mice were used to measure the expression pattern of NNCS components (ChAT, CHT1, VAChT, AChE and M2AChR) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) by western blot analysis. To determine the function of the cardiac NNCS in the diabetic heart, a db/db mouse model with cardiac-specific overexpression of ChAT gene was generated (db/db-ChAT-tg). Animals were followed up serially and samples collected at different time points for molecular and histological analysis of cardiac NNCS components and prosurvival and proangiogenic signaling pathways. RESULTS Immunoblot analysis revealed alterations in the components of cardiac NNCS and GLUT-4 in the type-2 diabetic human and db/db mouse hearts. Interestingly, the dysregulation of cardiac NNCS was followed by the downregulation of GLUT-4 in the db/db mouse heart. Db/db-ChAT-tg mice exhibited preserved cardiac and vascular function in comparison to db/db mice. The improved function was associated with increased cardiac ACh and glucose content, sustained angiogenesis and reduced fibrosis. These beneficial effects were associated with upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/HIF1α signaling pathway, and increased expression of its downstream targets-GLUT-4 and VEGF-A. CONCLUSION We provide the first evidence for dysregulation of the cardiac NNCS in DHD. Increased cardiac ACh is beneficial and a potential new therapeutic strategy to prevent or delay the development of DHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Leng Saw
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daryl O Schwenke
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Pujika Emani Munasinghe
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Shruti Rawal
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Sean Coffey
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philip Davis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard Bunton
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Isabelle Van Hout
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Yuko Kai
- Department of Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael J A Williams
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Martin Fronius
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
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Kaniusas E, Szeles JC, Kampusch S, Alfageme-Lopez N, Yucuma-Conde D, Li X, Mayol J, Neumayer C, Papa M, Panetsos F. Non-invasive Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Potential Treatment for Covid19-Originated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Physiol 2020; 11:890. [PMID: 32848845 PMCID: PMC7399203 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by an invasion of the alveolar epithelial cells by coronavirus 19. The most severe outcome of the disease is the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) combined with hypoxemia and cardiovascular damage. ARDS and co-morbidities are associated with inflammatory cytokine storms, sympathetic hyperactivity, and respiratory dysfunction. Hypothesis: In the present paper, we present and justify a novel potential treatment for Covid19-originated ARDS and associated co-morbidities, based on the non-invasive stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Methods: Auricular vagus nerve stimulation activates the parasympathetic system including anti-inflammatory pathways (the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis) while regulating the abnormal sympatho-vagal balance and improving respiratory control. Results: Along the paper (1) we expose the role of the parasympathetic system and the vagus nerve in the control of inflammatory processes (2) we formulate our physiological and methodological hypotheses (3) we provide a large body of clinical and preclinical data that support the favorable effects of auricular vagus nerve stimulation in inflammation, sympatho-vagal balance as well as in respiratory and cardiac ailments, and (4) we list the (few) possible collateral effects of the treatment. Finally, we discuss auricular vagus nerve stimulation protective potential, especially in the elderly and co-morbid population with already reduced parasympathetic response. Conclusions: Auricular vagus nerve stimulation is a safe clinical procedure and it could be either an effective treatment for ARDS originated by Covid-19 and similar viruses or a supplementary treatment to actual ARDS therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenijus Kaniusas
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- SzeleSTIM GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jozsef C. Szeles
- General Hospital of the City of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nuria Alfageme-Lopez
- Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Optics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Yucuma-Conde
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Xie Li
- The Pediatric Department, Women and Children's Hospital of Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Julio Mayol
- San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Health Research, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- General Hospital of the City of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michele Papa
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Optics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Health Research, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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Lee HS, Cho KW, Kim HY, Ahn YM. Chamber-specific regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide secretion in cardiac hypertrophy: atrial wall dynamics in the ANP secretion. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:639-651. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Słoniecka M, Danielson P. Acetylcholine decreases formation of myofibroblasts and excessive extracellular matrix production in an in vitro human corneal fibrosis model. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4850-4862. [PMID: 32176460 PMCID: PMC7176861 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) has been reported to play various physiological roles, including wound healing in the cornea. Here, we study the role of ACh in the transition of corneal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, and in consequence its role in the onset of fibrosis, in an in vitro human corneal fibrosis model. Primary human keratocytes were obtained from healthy corneas. Vitamin C (VitC) and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) were used to induce fibrosis in corneal fibroblasts. qRT‐PCR and ELISA analyses showed that gene expression and production of collagen I, collagen III, collagen V, lumican, fibronectin (FN) and alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) were reduced by ACh in quiescent keratocytes. ACh treatment furthermore decreased gene expression and production of collagen I, collagen III, collagen V, lumican, FN and α‐SMA during the transition of corneal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, after induction of fibrotic process. ACh inhibited corneal fibroblasts from developing contractile activity during the process of fibrosis, as assessed with collagen gel contraction assay. Moreover, the effect of ACh was dependent on activation of muscarinic ACh receptors. These results show that ACh has an anti‐fibrotic effect in an in vitro human corneal fibrosis model, as it negatively affects the transition of corneal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Therefore, ACh might play a role in the onset of fibrosis in the corneal stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Słoniecka
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Patrik Danielson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Khuanjing T, Palee S, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. The effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the heart in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure: From cells to patient reports. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13396. [PMID: 31595611 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cardiovascular diseases such as acute myocardial infarction, ischaemia/reperfusion injury and heart failure are associated with cardiac autonomic imbalance characterized by sympathetic overactivity and parasympathetic withdrawal from the heart. Increased parasympathetic activity by electrical vagal nerve stimulation has been shown to provide beneficial effects in the case of cardiovascular diseases in both animals and patients by improving autonomic function, cardiac remodelling and mitochondrial function. However, clinical limitations for electrical vagal nerve stimulation exist because of its invasive nature, costly equipment and limited clinical validation. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches which moderate parasympathetic activities could be beneficial for in the case of cardiovascular disease. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors inhibit acetylcholinesterase and hence increase cholinergic transmission. Recent studies have reported that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors improve autonomic function and cardiac function in cardiovascular disease models. Despite its potential clinical benefits for cardiovascular disease patients, the role of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure remediation remains unclear. This article comprehensively reviews the effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the heart in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure scenarios from in vitro and in vivo studies to clinical reports. The mechanisms involved are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thawatchai Khuanjing
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Siripong Palee
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
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14
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Caravaca AS, Centa M, Gallina AL, Tarnawski L, Olofsson PS. Neural reflex control of vascular inflammation. Bioelectron Med 2020; 6:3. [PMID: 32232111 PMCID: PMC7065709 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-020-0038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease that underlies myocardial infarction and stroke. Efficacious treatment for hyperlipidemia and hypertension has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease. However, atherosclerosis still confers a considerable risk of adverse cardiovascular events. In the current mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, inflammation is pivotal both in disease development and progression. Recent clinical data provided support for this notion and treatment targeting inflammation is currently being explored. Interestingly, neural reflexes regulate cytokine production and inflammation. Hence, new technology utilizing implantable devices to deliver electrical impulses to activate neural circuits are currently being investigated in treatment of inflammation. Hopefully, it may become possible to target vascular inflammation in cardiovascular disease using bioelectronic medicine. In this review, we discuss neural control of inflammation and the potential implications of new therapeutic strategies to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Caravaca
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Centa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - A. L. Gallina
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Tarnawski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. S. Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
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15
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Liu L, Zhao M, Yu X, Zang W. Pharmacological Modulation of Vagal Nerve Activity in Cardiovascular Diseases. Neurosci Bull 2018; 35:156-166. [PMID: 30218283 PMCID: PMC6357265 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are life-threatening illnesses with high morbidity and mortality. Suppressed vagal (parasympathetic) activity and increased sympathetic activity are involved in these diseases. Currently, pharmacological interventions primarily aim to inhibit over-excitation of sympathetic nerves, while vagal modulation has been largely neglected. Many studies have demonstrated that increased vagal activity reduces cardiovascular risk factors in both animal models and human patients. Therefore, the improvement of vagal activity may be an alternate approach for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, drugs used for vagus nerve activation in cardiovascular diseases are limited in the clinic. In this review, we provide an overview of the potential drug targets for modulating vagal nerve activation, including muscarinic, and β-adrenergic receptors. In addition, vagomimetic drugs (such as choline, acetylcholine, and pyridostigmine) and the mechanism underlying their cardiovascular protective effects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longzhu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiaojiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Weijin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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16
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Tan R, Ahn YM, Kim HY, Lee YJ, Cho KW, Kang DG, Lee HS. Atrial secretion of ANP is suppressed in renovascular hypertension: shifting of ANP secretion from atria to the left ventricle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H590-H601. [PMID: 29979625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00612.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the change in secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the atria was defined in hypertension accompanied by ventricular hypertrophy and increased synthesis of ANP. To identify the change of the secretion and mechanisms involved, experiments were performed in isolated perfused beating atria from sham-operated normotensive and renovascular hypertensive rats. Expression of ANP, natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)-C, components of the renin-angiotensin system, and muscarinic signaling pathway was measured in cardiac tissues. Basal levels of ANP secretion and acetylcholine (ACh)- and stretch-induced activation of ANP secretion were suppressed in the atria from hypertensive compared with normotensive rats. ACh increased ANP secretion via M2 muscarinic ACh receptor-ACh-sensitive K+ channel signaling. In hypertensive rats, ANP concentration increased in the left ventricle but decreased in the right ventricle. The atrial concentration of ANP was not changed in hypertensive compared with normotensive rats. ANP mRNA expression was accentuated in the left ventricle but suppressed in the other cardiac chambers in the hearts of hypertensive rats. NPR-C expression was inversely related to ANP mRNA levels. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression was accentuated in the cardiac chambers from hypertensive rats compared with normotensive rats, whereas angiotensin II type 2 receptor, M2 muscarinic receptor, and Kir3.4 channels were suppressed. AT1R blockade with losartan reversed the change observed in hypertensive rats. The present findings indicate that renovascular hypertension shifts the major site of ANP secretion and synthesis from the atria to the left ventricle through modulation of the expression of ANP, NPR-C, AT1R, and the M2 muscarinic signaling pathway. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Renovascular hypertension suppresses the atrial secretion of ANP and shifts the major site of the regulation of ANP secretion and synthesis from atria to the hypertrophied left ventricle possibly via modulation of the expression of ANP, natriuretic peptide receptor-C, angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor, and M2 muscarinic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tan
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Department of Herbal Resources, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - You Mee Ahn
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Department of Herbal Resources, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hye Yoom Kim
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Department of Herbal Resources, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Yun Jung Lee
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Department of Herbal Resources, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Kyung Woo Cho
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Department of Herbal Resources, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Dae Gill Kang
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Department of Herbal Resources, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Ho Sub Lee
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Department of Herbal Resources, Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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17
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Chen T, Li M, Fan X, Cheng J, Wang L. Sodium Tanshinone IIA Sulfonate Prevents Angiotensin II-Induced Differentiation of Human Atrial Fibroblasts into Myofibroblasts. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6712585. [PMID: 30140368 PMCID: PMC6081515 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6712585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of atrial fibroblasts into myofibroblasts plays a critical role in atrial fibrosis. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (DS-201), a water-soluble derivative of tanshinone IIA, has been shown to have potent antifibrotic properties. However, the protective effects of DS-201 on angiotensin II- (Ang II-) induced differentiation of atrial fibroblasts into myofibroblasts remain to be elucidated. In this study, human atrial fibroblasts were stimulated with Ang II in the presence or absence of DS-201. Then, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I, and collagen III expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were measured. The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and the downstream signaling of TGF-β1, such as phosphorylation of Smad2/3, were also determined. The results demonstrated that DS-201 significantly prevented Ang II-induced human atrial fibroblast migration and decreased Ang II-induced α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III expression. Furthermore, increased production of ROS and expression of TGF-β1 stimulated by Ang II were also significantly inhibited by DS-201. Consistent with these results, DS-201 significantly inhibited Ang II-evoked Smad2/3 phosphorylation and periostin expression. These results and the experiments involving N-acetyl cysteine (antioxidant) and an anti-TGF-β1 antibody suggest that DS-201 prevent Ang II-induced differentiation of atrial fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, at least in part, through suppressing oxidative stress and inhibiting the activation of TGF-β1 signaling pathway. All of these data indicate the potential utility of DS-201 for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medical Electrophysiology and the Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Miaoling Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medical Electrophysiology and the Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xuehui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medical Electrophysiology and the Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medical Electrophysiology and the Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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18
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Lu Y, Wu Q, Liu LZ, Yu XJ, Liu JJ, Li MX, Zang WJ. Pyridostigmine protects against cardiomyopathy associated with adipose tissue browning and improvement of vagal activity in high-fat diet rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1037-1050. [PMID: 29309922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a major contributor to the development of cardiovascular diseases, is associated with an autonomic imbalance characterized by sympathetic hyperactivity and diminished vagal activity. Vagal activation plays important roles in weight loss and improvement of cardiac function. Pyridostigmine is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, but whether it ameliorates cardiac lipid accumulation and cardiac remodeling in rats fed a high-fat diet has not been determined. This study investigated the effects of pyridostigmine on high-fat diet-induced cardiac dysfunction and explored the potential mechanisms. Rats were fed a normal or high-fat diet and treated with pyridostigmine. Vagal discharge was evaluated using the BL-420S system, and cardiac function by echocardiograms. Lipid deposition and cardiac remodeling were determined histologically. Lipid utility was assessed by qPCR. A high-fat diet led to a significant reduction in vagal discharge and lipid utility and a marked increase in lipid accumulation, cardiac remodeling, and cardiac dysfunction. Pyridostigmine improved vagal activity and lipid metabolism disorder and cardiac remodeling, accompanied by an improvement of cardiac function in high-fat diet-fed rats. An increase in the browning of white adipose tissue in pyridostigmine-treated rats was also observed and linked to the expression of UCP-1 and CIDEA. Additionally, pyridostigmine facilitated activation of brown adipose tissue via activation of the SIRT-1/AMPK/PGC-1α pathway. In conclusion, a high-fat diet resulted in cardiac lipid accumulation, cardiac remodeling, and a significant decrease in vagal discharge. Pyridostigmine ameliorated cardiomyopathy, an effect related to reduced cardiac lipid accumulation, and facilitated the browning of white adipose tissue while activating brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Zhu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Xiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical Collage, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Murtha LA, Schuliga MJ, Mabotuwana NS, Hardy SA, Waters DW, Burgess JK, Knight DA, Boyle AJ. The Processes and Mechanisms of Cardiac and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:777. [PMID: 29075197 PMCID: PMC5643461 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the formation of fibrous connective tissue in response to injury. It is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagen, at the site of injury. Fibrosis is an adaptive response that is a vital component of wound healing and tissue repair. However, its continued activation is highly detrimental and a common final pathway of numerous disease states including cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Worldwide, fibrotic diseases cause over 800,000 deaths per year, accounting for ~45% of total deaths. With an aging population, the incidence of fibrotic disease and subsequently the number of fibrosis-related deaths will rise further. Although, fibrosis is a well-recognized cause of morbidity and mortality in a range of disease states, there are currently no viable therapies to reverse the effects of chronic fibrosis. Numerous predisposing factors contribute to the development of fibrosis. Biological aging in particular, interferes with repair of damaged tissue, accelerating the transition to pathological remodeling, rather than a process of resolution and regeneration. When fibrosis progresses in an uncontrolled manner, it results in the irreversible stiffening of the affected tissue, which can lead to organ malfunction and death. Further investigation into the mechanisms of fibrosis is necessary to elucidate novel, much needed, therapeutic targets. Fibrosis of the heart and lung make up a significant proportion of fibrosis-related deaths. It has long been established that the heart and lung are functionally and geographically linked when it comes to health and disease, and thus exploring the processes and mechanisms that contribute to fibrosis of each organ, the focus of this review, may help to highlight potential avenues of therapeutic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Murtha
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael J Schuliga
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Nishani S Mabotuwana
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean A Hardy
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - David W Waters
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, W. J. Kolff Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BS, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Research and Innovation Conjoint, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Boyle
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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20
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Lu Y, Zhao M, Liu J, He X, Yu X, Liu L, Sun L, Chen L, Zang W. Long-term administration of pyridostigmine attenuates pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting calcineurin signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2106-2116. [PMID: 28296184 PMCID: PMC5571547 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with autonomic imbalance, characterized by enhanced sympathetic activity and withdrawal of parasympathetic control. Increased parasympathetic function improves ventricular performance. However, whether pyridostigmine, a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, can offset cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload remains unclear. Hence, this study aimed to determine whether pyridostigmine can ameliorate pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and identify the underlying mechanisms. Rats were subjected to either sham or constriction of abdominal aorta surgery and treated with or without pyridostigmine for 8 weeks. Vagal activity and cardiac function were determined using PowerLab. Cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated using various histological stains. Protein markers for cardiac hypertrophy were quantitated by Western blot and immunoprecipitation. Pressure overload resulted in a marked reduction in vagal discharge and a profound increase in cardiac hypertrophy index and cardiac dysfunction. Pyridostigmine increased the acetylcholine levels by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase in rats with pressure overload. Pyridostigmine significantly attenuated cardiac hypertrophy based on reduction in left ventricular weight/body weight, suppression of the levels of atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide and β-myosin heavy chain, and a reduction in cardiac fibrosis. These effects were accompanied by marked improvement of cardiac function. Additionally, pyridostigmine inhibited the CaN/NFAT3/GATA4 pathway and suppressed Orai1/STIM1 complex formation. In conclusion, pressure overload resulted in cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac dysfunction and a significant reduction in vagal discharge. Pyridostigmine attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and improved cardiac function, which was related to improved cholinergic transmission efficiency (decreased acetylcholinesterase and increased acetylcholine), inhibition of the CaN/NFAT3/GATA4 pathway and suppression of the interaction of Orai1/STIM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xian Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xian Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Jin‐Jun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xian Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Xi He
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xian Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Xiao‐Jiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xian Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Long‐Zhu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xian Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xian Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Li‐Na Chen
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xian Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Wei‐Jin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences Xian Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
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21
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Amancio GDCS, Grabe-Guimarães A, Haikel D, Moreau J, Barcellos NMS, Lacampagne A, Matecki S, Cazorla O. Effect of pyridostigmine on in vivo and in vitro respiratory muscle of mdx mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017. [PMID: 28624507 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The current work was conducted to verify the contribution of neuromuscular transmission defects at the neuromuscular junction to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy disease progression and respiratory dysfunction. We tested pyridostigmine and pyridostigmine encapsulated in liposomes (liposomal PYR), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor to improve muscular contraction on respiratory muscle function in mdx mice at different ages. We evaluated in vivo with the whole-body plethysmography, the ventilatory response to hypercapnia, and measured in vitro diaphragm strength in each group. Compared to C57BL10 mice, only 17 and 22 month-old mdx presented blunted ventilatory response, under normocapnia and hypercapnia. Free pyridostigmine (1mg/kg) was toxic to mdx mice, unlike liposomal PYR, which did not show any side effect, confirming that the encapsulation in liposomes is effective in reducing the toxic effects of this drug. Treatment with liposomal PYR, either acute or chronic, did not show any beneficial effect on respiratory function of this DMD experimental model. The encapsulation in liposomes is effective to abolish toxic effects of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Cássia Sousa Amancio
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, CiPharma, Pharmacy School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andrea Grabe-Guimarães
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, CiPharma, Pharmacy School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Dridi Haikel
- PHYMEDEXP, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR9214, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Johan Moreau
- PHYMEDEXP, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR9214, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Neila Marcia Silva Barcellos
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, CiPharma, Pharmacy School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alain Lacampagne
- PHYMEDEXP, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR9214, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stefan Matecki
- PHYMEDEXP, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR9214, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Cazorla
- PHYMEDEXP, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR9214, Université de Montpellier, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Choline ameliorates cardiovascular damage by improving vagal activity and inhibiting the inflammatory response in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42553. [PMID: 28225018 PMCID: PMC5320519 DOI: 10.1038/srep42553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic dysfunction and abnormal immunity lead to systemic inflammatory responses, which result in cardiovascular damage in hypertension. The aim of this report was to investigate the effects of choline on cardiovascular damage in hypertension. Eight-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto rats were intraperitoneally injected with choline or vehicle (8 mg/kg/day). After 8 weeks, choline restored the cardiac function of the SHRs, as evidenced by decreased heart rate, systolic blood pressure, left ventricle systolic pressure, and ±dp/dtmax and increased ejection fraction and fractional shortening. Choline also ameliorated the cardiac hypertrophy of the SHRs, as indicated by reduced left ventricle internal dimensions and decreased cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area. Moreover, choline improved mesenteric arterial function and preserved endothelial ultrastructure in the SHRs. Notably, the protective effect of choline may be due to its anti-inflammatory effect. Choline downregulated expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α and upregulated IL-10 in the mesenteric arteries of SHRs, possibly because of the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4. Furthermore, choline restored baroreflex sensitivity and serum acetylcholine level in SHRs, thus indicating that choline improved vagal activity. This study suggests that choline elicits cardiovascular protective effects and may be useful as a potential adjunct therapeutic approach for hypertension.
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Li C, Han R, Kang L, Wang J, Gao Y, Li Y, He J, Tian J. Pirfenidone controls the feedback loop of the AT1R/p38 MAPK/renin-angiotensin system axis by regulating liver X receptor-α in myocardial infarction-induced cardiac fibrosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40523. [PMID: 28091615 PMCID: PMC5238375 DOI: 10.1038/srep40523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pirfenidone (PFD), an anti-fibrotic small molecule drug, is used to treat fibrotic diseases, but its effects on myocardial infarction (MI)-induced cardiac fibrosis are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of PFD on MI-induced cardiac fibrosis and the possible underlying mechanisms in rats. After establishment of the model, animals were administered PFD by gavage for 4 weeks. During the development of MI-induced cardiac fibrosis, we found activation of a positive feedback loop between the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R)/phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway and renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which was accompanied by down-regulation of liver X receptor-α (LXR-α) expression. PFD attenuated body weight, heart weight, left ventricular weight, left ventricular systolic pressure, and ±dp/dtmax changes induced by MI, which were associated with a reduction in cardiac fibrosis, infarct size, and hydroxyproline concentration. Moreover, PFD inhibited the AT1R/p38 MAPK pathway, corrected the RAS imbalance [decreased angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression, but increased ACE2 and angiotensin (1-7) activity and Mas expression] and strongly enhanced heart LXR-α expression. These results indicate that the cardioprotective effects of PFD may be due, in large part, to controlling the feedback loop of the AT1R/p38 MAPK/RAS axis by activation of LXR-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Rui Han
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Le Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Yantai yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Yonglin Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Yanshen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Jie He
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
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Peng Y, Zeng Y, Xu J, Huang XL, Zhang W, Xu XL. PPAR-γ is involved in the protective effect of 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside against cardiac fibrosis in pressure-overloaded rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:105-114. [PMID: 27568841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
2, 3, 4', 5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-0-β-D glucoside (TSG) could inhibit cardiac remodeling in response to pressure overload. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) has been recognized as a potent, endogenous antifibrotic factor and maintaining a proper expression level in myocardium is necessary for assuring that structure and function of heart adapt to pressure overload stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PPAR-γ is involved in the beneficial effect of TSG on pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis. TSG (120mg/kg/day) or TSG (120mg/kg/day) plus the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 (1mg/kg/day) was administered to rats with pressure overload induced by abdominal aortic banding. 30 days later, pressure overload-induced hypertension, cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis were significantly inhibited by TSG. TSG also significantly reduced collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression, as makers of myocardial fibrosis. Theses anti-fibrotic effects of TSG in pressure overloaded hearts could be abrogated by co-treatment with GW9662. Accordingly, upregulated PPAR-γ protein expression by TSG in pressure overloaded hearts was also reversed by co-treatment with GW9662. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of TSG on angiotensin II induced cardiac fibroblasts proliferation, differentiation and expression of collagen I and III, fibronectin and PAI-1 were abrogated by PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 and PPAR-γ silencing. Furthermore, TSG directly increased PPAR-γ gene expression at gene promoter, mRNA and protein level in angiotensin II-treated cardiac fibroblats in vitro. Our results suggested that upregualtion of endogenous PPAR-γ expression by TSG may be involved in its beneficial effect on pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University, Pharmacy College, Nantong, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University, Pharmacy College, Nantong, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University, Pharmacy College, Nantong, China
| | - Xing Lan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University, Pharmacy College, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University, Pharmacy College, Nantong, China.
| | - Xiao Le Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University, Pharmacy College, Nantong, China.
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25
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Xu M, Bi X, He X, Yu X, Zhao M, Zang W. Inhibition of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response by acetylcholine alleviated hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis of endothelial cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1331-43. [PMID: 27111378 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1160985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR(mt)) is involved in numerous diseases that have the common feature of mitochondrial dysfunction. However, its pathophysiological relevance in the context of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in endothelial cells remains elusive. Previous studies have demonstrated that acetylcholine (ACh) protects against cardiomyocyte injury by suppressing generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). This study aimed to explore the role of UPR(mt) in endothelial cells during H/R and to clarify the beneficial effects of ACh. Our results demonstrated that H/R triggered UPR(mt) in endothelial cells, as evidenced by the elevation of heat shock protein 60 and LON protease 1 protein levels, and resulted in release of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins, including cytochrome C, Omi/high temperature requirement protein A 2 and second mitochondrial activator of caspases/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low PI, from the mitochondria to cytosol. ACh administration markedly decreased UPR(mt) by inhibiting mtROS and alleviating the mitonuclear protein imbalance. Consequently, ACh alleviated the release of pro-apoptotic proteins and restored mitochondrial ultrastructure and function, thereby reducing the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. Intriguingly, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, a type-3 muscarinic ACh receptor (M3AChR) inhibitor, abolished the ACh-elicited attenuation of UPR(mt) and TUNEL positive cells, indicating that the salutary effects of ACh were likely mediated by M3AChR in endothelial cells. In conclusion, our studies demonstrated that UPR(mt) might be essential for triggering the mitochondrion-associated apoptotic pathway during H/R. ACh markedly suppressed UPR(mt) by inhibiting mtROS and alleviating the mitonuclear protein imbalance, presumably through M3AChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Xueyuan Bi
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Xi He
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiang Yu
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Weijin Zang
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
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