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Zhang G, Meng L, Chen R, Wang W, Jing X, Zhu-Salzman K, Cheng W. Characterization of three glutathione S-transferases potentially associated with adaptation of the wheat blossom midge Sitodiplosis mosellana to host plant defense. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:885-895. [PMID: 37814473 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), a multifunctional protein family, play a crucial role in detoxification of plant defensive compounds. However, they have been rarely investigated in Sitodiplosis mosellana, a destructive pest of wheat worldwide. In this study, we characterized for the first time a delta (SmGSTd1) and two epsilon GST genes (SmGSTe1 and SmGSTe2) and analyzed their expression patterns and functions associated with adaptation to host plant defense in this species. RESULTS Expression of these SmGST genes greatly increased in S. mosellana larvae feeding on resistant wheat varieties Kenong1006, Shanmai139 and Jinmai47 which contain higher tannin and ferulic acid, the major defensive compounds of wheat against this pest, compared with those feeding on susceptible varieties Xinong822, Xinong88 and Xiaoyan22. Their expression was also tissue-specific, most predominant in larval midgut. Recombinant SmGSTs expressed in Escherichia coli could catalyze the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, with activity peak at pH around 7.0 and temperature between 30 and 40 °C. Notably, they could metabolize tannin and ferulic acid, with the strongest metabolic ability by SmGSTe2 against two compounds, followed by SmGSTd1 on tannin, and SmGSTe1 on ferulic acid. CONCLUSION The results suggest that these SmGSTs are important in metabolizing wheat defensive chemicals during feeding, which may be related to host plant adaptation of S. mosellana. Our study has provided information for future investigation and development of strategies such as host-induced gene silencing of insect-detoxifying genes for managing pest adaptation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Linqin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Yantai City Research Centre for Rural Development of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiangfeng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Weining Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Aidlin Harari O, Dekel A, Wintraube D, Vainer Y, Mozes-Koch R, Yakir E, Malka O, Morin S, Bohbot JD. A sucrose-specific receptor in Bemisia tabaci and its putative role in phloem feeding. iScience 2023; 26:106752. [PMID: 37234092 PMCID: PMC10206433 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In insects, specialized feeding on the phloem sap (containing mainly the sugar sucrose) has evolved only in some hemipteran lineages. This feeding behavior requires an ability to locate feeding sites buried deeply within the plant tissue. To determine the molecular mechanism involved, we hypothesized that the phloem-feeding whitefly Bemisia tabaci relies on gustatory receptor (GR)-mediated sugar sensing. We first conducted choice assays, which indicated that B. tabaci adults consistently choose diets containing higher sucrose concentrations. Next, we identified four GR genes in the B. tabaci genome. One of them, BtabGR1, displayed significant sucrose specificity when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Silencing of BtabGR1 significantly interfered with the ability of B. tabaci adults to discriminate between non-phloem and phloem concentrations of sucrose. These findings suggest that in phloem feeders, sugar sensing by sugar receptors might allow tracking an increasing gradient of sucrose concentrations in the leaf, leading eventually to the location of the feeding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Aidlin Harari
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amir Dekel
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dor Wintraube
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yuri Vainer
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rita Mozes-Koch
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Esther Yakir
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Osnat Malka
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jonathan D. Bohbot
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Huang X, Kaufman PE, Athrey GN, Fredregill C, Alvarez C, Shetty V, Slotman MA. Potential key genes involved in metabolic resistance to malathion in the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, and functional validation of CYP325BC1 and CYP9M12 as candidate genes using RNA interference. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:160. [PMID: 36991322 PMCID: PMC10061707 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic detoxification is one of the major mechanisms contributing to the development of resistance in mosquitoes, including the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. The three major detoxification supergene families, cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases and general esterases, have been demonstrated to play an important role in metabolic resistance. In this study, we performed differential gene expression analysis based on high-throughput transcriptome sequencing on samples from four experimental groups to give insight into key genes involved in metabolic resistance to malathion in Cx. quinquefasciatus. We conducted a whole transcriptome analysis of field captured wild Cx. quinquefasciatus from Harris County (WI), Texas and a malathion susceptible laboratory-maintained Sebring colony (CO) to investigate metabolic insecticide resistance. Field captured mosquitoes were also phenotypically classified into the malathion resistant and malathion susceptible groups following a mortality response measure conducted using a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle assay. The live (MR) and dead (MS) specimens from the bottle assay, along with an unselected WI sample and a CO sample were processed for total RNA extraction and subjected to whole-transcriptome sequencing. RESULTS We demonstrated that the genes coding for detoxification enzymes, particularly cytochrome P450s, were highly up-regulated in the MR group compared to the MS group with similar up-regulation observed in the WI group compared to the CO group. A total of 1,438 genes were differentially expressed in comparison between MR and MS group, including 614 up-regulated genes and 824 down-regulated genes. Additionally, 1,871 genes were differentially expressed in comparison between WI and CO group, including 1,083 up-regulated genes and 788 down-regulated genes. Further analysis on differentially expressed genes from three major detoxification supergene families in both comparisons resulted in 16 detoxification genes as candidates potentially associated with metabolic resistance to malathion. Knockdown of CYP325BC1 and CYP9M12 using RNA interference on the laboratory-maintained Sebring strain significantly increased the mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus after exposure to malathion. CONCLUSION We generated substantial transcriptomic evidence on metabolic detoxification of malathion in Cx. quinquefasciatus. We also validated the functional roles of two candidate P450 genes identified through DGE analysis. Our results are the first to demonstrate that knockdown of CYP325BC1 and CYP9M12 both significantly increased malathion susceptibility in Cx. quinquefasciatus, indicating involvement of these two genes in metabolic resistance to malathion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Huang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University Minnie Bell Heep Center, TAMU 2475 370 Olsen Blvd College Station, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Phillip E. Kaufman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University Minnie Bell Heep Center, TAMU 2475 370 Olsen Blvd College Station, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Giridhar N. Athrey
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Chris Fredregill
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito & Vector Control Division, Houston, TX 77021 USA
| | - Christina Alvarez
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito & Vector Control Division, Houston, TX 77021 USA
| | - Vinaya Shetty
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University Minnie Bell Heep Center, TAMU 2475 370 Olsen Blvd College Station, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Michel A. Slotman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University Minnie Bell Heep Center, TAMU 2475 370 Olsen Blvd College Station, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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Friedrichs J, Schweiger R, Geisler S, Neumann JM, Sadzik SJM, Niehaus K, Müller C. Development of a polyphagous leaf beetle on different host plant species and its detoxification of glucosinolates. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.960850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivores face a broad range of defences when feeding on plants. By mixing diets, polyphagous herbivores are assumed to benefit during their development by gaining a better nutritional balance and reducing the intake of toxic compounds from individual plant species. Nevertheless, they also show strategies to metabolically cope with plant defences. In this study, we investigated the development of the polyphagous tansy leaf beetle, Galeruca tanaceti (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on mono diets consisting of one plant species [cabbage (Brassica rapa), Brassicaceae; lettuce (Lactuca sativa), or tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), Asteraceae] vs. two mixed diets, both containing tansy. Leaves of the three species were analysed for contents of water, carbon and nitrogen, the specific leaf area (SLA) and trichome density. Furthermore, we studied the insect metabolism of two glucosinolates, characteristic defences of Brassicaceae. Individuals reared on cabbage mono diet developed fastest and showed the highest survival, while the development was slowest for individuals kept on tansy mono diet. Cabbage had the lowest water content, while tansy had the highest water content, C/N ratio and trichome density and the lowest SLA. Lettuce showed the lowest C/N ratio, highest SLA and no trichomes. Analysis of insect samples with UHPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS/MS revealed that benzyl glucosinolate was metabolised to N-benzoylglycine, N-benzoylalanine and N-benzoylserine. MALDI-Orbitrap-MS imaging revealed the localisation of these metabolites in the larval hindgut region. 4-Hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate was metabolised to N-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)glycine. Our results highlight that G. tanaceti deals with toxic hydrolysis products of glucosinolates by conjugation with different amino acids, which may enable this species to develop well on cabbage. The high trichome density and/or specific plant chemistry may lower the accessibility and/or digestibility of tansy leaves, leading to a poorer beetle development on pure tansy diet or diet mixes containing tansy. Thus, diet mixing is not necessarily beneficial, if one of the plant species is strongly defended.
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Sontowski R, Guyomar C, Poeschl Y, Weinhold A, van Dam NM, Vassão DG. Mechanisms of Isothiocyanate Detoxification in Larvae of Two Belowground Herbivores, Delia radicum and D. floralis (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Front Physiol 2022; 13:874527. [PMID: 35574438 PMCID: PMC9098826 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.874527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Like aboveground herbivores, belowground herbivores are confronted with multiple plant defense mechanisms including complex chemical cocktails in plant tissue. Roots and shoots of Brassicaceae plants contain the two-component glucosinolate (GSL)-myrosinase defense system. Upon cell damage, for example by herbivore feeding, toxic and pungent isothiocyanates (ITCs) can be formed. Several aboveground-feeding herbivores have developed biochemical adaptation strategies to overcome the GSL-ITC defenses of their host plant. Whether belowground herbivores feeding on Brassica roots possess similar mechanisms has received little attention. Here, we analyze how two related belowground specialist herbivores detoxify the GSL-ITC defenses of their host plants. The larvae of the fly species Delia radicum and D. floralis are common pests and specialized herbivores on the roots of Brassicaceae. We used chemical analyses (HPLC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV) to examine how the GSL-ITC defense system is metabolized by these congeneric larvae. In addition, we screened for candidate genes involved in the detoxification process using RNAseq and qPCR. The chemical analyses yielded glutathione conjugates and amines. This indicates that both species detoxify ITCs using potentially the general mercapturic acid pathway, which is also found in aboveground herbivores, and an ITC-specific hydrolytic pathway previously characterized in microbes. Performance assays confirmed that ITCs negatively affect the survival of both species, in spite of their known specialization to ITC-producing plants and tissues, whereas ITC breakdown products are less toxic. Interestingly, the RNAseq analyses showed that the two congeneric species activate different sets of genes upon ITC exposure, which was supported by qPCR data. Based on our findings, we conclude that these specialist larvae use combinations of general and compound-specific detoxification mechanisms with differing efficacies and substrate preferences. This indicates that combining detoxification mechanisms can be an evolutionarily successful strategy to handle plant defenses in herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Sontowski
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Rebekka Sontowski, ; Daniel G. Vassão,
| | - Cervin Guyomar
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
- Bioinformatics Unit, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Bioinformatics Unit, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel G. Vassão
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Rebekka Sontowski, ; Daniel G. Vassão,
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Kefi M, Charamis J, Balabanidou V, Ioannidis P, Ranson H, Ingham VA, Vontas J. Transcriptomic analysis of resistance and short-term induction response to pyrethroids, in Anopheles coluzzii legs. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:891. [PMID: 34903168 PMCID: PMC8667434 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying comprise the major control measures against Anopheles gambiae sl, the dominant vector in sub-Saharan Africa. The primary site of contact with insecticide is through the mosquitoes' legs, which represents the first barrier insecticides have to bypass to reach their neuronal targets. Proteomic changes and leg cuticle modifications have been associated with insecticide resistance that may reduce the rate of penetration of insecticides. Here, we performed a multiple transcriptomic analyses focusing on An. coluzzii legs. RESULTS Firstly, leg-specific enrichment analysis identified 359 genes including the pyrethroid-binder SAP2 and 2 other chemosensory proteins, along with 4 ABCG transporters previously shown to be leg enriched. Enrichment of gene families included those involved in detecting chemical stimuli, including gustatory and ionotropic receptors and genes implicated in hydrocarbon-synthesis. Subsequently, we compared transcript expression in the legs of a highly resistant strain (VK7-HR) to both a strain with very similar genetic background which has reverted to susceptibility after several generations without insecticide pressure (VK7-LR) and a lab susceptible population (NG). Two hundred thirty-two differentially expressed genes (73 up-regulated and 159 down-regulated) were identified in the resistant strain when compared to the two susceptible counterparts, indicating an over-expression of phase I detoxification enzymes and cuticular proteins, with decrease in hormone-related metabolic processes in legs from the insecticide resistant population. Finally, we analysed the short-term effect of pyrethroid exposure on An. coluzzii legs, comparing legs of 1 h-deltamethrin-exposed An. coluzzii (VK7-IN) to those of unexposed mosquitoes (VK7-HR) and identified 348 up-regulated genes including those encoding for GPCRs, ABC transporters, odorant-binding proteins and members of the divergent salivary gland protein family. CONCLUSIONS The data on An. coluzzii leg-specific transcriptome provides valuable insights into the first line of defense in pyrethroid resistant and short-term deltamethrin-exposed mosquitoes. Our results suggest that xenobiotic detoxification is likely occurring in legs, while the enrichment of sensory proteins, ABCG transporters and cuticular genes is also evident. Constitutive resistance is primarily associated with elevated levels of detoxification and cuticular genes, while short-term insecticide-induced tolerance is linked with overexpression of transporters, GPCRs and GPCR-related genes, sensory/binding and salivary gland proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kefi
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - J Charamis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - V Balabanidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - P Ioannidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - H Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - V A Ingham
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
- Parasitology Unit, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece.
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece.
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Salehipourshirazi G, Bruinsma K, Ratlamwala H, Dixit S, Arbona V, Widemann E, Milojevic M, Jin P, Bensoussan N, Gómez-Cadenas A, Zhurov V, Grbic M, Grbic V. Rapid specialization of counter defenses enables two-spotted spider mite to adapt to novel plant hosts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2608-2622. [PMID: 34618096 PMCID: PMC8644343 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic adaptation, occurring over a long evolutionary time, enables host-specialized herbivores to develop novel resistance traits and to efficiently counteract the defenses of a narrow range of host plants. In contrast, physiological acclimation, leading to the suppression and/or detoxification of host defenses, is hypothesized to enable broad generalists to shift between plant hosts. However, the host adaptation mechanisms used by generalists composed of host-adapted populations are not known. Two-spotted spider mite (TSSM; Tetranychus urticae) is an extreme generalist herbivore whose individual populations perform well only on a subset of potential hosts. We combined experimental evolution, Arabidopsis thaliana genetics, mite reverse genetics, and pharmacological approaches to examine mite host adaptation upon the shift of a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)-adapted population to Arabidopsis. We showed that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are required for mite adaptation to Arabidopsis. We identified activities of two tiers of P450s: general xenobiotic-responsive P450s that have a limited contribution to mite adaptation to Arabidopsis and adaptation-associated P450s that efficiently counteract Arabidopsis defenses. In approximately 25 generations of mite selection on Arabidopsis plants, mites evolved highly efficient detoxification-based adaptation, characteristic of specialist herbivores. This demonstrates that specialization to plant resistance traits can occur within the ecological timescale, enabling the TSSM to shift to novel plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristie Bruinsma
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Huzefa Ratlamwala
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Sameer Dixit
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, E-12071, Spain
| | - Emilie Widemann
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Maja Milojevic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Pengyu Jin
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bensoussan
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, E-12071, Spain
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino (CSIC, UR, Gobiernode La Rioja), Logrono 26006, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
- Author for communication:
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Perera OP, Shelby KS, Pierce CA, Snodgrass GL. Expression Profiles of Digestive Genes in the Gut and Salivary Glands of Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6273620. [PMID: 33974083 PMCID: PMC8112305 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Host plant preference of agricultural pests may shift throughout the growing season, allowing the pests to persist on wild hosts when crops are not available. Lygus Hahn (Hemiptera: Miridae) bugs are severe pests of cotton during flowering and fruiting stages, but can persist on alternative crops, or on weed species. Diversity of digestive enzymes produced by salivary glands and gut tissues play a pivotal role in an organism's ability to utilize various food sources. Polyphagous insects produce an array of enzymes that can process carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. In this study, the digestive enzyme repertoire of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), was identified by high-throughput sequencing followed by cDNA cloning and sequencing. This study identified 87 digestive genes, including 30 polygalacturonases (PG), one β-galactosidase, three α-glucosidases, six β-glucosidases, 28 trypsin-like proteases, three serine proteases, one apyrase-like protease, one cysteine protease, 12 lipases, and two transcripts with low similarity to a xylanase A-like genes. RNA-Seq expression profiles of these digestive genes in adult tarnished plant bugs revealed that 57 and 12 genes were differentially expressed in the salivary gland and gut (≥5-fold, P ≤ 0.01), respectively. All polygalacturonase genes, most proteases, and two xylanase-like genes were differentially expressed in salivary glands, while most of the carbohydrate and lipid processing enzymes were differentially expressed in the gut. Seven of the proteases (KF208689, KF208697, KF208698, KF208699, KF208700, KF208701, and KF208702) were not detected in either the gut or salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omaththage P Perera
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38776
| | - Kent S Shelby
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203
| | - Calvin A Pierce
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38776
| | - Gordon L Snodgrass
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38776
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Vandenhole M, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. Short term transcriptional responses of P450s to phytochemicals in insects and mites. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:117-127. [PMID: 33373700 PMCID: PMC8082277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play a key role in the detoxification of phytochemicals in arthropod herbivores. We present here an overview of recent progress in understanding the breadth and specificity of gene expression plasticity of P450s in response to phytochemicals. We discuss experimental setups and new findings in mechanisms of P450 regulation. Whole genome transcriptomic analysis of arthropod herbivores, either after direct administration of phytochemicals or after host plant shifts, allowed to integrate various levels of chemical complexity and lead to the unbiased identification of responsive P450 genes. However, despite progress in identification of inducible P450s, the link between induction and metabolism is still largely unexplored, and to what extent the overall response is biologically functional should be further investigated. In the near future, such studies will be more straightforward as forward and reverse genetic tools become more readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou Vandenhole
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Iinks 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Iinks 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Iinks 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Aidlin Harari O, Santos-Garcia D, Musseri M, Moshitzky P, Patel M, Visendi P, Seal S, Sertchook R, Malka O, Morin S. Molecular Evolution of the Glutathione S-Transferase Family in the Bemisia tabaci Species Complex. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:3857-3872. [PMID: 31971586 PMCID: PMC7058157 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferase (GST) family plays an important role in the adaptation of herbivorous insects to new host plants and other environmental constrains. The family codes for enzymes that neutralize reactive oxygen species and phytotoxins through the conjugation of reduced glutathione. Here, we studied the molecular evolution of the GST family in Bemisia tabaci, a complex of >35 sibling species, differing in their geographic and host ranges. We tested if some enzymes evolved different functionality, by comparing their sequences in six species, representing five of the six major genetic clades in the complex. Comparisons of the nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution ratios detected positive selection events in 11 codons of 5 cytosolic GSTs. Ten of them are located in the periphery of the GST dimer, suggesting a putative involvement in interactions with other proteins. Modeling the tertiary structure of orthologous enzymes, identified additional 19 mutations in 9 GSTs, likely affecting the enzymes' functionality. Most of the mutation events were found in the environmentally responsive classes Delta and Sigma, indicating a slightly different delta/sigma tool box in each species. At a broader genomic perspective, our analyses indicated a significant expansion of the Delta GST class in B. tabaci and a general association between the diet breadth of hemipteran species and their total number of GST genes. We raise the possibility that at least some of the identified changes improve the fitness of the B. tabaci species carrying them, leading to their better adaptation to specific environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Aidlin Harari
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Diego Santos-Garcia
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mirit Musseri
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Pnina Moshitzky
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mitulkumar Patel
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Visendi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | - Osnat Malka
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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11
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Cantón PE, Bonning BC. Transcription and Activity of Digestive Enzymes of Nezara viridula Maintained on Different Plant Diets. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1553. [PMID: 31969835 PMCID: PMC6960134 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nezara viridula is a polyphagous stink bug that feeds on crops of economic importance such as corn, soybean and cotton. To increase understanding of the ability of this pest insect to feed on such diverse cropping systems, we analyzed the impact of an exclusive diet of corn or green bean on the enzymatic activity and transcriptomic profile of digestive enzymes. Growth rate and survival were reduced when insects were reared exclusively on green bean compared to corn. However, the overall protease and nuclease activity profiles were comparable between the two treatments. Distinct differences in inhibitor sensitivity and activity were seen in some cases, particularly for serine proteases in some regions of the midgut. The transcription profiles from N. viridula fed on corn versus green bean were distinct on principal component analysis of RNA-seq data. While specific transcripts differentially transcribed according to diet and across several tissues were identified, a large number of these transcripts remain unannotated. Further annotation for identification of these genes will be important for improved understanding of the remarkable polyphagy of N. viridula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Emiliano Cantón
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Bryony C Bonning
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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12
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Wei D, Zhang YX, Liu YW, Li WJ, Chen ZX, Smagghe G, Wang JJ. Gene expression profiling of ovary identified eggshell proteins regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone in Bactrocera dorsalis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 30:206-216. [PMID: 30909163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is one of the most destructive pests worldwide. The frequent use of chemical insecticides has led B. dorsalis to develop resistance to many insecticides in recent decades. New high-throughput-sequenced transcriptomes, as well as genomes, have revealed a large number of reference genes for functional target identification. Here, we performed digital gene expression profiling of ovary and testis of B. dorsalis adults. Various genes were identified to be highly expressed in B. dorsalis ovary. The genes encoding components of eggshell, vitelline membrane proteins (Vmps) and chorion-related proteins, were identified to be tissue-specifically expressed in ovary. Five cytochrome P450 genes were also identified to be highly expressed in ovary. Three of them were ecdysone synthesis pathway genes indicating the ovary as a potential synthesis site of female. The up-regulated expression of Vmps by exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone implied the hormonal regulation of eggshell formation during ovarian development. Many other genes with potential functions in ovarian development were also identified, including vitellogenin receptor, insulin receptor, NASP protein, and odorant binding protein. These findings should promote our understanding of the regulation of vitellogenesis and eggshell formation and enable exploration of potentially novel pest control targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Ying-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi-Xian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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13
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Huang HJ, Cui JR, Guo Y, Sun JT, Hong XY. Roles of LsCYP4DE1 in wheat adaptation and ethiprole tolerance in Laodelphax striatellus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 101:14-23. [PMID: 30075238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) gene family has an important role in detoxifying host plant allelochemicals and pesticides. In this study, we screened differentially expressed genes of the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPHs) that were reared for more than ten generations on rice and wheat plants, and found that only a few P450s were associated with host adaptation. LsCYP4DE1, whose expression was 9.5-fold higher in the wheat-adapted SBPH (wSBPH) than in the rice-adapted SBPH (rSBPH), appeared to have an important role in the colonization of wheat plants. Knocking down the expression of LsCYP4DE1 led to increased mortality, as well as decreased performance of SBPHs reared on wheat. However, no significant difference was found in dsLsCYP4DE1-treated SBPHs on rice plants. In addition, LsCYP4DE1 was potentially associated with pesticide tolerance, and suppression of its expression led to increased sensitivity to the pesticide ethiprole. Our results revealed potential roles of LsCYP4DE1 in wheat adaptation and ethiprole tolerance, and provide useful information for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Huang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jia-Rong Cui
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jing-Tao Sun
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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14
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Dermauw W, Pym A, Bass C, Van Leeuwen T, Feyereisen R. Does host plant adaptation lead to pesticide resistance in generalist herbivores? CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 26:25-33. [PMID: 29764657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Most herbivorous arthropods feed on one or a few closely related plant species; however, certain insect and mite species have a greatly expanded host range. Several of these generalists also show a remarkable propensity to evolve resistance to chemical pesticides. In this review, we ask if the evolution of mechanisms to tolerate the diversity of plant secondary metabolites that generalist herbivores encounter, has pre-adapted them to resist synthetic pesticides. Critical examination of the evidence suggests that a generalist life-style per se is not a predictor of rapid resistance evolution to pesticides. Rather the prevalence of pesticide resistance in generalist herbivores probably reflects their economic importance as pests and thus the strong selection imposed by intensive pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Dermauw
- Department or Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Adam Pym
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department or Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department or Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Rioja C, Zhurov V, Bruinsma K, Grbic M, Grbic V. Plant-Herbivore Interactions: A Case of an Extreme Generalist, the Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:935-945. [PMID: 28857675 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0168-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions evolved over long periods of time, resulting in an elaborate arms race between interacting species. While specialist herbivores evolved specific strategies to cope with the defenses of a limited number of hosts, our understanding of how generalist herbivores deal with the defenses of a plethora of diverse host plants is largely unknown. Understanding the interaction between a plant host and a generalist herbivore requires an understanding of the plant's mechanisms aimed at defending itself and the herbivore's mechanisms intended to counteract diverse defenses. In this review, we use the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae (Koch) as an example of a generalist herbivore, as this chelicerate pest has a staggering number of plant hosts. We first establish that the ability of TSSM to adapt to marginal hosts underlies its polyphagy and agricultural pest status. We then highlight our understanding of direct plant defenses against spider mite herbivory and review recent advances in uncovering mechanisms of spider mite adaptations to them. Finally, we discuss the adaptation process itself, as it allows TSSM to overcome initially effective plant defenses. A high-quality genome sequence and developing genetic tools, coupled with an ease of mite experimental selection to new hosts, make TSSM an outstanding system to study the evolution of host range, mechanisms of pest xenobiotic resistance and plant-herbivore interactions. In addition, knowledge of plant defense mechanisms that affect mite fitness are of practical importance, as it can lead to development of new control strategies against this important agricultural pest. In parallel, understanding mechanisms of mite counter adaptations to these defenses is required to maintain the efficacy of these control strategies in agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rioja
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
| | - Kristie Bruinsma
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
- 2 University of La Rioja, Logrono, 26006, Spain
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
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16
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Peng L, Zhao Y, Wang H, Song C, Shangguan X, Ma Y, Zhu L, He G. Functional Study of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes from the Brown Planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens Stål) to Analyze Its Adaptation to BPH-Resistant Rice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:972. [PMID: 29249980 PMCID: PMC5714877 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-insect interactions constitute a complex of system, whereby plants synthesize toxic compounds as the main defense strategy to combat herbivore assault, and insects deploy detoxification systems to cope with toxic plant compounds. Cytochrom P450s are among the main detoxification enzymes employed by insects to combat the chemical defenses of host plants. In this study, we used Nilaparvata lugens (BPH) to constitute an ideal system for studying plant-insect interactions. By feeding BPHs with artificial diets containing ethanol extracts, we show that biotype Y BPHs have a greater ability to metabolize exogenous substrates than biotype 1 BPHs. NlCPR knockdown inhibited the ability of BPHs to feed on YHY15. qRT-PCR was used to screen genes in the P450 family, and upregulation of CYP4C61, CYP6AX1, and CYP6AY1 induced by YHY15 was investigated. When the three P450 genes were knocked down, only CYP4C61 dsRNA treatment was inhibited the ability of BPHs to feed on YHY15. These results indicate that BPH P450 enzymes are a key factor in the physiological functions of BPH when feeding on BPH-resistant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengpan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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17
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Birnbaum SSL, Rinker DC, Gerardo NM, Abbot P. Transcriptional profile and differential fitness in a specialist milkweed insect across host plants varying in toxicity. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6742-6761. [PMID: 29110382 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and herbivorous insects have been models for theories of specialization and co-evolution for over a century. Phytochemicals govern many aspects of these interactions and have fostered the evolution of adaptations by insects to tolerate or even specialize on plant defensive chemistry. While genomic approaches are providing new insights into the genes and mechanisms insect specialists employ to tolerate plant secondary metabolites, open questions remain about the evolution and conservation of insect counterdefences, how insects respond to the diversity defences mounted by their host plants, and the costs and benefits of resistance and tolerance to plant defences in natural ecological communities. Using a milkweed-specialist aphid (Aphis nerii) model, we test the effects of host plant species with increased toxicity, likely driven primarily by increased secondary metabolites, on aphid life history traits and whole-body gene expression. We show that more toxic plant species have a negative effect on aphid development and lifetime fecundity. When feeding on more toxic host plants with higher levels of secondary metabolites, aphids regulate a narrow, targeted set of genes, including those involved in canonical detoxification processes (e.g., cytochrome P450s, hydrolases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and ABC transporters). These results indicate that A. nerii marshal a variety of metabolic detoxification mechanisms to circumvent milkweed toxicity and facilitate host plant specialization, yet, despite these detoxification mechanisms, aphids experience reduced fitness when feeding on more toxic host plants. Disentangling how specialist insects respond to challenging host plants is a pivotal step in understanding the evolution of specialized diet breadths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David C Rinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nicole M Gerardo
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Abbot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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18
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AlJabr AM, Hussain A, Rizwan-Ul-Haq M, Al-Ayedh H. Toxicity of Plant Secondary Metabolites Modulating Detoxification Genes Expression for Natural Red Palm Weevil Pesticide Development. Molecules 2017; 22:E169. [PMID: 28117698 PMCID: PMC6155707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the larvicidal and growth-inhibiting activities, and underlying detoxification mechanism of red palm weevil against phenylpropanoids, an important class of plant secondary metabolites. Toxicity of α-asarone, eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, coumarin, coumarin 6, coniferyl aldehyde, diniconazole, ethyl cinnamate, and rosmarinic acid was evaluated by incorporation into the artificial diet. All of the phenylpropanoids exhibited dose- and time-dependent insecticidal activity. Among all the tested phenylpropanoids, coumarin exhibited the highest toxicity by revealing the least LD50 value (0.672 g/L). In addition, the most toxic compound (coumarin) observed in the current study, deteriorated the growth resulting tremendous reduction (78.39%) in efficacy of conversion of digested food (ECD), and (ECI) efficacy of conversion of ingested food (70.04%) of tenth-instar red palm weevil larvae. The energy-deficient red palm weevil larvae through their intrinsic abilities showed enhanced response to their digestibility resulting 27.78% increase in approximate digestibility (AD) compared to control larvae. The detoxification response of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae determined by the quantitative expression of cytochrome P450, esterases, and glutathione S-transferase revealed enhanced expression among moderately toxic and ineffective compounds. These genes especially cytochrome P450 and GST detoxify the target compounds by enhancing their solubility that leads rapid excretion and degradation resulting low toxicity towards red palm weevil larvae. On the other hand, the most toxic (coumarin) silenced the genes involved in the red palm weevil detoxification mechanism. Based on the toxicity, growth retarding, and masking detoxification activities, coumarin could be a useful future natural red palm weevil-controlling agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohammed AlJabr
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abid Hussain
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan-Ul-Haq
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan Al-Ayedh
- Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Roy A, Walker WB, Vogel H, Chattington S, Larsson MC, Anderson P, Heckel DG, Schlyter F. Diet dependent metabolic responses in three generalist insect herbivores Spodoptera spp. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 71:91-105. [PMID: 26908076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaption to dietary changes is critical in the evolution of host plant ranges in polyphagous insects. We compared three taxa of lepidopteran herbivores from the predominantly generalist genus Spodoptera showing different degrees of polyphagy: Spodoptera littoralis, with a broad host range including both mono- and dicotyledonous plants, and two Spodoptera frugiperda strains [Corn (i.e. maize) (C) and Rice (R)] adapted primarily to different grass species. When feeding on maize we show a lower performance in the broad generalist taxon compared to the grass adapted taxa. Among these taxa, the maize adapted S. frugiperda C-strain generally performed better than the R-strain on maize leaves. On artificial pinto diet, all taxa performed well. Our RNA-Seq analysis of midgut transcriptomes from 3rd instar larvae feeding on maize showed broader transcriptional readjustments in the generalist S. littoralis compared to grass adapted S. frugiperda strains. Substantial alteration in the expression levels of midgut physiological function related transcripts, such as digestive and detoxifying enzymes, transporters, immunity, and peritrophic membrane associated transcripts, existed in all taxa. We found high background expression of UDP-glucosyl transferases, which are known to neutralize maize leaf toxins, in the maize adapted S. frugiperda C-strain, contributing to its fitness on maize compared to the R-strain. Our findings provide evidence for divergent diet specific response of digestive physiology within these Spodoptera taxa. Unexpectedly, the C- and R-strains of S. frugiperda fed on the same diet showed large differences in expression patterns between these two closely related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roy
- Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - W B Walker
- Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden; Department of Neuroethology and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - H Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - S Chattington
- Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - M C Larsson
- Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - P Anderson
- Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - D G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - F Schlyter
- Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
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