1
|
Liu L, Li Y, Li JX, Xiao X, Wan TT, Li HH, Guo SB. ACE2 Expressed on Myeloid Cells Alleviates Sepsis-Induced Acute Liver Injury via the Ang-(1-7)-Mas Receptor Axis. Inflammation 2024; 47:891-908. [PMID: 38240986 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced acute liver injury (ALI) is common in intensive care units. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a vital role in hepatic fibrosis and steatosis; however, its role in sepsis-induced ALI remains unclear. This study found that hepatic ACE2 expression in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-treated mice significantly decreased 24 h after CLP. ACE2-transgenic (TG) mice exhibited a significant improvement in CLP-induced ALI, accompanied by the inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, while ACE2-knockout mice demonstrated an opposite trend. During sepsis-induced ALI, ACE2-TG could also elevate the Ang-(1-7) and Mas receptor (MasR) levels in liver tissues. Interestingly, the MasR inhibitor A779 abrogated the favorable effects of ACE2 on CLP-induced ALI. In a bone marrow transplantation experiment, the ACE2-TG transplantation group showed significantly improved inflammation and liver dysfunction, less hepatocyte apoptosis, and reduced oxidative stress after CLP compared with the wild-type transplantation group. In contrast, the ACE2-knockout group showed poor inflammatory response and liver dysfunction, significantly more hepatocyte apoptosis, and elevated oxidative stress than the wild-type transplantation group after CLP. ACE2 protects against sepsis-induced ALI by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation via the Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis. Thus, targeting ACE2 may be a promising novel strategy for preventing and treating sepsis-induced ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ya Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Shu-Bin Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, South Road of Worker's Stadium, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mehraeen E, Abbaspour F, Banach M, SeyedAlinaghi S, Zarebidoki A, Tamehri Zadeh SS. The prognostic significance of insulin resistance in COVID-19: a review. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:305-322. [PMID: 38932824 PMCID: PMC11196450 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-024-01385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Emerging publications indicate that diabetes predisposes patients with COVID-19 to more severe complications, which is partly attributed to inflammatory condition. In the current review, we reviewed recent published literature to provide evidence on the role of insulin resistance (IR) in diabetes, the association between diabetes and COVID-19 severity and mortality, the impact of COVID-19 infection on incident new-onset diabetes, mechanisms responsible for IR in COVID-19 patients, and the predictive value of different surrogates of IR in COVID-19. Method The literature search performs to find out studies that have assessed the association between IR surrogates and morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Results We showed that there is a bulk of evidence in support of the fact that diabetes is a potent risk factor for enhanced morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients with diabetes are more prone to remarkable dysglycemia compared to those without diabetes, which is associated with an unfavourable prognosis. Furthermore, SARS-COV2 can make patients predispose to IR and diabetes via activating ISR, affecting RAAS signaling pathway, provoking inflammation, and changing the expression of PPARɣ and SREBP-1. Additionally, higher IR is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients and different surrogates of IR can be utilized as a prognostic biomarker for COVID-19 patients. Conclusion Different surrogates of IR can be utilized as predictors of COVID-19 complications and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Faeze Abbaspour
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), 93338 Lodz, Poland
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Zarebidoki
- School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Tamehri Zadeh
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Parvaneh Street, Velenjak, P.O. Box 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou M, Song T, Li W, Huang M, Zheng L, Zhao M. Identification and Screening of Potential ACE2 Activating Peptides from Soybean Protein Isolate Hydrolysate against Ang II-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:11957-11969. [PMID: 37501259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a counterregulator against ACE by converting angiotensin II (Ang II) to Ang-(1-7), and its down-regulation leads to endothelial dysfunction in the vascular system. In the present study, we investigated the effects of soybean protein isolate hydrolysate (SPIH) on Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction with its underlying mechanisms via ACE2 activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We further screened potential ACE2 activating peptides by peptidomics analysis combined with bioinformatics tools. Results showed that SPIH remarkably attenuated Ang II-induced cell migration from 129 to 92%, decreased the ROS level from 2.22-fold to 1.45-fold, and increased NO concentration from 31.4 ± 0.7 to 43.7 ± 0.1 μM in HUVECs. However, these beneficial effects were reversed by ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760 to a certain extent, indicating the modulation of ACE2. Further results revealed that SPIH (1 mg/mL) significantly increased the expression and activity of ACE2 and two novel ACE2 activating peptides with different mechanisms were explored from SPIH. IVPQ and IAVPT (50 μM) enhanced ACE2 activity, and only IVPQ (50 μM) increased ACE2 protein expression in HUVECs. These findings furthered our understanding of the antihypertensive mechanism of SPIH mediating the ACE2 activation on vascular endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minzhi Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Tianyuan Song
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Mingtao Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, Henan 462300, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lekshmi VS, Asha K, Sanicas M, Asi A, Arya UM, Kumar B. PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 mediated cellular signaling and virus-host interactions: latest updates on the potential therapeutic management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1158133. [PMID: 37325475 PMCID: PMC10267462 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1158133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and re-emergence of viral diseases, which cause significant global mortality and morbidity, are the major concerns of this decade. Of these, current research is focused majorly on the etiological agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the host response and metabolic changes during viral infection may provide better therapeutic targets for the proper management of pathophysiological conditions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have achieved control over most emerging viral diseases; however, a lack of understanding of the underlying molecular events prevents us from exploring novel therapeutic targets, leaving us forced to witness re-emerging viral infections. SARS-CoV-2 infection is usually accompanied by oxidative stress, which leads to an overactive immune response, the release of inflammatory cytokines, increasing lipid production, and also alterations in the endothelial and mitochondrial functions. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway confers protection against oxidative injury by various cell survival mechanisms including Nrf2-ARE mediated antioxidant transcriptional response. SARS-CoV-2 is also reported to hijack this pathway for its survival within host and few studies have suggested the role of antioxidants in modulating the Nrf2 pathway to manage disease severity. This review highlights the interrelated pathophysiological conditions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the host survival mechanisms mediated by PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathways that can help ameliorate the severity of the disease and provide effective antiviral targets against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V S Lekshmi
- Department of Antiviral Research, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Kumari Asha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Abhila Asi
- Department of Antiviral Research, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - U M Arya
- Department of Antiviral Research, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Antiviral Research, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guimarães VHD, Marinho BM, Motta-Santos D, Mendes GDRL, Santos SHS. Nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 113:109252. [PMID: 36509338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders represent a significant global health problem and the gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating systemic homeostasis. Recent evidence shows that microbiota and its signaling pathways may affect the whole metabolism and the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), which in turn seems to modify microbiota. The present review aimed to investigate nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome components. A description of metabolic changes was obtained based on relevant scientific literature. The molecular and physiological mechanisms that impact the human microbiome were addressed, including the gut microbiota associated with obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. The RAS interaction signaling and modulation were analyzed. Strategies including the use of prebiotics, symbiotics, probiotics, and biotechnology may affect the gut microbiota and its impact on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Dantas Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Barbhara Mota Marinho
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy - EEFFTO, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Rocha Lemos Mendes
- Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hartl L, Rumpf B, Domenig O, Simbrunner B, Paternostro R, Jachs M, Poglitsch M, Marculescu R, Trauner M, Reindl-Schwaighofer R, Hecking M, Mandorfer M, Reiberger T. The systemic and hepatic alternative renin-angiotensin system is activated in liver cirrhosis, linked to endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:953. [PMID: 36653504 PMCID: PMC9849268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the systemic and hepatic renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) fingerprint in advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD). This prospective study included 13 compensated (cACLD) and 12 decompensated ACLD (dACLD) patients undergoing hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement. Plasma components (all patients) and liver-local enzymes (n = 5) of the RAS were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Patients with dACLD had significantly higher angiotensin (Ang) I, Ang II and aldosterone plasma levels. Ang 1-7, a major mediator of the alternative RAS, was almost exclusively detectable in dACLD (n = 12/13; vs. n = 1/13 in cACLD). Also, dACLD patients had higher Ang 1-5 (33.5 pmol/L versus cACLD: 6.6 pmol/L, p < 0.001) and numerically higher Ang III and Ang IV levels. Ang 1-7 correlated with HVPG (ρ = 0.655; p < 0.001), von Willebrand Factor (ρ = 0.681; p < 0.001), MELD (ρ = 0.593; p = 0.002) and interleukin-6 (ρ = 0.418; p = 0.047). Considerable activity of ACE, chymase, ACE2, and neprilysin was detectable in all liver biopsies, with highest chymase and ACE2 activity in cACLD patients. While liver-local classical and alternative RAS activity was already observed in cACLD, systemic activation of alternative RAS components occurred only in dACLD. Increased Ang 1-7 was linked to severe liver disease, portal hypertension, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hartl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Rumpf
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Benedikt Simbrunner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Lab for Portal Hypertension and Liver Fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rafael Paternostro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Jachs
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Reindl-Schwaighofer
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Hecking
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mattias Mandorfer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Christian Doppler Lab for Portal Hypertension and Liver Fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
(Pro)Renin Receptor Antagonism Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010142. [PMID: 36671527 PMCID: PMC9855393 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a spectrum of liver damage directly related to diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) has recently been demonstrated to play a role in glucose and lipid metabolism. Here, we test the hypothesis that the PRR regulates the development of diet-induced hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. C57Bl/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or normal-fat diet (NFD) with matching calories for 6 weeks. An 8-week methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet was used to induce fibrosis. Two weeks following diet treatment, mice were implanted with a subcutaneous osmotic pump delivering either the peptide PRR antagonist, PRO20, or scrambled peptide for 4 or 6 weeks. Mice fed a 6-week HFD exhibited increased liver lipid accumulation and liver triglyceride content compared with NFD-fed mice. Importantly, PRO20 treatment reduced hepatic lipid accumulation in HFD-fed mice without affecting body weight or blood glucose. Furthermore, PRR antagonism attenuated HFD-induced steatosis, particularly microvesicular steatosis. In the MCD diet model, the percentage of collagen area was reduced in PRO20-treated compared with control mice. PRO20 treatment also significantly decreased levels of liver alanine aminotransferase, an indicator of liver damage, in MCD-fed mice compared with controls. Mechanistically, we found that PRR antagonism prevented HFD-induced increases in PPARγ and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3 expression in the liver. Taken together, our findings establish the involvement of the PRR in liver triglyceride synthesis and suggest the therapeutic potential of PRR antagonism for the treatment of liver steatosis and fibrosis in NAFLD.
Collapse
|
8
|
Badr AM, Sherif IO, Mahran YF, Attia HA. Role of Renin-Angiotensin System in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver. THE RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM IN CANCER, LUNG, LIVER AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023:179-197. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-23621-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
|
9
|
Chen YY, Hong H, Lei YT, Zou J, Yang YY, He LY. ACE2 deficiency exacerbates obesity-related glomerulopathy through its role in regulating lipid metabolism. Cell Death Discov 2022; 8:401. [PMID: 36180463 PMCID: PMC9523180 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related glomerulopathy is a secondary glomerular disease and its incidence has been increased globally in parallel with the obesity epidemic. ORG emerged as a growing cause of end-stage renal disease in recent years. Unbalanced production of adipokines at the adipose tissue as well as low-grade inflammatory processes play central roles in ORG progression. ORG mouse model with ACE2-knockout was generated and kidney injury was evaluated by biochemistry and histological staining assays. Protein and mRNA expressions were quantified by ELISA, western blot or qRT-PCR methods. ACE2 deficiency aggravated ORG-related renal injuries and stimulated both lipid accumulation and inflammatory responses. Further, Nrf2 pathway was deactivated upon ACE2-knockout. By contrast, ACE2 overexpression reactivated Nrf2 pathway and ameliorated ORG symptoms by decreasing fat deposition and reducing inflammatory responses. Our data demonstrated that ACE2 exerted the beneficial effects by acting through Nrf2 signaling pathway, suggesting the protective role of ACE2 against lipid accumulation and inflammatory responses in ORG pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Yin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Hunan Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Han Hong
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Hunan Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ting Lei
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Hunan Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Hunan Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ya Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Hunan Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Li-Yu He
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nath D, Shivasekar M. Role of Cigarette Smoking on Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Its Association With Inflammation and Lipid Peroxidation. Cureus 2022; 14:e27857. [PMID: 36110446 PMCID: PMC9462588 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
11
|
Sharma N, Sircar A, Anders HJ, Gaikwad AB. Crosstalk between kidney and liver in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1024-1038. [PMID: 32223569 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1745851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver and kidney are vital organs that maintain homeostasis and injury to either of them triggers pathogenic pathways affecting the other. For example, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) promotes the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), vice versa acute kidney injury (AKI) endorses the induction and progression of liver dysfunction. Progress in clinical and basic research suggest a role of excessive fructose intake, insulin resistance, inflammatory cytokines production, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, redox imbalance, and their impact on epigenetic regulation of gene expression in this context. Recent developments in experimental and clinical research have identified several biochemical and molecular pathways for AKI-liver interaction, including altered liver enzymes profile, metabolic acidosis, oxidative stress, activation of inflammatory and regulated cell death pathways. This review focuses on the current preclinical and clinical findings on kidney-liver crosstalk in NAFLD-CKD and AKI-liver dysfunction settings and highlights potential molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anannya Sircar
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chrysin Attenuates Fructose-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver in Rats via Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects: The Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/Angiotensin (1-7)/Mas Receptor Axis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9479456. [PMID: 35720181 PMCID: PMC9200559 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9479456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, and if untreated, it may propagate into end-stage liver disease. The classical arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has a fundamental role in triggering oxidative stress and inflammation, which play potential roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. However, the nonclassical alternative axis of RAS, angiotensin- (Ang-) converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor, opposes the actions of the classical arm, mitigates the metabolic dysfunction, and improves hepatic lipid metabolism rendering it a promising protective target against NAFLD. The current study is aimed at investigating the impact of chrysin, a well-known antioxidant flavonoid, on this defensive RAS axis in NAFLD. Methods Rats were randomly distributed and treated daily for eight weeks as follows: the normal control, chrysin control (50 mg/kg, p.o), NAFLD group (received 20% fructose in drinking water), and treated groups (25 and 50 mg/kg chrysin given orally and concomitantly with fructose). Diminazene aceturate (DIZE) (15 mg/kg, s.c.) was used as a reference ACE2 activator. Key Findings. High fructose induced significant weight gain, hepatocyte degeneration with fat accumulation, and inflammatory cell infiltration (as examined by H&E staining). This was accompanied by a substantial increase in liver enzymes, glucose, circulating and hepatic triglycerides, lipid peroxides, inflammatory cytokines, and Ang II (the main component of classical RAS). At the same time, protein levels of ACE2, Ang (1-7), and Mas receptors were markedly reduced. Chrysin (25 and 50 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated these abnormalities, with a prominent effect of the dose of 50 mg/kg over DIZE and the lower dose in improving ACE2, Ang (1-7), and Mas. Significance. Chrysin is a promising efficient protective remedy against NAFLD; mechanisms include the activation of ACE2/Ang (1-7)/Mas axis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Renin–Angiotensin System in Liver Metabolism: Gender Differences and Role of Incretins. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050411. [PMID: 35629915 PMCID: PMC9143858 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The impaired hepatic lipids and carbohydrates metabolism result in various metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has been identified in the liver and it is now recognized as an important modulator of body metabolic processes. This review is intended to provide an update of the impact of the renin–angiotensin system on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, regarding gender difference and prenatal undernutrition, specifically focused on the role of the liver. The discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has renewed interest in the potential therapeutic role of RAS modulation. RAS is over activated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been shown to modulate RAS. The GLP-I analogue liraglutide antagonizes hepatocellular steatosis and exhibits liver protection. Liraglutide has a negative effect on the ACE/AngII/AT1R axis and a positive impact on the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas axis. Activation of the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas counter-regulatory axis is able to prevent liver injuries. Angiotensin(1-7) and ACE2 shows more favorable effects on lipid homeostasis in males but there is a need to do more investigation in female models. Prenatal undernutrition exerts long-term effects in the liver of offspring and is associated with a number of metabolic and endocrine alterations. These findings provide a novel therapeutic regimen to prevent and treat many chronic diseases by accelerating the effect of the ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas axis and inhibiting the ACE/AngII/AT1R axis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Z, Peng M, Chen P, Liu C, Hu A, Zhang Y, Peng J, Liu J, Li Y, Li W, Zhu W, Guan D, Zhang Y, Chen H, Li J, Fan D, Huang K, Lin F, Zhang Z, Guo Z, Luo H, He X, Zhu Y, Li L, Huang B, Cai W, Gu L, Lu Y, Deng K, Yan L, Chen S. Imatinib and methazolamide ameliorate COVID-19-induced metabolic complications via elevating ACE2 enzymatic activity and inhibiting viral entry. Cell Metab 2022; 34:424-440.e7. [PMID: 35150639 PMCID: PMC8832557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a systemic disease that may cause severe metabolic complications in multiple tissues including liver, kidney, and cardiovascular system. However, the underlying mechanisms and optimal treatment remain elusive. Our study shows that impairment of ACE2 pathway is a key factor linking virus infection to its secondary metabolic sequelae. By using structure-based high-throughput virtual screening and connectivity map database, followed with experimental validations, we identify imatinib, methazolamide, and harpagoside as direct enzymatic activators of ACE2. Imatinib and methazolamide remarkably improve metabolic perturbations in vivo in an ACE2-dependent manner under the insulin-resistant state and SARS-CoV-2-infected state. Moreover, viral entry is directly inhibited by these three compounds due to allosteric inhibition of ACE2 binding to spike protein on SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, our study shows that enzymatic activation of ACE2 via imatinib, methazolamide, or harpagoside may be a conceptually new strategy to treat metabolic sequelae of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilun Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Meixiu Peng
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Pin Chen
- National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chenshu Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Ao Hu
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jiangyun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Yihui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Wenxue Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China
| | - Dongxian Guan
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Hongyin Chen
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Jiuzhou Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Dongxiao Fan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Kan Huang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Fen Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Zefeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Zeling Guo
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Hengli Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xi He
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Linghua Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Bingding Huang
- College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118, China
| | - Weikang Cai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Lei Gu
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research and Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Yutong Lu
- National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cao X, Shi T, Zhang C, Jin W, Song L, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yang F, Rotimi CN, Xu A, Yang J. ACE2 pathway regulates thermogenesis and energy metabolism. eLife 2022; 11:72266. [PMID: 35014608 PMCID: PMC8776250 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of key regulators of energy homeostasis holds important therapeutic promise for metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes. ACE2 cleaves angiotensin II (Ang II) to generate Ang-(1-7) which acts mainly through the Mas1 receptor. Here, we identify ACE2 pathway as a critical regulator in the maintenance of thermogenesis and energy expenditure. We found that ACE2 is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and that cold stimulation increases ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) levels in BAT and serum. Ace2 knockout mice (Ace2-/y) and Mas1 knockout mice (Mas1-/-) displayed impaired thermogenesis. Mice transplanted with brown adipose tissue from Mas1-/- display metabolic abnormalities consistent with those seen in the Ace2 and Mas1 knockout mice. In contrast, impaired thermogenesis of Leprdb/db obese diabetic mice and high-fat diet-induced obese mice were ameliorated by overexpression of Ace2 or continuous infusion of Ang-(1-7). Activation of ACE2 pathway was associated with improvement of metabolic parameters, including blood glucose, lipids, and energy expenditure in multiple animal models. Consistently, ACE2 pathway remarkably enhanced the browning of white adipose tissue. Mechanistically, we showed that ACE2 pathway activated Akt/FoxO1 and PKA pathway, leading to induction of UCP1 and activation of mitochondrial function. Our data propose that adaptive thermogenesis requires regulation of ACE2 pathway and highlight novel potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cao
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Shi
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanhai Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Meical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lini Song
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyuan Yang
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jinkui Yang
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vargas Vargas RA, Varela Millán JM, Fajardo Bonilla E. Renin-angiotensin system: Basic and clinical aspects-A general perspective. ENDOCRINOLOGIA, DIABETES Y NUTRICION 2022; 69:52-62. [PMID: 35232560 PMCID: PMC8882059 DOI: 10.1016/j.endien.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the most complex hormonal regulatory systems, involving several organs that interact to regulate multiple body functions. The study of this system initially focused on investigating its role in the regulation of both cardiovascular function and related pathologies. From this approach, pharmacological strategies were developed for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, new findings in recent decades have suggested that the RAS is much more complex and comprises two subsystems, the classic RAS and an alternative RAS, with antagonistic effects that are usually in equilibrium. The classic system is involved in pathologies where inflammatory, hypertrophic and fibrotic phenomena are common and is related to the development of chronic diseases that affect various body systems. This understanding has been reinforced by the evidence that local renin–angiotensin systems exist in many tissue types and by the role of the RAS in the spread and severity of COVID-19 infection, where it was discovered that viral entry into cells of the respiratory system is accomplished through binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, which is present in the alveolar epithelium and is overexpressed in patients with chronic cardiometabolic diseases. In this narrative review, preclinical and clinical aspects of the RAS are presented and topics for future research are discussed some aspects are raised that should be clarified in the future and that call for further investigation of this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Antonio Vargas Vargas
- Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Facultad de medicina, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad Santo Tomás, Maestría en actividad física para la salud, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Jesús María Varela Millán
- Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Facultad de medicina, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad Santo Tomás, Maestría en actividad física para la salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vargas Vargas RA, Varela Millán JM, Fajardo Bonilla E. Renin-angiotensin system: Basic and clinical aspects-A general perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 69:52-62. [PMID: 34723133 PMCID: PMC8547789 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the most complex hormonal regulatory systems, involving several organs that interact to regulate multiple body functions. The study of this system initially focused on investigating its role in the regulation of both cardiovascular function and related pathologies. From this approach, pharmacological strategies were developed for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, new findings in recent decades have suggested that the RAS is much more complex and comprises two subsystems, the classic RAS and an alternative RAS, with antagonistic effects that are usually in equilibrium. The classic system is involved in pathologies where inflammatory, hypertrophic and fibrotic phenomena are common and is related to the development of chronic diseases that affect various body systems. This understanding has been reinforced by the evidence that local renin–angiotensin systems exist in many tissue types and by the role of the RAS in the spread and severity of COVID-19 infection, where it was discovered that viral entry into cells of the respiratory system is accomplished through binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, which is present in the alveolar epithelium and is overexpressed in patients with chronic cardiometabolic diseases. In this narrative review, preclinical and clinical aspects of the RAS are presented and topics for future research are discussed some aspects are raised that should be clarified in the future and that call for further investigation of this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Antonio Vargas Vargas
- Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Facultad de medicina, Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad Santo Tomás, Maestría en actividad física para la salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jesús María Varela Millán
- Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Facultad de medicina, Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad Santo Tomás, Maestría en actividad física para la salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sabri S, Bourron O, Phan F, Nguyen LS. Interactions between diabetes and COVID-19: A narrative review. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1674-1692. [PMID: 34754370 PMCID: PMC8554367 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i10.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, whether due to pancreatic beta cells insufficiency or peripheral resistance to insulin, has been suggested as a risk factor of developing severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Indeed, diabetes has been associated with a higher risk of infections and higher risk of developing severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related pneumonia. Diabetic patients often present associated comorbidities such as obesity, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, and complications of diabetes, including chronic kidney disease, vasculopathy and relative immune dysfunction, all of which make them more susceptible to infectious complications. Moreover, they often present low-grade inflammation with increased circulating interleukin levels, endothelial susceptibility to inflammation and dysfunction, and finally, hyperglycemia, which increases this risk. Additionally, corticosteroids, which count among the few medications which showed benefit on survival and mechanical ventilation requirement in COVID-19 pneumonia in large randomized controlled trials, are associated to new onsets of diabetes, and metabolic disorders in patients with previous history of diabetes. Finally, SARS-CoV-2 via the alternate effects of the renin-angiotensin system, mediated by the angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2, was also associated with insulin resistance in key tissues involved in glucose homeostasis, such as liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue; and also, with impaired insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells. In this work, we reviewed all elements which may help understand how diabetes affects patients with COVID-19, how treatments affect outcomes in patients with COVID-19, how they may cause new onsets of diabetes, and finally review how SARS-CoV-2 may inherently be a risk factor of developing diabetes, through immune-mediated diabetogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Sabri
- Intensive Care Medicine, CMC Ambroise Paré, Neuilly-Sur-Seine 92200, France
| | - Olivier Bourron
- Sorbonne Université Médecine; Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Service de Diabétologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; INSERM UMRS_1138, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers; Institute of CArdiometabolisme and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris 75013, France
| | - Franck Phan
- Sorbonne Université Médecine; Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Service de Diabétologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; INSERM UMRS_1138, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers; Institute of CArdiometabolisme and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris 75013, France
| | - Lee S Nguyen
- Research and Innovation, RICAP, CMC Ambroise Paré, Neuilly-Sur-Seine 92200, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Keskus AG, Tombaz M, Arici BI, Dincaslan FB, Nabi A, Shehwana H, Konu O. Functional analysis of co-expression networks of zebrafish ace2 reveals enrichment of pathways associated with development and disease. Genome 2021; 65:57-74. [PMID: 34606733 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2021-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays an essential role in blood pressure regulation and SARS-CoV-2 entry. ACE2 has a highly conserved, one-to-one ortholog (ace2) in zebrafish, which is an important model for human diseases. However, the zebrafish ace2 expression profile has not yet been studied during early development, between genders, across different genotypes, or in disease. Moreover, a network-based meta-analysis for the extraction of functionally enriched pathways associated with differential ace2 expression is lacking in the literature. Herein, we first identified significant development-, tissue-, genotype-, and gender-specific modulations in ace2 expression via meta-analysis of zebrafish Affymetrix transcriptomics datasets (ndatasets = 107); and the correlation analysis of ace2 meta-differential expression profile revealed distinct positively and negatively correlated local functionally enriched gene networks. Moreover, we demonstrated that ace2 expression was significantly modulated under different physiological and pathological conditions related to development, tissue, gender, diet, infection, and inflammation using additional RNA-seq datasets. Our findings implicate a novel translational role for zebrafish ace2 in organ differentiation and pathologies observed in the intestines and liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Gokce Keskus
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melike Tombaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcin Irem Arici
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Afshan Nabi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huma Shehwana
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ozlen Konu
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.,UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Laghlam D, Jozwiak M, Nguyen LS. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Immunomodulation: A State-of-the-Art Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071767. [PMID: 34359936 PMCID: PMC8303450 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has long been described in the field of cardiovascular physiology as the main player in blood pressure homeostasis. However, other effects have since been described, and include proliferation, fibrosis, and inflammation. To illustrate the immunomodulatory properties of the RAS, we chose three distinct fields in which RAS may play a critical role and be the subject of specific treatments. In oncology, RAS hyperactivation has been associated with tumor migration, survival, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis; preliminary data showed promise of the benefit of RAS blockers in patients treated for certain types of cancer. In intensive care medicine, vasoplegic shock has been associated with severe macro- and microcirculatory imbalance. A relative insufficiency in angiotensin II (AngII) was associated to lethal outcomes and synthetic AngII has been suggested as a specific treatment in these cases. Finally, in solid organ transplantation, both AngI and AngII have been associated with increased rejection events, with a regional specificity in the RAS activity. These elements emphasize the complexity of the direct and indirect interactions of RAS with immunomodulatory pathways and warrant further research in the field.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang C, Ren L, Chen S, Zheng H, Yang Y, Gu T, Li Y, Wang C. Longdan Xiegan Tang attenuates liver injury and hepatic insulin resistance by regulating the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/Ang (1-7)/Mas axis-mediated anti-inflammatory pathway in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 274:114072. [PMID: 33781876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The ancient Chinese herbal formula Longdan Xiegan Tang (LXT, also called Gentiana Longdancao Decoction to Drain the Liver) treats insulin resistance- and inflammation-associated liver injuries in clinical practice. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying LXT-elicited improvement of the liver injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats were co-treated with olanzapine (5 mg/kg) and LXT extract (50 and 500 mg/kg) for eight weeks. Blood parameters were determined enzymatically or by ELISA. Gene/protein expression was analyzed by Real-Time PCR, Western blot and/or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS LXT attenuated olanzapine-induced liver injury manifested by hyperactivities of plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminostransferase, hyperbilirubinemia and hypoalbuminemia. Furthermore, LXT improved hepatic insulin resistance that was indicated by hyperinsulinemia, the increased HOMA-IR index, and hepatic over-phosphorylation of Ser307 in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)1, Ser731 in IRS2, Tyr607 in phosphoinositide 3-kinase p85α and Ser473 in AKT at baseline. Mechanistically, LXT inhibited olanzapine-triggered hepatic over-phosphorylation of both IκB kinase (IKK)α/β and nuclear factor (NF)κB p65 proteins, and mRNA overexpression of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, interleukin 1β and CD68. More importantly, LXT restored the decreases in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein level, and its downstream targets Ang (1-7) content and Mas receptor expression. CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrate that LXT attenuates liver injury and hepatic insulin resistance by regulating the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/Mas axis-mediated anti-inflammatory pathway in rats. Our findings provide a better understanding of LXT for treatment of insulin resistance- and inflammation-associated liver injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Liying Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Shankang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Huihui Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yifan Yang
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Tieguang Gu
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stachowicz A, Wiśniewska A, Kuś K, Białas M, Łomnicka M, Totoń-Żurańska J, Kiepura A, Stachyra K, Suski M, Bujak-Giżycka B, Jawień J, Olszanecki R. Diminazene Aceturate Stabilizes Atherosclerotic Plaque and Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis in apoE-Knockout Mice by Influencing Macrophages Polarization and Taurine Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5861. [PMID: 34070749 PMCID: PMC8199145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Western countries. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with its two main opposing effectors, i.e., angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1-7), is widely recognized as a major regulator of cardiovascular function and body metabolic processes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) by breaking-down Ang II forms Ang-(1-7) and thus favors Ang-(1-7) actions. Therefore, the aim of our study was to comprehensively evaluate the influence of prolonged treatment with ACE2 activator, diminazene aceturate (DIZE) on the development of atherosclerotic lesions and hepatic steatosis in apoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). We have shown that DIZE stabilized atherosclerotic lesions and attenuated hepatic steatosis in apoE-/- mice fed an HFD. Such effects were associated with decreased total macrophages content and increased α-smooth muscle actin levels in atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, DIZE changed polarization of macrophages towards increased amount of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in the atherosclerotic lesions. Interestingly, the anti-steatotic action of DIZE in the liver was related to the elevated levels of HDL in the plasma, decreased levels of triglycerides, and increased biosynthesis and concentration of taurine in the liver of apoE-/- mice. However, exact molecular mechanisms of both anti-atherosclerotic and anti-steatotic actions of DIZE require further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Stachowicz
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.Ł.); (J.T.-Ż.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (B.B.-G.); (J.J.); (R.O.)
| | - Anna Wiśniewska
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.Ł.); (J.T.-Ż.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (B.B.-G.); (J.J.); (R.O.)
| | - Katarzyna Kuś
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.Ł.); (J.T.-Ż.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (B.B.-G.); (J.J.); (R.O.)
| | - Magdalena Białas
- Chair of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Łomnicka
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.Ł.); (J.T.-Ż.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (B.B.-G.); (J.J.); (R.O.)
| | - Justyna Totoń-Żurańska
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.Ł.); (J.T.-Ż.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (B.B.-G.); (J.J.); (R.O.)
| | - Anna Kiepura
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.Ł.); (J.T.-Ż.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (B.B.-G.); (J.J.); (R.O.)
| | - Kamila Stachyra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.Ł.); (J.T.-Ż.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (B.B.-G.); (J.J.); (R.O.)
| | - Maciej Suski
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.Ł.); (J.T.-Ż.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (B.B.-G.); (J.J.); (R.O.)
| | - Beata Bujak-Giżycka
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.Ł.); (J.T.-Ż.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (B.B.-G.); (J.J.); (R.O.)
| | - Jacek Jawień
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.Ł.); (J.T.-Ż.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (B.B.-G.); (J.J.); (R.O.)
| | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.Ł.); (J.T.-Ż.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (B.B.-G.); (J.J.); (R.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tang Q, Wang Y, Ou L, Li J, Zheng K, Zhan H, Gu J, Zhou G, Xie S, Zhang J, Huang W, Wang S, Wang X. Downregulation of ACE2 expression by SARS-CoV-2 worsens the prognosis of KIRC and KIRP patients via metabolism and immunoregulation. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1925-1939. [PMID: 34131396 PMCID: PMC8193256 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) allow entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into host cells and play essential roles in cancer therapy. However, the functions of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in kidney cancer remain unclear, especially as kidneys are targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: UCSC Xena project, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases (GSE30589 and GSE59185) were searched for gene expression in human tissues, gene expression data, and clinical information. Several bioinformatics methods were utilized to analyze the correlation between ACE2 and TMPRSS2 with respect to the prognosis of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) and kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP). Results: ACE2 expression was significantly upregulated in tumor tissue, while its downregulation was associated with low survival in KIRC and KIRP patients. TMPRSS2 was downregulated in KIRC and KIRP, and its expression was not correlated with patient survival. According to clinical risk factor-based prediction models, ACE2 exhibits predictive accuracy for kidney cancer prognosis and is correlated with metabolism and immune infiltration. In an animal model, ACE2 expression was remarkably downregulated in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells compared to in the control. Conclusion: ACE2 expression is highly correlated with various metabolic pathways and is involved in immune infiltration.it plays a crucial role than TMPRSS2 in diagnosing and prognosis of kidney cancer patients. The overlap in ACE2 expression between kidney cancer and SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests that patients with KIRC or KIRP are at high risk of developing serious symptoms.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/biosynthesis
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/physiology
- Animals
- COVID-19/complications
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/complications
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/mortality
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Down-Regulation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Kidney Neoplasms/complications
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/mortality
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Animal
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Organ Specificity
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Receptors, Virus/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Serine Endopeptidases/biosynthesis
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases/physiology
- Tissue Array Analysis
- Vero Cells
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ling Ou
- Bacteriology & Antibacterial Resistance Surveillance Laboratory, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jieling Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hui Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jiayu Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Guibao Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Shouxia Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Bacteriology & Antibacterial Resistance Surveillance Laboratory, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Shaoxiang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao MM, Yang WL, Yang FY, Zhang L, Huang WJ, Hou W, Fan CF, Jin RH, Feng YM, Wang YC, Yang JK. Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:134. [PMID: 33774649 PMCID: PMC7997800 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To discover new drugs to combat COVID-19, an understanding of the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is urgently needed. Here, for the first time, we report the crucial role of cathepsin L (CTSL) in patients with COVID-19. The circulating level of CTSL was elevated after SARS-CoV-2 infection and was positively correlated with disease course and severity. Correspondingly, SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection increased CTSL expression in human cells in vitro and human ACE2 transgenic mice in vivo, while CTSL overexpression, in turn, enhanced pseudovirus infection in human cells. CTSL functionally cleaved the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and enhanced virus entry, as evidenced by CTSL overexpression and knockdown in vitro and application of CTSL inhibitor drugs in vivo. Furthermore, amantadine, a licensed anti-influenza drug, significantly inhibited CTSL activity after SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection and prevented infection both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, CTSL is a promising target for new anti-COVID-19 drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Li Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Jin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Science and Technology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Fa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Hua Jin
- Department of Science and Technology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Mei Feng
- Department of Science and Technology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - You-Chun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China.
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
ACE2 and energy metabolism: the connection between COVID-19 and chronic metabolic disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:535-554. [PMID: 33533405 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has currently attracted increasing attention due to its potential function in regulating energy homeostasis, other than the actions on cellular growth, blood pressure, fluid, and electrolyte balance. The existence of RAS is well established in metabolic organs, including pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, where activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) - angiotensin II pathway contributes to the impairment of insulin secretion, glucose transport, fat distribution, and adipokines production. However, the activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - angiotensin (1-7) pathway, a novel branch of the RAS, plays an opposite role in the ACE pathway, which could reverse these consequences by improving local microcirculation, inflammation, stress state, structure remolding, and insulin signaling pathway. In addition, new studies indicate the protective RAS arm possesses extraordinary ability to enhance brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and induces browning of white adipose tissue, and consequently, it leads to increased energy expenditure in the form of heat instead of ATP synthesis. Interestingly, ACE2 is the receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is threating public health worldwide. The main complications of SARS-CoV-2 infected death patients include many energy metabolism-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes. The specific mechanism leading to this phenomenon is largely unknown. Here, we summarize the latest pharmacological and genetic tools on regulating ACE/ACE2 balance and highlight the beneficial effects of the ACE2 pathway axis hyperactivity on glycolipid metabolism, as well as the thermogenic modulation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu H, He B, Hu W, Liu K, Dai Y, Zhang D, Wang H. Prenatal dexamethasone exposure induces nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in male rat offspring via the miR-122/YY1/ACE2-MAS1 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114420. [PMID: 33460628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has an intrauterine developmental origin. We aimed to demonstrate that NAFLD is caused by prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) in adult male rat offspring and to investigate the intrauterine programming mechanism. Liver samples were obtained on gestational day (GD) 21 and postnatal week (PW) 28. The effects and epigenetic mechanism of dexamethasone were studied with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) hepatoid differentiated cells and other cell models. In the PDE group, lipid accumulation increased, triglyceride synthesis-related gene expression increased, and oxidation-related gene expression decreased in livers of adult male rat offspring. In utero, hepatic triglyceride synthesis increased and oxidative function decreased in PDE fetal male rats. Moreover, low hepatic miR-122 expression, high Yin Yang-1 (YY1) expression and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-Mas receptor (MAS1) signaling pathway inhibition were observed before and after birth. At the cellular level, dexamethasone (100-2500 nM) elevated the intracellular triglyceride content, increased triglyceride synthesis-related gene expression and decreased oxidation-related gene expression. Dexamethasone treatment also decreased miR-122 expression, increased YY1 expression and inhibited the ACE2-MAS1 signaling pathway. Interference or overexpression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), miR-122, YY1 and ACE2 could reverse the changes in downstream gene expression. In summary, PDE could induce NAFLD in adult male rat offspring. The programming mechanism included inhibition of miR-122 expression after GR activation, and dexamethasone increased hepatocyte YY1 expression; these effects resulted in ACE2-MAS1 signaling pathway inhibition, which led to increased hepatic triglyceride synthesis and decreased oxidative function. The increased triglyceride synthesis and decreased oxidative function of hepatocytes caused by low miR-122 expression due to dexamethasone could continue postnatally, eventually leading to NAFLD in adult rat offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heze Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bo He
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yongguo Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pola A, Murthy KS, Santhekadur PK. COVID-19 and gastrointestinal system: A brief review. Biomed J 2021; 44:245-251. [PMID: 34130944 PMCID: PMC7832457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a recent pandemic that is still a major health problem of modern times and already more than 17.5 lakhs people succumbed to this deadly disease. This disease is caused by novel coronavirus which is named SARS-COV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. This virus originated from Wuhan city in Hubei province of China in December 2019 and within a short period spread across the many countries in the globe. There are a lot of basic as well as clinical research is going on to study the mode of transmission and the mechanism of action of SARS-COV-2 infection and its therapeutics. SARS-COV-2 is not only known to infect lungs, but it also infects other organs in the human body including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the liver, and the pancreas via the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, an important component of the renin-angiotensin system. In this short review, we are mainly discussing the mode of SARS-COV-2 transmission, physiological counterbalancing roles of ACE2 and ACE and the tissue patterns of ACE2 expression, and the overall effect of COVID19 on human gastrointestinal System. Therefore, this review sheds light on the possible mechanism of SARS-COV-2 infection in the GI system and its pathological symptoms raising a potential possibility of GI tract acting as a secondary site for SARS-CoV-2 tropism and infection. Finally, future studies to understand the fecal-oral transmission of the virus and the correlation of viral load and severity of GI symptoms are proposed to gain knowledge of the GI symptoms in COVID-19 to aid in early diagnosis and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Pola
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Karnam S Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Matsuda S, Ikeda Y, Tsuji A, Murakami M. COVID-19 cellular pathogenesis in brief. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 26:129. [PMID: 35126592 PMCID: PMC8772513 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_471_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
29
|
Song L, Liu J, Shi T, Zhang Y, Xin Z, Cao X, Yang J. Angiotensin‐(1‐7), the product of ACE2 ameliorates NAFLD by acting through its receptor Mas to regulate hepatic mitochondrial function and glycolipid metabolism. FASEB J 2020; 34:16291-16306. [PMID: 33078906 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001639r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Ni Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care Department of Endocrinology Beijing Diabetes Institute Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Jing‐Yi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care Department of Endocrinology Beijing Diabetes Institute Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Ting‐Ting Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care Department of Endocrinology Beijing Diabetes Institute Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Yi‐Chen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care Department of Endocrinology Beijing Diabetes Institute Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care Department of Endocrinology Beijing Diabetes Institute Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xi Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care Department of Endocrinology Beijing Diabetes Institute Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Jin‐Kui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care Department of Endocrinology Beijing Diabetes Institute Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Al Heialy S, Hachim MY, Senok A, Gaudet M, Abou Tayoun A, Hamoudi R, Alsheikh-Ali A, Hamid Q. Regulation of Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme 2 in Obesity: Implications for COVID-19. Front Physiol 2020; 11:555039. [PMID: 33071815 PMCID: PMC7531362 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.555039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Age, smoking, obesity, and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes have been described as risk factors for severe complications and mortality in COVID-19. Obesity and diabetes are usually associated with dysregulated lipid synthesis and clearance, which can initiate or aggravate pulmonary inflammation and injury. It has been shown that for viral entry into the host cell, SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors present on the cells. We aimed to characterize how SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates lipid metabolism pathways in the host and the effect of dysregulated lipogenesis on the regulation of ACE2, specifically in obesity. In our study, through the re-analysis of publicly available transcriptomic data, we first found that lung epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed upregulation of genes associated with lipid metabolism, including the SOC3 gene, which is involved in the regulation of inflammation and inhibition of leptin signaling. This is of interest as viruses may hijack host lipid metabolism to allow the completion of their viral replication cycles. Furthermore, a dataset using a mouse model of diet-induced obesity showed a significant increase in Ace2 expression in the lungs, which negatively correlated with the expression of genes that code for sterol response element-binding proteins 1 and 2 (SREBP). Suppression of Srebp1 showed a significant increase in Ace2 expression in the lung. Moreover, ACE2 expression in human subcutaneous adipose tissue can be regulated through changes in diet. Validation of the in silico data revealed a higher expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and SREBP1 in vitro in lung epithelial cells from obese subjects compared to non-obese subjects. To our knowledge this is the first study to show upregulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in obesity. In silico and in vitro results suggest that the dysregulated lipogenesis and the subsequently high ACE2 expression in obese patients might be the mechanism underlying the increased risk for severe complications in those patients when infected by SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Al Heialy
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mahmood Yaseen Hachim
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abiola Senok
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mellissa Gaudet
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ahmad Abou Tayoun
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Al Jalila Children's Specialty Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alawi Alsheikh-Ali
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ibrahim H, Perl A, Smith D, Lewis T, Kon Z, Goldenberg R, Yarta K, Staniloae C, Williams M. Therapeutic blockade of inflammation in severe COVID-19 infection with intravenous N-acetylcysteine. Clin Immunol 2020; 219:108544. [PMID: 32707089 PMCID: PMC7374140 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency facilitates human coronavirus infection due to glutathione depletion. G6PD deficiency may especially predispose to hemolysis upon coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection when employing pro-oxidant therapy. However, glutathione depletion is reversible by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administration. We describe a severe case of COVID-19 infection in a G6PD-deficient patient treated with hydroxychloroquine who benefited from intravenous (IV) NAC beyond reversal of hemolysis. NAC blocked hemolysis and elevation of liver enzymes, C-reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin and allowed removal from respirator and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenator and full recovery of the G6PD-deficient patient. NAC was also administered to 9 additional respirator-dependent COVID-19-infected patients without G6PD deficiency. NAC elicited clinical improvement and markedly reduced CRP in all patients and ferritin in 9/10 patients. NAC mechanism of action may involve the blockade of viral infection and the ensuing cytokine storm that warrant follow-up confirmatory studies in the setting of controlled clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Homam Ibrahim
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America.
| | - Andras Perl
- Upstate Medical University Hospital, Syracuse, New York, United States of America.
| | - Deane Smith
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Tyler Lewis
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Zachary Kon
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Ronald Goldenberg
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Kinan Yarta
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Cezar Staniloae
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Mathew Williams
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Somanath PR. Is targeting Akt a viable option to treat advanced-stage COVID-19 patients? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L45-L47. [PMID: 32519895 PMCID: PMC7324934 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00124.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia.,Georgia Cancer Center, Vascular Biology Center and Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Banu N, Panikar SS, Leal LR, Leal AR. Protective role of ACE2 and its downregulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to Macrophage Activation Syndrome: Therapeutic implications. Life Sci 2020; 256:117905. [PMID: 32504757 PMCID: PMC7832382 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In light of the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the international scientific community has joined forces to develop effective treatment strategies. The Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) 2, is an essential receptor for cell fusion and engulfs the SARS coronavirus infections. ACE2 plays an important physiological role, practically in all the organs and systems. Also, ACE2 exerts protective functions in various models of pathologies with acute and chronic inflammation. While ACE2 downregulation by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein leads to an overactivation of Angiotensin (Ang) II/AT1R axis and the deleterious effects of Ang II may explain the multiorgan dysfunction seen in patients. Specifically, the role of Ang II leading to the appearance of Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS) and the cytokine storm in COVID-19 is discussed below. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress in the strategies of treatments that mainly focus on reducing the Ang II-induced deleterious effects rather than attenuating the virus replication. Protective role of ACE2 in the organs and system Downregulation of ACE2 expression by SARS-CoV-2 leads to Ang II-induced organ damage. The appearance of MAS in COVID-19 patient Suggested treatment to diminish the deleterious effect of Ang II or appearance of MAS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nehla Banu
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sandeep Surendra Panikar
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 1-1010, Queretaro, Queretaro 76000, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Riera Leal
- Hospital General Regional número 45, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Annie Riera Leal
- UC DAVIS Institute for Regenerative Cure, Department of Dermatology, University of California, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Rm 1630, 95817 Sacramento, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang M, Ma X, Xuan X, Deng H, Chen Q, Yuan L. Liraglutide Attenuates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice by Regulating the Local Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:432. [PMID: 32322207 PMCID: PMC7156971 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and represents a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) signaling has been shown to regulate the RAS within various local tissues. In this study, we aimed to investigate the functional relationship between GLP-1 and the local RAS in the liver during NAFLD. Wild-type and ACE2 knockout mice were used to establish a high-fat-induced NAFLD model. After the mice were treated with liraglutide (a GLP-1 analogue) for 4 weeks, the key RAS component genes were up-regulated in the liver of NAFLD mice. Liraglutide treatment regulated the RAS balance, preventing a reduction in fatty acid oxidation gene expression and increasing gluconeogenesis and the expression of inflammation-related genes caused by NAFLD, which were impaired in ACE2 knockout mice. Liraglutide-treated HepG2 cells exhibited activation of the ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas axis, increased fatty acid oxidation gene expression, and decreased inflammation, which could be reversed by A779 and AngII. These results indicate that the local RAS in the liver becomes overactivated in response to NAFLD. Moreover, ACE2 knockout increases the severity of liver steatosis. Liraglutide has a negative and antagonistic effect on the ACE/AngII/AT1R axis, a positive impact on the ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas axis, and is mediated through the PI3K/AKT pathway. This may represent a potential new mechanism by which liraglutide improves NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuping Xuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjun Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cao X, Song LN, Zhang YC, Li Q, Shi TT, Yang FY, Yuan MX, Xin Z, Yang JK. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated pathway to preserve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3123. [PMID: 30604460 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous works indicated that the stress on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) affected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, there is no clear evident on the effect of the regulation of ER stress by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the prevention of NAFLD. METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with thapsigargin (Tg) or palmitic acid (PA). We analysed ACE2 expression using Western-blotting analyses. ER stress-related proteins were detected in ACE2 knockout mice and Ad-ACE2-treated db/db mice by immunofluorescence or Western-blotting analyses. In ACE2-overexpression HepG2 cells, the triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and glycogen content were detected by assay kits. Meanwhile, the expression of hepatic lipogenic proteins (ACCα, SREBP-1c, FAS, and LXRα), enzymes for gluconeogenesis (PEPCK, G6Pase, and IRS2), and IKKβ/NFκB/IRS1/Akt pathway were analysed by Western-blotting analyses. RESULTS ACE2 was significantly increased in Tg/PA-induced cultured hepatocytes. Additionally, ACE2 knockout mice displayed elevated levels of ER stress, while Ad-ACE2-treated db/db mice showed reduced ER stress in liver. Furthermore, activation of ACE2 can ameliorate ER stress, accompanied by decreased TG content, increased intracellular glycogen, and downregulated expression of hepatic lipogenic proteins and enzymes for gluconeogenesis in Tg/PA-induced hepatocytes. As a consequence of anti-ER stress, the activation of ACE2 led to improved glucose and lipid metabolism through the IKKβ/NFκB/IRS1/Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time documented that ACE2 had a notable alleviating role in ER stress-induced hepatic steatosis and glucose metabolism via the IKKβ/NFκB/IRS1/Akt-mediated pathway. This study may further provide insight into a novel underlying mechanism and a strategy for treating NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Li-Ni Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Chen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Xia Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ju J, Zheng Z, Xu YJ, Cao P, Li J, Li Q, Liu Y. Influence of total polar compounds on lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:37. [PMID: 30709407 PMCID: PMC6359786 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the harmful effects of frying oil on health have been gradually realized. However, as main components of frying oils, biochemical effects of total polar compounds (TPC) on a cellular level were underestimated. METHODS The effects of total polar compounds (TPC) in the frying oil on the lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and cytotoxicity of HepG2 cells were investigated through a series of biochemical methods, such as oil red staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cell apoptosis and cell arrest. RESULTS Herein, we found that the survival rate of HepG2 cells treated with TPC decreased in a time and dose dependent manner, and thereby presented significant lipid deposition over the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. TPC were also found to suppress the expression levels of PPARα, CPT1 and ACOX, elevate the expression level of MTP and cause the disorder of lipid metabolism. TPC ranged from 0 to 2 mg/mL could significantly elevate the amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HepG2 cells, and simultaneously increase the malondialdehyde (MDA) content from 21.21 ± 2.62 to 65.71 ± 4.20 μmol/mg of protein (p < 0.05) at 24 h. On the contrary, antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) respectively decreased by 0.52-, 0.56- and 0.28-fold, when HepG2 cells were exposed to 2 mg/mL TPC for 24 h. In addition, TPC could at least partially induce the apoptosis of HepG2 cells, and the transition from G0/G1 to G2 phase in HepG2 cells was impeded. CONCLUSIONS TPC could progressively cause lipid deposition, oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, providing the theoretical support for the detrimental health effects of TPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Ju
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peirang Cao
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu Li
- Shandong LuHua group co., LTD, Laiyang, 265200, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kuipers A, Moll GN, Wagner E, Franklin R. Efficacy of lanthionine-stabilized angiotensin-(1-7) in type I and type II diabetes mouse models. Peptides 2019; 112:78-84. [PMID: 30529303 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Native angiotensin-(1-7) exerts many therapeutic effects. However, it is rapidly degraded by ACE and other peptidases. This drawback is largely eliminated for lanthionine-stabilized angiotensin-(1-7), termed cAng-(1-7), which is fully resistant to ACE and has strongly increased resistance to other peptidases. Goal of the present study was to test whether cAng-(1-7) has therapeutic activity in diabetes mouse models: in a multiple low dose streptozotocin-induced model of type I diabetes and / or in a db/db model of type II diabetes. In the type I diabetes model cAng-(1-7) caused in an increase in the insulin level of 133% in week 4 (p < 0.001) compared to vehicle, and in the type II diabetes model an increase of 55% of the insulin level in week 8 (p < 0.05) compared to vehicle. cAng-(1-7) reduced blood glucose levels in the type I model by 37% at day 22 (p < 0.001) and in the type II diabetes model by 17% at day 63 of treatment (p < 0.001) and in an oral glucose tolerance test in a type II diabetes model, by 17% at week 4 (p < 0.01). cAng-(1-7) also caused a reduction of glycated hemoglobin levels in the type II diabetes model of 21% in week 6 (p < 0,001). These data are consistent with therapeutic potential of cAng-(1-7) in type I and II diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Kuipers
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gert N Moll
- Lanthio Pharma, a MorphoSys AG company, 9727 DL, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Elizabeth Wagner
- Constant Pharmaceuticals LLC, 398 Columbus Ave, PMB 507, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Rick Franklin
- Constant Pharmaceuticals LLC, 398 Columbus Ave, PMB 507, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gonçalves LR, de Oliveira da Silva B, Scarinci LD, Ramos LF, Moraes KC. MicroRNA-1254 contributes to the controlling of pro-fibrogenic environment in LX-2 cells by modulating SMAD3 and wound repair: new insights in hepatic fibrosis. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:333-343. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Rocha Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia; Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” − Campus Rio Claro; Rio Claro SP 13506-900 Brazil
| | | | - Letícia Destefani Scarinci
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia; Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” − Campus Rio Claro; Rio Claro SP 13506-900 Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Ramos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia; Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” − Campus Rio Claro; Rio Claro SP 13506-900 Brazil
| | - Karen C.M. Moraes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia; Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” − Campus Rio Claro; Rio Claro SP 13506-900 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
de Miranda AS, Simões e Silva AC. Liver. ANGIOTENSIN-(1-7) 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121918 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22696-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that renin–angiotensin system (RAS) components are locally expressed in the liver tissue, pointed out to a role for this system in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. The RAS counter-regulatory axis composed by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] and Mas receptor mediates pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombotic, and pro-fibrotic processes, frequently opposing the classical RAS arm (ACE-Ang II-AT1 receptor) actions. Therefore, the balance between both RAS axes most likely affects the clinical and histopathological expression of liver diseases. It is worth noticing that liver diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Without proper treatment, all types of chronic hepatitis will progress to end-stage liver diseases, including cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma, which ultimately lead to death. In this context, to better comprehend the role of RAS components in liver failure might pave the way for the search of potential predictive biomarkers as well as the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Valuable data have been generated from preclinical and clinical studies. Herein, we summarize the current evidence, mainly focusing in the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor arm, regarding the role of RAS in liver diseases. The therapeutic potential of the modulation of RAS molecules in liver diseases is also discussed.
Collapse
|
40
|
Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018; 98:505-553. [PMID: 29351514 PMCID: PMC7203574 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1-7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1-7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1-7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1-7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Andreia C Alzamora
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Honorato-Sampaio K, Andrade RF, Bader M, Martins ADS, Santos RAS, Reis AM. Genetic deletion of the Angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas leads to a reduced ovulatory rate. Peptides 2018; 107:83-88. [PMID: 30121361 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a component of Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) that acts through activation of the G-protein-coupled receptor Mas. Recent studies highlight Ang-(1-7) as an intermediate of gonadotropin in ovarian physiology. Genetically Mas-deficient mice allow the investigation of Ang-(1-7) in the ovulatory process. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the effects of Mas gene deletion on ovulation to confirm our hypothesis that Mas Knockout (Mas-KO) mice exhibit impairment in the ovulatory outcome. First, we evaluated the breeding data from our animal facilities and from a breeding experiment. The ovulation was observed directly from oviducts after a superovulation protocol and in the estrus morning. We also checked the follicular pool and mRNA expression of Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in ovaries to investigate a possible reason underlying the reduced ovulation. Mas-KO mice showed a reduced litter size and decreased spontaneous ovulatory rate. Ovarian stimulation by gonadotropins reversed ovulation outcome in Mas-KO mice. Mas deficiency also promoted a reduced ovarian follicular pool and lower IGF-1 mRNA levels, suggesting that Mas receptor plays a role in the survival of ovarian follicle. The reduction of ovulatory rate highlights the relevance of Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in female reproduction, probably through a reduction of IGF-1 mRNA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinulpe Honorato-Sampaio
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Renato Ferreira Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Almir de Souza Martins
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adelina Martha Reis
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
He N, Li JH, Jia JJ, Xu KD, Zhou YF, Jiang L, Lu HH, Yin SY, Xie HY, Zhou L, Zheng SS. Hypothermic Machine Perfusion's Protection on Porcine Kidney Graft Uncovers Greater Akt-Erk Phosphorylation. Transplant Proc 2018; 49:1923-1929. [PMID: 28923649 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the potential mechanisms of hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP)'s beneficial effects on kidney graft over static cold storage (SCS) in vitro. METHODS Ten kidneys of 5 Bama miniature male pigs were paired into 2 groups: SCS group and HMP group. Preservation solutions were taken at 0, 1, 3, and 6 hours for the measurement of K+, Na+, Cl-, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) using the standard laboratory methods. Renal cortex were harvested at 6 hours for the following measurement: lactic acid (LD), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), malondialdehyde (MDA), neutrophil accumulation (MPO), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Ischemia-induced apoptosis and the protein expression levels of total Akt, phospho-Akt, total Erk, and phospho-Erk were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS Almost all of the tested metabolites in preservation solutions were reduced with time in the HMP group. Levels of Na+, Cl-, BUN, Cr, K+, and LDH were lower in the HMP group compared with the SCS group, with differences in the first 4 reaching statistical significance. HMP alleviated ATP degradation and LD accumulation, diminished the MDA (P < .05) and MPO (P = .227) levels, and greatly raised IL-10 and TGF-β (P < .05) expression. A marked decrease of proapoptotic and a large increase of antiapoptotic markers (P < .05) along with greatly raised Akt (P < .05) and Erk (P < .01) phosphorylation was observed in the kidney of the HMP group compared with the SCS group. CONCLUSION HMP's kidney graft protection involves inhibition of accumulation of toxic metabolites, oxidative damage, and apoptosis along with upregulation of the Akt and Erk signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N He
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - J-H Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - J-J Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - K-D Xu
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y-F Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - L Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - H-H Lu
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - S-Y Yin
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - H-Y Xie
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - L Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
| | - S-S Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
de Oliveira da Silva B, Alberici LC, Ramos LF, Silva CM, da Silveira MB, Dechant CRP, Friedman SL, Sakane KK, Gonçalves LR, Moraes KCM. Altered global microRNA expression in hepatic stellate cells LX-2 by angiotensin-(1-7) and miRNA-1914-5p identification as regulator of pro-fibrogenic elements and lipid metabolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29524604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of new therapeutic strategies to control or reverse hepatic fibrosis requires thorough knowledge about its molecular and cellular basis. It is known that the heptapeptide angiotensin-(1-7) [ang-(1-7)] can reduce hepatic fibrosis and steatosis in vivo; therefore, it is important to uncover the mechanisms regulating its activity and cellular model of investigation. Ang-(1-7) is a peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and here we investigated its modulatory effect on the expression pattern of microRNAs (miRNAs) in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) LX-2, which transdifferentiate into fibrogenic and proliferative cells. We compared the miRNA profiles between quiesced, activated and ang-(1-7)-treated activated HSCs to identify miRNAs that may regulate their transdifferentiation. Thirteen miRNAs were pointed, and cellular and molecular analyses identified miRNA-1914-5p as a molecule that contributes to the effects of ang-(1-7) on lipid metabolism and on the pro-fibrotic environment control. In our cellular model, we also analyzed the regulators of fatty acid metabolism. Specifically, miRNA-1914-5p regulates the expression of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MLYCD) and phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (PAP or Lipin-1). Additionally, Lipin-1 was closely correlated with mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-α and -γ, which also contribute to lipid homeostasis and to the reduction of TGF-β1 expression. These findings provide a novel link between RAS and lipid metabolism in controlling HSCs activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda de Oliveira da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, UFOP, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Ramos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Mateus Silva
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Bonfogo da Silveira
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R P Dechant
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kumiko Koibuchi Sakane
- Institute of Research and Development of Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, UNIVAP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rocha Gonçalves
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Karen C M Moraes
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Saber S, Mahmoud AAA, Helal NS, El-Ahwany E, Abdelghany RH. Renin-angiotensin system inhibition ameliorates CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis in mice through the inactivation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:569-576. [PMID: 29425464 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions for liver fibrosis are still limited due to the complicated molecular pathogenesis. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) seems to contribute to the development of hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effect of RAS inhibition on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Mice were treated with silymarin (30 mg·kg-1), perindopril (1 mg·kg-1), fosinopril (2 mg·kg-1), or losartan (10 mg·kg-1). The administration of RAS inhibitors improved liver histology and decreased protein expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and hepatic content of hydroxyproline. These effects found to be mediated via inactivation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFκB) pathway by the inhibition of NFκB p65 phosphorylation at the Ser536 residue and phosphorylation-induced degradation of nuclear factor kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFκBia) subsequently inhibited NFκB-induced TNF-α and TGF-β1, leading to lower levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We concluded that the tissue affinity of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) has no impact on its antifibrotic activity and that interfering the RAS either through the inhibition of ACE or the blockade of AT1R has the same therapeutic benefit. These results suggest RAS inhibitors as promising candidates for further clinical trials in the management of hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Saber
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Amr A A Mahmoud
- b Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.,c Department of Pharmacology, Oman Pharmacy Institute, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Noha S Helal
- d Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman El-Ahwany
- e Department of Immunology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha H Abdelghany
- b Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Frantz EDC, Medeiros RF, Giori IG, Lima JBS, Bento-Bernardes T, Gaique TG, Fernandes-Santos C, Fernandes T, Oliveira EM, Vieira CP, Conte-Junior CA, Oliveira KJ, Nobrega ACL. Exercise training modulates the hepatic renin-angiotensin system in fructose-fed rats. Exp Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28626963 DOI: 10.1113/ep085924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What are the effects of exercise training on the hepatic renin-angiotensin system and their contribution to damage resulting from fructose overload in rats? What is the main finding and its importance? Exercise training attenuated the deleterious actions of the angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis and increased expression of the counter-regulatory (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin (1-7)/Mas receptor) axis in the liver. Therefore, our study provides evidence that exercise training modulates the hepatic renin-angiotensin system, which contributes to reducing the progression of metabolic dysfunction and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in fructose-fed rats. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been implicated in the development of metabolic syndrome. We investigated whether the hepatic RAS is modulated by exercise training and whether this modulation improves the deleterious effects of fructose overload in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into (n = 8 each) control (CT), exercise control (CT-Ex), high-fructose (HFr) and exercise high-fructose (HFr-Ex) groups. Fructose-drinking rats received d-fructose (100 g l-1 ). After 2 weeks, CT-Ex and HFr-Ex rats were assigned to a treadmill training protocol at moderate intensity for 8 weeks (60 min day-1 , 4 days per week). We assessed body mass, glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatic histopathology, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity, the angiotensin concentration and the expression profile of proteins affecting the hepatic RAS, gluconeogenesis and inflammation. Neither fructose overload nor exercise training influenced body mass gain and serum ACE and ACE2 activity. The HFr group showed hyperinsulinaemia, but exercise training normalized this parameter. Exercise training was effective in preventing hepatic steatosis and in preventing triacylglycerol and glycogen accumulation. Furthermore, exercise improved the response to the deleterious effects of HFr overload by normalizing the gluconeogenesis pathway and the protein levels of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. The HFr rats displayed increased hepatic ACE activity and protein expression and angiotensin II concentration, which were attenuated by exercise training. Exercise training restored the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis. Exercise training may favour the counter-regulatory ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis over the classical RAS (ACE/angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis), which could be responsible for the reduction of metabolic dysfunction and the prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliete Dalla Corte Frantz
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Frauches Medeiros
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabele Gomes Giori
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Bento-Bernardes
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thaiane Gadioli Gaique
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edilamar Menezes Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Paulo Vieira
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karen Jesus Oliveira
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Lucas Nobrega
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Moreira CCL, Lourenço FC, Mario ÉG, Santos RAS, Botion LM, Chaves VE. Long-term effects of angiotensin-(1-7) on lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue and liver. Peptides 2017; 92:16-22. [PMID: 28438644 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin (Ang) converting enzyme 2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis has been described to have a beneficial role on metabolic disorders. In the present study, the use of a transgenic rat model that chronically overexpresses Ang-(1-7) enabled us to investigate the chronic effects of this peptide on lipid accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue. The transgenic group showed a marked tendency toward increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and decreased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression and activity in epididymal adipose tissue. We also showed that Mas receptor-knockout mice had decreased PPARγ expression in adipose tissue, accompanied by an increase in LPL activity. These results confirm the regulation of adipose tissue LPL activity by Ang-(1-7) and suggest that this occurs independent of PPARγ expression. The reduced adiposity index of transgenic rats, due to the effect of Ang-(1-7), was accompanied by a decrease in lipogenesis. These findings suggest a direct effect of Ang-(1-7) on lipogenesis, independent of the stimulatory effect of insulin. Furthermore, the decreased concentration of triacylglycerol in the liver of transgenic rats may result from increased activity of cytosolic lipases and decreased fatty acid uptake from the adipose tissue, determined from fatty acid-binding protein expression, and hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis, evaluated by fatty acid synthase expression. The data clearly show that Ang-(1-7) regulates lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue and liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos Lima Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Cesário Lourenço
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Érica Guilhen Mario
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leida Maria Botion
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Simões e Silva AC, Miranda AS, Rocha NP, Teixeira AL. Renin angiotensin system in liver diseases: Friend or foe? World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:3396-3406. [PMID: 28596676 PMCID: PMC5442076 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i19.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, the understanding of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) has been changed by the discoveries of functional local systems, novel biologically active peptides, additional specific receptors, alternative pathways of angiotensin (Ang) II generation, and new roles for enzymes and precursor components other than those in Ang II synthesis. In this regard, the discovery that Ang-(1-7) opposes the pressor, proliferative, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory effects mediated by Ang II has contributed to the realization that the RAS is composed of two axes. The first axis consists of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), with Ang II as the end product, and the angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor as the main effector mediating the biological actions of Ang II. The second axis results from ACE2-mediated hydrolysis of Ang II, leading to the production of Ang-(1-7), with the Mas receptor as the main effector conveying the vasodilatory, anti-proliferative, anti-fibrotic, and anti-inflammatory effects of Ang-(1-7). Experimental and clinical studies have shown that both axes of the RAS may take part in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. In this manuscript, we summarize the current evidence regarding the role of RAS in hepatic cirrhosis and its complications, including hemodynamic changes and hepatorenal syndrome. The therapeutic potential of the modulation of RAS molecules in liver diseases is also discussed.
Collapse
|
48
|
Karnik SS, Singh KD, Tirupula K, Unal H. Significance of angiotensin 1-7 coupling with MAS1 receptor and other GPCRs to the renin-angiotensin system: IUPHAR Review 22. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:737-753. [PMID: 28194766 PMCID: PMC5387002 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensins are a group of hormonal peptides and include angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 produced by the renin angiotensin system. The biology, pharmacology and biochemistry of the receptors for angiotensins were extensively reviewed recently. In the review, the receptor nomenclature committee was not emphatic on designating MAS1 as the angiotensin 1-7 receptor on the basis of lack of classical G protein signalling and desensitization in response to angiotensin 1-7, as well as a lack of consensus on confirmatory ligand pharmacological analyses. A review of recent publications (2013-2016) on the rapidly progressing research on angiotensin 1-7 revealed that MAS1 and two additional receptors can function as 'angiotensin 1-7 receptors', and this deserves further consideration. In this review we have summarized the information on angiotensin 1-7 receptors and their crosstalk with classical angiotensin II receptors in the context of the functions of the renin angiotensin system. It was concluded that the receptors for angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 make up a sophisticated cross-regulated signalling network that modulates the endogenous protective and pathogenic facets of the renin angiotensin system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - Kalyan Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
- Biological E Limited, ShamirpetHyderabadIndia
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOhioUSA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Betul Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell CenterErciyes UniversityKayseriTurkey
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Souza-Mello V. Hepatic structural enhancement and insulin resistance amelioration due to AT1 receptor blockade. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:74-79. [PMID: 28144388 PMCID: PMC5241531 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i2.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on the development of obesity and its comorbidities has been extensively addressed. Both circulating and local RAS components are up-regulated in obesity and involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease onset. Pharmacological manipulations of RAS are viable strategies to tackle metabolic impairments caused by the excessive body fat mass. Renin inhibitors rescue insulin resistance, but do not have marked effects on hepatic steatosis. However, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) yield beneficial hepatic remodeling. ARBs elicit body mass loss and normalize insulin levels, tackling insulin resistance. Also, this drug class increases adiponectin levels, besides countering interleukin-6, tumoral necrosis factor-alpha, and transforming growth factor-beta 1. The latter is essential to prevent from liver fibrosis. When conjugated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha activation, ARB fully rescues fatty liver. These effects might be orchestrated by an indirect up-regulation of MAS receptor due to angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) blockade. These associations of ARB with PPAR activation and ACE2-angiotensin (ANG) (1-7)-MAS receptor axis deserve a better understanding. This editorial provides a brief overview of the current knowledge regarding AT1R blockade effects on sensitivity to insulin and hepatic structural alterations as well as the intersections of AT1R blockade with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activation and ACE2-ANG (1-7) - MAS receptor axis.
Collapse
|
50
|
CD36/Sirtuin 1 Axis Impairment Contributes to Hepatic Steatosis in ACE2-Deficient Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6487509. [PMID: 28101297 PMCID: PMC5215286 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6487509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important component of the renin-angiotensin system. Since angiotensin peptides have been shown to be involved in hepatic steatosis, we aimed to evaluate the hepatic lipid profile in ACE2-deficient (ACE2-/y) mice. Methods. Male C57BL/6 and ACE2-/y mice were analyzed at the age of 3 and 6 months for alterations in the lipid profiles of plasma, faeces, and liver and for hepatic steatosis. Results. ACE2-/y mice showed lower body weight and white adipose tissue at all ages investigated. Moreover, these mice had lower levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and nonesterified fatty acids in plasma. Strikingly, ACE2-/y mice showed high deposition of lipids in the liver. Expression of CD36, a protein involved in the uptake of triglycerides in liver, was increased in ACE2-/y mice. Concurrently, these mice exhibited an increase in hepatic oxidative stress, evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation and expression of uncoupling protein 2, and downregulation of sirtuin 1. ACE2-/y mice also showed impairments in glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in the liver. Conclusions. Deletion of ACE2 causes CD36/sirtuin 1 axis impairment and thereby interferes with lipid homeostasis, leading to lipodystrophy and steatosis.
Collapse
|