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Hernando G, Bouzat C. Evaluating anthelmintic activity through Caenorhabditis elegans egg hatching assay. MethodsX 2024; 12:102743. [PMID: 38799035 PMCID: PMC11126527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans egg hatching methodology is a valuable tool for assessing the anthelmintic activity of drugs and compounds and evaluating anthelmintic drug efficacy. Isolated eggs from gravid adults are exposed to different concentrations of selected drugs and the percentage of egg hatching is determined with respect to the control condition. The assay allows the construction of concentration-response curves and determination of EC50 or EC90 values for egg hatching inhibition. Also, it allows measurements of inhibition as a function of time of exposure. This approach addresses the urgent need for new anthelmintics, as resistance to current treatments poses a significant challenge in parasitic nematode infection. This resistance not only affects humans but also animals and plants, causing significant economic losses in livestock farming and agriculture. By using the free-living nematode C. elegans as a parasitic model organism, researchers can efficiently screen for potential treatments and assess drug combinations for synergistic effects. Importantly, this assay offers a cost-effective and accessible alternative to traditional methods, eliminating the need for specialized infrastructure, hosts, and trained animal maintenance personnel. Additionally, the methodology closely mimics natural conditions, providing insights into egg development and potential therapeutic targets. This method allows for evaluating the direct negative impact of drugs on egg hatching, which correlates with long-term anthelmintic effects, offering advantages in preventing or reducing the transmission and spread of worm infections by eggs. Overall, this approach represents a significant advancement for anthelmintic discovery, offering both practical applications and avenues for further scientific research. •The C. elegans egg hatching assay is a robust and effective method for assessing the anthelmintic potential of various drugs and compounds, allowing the generation of concentration-response curves.•By leveraging the free-living nematode C. elegans as a parasitic model organism, this method facilitates efficient screening of potential treatments and evaluation of drug combinations.•The method addresses the urgent need for new anthelmintics, offering a cost-effective and accessible alternative to traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina Hernando
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Bouzat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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2
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Hughes S, Hessel EVS. Zebrafish and nematodes as whole organism models to measure developmental neurotoxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:330-343. [PMID: 38832580 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2342448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the growing epidemiological evidence of an association between toxin exposure and developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), systematic testing of DNT is not mandatory in international regulations for admission of pharmaceuticals or industrial chemicals. However, to date around 200 compounds, ranging from pesticides, pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals, have been tested for DNT in the current OECD test guidelines (TG-443 or TG-426). There are calls for the development of new approach methodologies (NAMs) for DNT, which has resulted in a DNT testing battery using in vitro human cell-based assays. These assays provide a means to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of toxicity in humans which is lacking in animal-based toxicity tests. However, cell-based assays do not represent all steps of the complex process leading to DNT. Validated models with a multi-organ network of pathways that interact at the molecular, cellular and tissue level at very specific timepoints in a life cycle are currently missing. Consequently, whole model organisms are being developed to screen for, and causally link, new molecular targets of DNT compounds and how they affect whole brain development and neurobehavioral endpoints. Given the practical and ethical restraints associated with vertebrate testing, lower animal models that qualify as 3 R (reduce, refine and replace) models, including the nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) and the zebrafish (Danio rerio) will prove particularly valuable for unravelling toxicity pathways leading to DNT. Although not as complex as the human brain, these 3 R-models develop a complete functioning brain with numerous neurodevelopmental processes overlapping with human brain development. Importantly, the main signalling pathways relating to (neuro)development, metabolism and growth are highly conserved in these models. We propose the use of whole model organisms specifically zebrafish and C. elegans for DNT relevant endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hughes
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, A-LIFE, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen V S Hessel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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3
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de Oliveira GV, Soares MV, Cordeiro LM, da Silva AF, Venturini L, Ilha L, Baptista FBO, da Silveira TL, Soares FAA, Iglesias BA. Toxicological assessment of photoactivated tetra-cationic porphyrin molecules under white light exposure in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. Toxicology 2024; 504:153793. [PMID: 38574843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes the potential of photosensitizing substances to absorb light energy and produce reactive oxygen species. Tetra-cationic porphyrins, which have organic or coordination compounds attached to their periphery, are heterocyclic derivatives with well-described antimicrobial and antitumoral properties. This is due to their ability to produce reactive oxygen species and their photobiological properties in solution. Consequently, these molecules are promising candidates as new and more effective photosensitizers with biomedical, environmental, and other biomedical applications. Prior to human exposure, it is essential to establish the toxicological profile of these molecules using in vivo models. In this study, we used Caenorhabditis elegans, a small free-living nematode, as a model for assessing toxic effects and predicting toxicity in preclinical research. We evaluated the toxic effects of porphyrins (neutral and tetra-cationic) on nematodes under dark/light conditions. Our findings demonstrate that tetra-methylated porphyrins (3TMeP and 4TMeP) at a concentration of 3.3 µg/mL (1.36 and 0.93 µM) exhibit high toxicity (as evidenced by reduced survival, development, and locomotion) under dark conditions. Moreover, photoactivated tetra-methylated porphyrins induce higher ROS levels compared to neutral (3TPyP and 4TPyP), tetra-palladated (3PdTPyP and 4PdTPyP), and tetra-platinated (3PtTPyP and 4PtTPyP) porphyrins, which may be responsible for the observed toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Vitória de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcell Valandro Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa Marafiga Cordeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aline Franzen da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiza Venturini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa Ilha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Bicca Obetine Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tássia Limana da Silveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Porphyrinic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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4
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Collins EMS, Hessel EVS, Hughes S. How neurobehavior and brain development in alternative whole-organism models can contribute to prediction of developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2024; 102:48-57. [PMID: 38552718 PMCID: PMC11139590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) is not routinely evaluated in chemical risk assessment because current test paradigms for DNT require the use of mammalian models which are ethically controversial, expensive, and resource demanding. Consequently, efforts have focused on revolutionizing DNT testing through affordable novel alternative methods for risk assessment. The goal is to develop a DNT in vitro test battery amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS). Currently, the DNT in vitro test battery consists primarily of human cell-based assays because of their immediate relevance to human health. However, such cell-based assays alone are unable to capture the complexity of a developing nervous system. Whole organismal systems that qualify as 3 R (Replace, Reduce and Refine) models are urgently needed to complement cell-based DNT testing. These models can provide the necessary organismal context and be used to explore the impact of chemicals on brain function by linking molecular and/or cellular changes to behavioural readouts. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the planarian Dugesia japonica, and embryos of the zebrafish Danio rerio are all suited to low-cost HTS and each has unique strengths for DNT testing. Here, we review the strengths and the complementarity of these organisms in a novel, integrative context and highlight how they can augment current cell-based assays for more comprehensive and robust DNT screening of chemicals. Considering the limitations of all in vitro test systems, we discuss how a smart combinatory use of these systems will contribute to a better human relevant risk assessment of chemicals that considers the complexity of the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria S Collins
- Swarthmore College, Biology, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Ellen V S Hessel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, the Netherlands
| | - Samantha Hughes
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, A-LIFE, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands.
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5
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Lim SYM, Pan Y, Alshagga M, Lim W, Cin K, Alshehade SA, Alshawsh M. CYP14 family in Caenorhabditis elegans: Mitochondrial function, detoxification, and lifespan. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38472099 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
CYP-14 members of the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family, plays important roles in mitochondrial dysfunction, detoxification, lipid metabolism, defense and lifespan regulation. The review identifies CYP-14 members: cyp-14A1, cyp-14A2, cyp-14A3, cyp-14A4, cyp-14A5 and their homology with human CYP families. Despite limited studies on C. elegans cyp-14 members, the findings unraveled their complex crosstalk between mitochondrial stress, detoxification mechanisms, and lifespan regulation, emphasizing the complexity of these interconnected pathways as well as how their regulation depends on environmental cues changes including pH, nutrients, ROS and chemical stressors. The review underscores the translational relevance to human health, shedding light on potential human homologues and their implications in age-related, metabolic and respiratory diseases. Among other genes, cyp-14A2 and cyp-14A4 predominate the mitochondrial function, heat resistance, lipid metabolism, detoxification and lifespan pathways. In conclusion, these insights pave the way for future research, offering promising avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting CYP-14 activity to address age-related diseases and promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharoen Yu Ming Lim
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Business, Design and Arts, Swinburne University of Technology, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yan Pan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mustafa Alshagga
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Willone Lim
- Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kong Cin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Salah A Alshehade
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Bio-Medical Sciences, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Alshawsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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6
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Breton C, Kessel K, Robinson A, Altaf K, Luth ES. Sublethal perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid delay C. elegans larval development and population growth but do not alter egg hatching. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:22-32. [PMID: 37818790 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2265419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) are polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) used as surface coatings in manufacturing. Exposure to PFAS was shown to be correlated with infertility, low birth weight, and delayed aspects of pubertal development in mammals. Despite many correlational studies, there have been few direct investigations examining the link between PFAS exposure and early animal development. The aim of this study was to (1) examine the effects of PFOA on development and reproduction using the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, a model with a high predictive value for human reproductive toxicity and (2) compare observations to exposure to PFOS. PFAS exposure did not markedly alter egg hatching but delayed population growth, in part due to slower larval development. PFAS-exposed worms took longer to progress through larval stages to reach reproductive maturity, and this was not attributed to PFOA-induced toxicity to their food. Our results provide a robust benchmark for testing developmental and reproductive toxicity for other PFAS and PFAS-alternatives which continue to be used in manufacturing and released into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Breton
- Department of Biology, Simmons University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Kessel
- Department of Biology, Simmons University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ariel Robinson
- Department of Biology, Simmons University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kainat Altaf
- Department of Biology, Simmons University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric S Luth
- Department of Biology, Simmons University, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Jacques MT, Soares MV, Farina M, Bornhorst J, Schwerdtle T, Ávila DS. Impaired Physiological Responses and Neurotoxicity Induced by a Chlorpyrifos-Based Formulation in Caenorhabditis elegans are not Solely Dependent on the Active Ingredient. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023:104196. [PMID: 37354962 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The current massive and indiscriminate agrochemicals usage, which is inexorably linked to the toxic consequences to the environment and people, represents a great concern. Our work aimed to compare the toxicity induced by chlorpyrifos in its pure form (CPF) with that of a commercial formulation containing allegedly inert ingredients (CBCF) using Caenorhabditis elegans as in vivo model. After a 48h exposure period, CBCF was 14 times more lethal than CPF; Hatching, brood size, body length and motor-related behavioral parameters were decreased, but these effects were significantly higher in CBCF-exposed worms. Additionally, CBCF induced significant morphological changes in cholinergic neurons, which are associated with the motor-related behavioral parameters. Finally, by analyzing the CBCF, were detected the presence of potentially-toxic metals that were not specified in the label. The presented results highlight the toxicological relevance of components present in the commercial formulations of pesticides, which have been claimed as inert compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Tavares Jacques
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Biochemistry, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Block C, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcell Valandro Soares
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurotoxicology and Neuroprotection Experimental, Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Biochemistry, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Block C, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal; Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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8
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Ali R, Hameed R, Chauhan D, Sen S, Wahajuddin M, Nazir A, Verma S. Multiple Actions of H 2S-Releasing Peptides in Human β-Amyloid Expressing C. elegans. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3378-3388. [PMID: 36351248 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of cognitive function. A major challenge in treating this ailment fully is its multifactorial nature, as it is associated with effects like deposition of Aβ plaques, oxidative distress, inflammation of neuronal cells, and low levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). In the present work, we demonstrate the design, synthesis, and biological activity of peptide conjugates by coupling a H2S-releasing moiety to the peptides known for their Aβ antiaggregating properties. These conjugates release H2S in a slow and sustained manner, due to the formation of self-assembled structures and delivered a significant amount of H2S within Caenorhabditis elegans. These conjugates are shown to target multiple factors responsible for the progression of AD: notably, we observed reduction in oxidative distress, inhibition of Aβ aggregation, and significantly increased ACh levels in the C. elegans model expressing human Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohil Hameed
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Divya Chauhan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.,Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shantanu Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Muhammad Wahajuddin
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.,Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Centre for Nanoscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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9
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CYP35 family in Caenorhabditis elegans biological processes: fatty acid synthesis, xenobiotic metabolism, and stress responses. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3163-3174. [PMID: 36175686 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With more than 80 cytochrome P450 (CYP) encoding genes found in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), the cyp35 genes are one of the important genes involved in many biological processes such as fatty acid synthesis and storage, xenobiotic stress response, dauer and eggshell formation, and xenobiotic metabolism. The C. elegans CYP35 subfamily consisted of A, B, C, and D, which have the closest homolog to human CYP2 family. C. elegans homologs could answer part of the hunt for human disease genes. This review aims to provide an overview of CYP35 in C. elegans and their human homologs, to explore the roles of CYP35 in various C. elegans biological processes, and how the genes of cyp35 upregulation or downregulation are influenced by biological processes, upon exposure to xenobiotics or changes in diet and environment. The C. elegans CYP35 gene expression could be upregulated by heavy metals, pesticides, anti-parasitic and anti-chemotherapeutic agents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nanoparticles, drugs, and organic chemical compounds. Among the cyp35 genes, cyp-35A2 is involved in most of the C. elegans biological processes regulation. Further venture of cyp35 genes, the closest homolog of CYP2 which is the largest family of human CYPs, may have the power to locate cyps gene targets, discovery of novel therapeutic strategies, and possibly a successful medical regime to combat obesity, cancers, and cyps gene-related diseases.
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10
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Weinkove D, Zavagno G. Applying C. elegans to the Industrial Drug Discovery Process to Slow Aging. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 2:740582. [PMID: 35821999 PMCID: PMC9261450 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.740582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The increase in our molecular understanding of the biology of aging, coupled with a recent surge in investment, has led to the formation of several companies developing pharmaceuticals to slow aging. Research using the tiny nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans was the first to show that mutations in single genes can extend lifespan, and subsequent research has shown that this model organism is uniquely suited to testing interventions to slow aging. Yet, with a few notable exceptions, C. elegans is not in the standard toolkit of longevity companies. Here we discuss the paths to overcome the barriers to using C. elegans in industrial drug discovery. We address the predictive power of C. elegans for human aging, how C. elegans research can be applied to specific challenges in the typical drug discovery pipeline, and how standardised and quantitative assays will help C. elegans fulfil its potential in the biotech and pharmaceutical industry. We argue that correct application of this model and its knowledge base will significantly accelerate progress to slow human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weinkove
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.,Magnitude Biosciences Ltd., NETpark Plexus, Sedgefield, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Zavagno
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.,Magnitude Biosciences Ltd., NETpark Plexus, Sedgefield, United Kingdom
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11
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Hughes S, van de Klashorst D, Veltri CA, Grundmann O. Acute, Sublethal, and Developmental Toxicity of Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Leaf Preparations on Caenorhabditis elegans as an Invertebrate Model for Human Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6294. [PMID: 35627831 PMCID: PMC9140534 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is a tree native to Southeast Asia with stimulant and opioid-like effects which has seen increased use in Europe and North America in recent years. Its safety and pharmacological effects remain under investigation, especially in regard to developmental and generational toxicity. In the current study, we investigated commercial kratom preparations using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a translational model for toxicity and pharmacological effects. The pure alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine as well as aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts of three commercial kratom products were evaluated using a battery of developmental, genotoxic, and opioid-related experiments. As determined previously, the mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine content in kratom samples was higher in the alcoholic extracts than the aqueous extracts. Above the human consumption range equivalent of 15-70 µg/mL, kratom dose-dependently reduced brood size and health of parent worms and their progeny. 7-hydroxymitragynine, but not mitragynine, presented with toxic and developmental effects at very high concentrations, while the positive control, morphine, displayed toxic effects at 0.5 mM. Kratom and its alkaloids did not affect pumping rate or interpump interval in the same way as morphine, suggesting that kratom is unlikely to act primarily via the opioid-signalling pathway. Only at very high doses did kratom cause developmental and genotoxic effects in nematodes, indicating its relative safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hughes
- A-LIFE Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Environmental Health and Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Charles A. Veltri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
| | - Oliver Grundmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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12
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Kalia V, Niedzwiecki MM, Bradner JM, Lau FK, Anderson FL, Bucher ML, Manz KE, Schlotter AP, Fuentes ZC, Pennell KD, Picard M, Walker DI, Hu WT, Jones DP, Miller GW. Cross-species metabolomic analysis of tau- and DDT-related toxicity. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac050. [PMID: 35707205 PMCID: PMC9186048 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has been associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disease also associated with hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein aggregation. We investigated whether exposure to DDT can exacerbate tau protein toxicity in Caenorhabditiselegans using a transgenic strain that expresses human tau protein prone to aggregation by measuring changes in size, swim behavior, respiration, lifespan, learning, and metabolism. In addition, we examined the association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) p-tau protein-as a marker of postmortem tau burden-and global metabolism in both a human population study and in C. elegans, using the same p-tau transgenic strain. From the human population study, plasma and CSF-derived metabolic features associated with p-tau levels were related to drug, amino acid, fatty acid, and mitochondrial metabolism pathways. A total of five metabolites overlapped between plasma and C. elegans, and four between CSF and C. elegans. DDT exacerbated the inhibitory effect of p-tau protein on growth and basal respiration. In the presence of p-tau protein, DDT induced more curling and was associated with reduced levels of amino acids but increased levels of uric acid and adenosylselenohomocysteine. Our findings in C. elegans indicate that DDT exposure and p-tau aggregation both inhibit mitochondrial function and DDT exposure can exacerbate the mitochondrial inhibitory effects of p-tau aggregation. Further, biological pathways associated with exposure to DDT and p-tau protein appear to be conserved between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Kalia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Megan M Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Joshua M Bradner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Fion K Lau
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Faith L Anderson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Meghan L Bucher
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Katherine E Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA
| | - Alexa Puri Schlotter
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Zoe Coates Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - William T Hu
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901 USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
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13
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Comfort JJ, Chomyshen SC, Waddell BM, Tabarraei H, Wu CW. Molecular characterization of ethyl carbamate toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:619-627. [PMID: 35399212 PMCID: PMC8990054 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate is a common contaminant prevalent in fermented food with probable carcinogenic effects in animals. To date, other toxicological properties of ethyl carbamate are not well characterized. Using the genetic model Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that chronic exposure to ethyl carbamate during larval development impedes growth while exposure during adulthood inhibits reproduction, shortens lifespan, and promotes degeneration to dopaminergic neurons. Through whole-transcriptome RNA-sequencing, we found that ethyl carbamate invokes a widespread transcriptomic response inducing the differential expression of > 4,000 genes by at least 2-fold. Functional analysis of RNA-sequencing data revealed that up-regulated genes enrich to various neuron regulatory processes and xenobiotic defense. Gene expression analysis confirms that various genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and those functioning within phase I and II detoxification responses along with ABC transporters are highly up-regulated after ethyl carbamate exposure, suggesting the onset of oxidative stress. Overall, these findings report new toxicological properties of chronic ethyl carbamate exposure and provide new insights on its effects on transcriptome regulation in the C. elegans model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J. Comfort
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Samantha C. Chomyshen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Brandon M. Waddell
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hadi Tabarraei
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cheng-Wei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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14
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Jewett E, Arnott G, Connolly L, Vasudevan N, Kevei E. Microplastics and Their Impact on Reproduction—Can we Learn From the C. elegans Model? FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:748912. [PMID: 35399297 PMCID: PMC8987311 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.748912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically active environmental pollutants have significant impact on ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. Microplastic (MP) and nanoplastic (NP) particles are pollutants that are present in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at virtually every level of the food chain. Moreover, recently, airborne microplastic particles have been shown to reach and potentially damage respiratory systems. Microplastics and nanoplastics have been shown to cause increased oxidative stress, inflammation, altered metabolism leading to cellular damage, which ultimately affects tissue and organismal homeostasis in numerous animal species and human cells. However, the full impact of these plastic particles on living organisms is not completely understood. The ability of MPs/NPs to carry contaminants, toxic chemicals, pesticides, and bioactive compounds, such as endocrine disrupting chemicals, present an additional risk to animal and human health. This review will discusses the current knowledge on pathways by which microplastic and nanoplastic particles impact reproduction and reproductive behaviors from the level of the whole organism down to plastics-induced cellular defects, while also identifying gaps in current knowledge regarding mechanisms of action. Furthermore, we suggest that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provides an advantageous high-throughput model system for determining the effect of plastic particles on animal reproduction, using reproductive behavioral end points and cellular readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysia Jewett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Arnott
- The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Connolly
- The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Nandini Vasudevan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Kevei
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Eva Kevei,
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15
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van der Voet M, Teunis M, Louter-van de Haar J, Stigter N, Bhalla D, Rooseboom M, Wever KE, Krul C, Pieters R, Wildwater M, van Noort V. Towards a reporting guideline for developmental and reproductive toxicology testing in C. elegans and other nematodes. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1202-1210. [PMID: 34950447 PMCID: PMC8692742 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation of reliable methodologies allowing Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement (3Rs) of animal testing is a process that takes several decades and is still not complete. Reliable methods are essential for regulatory hazard assessment of chemicals where differences in test protocol can influence the test outcomes and thus affect the confidence in the predictive value of the organisms used as an alternative for mammals. Although test guidelines are common for mammalian studies, they are scarce for non-vertebrate organisms that would allow for the 3Rs of animal testing. Here, we present a set of 30 reporting criteria as the basis for such a guideline for Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology (DART) testing in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Small organisms like C. elegans are upcoming in new approach methodologies for hazard assessment; thus, reliable and robust test protocols are urgently needed. A literature assessment of the fulfilment of the reporting criteria demonstrates that although studies describe methodological details, essential information such as compound purity and lot/batch number or type of container is often not reported. The formulated set of reporting criteria for C. elegans testing can be used by (i) researchers to describe essential experimental details (ii) data scientists that aggregate information to assess data quality and include data in aggregated databases (iii) regulators to assess study data for inclusion in regulatory hazard assessment of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Teunis
- Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Innovative testing in Life Sciences & Chemistry, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Louter-van de Haar
- Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Innovative testing in Life Sciences & Chemistry, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nienke Stigter
- Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Innovative testing in Life Sciences & Chemistry, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Diksha Bhalla
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martijn Rooseboom
- Toxicology group Shell International B.V., 2596 HR, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Kimberley E Wever
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Krul
- Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Innovative testing in Life Sciences & Chemistry, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, Innovative testing in Life Sciences & Chemistry, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vera van Noort
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
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16
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Microbial Polymers as Sustainable Agents for Mitigating Health Risks of Plant-Based Endocrine Disruptors in Surface Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910040. [PMID: 34639339 PMCID: PMC8507969 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the binding abilities of extracellular polymers produced by an environmentally isolated strain of Enterococcus hirae towards phytoestrogen endocrine disruptors-biochanin A, formonetin, genistein and daidzein. The extracellular biopolymer exhibited notable binding and removal for all four phytoestrogens, with a maximum removal of daidzein (87%) followed by genistein (72%) at a 1-1.5 mg/mL concentration. Adsorption proceeded rapidly at ambient temperature. The adsorption data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm. Based on the adsorption energy, the biopolymer binding of phytoestrogens was inferred as daidzein > genistein > biochanin A > formononetin. Toxicity of the biopolymer (5-250 µg/mL) evaluated using RAW 264.7 cell lines indicated no significant (p < 0.05) changes in viability. In biopolymer-challenged Caenorhabditis elegans previously exposed to daidzein, complete protection to developmental toxicity, such as reduced egg-laying capacity, egg viability and progeny counts of the worm, was observed. The results of this study offer valuable insights into understanding the potential role of microbial extracellular biopolymers in binding and removal of phytoestrogens with sustainable technological implications in modulating the toxic effect of high levels of endocrine disruptors in the environment.
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17
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Hartman JH, Widmayer SJ, Bergemann CM, King DE, Morton KS, Romersi RF, Jameson LE, Leung MCK, Andersen EC, Taubert S, Meyer JN. Xenobiotic metabolism and transport in Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2021; 24:51-94. [PMID: 33616007 PMCID: PMC7958427 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.1884921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a major model in biomedical and environmental toxicology. Numerous papers on toxicology and pharmacology in C. elegans have been published, and this species has now been adopted by investigators in academic toxicology, pharmacology, and drug discovery labs. C. elegans has also attracted the interest of governmental regulatory agencies charged with evaluating the safety of chemicals. However, a major, fundamental aspect of toxicological science remains underdeveloped in C. elegans: xenobiotic metabolism and transport processes that are critical to understanding toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, and extrapolation to other species. The aim of this review was to initially briefly describe the history and trajectory of the use of C. elegans in toxicological and pharmacological studies. Subsequently, physical barriers to chemical uptake and the role of the worm microbiome in xenobiotic transformation were described. Then a review of what is and is not known regarding the classic Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III processes was performed. In addition, the following were discussed (1) regulation of xenobiotic metabolism; (2) review of published toxicokinetics for specific chemicals; and (3) genetic diversity of these processes in C. elegans. Finally, worm xenobiotic transport and metabolism was placed in an evolutionary context; key areas for future research highlighted; and implications for extrapolating C. elegans toxicity results to other species discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Hartman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Samuel J Widmayer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Dillon E King
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine S Morton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Riccardo F Romersi
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Laura E Jameson
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University - West Campus, Glendale, Arizona, United States
| | - Maxwell C K Leung
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University - West Campus, Glendale, Arizona, United States
| | - Erik C Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Dept. Of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, the University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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18
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Škulcová L, Chandran NN, Bielská L. Chiral conazole fungicides - (Enantioselective) terrestrial bioaccumulation and aquatic toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140821. [PMID: 32679504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Five conazole fungicides (CFs) (epoxiconazole, tebuconazole, myclobutanil, uniconazole (P), rac-uniconazole, and diniconazole) were tested in order to provide additional information on i) the effects of CFs on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and on the aquatic insect Chironomus riparius under acute exposure scenarios and in multi-generation exposure studies, taking advantage of the short life cycle of nematodes and ii) on the bioaccumulation (earthworm Eisenia andrei) profiles of CFs including also the enantiomer-specific assessment of degradation in soils and uptake/elimination by earthworms. Acute toxicity was considered low following the exposure of up to 2.5 mg of CFs per liter of the test medium. In a multigeneration study on nematodes, all five generations exposed to epoxiconazole were significantly negatively affected in terms of reproductive efficiency, and the severity of effects increased from F0 to F1 generation and was sustained thereafter. Adverse effects were also observed in the case of uniconazole (P) and diniconazole, and similarly to epoxiconazole, the effects occurred within the active life of the pesticides and were assumed to be based on their half-lives in soil (e.g., 53.3 to 691 days for uniconazole and diniconazole in our study) and in sediment/water. Bioaccumulation of diniconazole and uniconazole by earthworms varied between soils (Lufa 2.1 ≥ Lufa 2.4 > sandy soil > Lufa 2.2) and compounds (diniconazole > uniconazole) and was enantioselective. Earthworms preferentially accumulated R-uniconazole as a result of faster elimination of the S-form, which was evidenced from the enantiomer-specific uptake/elimination rate constants derived from the bioaccumulation profiles. Our results suggest that multigeneration exposure studies can advantageously be used for assessing the long-term and trans-general effects of pesticides. Also, the enantioselectivity in bioaccumulation observed for both uniconazole and diniconazole suggests that enantioselectivity in the fate and effects should be considered when exploring ways for safer and sustainable use of chiral pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Škulcová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Naveen Njattuvetty Chandran
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bielská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agrosciences, Mendel University, Zemědělská 1, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic.
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19
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Acute, reproductive, and developmental toxicity of essential oils assessed with alternative in vitro and in vivo systems. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:673-691. [PMID: 33159585 PMCID: PMC7870616 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have attracted increased interest for different applications such as food preservatives, feed additives and ingredients in cosmetics. Due to their reported variable composition of components, they might be acutely toxic to humans and animals in small amounts. Despite the necessity, rigorous toxicity testing in terms of safety evaluation has not been reported so far, especially using alternatives to animal models. Here, we provide a strategy by use of alternative in vitro (cell cultures) and in vivo (Caenorhabditis elegans, hen’s egg test) approaches for detailed investigation of the impact of commonly used rosemary, citrus and eucalyptus essential oil on acute, developmental and reproductive toxicity as well as on mucous membrane irritation. In general, all EOs under study exhibited a comparable impact on measured parameters, with a slightly increased toxic potential of rosemary oil. In vitro cell culture results indicated a concentration-dependent decrease of cell viability for all EOs, with mean IC50 values ranging from 0.08 to 0.17% [v/v]. Similar results were obtained for the C. elegans model when using a sensitized bus-5 mutant strain, with a mean LC50 value of 0.42% [v/v]. In wild-type nematodes, approximately tenfold higher LC50 values were detected. C. elegans development and reproduction was already significantly inhibited at concentrations of 0.5% (wild-type) and 0.1% (bus-5) [v/v] of EO, respectively. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of xenobiotic and oxidative stress genes such as cyp-14a3, gst-4, gpx-6 and sod-3. Furthermore, all three EOs under study showed an increased short-time mucous membrane irritation potential, already at 0.5% [v/v] of EO. Finally, GC–MS analysis was performed to quantitate the relative concentration of the most prominent EO compounds. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that EOs can exhibit severe toxic properties, already at low concentrations. Therefore, a detailed toxicological assessment is highly recommended for each EO and single intended application.
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20
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Coccoloba alnifolia Leaf Extract as a Potential Antioxidant Molecule Using In Vitro and In Vivo Assays. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3928706. [PMID: 33101587 PMCID: PMC7569468 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3928706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus Coccoloba is widely used in traditional folk medicine, but few scientific data exist for this genus. The goal of this study was to characterise the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of C. alnifolia leaf extracts using in vitro and in vivo assays. Six extracts were obtained: hexane (HE), chloroform (CE), ethanol (EE), methanol (ME), water end extract (WEE), and water extract (WE). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis showed the presence of phenols, saponins, terpenes, and flavonoids. In vitro assays demonstrated substantial antioxidant potential, especially for polar extracts (EE, ME, WEE, and WE). Moreover, no toxic effects were observed on mammalian cell lines for most of the extracts at the concentrations evaluated. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was also used as an in vivo model for testing antioxidant potential. The EE and WE were chosen, based on previously obtained results. It was observed that neither the EE nor the WE had any toxic effect on C. elegans development. Additionally, the antioxidant potential was evaluated using tert-butyl hydroperoxide as a stressor agent. The EE increased the life span of C. elegans by 28% compared to that of the control, and the WE increased the range to 39.2-41.3%. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) showed the presence of gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, and vitexin in the WE. Therefore, in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated the antioxidant potential of C. alnifolia extracts and their possible biotechnological applications.
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21
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Guest M, Kriek N, Flemming AJ. Studies of an insecticidal inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the nematode C. elegans. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 169:104604. [PMID: 32828380 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the mode of action of the insecticide spirotetramat in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A combination of symptomology, forward genetics and genome editing show that spirotetramat acts on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in C. elegans, as it does in insects. We found C. elegans embryos exposed to spirotetramat show a cell division defect which closely resembles the phenotype of loss-of-function mutations in the gene pod-2, which encodes ACC. We then identified two mutations in the carboxyl transferase domain of pod-2 (ACC) which confer resistance and were confirmed using CRISPR/Cas9. One of these mutations substitutes an invertebrate-specific amino acid with one ubiquitous in other taxa; this residue may, therefore, be a determinant of the selectivity of spirotetramat for invertebrates. Such a mutation may also be the target of selection for resistance in the field. Our study is a further demonstration of the utility of C. elegans in studying bioactive chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guest
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - N Kriek
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - A J Flemming
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK.
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22
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Bradford BR, Whidden E, Gervasio ED, Checchi PM, Raley-Susman KM. Neonicotinoid-containing insecticide disruption of growth, locomotion, and fertility in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238637. [PMID: 32903270 PMCID: PMC7480852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides structurally similar to nicotine that target biting and sucking insects, are the most widely used insecticides today, in part due to their supposed low toxicity in other organisms. However, a growing body of research has found that even low doses of neonicotinoids can induce unexpected negative effects on the physiology and survival of a wide range of non-target organisms. Importantly, no work has been done on the commercial formulations of pesticides that include imidacloprid as the active ingredient, but that also contain many other components. The present study examines the sublethal effects of "Tree and Shrub"™ ("T+S"), a commercial insecticide containing the neonicotinoid imidacloprid as its active ingredient, on Caenorhabditis elegans. We discovered that "T+S" significantly stunted the overall growth in wildtype nematodes, an effect that was exacerbated by concurrent exposure to heat stress. "T+S" also negatively impacted fecundity as measured by increased germline apoptosis, a decrease in egg-laying, and fewer viable offspring. Lastly, exposure to "T+S" resulted in degenerative changes in nicotinic cholinergic neurons in wildtype nematodes. As a whole, these findings demonstrate widespread toxic effects of neonicotinoids to critical functions in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix R. Bradford
- Department of Biology, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Whidden
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
| | - Esabelle D. Gervasio
- Department of Biology, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
| | - Paula M. Checchi
- Department of Biology, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States of America
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A Multimodal Genotoxic Anticancer Drug Characterized by Pharmacogenetic Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2020; 215:609-621. [PMID: 32414869 PMCID: PMC7337070 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New anticancer therapeutics require extensive in vivo characterization to identify endogenous and exogenous factors affecting efficacy, to measure toxicity and mutagenicity, and to determine genotypes that result in therapeutic sensitivity or resistance. We used Caenorhabditis elegans as a platform with which to characterize properties of the anticancer therapeutic CX-5461. To understand the processes that respond to CX-5461-induced damage, we generated pharmacogenetic profiles for a panel of C. elegans DNA replication and repair mutants with common DNA-damaging agents for comparison with the profile of CX-5461. We found that multiple repair pathways, including homology-directed repair, microhomology-mediated end joining, nucleotide excision repair, and translesion synthesis, were needed for CX-5461 tolerance. To determine the frequency and spectrum of CX-5461-induced mutations, we used a genetic balancer to capture CX-5461-induced mutations. We found that CX-5461 is mutagenic, resulting in both large copy number variations and a high frequency of single-nucleotide variations (SNVs), which are consistent with the pharmacogenetic profile for CX-5461. Whole-genome sequencing of CX-5461-exposed animals found that CX-5461-induced SNVs exhibited a distinct mutational signature. We also phenocopied the CX-5461 photoreactivity observed in clinical trials and demonstrated that CX-5461 generates reactive oxygen species when exposed to UVA radiation. Together, the data from C. elegans demonstrate that CX-5461 is a multimodal DNA-damaging anticancer agent.
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Preez GD, Fourie H, Daneel M, Miller H, Höss S, Ricci C, Engelbrecht G, Zouhar M, Wepener V. Oxygen consumption rate of Caenorhabditis elegans as a high-throughput endpoint of toxicity testing using the Seahorse XF e96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4239. [PMID: 32144330 PMCID: PMC7060326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans presents functioning, biologically relevant phenotypes and is frequently used as a bioindicator of toxicity. However, most C. elegans in vivo effect-assessment methods are laborious and time consuming. Therefore, we developed a novel method to measure the oxygen consumption rate of C. elegans as a sublethal endpoint of toxicity. This protocol was tested by exposing 50 larval stage one C. elegans individuals for 48 h (at 20 °C) to different concentrations of two toxicants i.e. benzylcetyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC-C16) and cadmium (Cd). Following exposures, the oxygen consumption rate of the C. elegans individuals were measured using the high-throughput functionality of the Seahorse XFe96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Dose-response curves for BAC-C16 (R2 = 0.93; P = 0.001) and Cd (R2 = 0.98; P = 0.001) were created. Furthermore, a strong, positive correlation was evidenced between C. elegans oxygen consumption rate and a commonly used, ecologically relevant endpoint of toxicity (growth inhibition) for BAC-C16 (R2 = 0.93; P = 0.0001) and Cd (R2 = 0.91; P = 0.0001). The data presented in this study show that C. elegans oxygen consumption rate can be used as a promising functional measurement of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Du Preez
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
- Agricultural Research Council - Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Private Bag X11208, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa.
| | - H Fourie
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - M Daneel
- Agricultural Research Council - Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Private Bag X11208, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
| | - H Miller
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - S Höss
- Ecossa, Giselastrasse 6, 82319, Starnberg, Germany
- University of Bielefeld, Department of Animal Ecology, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - C Ricci
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medicine Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Engelbrecht
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - M Zouhar
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Plant Protection, Kamycka 129, 165 21, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Wepener
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Capela R, Garric J, Castro LFC, Santos MM. Embryo bioassays with aquatic animals for toxicity testing and hazard assessment of emerging pollutants: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135740. [PMID: 31838430 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review article gathers the available information on the use of embryo-tests as high-throughput tools for toxicity screening, hazard assessment and prioritization of new and existing chemical compounds. The approach is contextualized considering the new legal trends for animal experimentation, fostering the 3R policy, with reduction of experimental animals, addressing the potential of embryo-tests as high-throughput toxicity screening and prioritizing tools. Further, the current test guidelines, such as the ones provided by OECD and EPA, focus mainly in a limited number of animal lineages, particularly vertebrates and arthropods. To extrapolate hazard assessment to the ecosystem scale, a larger diversity of taxa should be tested. The use of new experimental animal models in toxicity testing, from a representative set of taxa, was thoroughly revised and discussed in this review. Here, we critically review current tools and the main advantages and drawbacks of different animal models and set researcher priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Capela
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; IRSTEA - National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture - Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, CS20244, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, Lyon-Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jeanne Garric
- IRSTEA - National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture - Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, CS20244, 69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, Lyon-Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Luís Filipe Costa Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Machado Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Wittkowski P, Marx-Stoelting P, Violet N, Fetz V, Schwarz F, Oelgeschläger M, Schönfelder G, Vogl S. Caenorhabditis elegans As a Promising Alternative Model for Environmental Chemical Mixture Effect Assessment-A Comparative Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12725-12733. [PMID: 31536708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge of mixture toxicity testing is that a multitude of substances with even more combinations need to be tested in a broad dose range. Consequently testing in rodent bioassays, the current gold standard of toxicity testing, is hardly feasible. High-throughput compatible cell culture systems, however, suffer from limitations with respect to toxicokinetics, tissue interactions, and compensatory mechanisms. Therefore, simple organisms like the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, combining relevant advantages of complex in vivo and fast in vitro assays might prove highly valuable within a testing strategy for mixtures. To investigate the comparability between results obtained with C. elegans and traditional rodent assays, we used five azole fungicides as well investigated model substances. Our findings suggest that azoles act additively in C. elegans which is in line with previous results in rats. Additionally, we show that toxicokinetics are one important factor for the differences in the relative toxicity of the azoles in both species. Importantly, we also demonstrate that in contrast to most rodent in vivo studies, C. elegans assays provide well-defined concentration-response relationships which are a very good basis for the prediction of mixture effects. We conclude that C. elegans may be an appropriate model for mixture toxicity testing at least within a first step to identify and prioritize relevant mixtures for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wittkowski
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) , 10589 Berlin , Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) , 10589 Berlin , Germany
| | - Norman Violet
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) , 10589 Berlin , Germany
| | - Verena Fetz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) , 10589 Berlin , Germany
| | - Franziska Schwarz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) , 10589 Berlin , Germany
| | - Michael Oelgeschläger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) , 10589 Berlin , Germany
| | - Gilbert Schönfelder
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) , 10589 Berlin , Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , 10117 Berlin , Germany
| | - Silvia Vogl
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) , 10589 Berlin , Germany
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27
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Solecki R, Rauch M, Gall A, Buschmann J, Kellner R, Kucheryavenko O, Schmitt A, Delrue N, Li W, Hu J, Fujiwara M, Kuwagata M, Mantovani A, Makris SL, Paumgartten F, Schönfelder G, Schneider S, Vogl S, Kleinstreuer N, Schneider M, Schulze F, Fritsche E, Clark R, Shiota K, Chahoud I. Update of the DevTox data database for harmonized risk assessment and alternative methodologies in developmental toxicology: Report of the 9th Berlin Workshop on Developmental Toxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89:124-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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28
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Kim TW, Che JH, Yun JW. Use of stem cells as alternative methods to animal experimentation in predictive toxicology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 105:15-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lenz KA, Miller TR, Ma H. Anabaenopeptins and cyanopeptolins induce systemic toxicity effects in a model organism the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:60-69. [PMID: 30253257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms represent a significant risk to environmental and human health due to their production of toxic secondary metabolites, cyanopeptides. Anabaenopeptins and cyanopeptolins are cyanopeptides increasingly detected in surface waters at concentrations exceeding regulatory toxicity levels for other cyanotoxins such as microcystins. Yet their toxicity to aquatic organisms are not well understood. Here we assessed the toxicological effects of three anabaenopeptins (AP-A, AP-B, and AP-F) and three cyanopeptolins (CYP-1007, CYP-1020, and CYP-1041) to a model organism the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Examined toxicity endpoints included reproduction, hatching time, growth rate, lifespan, and age-related vulval integrity. Microcystin RR (MC-RR) and microginin 690 were also included in the study for comparisons. At an identical mass concentration (10 μg/L, corresponding to a molar concentration ranging 0.01-0.014 μM depending on the specific peptide), anabaenopeptins (APs) showed the greatest toxicity among all cyanopeptides tested. APs decreased worm reproduction by 23%-34% and shortened worm lifespan by 5 days (a 30% reduction) compared to the controls. APs also induced a remarkable age-related vulval integrity defect (Avid phenotype) in the worm, where over 95% of exposed worms developed the phenotype, compared to a less than 15% in control worms. CYPs showed similar toxicity as MC-RR, and Microginin 690 was the least toxic. These findings suggest that APs and CYPs may pose significant health risks to aquatic organisms. More toxicological studies of these cyanopeptides using different species across different trophic levels are needed to gain a thorough understanding of their potential impact on ecological systems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kade A Lenz
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Hongbo Ma
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA.
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Ali R, Pal HA, Hameed R, Nazir A, Verma S. Controlled release of hydrogen sulfide significantly reduces ROS stress and increases dopamine levels in transgenic C. elegans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10142-10145. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05153h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel peptide based system has been developed that exhibits slow and sustained H2S release thereby reducing hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and increasing dopamine levels in a transgenic C. elegans model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Nanoscience
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Pal
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Nanoscience
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Rohil Hameed
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Nanoscience
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
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31
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Harlow PH, Perry SJ, Stevens AJ, Flemming AJ. Comparative metabolism of xenobiotic chemicals by cytochrome P450s in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13333. [PMID: 30190484 PMCID: PMC6127299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the metabolic capabilities of C. elegans using compounds whose metabolism has been well characterised in mammalian systems. We find that similar metabolites are produced in C. elegans as in mammals but that C. elegans is deficient in CYP1-like metabolism, as has been seen in other studies. We show that CYP-34A9, CYP-34A10 and CYP-36A1 are the principal enzymes responsible for the metabolism of tolbutamide in C. elegans. These are related to the mammalian enzymes that metabolise this compound but are not the closest homologs suggesting that sequence comparison alone will not predict functional conservation among cytochrome P450s. In mammals, metabolite production from amytryptiline and dextromethorphan is dependent on specific cytochrome P450s. However, in C. elegans we did not find evidence of similar specificity: the same metabolites were produced but in small amounts by numerous cytochrome P450s. We conclude that, while some aspects of cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism in C. elegans are similar to mammals, there are differences in the production of some metabolites and in the underlying genetics of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa H Harlow
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Simon J Perry
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Alexander J Stevens
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Anthony J Flemming
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK.
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32
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Counting Caenorhabditis elegans: Protocol Optimization and Applications for Population Growth and Toxicity Studies in Liquid Medium. Sci Rep 2018; 8:904. [PMID: 29343752 PMCID: PMC5772475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is used extensively in molecular, toxicological and genetics research. However, standardized methods for counting nematodes in liquid culture do not exist despite the wide use of nematodes and need for accurate measurements. Herein, we provide a simple and affordable counting protocol developed to maximize count accuracy and minimize variability in liquid nematode culture. Sources of variability in the counting process were identified and tested in 14 separate experiments. Three variables resulted in significant effects on nematode count: shaking of the culture, priming of pipette tips, and sampling location within a microcentrifuge tube. Between-operator variability did not have a statistically significant effect on counts, even among differently-skilled operators. The protocol was used to assess population growth rates of nematodes in two different but common liquid growth media: axenic modified Caenorhabditis elegans Habitation and Reproduction medium (mCeHR) and S-basal complete. In mCeHR, nematode populations doubled daily for 10 d. S-basal complete populations initially doubled every 12 h, but slowed within 7 d. We also detected a statistically significant difference between embryo-to-hatchling incubation period of 5 d in mCeHR compared to 4 d in S-basal complete. The developed counting method for Caenorhabditis elegans reduces variability and allows for rigorous and reliable experimentation.
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Lenz KA, Pattison C, Ma H. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) induce systemic toxic effects in a model organism the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:462-470. [PMID: 28837926 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The broad application of triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) as antimicrobials in household and personal care products has led to the concerns regarding their human health risk and environmental impact. Although many studies have examined the toxicological effects of these compounds to a wide range of aquatic organisms from algae to fish, their potential toxicity to an important model organism the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has never been systematically investigated. Here we assessed the toxicological effects of TCS and TCC in C. elegans using endpoints from organismal to molecular levels, including lethality, reproduction, lifespan, hatching, germline toxicity, and oxidative stress. L4 stage or young adult worms were exposed to TCS or TCC and examined using above-mentioned endpoints. Both TCS and TCC showed acute toxicity to C. elegans, with 24-h LC50s of 3.65 (95% CI: 3.15, 4.3) mg/L and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.47, 1.53) mg/L, respectively. TCS at 0.1-2 mg/L and TCC at 0.01-0.5 mg/L, respectively, induced concentration dependent reduction in the worm's reproduction, lifespan, and delay in hatching. Using a DAF-16:GFP transgenic strain, we found both compounds induced oxidative stress in the worm, indicated by the relocalization of DAF-16:GFP from cytoplasm to the nucleus upon exposure. Germline toxicity of the two compounds was also demonstrated using a xol-1:GFP transgenic strain. These findings suggest that TCS and TCC induce systemic toxic effects in C. elegans. Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential mechanisms of toxicity of these antimicrobials in the model organism, especially their potential endocrine disruption effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Lenz
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1240 N 10th St, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Claire Pattison
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1240 N 10th St, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hongbo Ma
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1240 N 10th St, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Zdraljevic S, Andersen EC. Natural diversity facilitates the discovery of conserved chemotherapeutic response mechanisms. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 47:41-47. [PMID: 28892780 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Organismal fitness depends on adaptation to complex niches where chemical compounds and pathogens are omnipresent. These stresses can lead to the fixation of alleles in both xenobiotic responses and proliferative signaling pathways that promote survival in these niches. However, both xenobiotic responses and proliferative pathways vary within and among species. For example, genetic differences can accumulate within populations because xenobiotic exposures are not constant and selection is variable. Additionally, neutral genetic variation can accumulate in conserved proliferative pathway genes because these systems are robust to genetic perturbations given their essential roles in normal cell-fate specification. For these reasons, sensitizing mutations or chemical perturbations can disrupt pathways and reveal cryptic variation. With this fundamental view of how organisms respond to cytotoxic compounds and cryptic variation in conserved signaling pathways, it is not surprising that human patients have highly variable responses to chemotherapeutic compounds. These different responses result in the low FDA-approval rates for chemotherapeutics and underscore the need for new approaches to understand these diseases and therapeutic interventions. Model organisms, especially the classic invertebrate systems of Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, can be used to combine studies of natural variation across populations with responses to both xenobiotic compounds and chemotherapeutics targeted to conserved proliferative signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Zdraljevic
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Erik C Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Xiong H, Pears C, Woollard A. An enhanced C. elegans based platform for toxicity assessment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9839. [PMID: 28852193 PMCID: PMC5575006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a well-defined regulatory framework governing the approval of chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals or release into the environment. Toxicity assessment is thus a major hurdle in the compound discovery pipeline, currently involving large scale animal testing. The search for alternative testing platforms is therefore an important priority. We have developed a convenient, low cost assay utilising the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, to rapidly assess both acute toxicity and developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART). However the worm is protected by a robust cuticle that forms a barrier to chemical uptake. We assessed mutants with altered cuticle properties to identify sensitized strains optimized for toxicity assays. Evaluating the trade-off between increased permeability and reduced fitness identifies bus-5(br19) as the most suitable strain for chemical exposure. We demonstrate the applicability of this assay for a range of chemicals with differing properties, including a modified exposure protocol for volatile or less soluble compounds. This work enhances the effectiveness of C. elegans for convenient toxicity assessment, which could contribute to a reduction in the use of vertebrates particularly at the crucial early stages of product development. Strains identified in this work will also enhance the sensitivity of C. elegans based drug discovery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajiang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Catherine Pears
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Alison Woollard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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Lu LY, Zhang YJ, Chen JJ, Tong ZH. Toxicity of Selected Imidazolium-based Ionic Liquids on Caenorhabditis elegans: a Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Study. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/30/cjcp1703057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Jacques MT, Oliveira JL, Campos EVR, Fraceto LF, Ávila DS. Safety assessment of nanopesticides using the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:245-253. [PMID: 28160702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of pesticides is causing environmental pollution, affecting animal organisms in different habitats and also leading human health at risk. In this study, we present as an alternative the use of nanoparticles loaded with pesticides and report their toxicological assessment to a soil organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. Three nanoparticle formulations were analyzed: solid lipid nanoparticles loaded or not with atrazine and simazine, SLN; polymeric nanoparticles, NC_PCL loaded with atrazine; and chitosan/tripolyphosphate, CS/TPP, loaded or not with paraquat. All formulations, loaded or not with pesticides, increased lethality in a dose- dependent manner with similar LC50. Both loaded and unloaded NC_PCL were the most toxic formulations to developmental rate, significantly reducing worms length, even at low concentrations. In contrast, both CS/TPP nanoparticles were the least toxic, not affecting reproduction and body length at higher concentrations, probably due to the biocompatibility of chitosan. The physico-chemical characterization of nanoparticles after incubation in saline solution (used in exposure of organisms) has shown that these colloidal systems are stable and remain with the same initial characteristics, even in the presence of saline environment. Notably, our results indicate that the observed effects were caused by the nanoparticles per se. These results suggest that the development of nanoparticles aiming agriculture applications needs more studies in order to optimize the composition and then reduce their toxicity to non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio T Jacques
- Federal University of Pampa- UNIPAMPA- Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jhones L Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Estefânia V R Campos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Sorocaba, Brazil; State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Fraceto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Sorocaba, Brazil; State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Federal University of Pampa- UNIPAMPA- Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Kim W, Hendricks GL, Lee K, Mylonakis E. An update on the use of C. elegans for preclinical drug discovery: screening and identifying anti-infective drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:625-633. [PMID: 28402221 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1319358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The emergence of antibiotic-resistant and -tolerant bacteria is a major threat to human health. Although efforts for drug discovery are ongoing, conventional bacteria-centered screening strategies have thus far failed to yield new classes of effective antibiotics. Therefore, new paradigms for discovering novel antibiotics are of critical importance. Caenorhabditis elegans, a model organism used for in vivo, offers a promising solution for identification of anti-infective compounds. Areas covered: This review examines the advantages of C. elegans-based high-throughput screening over conventional, bacteria-centered in vitro screens. It discusses major anti-infective compounds identified from large-scale C. elegans-based screens and presents the first clinically-approved drugs, then known bioactive compounds, and finally novel small molecules. Expert opinion: There are clear advantages of using a C. elegans-infection based screening method. A C. elegans-based screen produces an enriched pool of non-toxic, efficacious, potential anti-infectives, covering: conventional antimicrobial agents, immunomodulators, and anti-virulence agents. Although C. elegans-based screens do not denote the mode of action of hit compounds, this can be elucidated in secondary studies by comparing the results to target-based screens, or conducting subsequent target-based screens, including the genetic knock-down of host or bacterial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseong Kim
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Gabriel Lambert Hendricks
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
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Benyettou F, Fahs H, Elkharrag R, Bilbeisi RA, Asma B, Rezgui R, Motte L, Magzoub M, Brandel J, Olsen JC, Piano F, Gunsalus KC, Platas-Iglesias C, Trabolsi A. Selective growth inhibition of cancer cells with doxorubicin-loaded CB[7]-modified iron-oxide nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02693e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucurbit[7]uril-modified iron-oxide nanoparticles (CB[7]NPs) were loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox) and tested as a drug delivery system.
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Rendón-Nava D, Mendoza-Espinosa D, Negrón-Silva GE, Téllez-Arreola JL, Martínez-Torres A, Valdez-Calderón A, González-Montiel S. Chrysin functionalized NHC–Au(i) complexes: synthesis, characterization and effects on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03299k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological effects on the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansof chrysin functionalized Au(i)–NHC complexes are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rendón-Nava
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco
- México D.F
- Mexico
| | - Daniel Mendoza-Espinosa
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco
- México D.F
- Mexico
| | | | - José Luis Téllez-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular
- Instituto de Neurobiología
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Campus Juriquilla
- C.P. 76215 Juriquilla
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular
- Instituto de Neurobiología
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Campus Juriquilla
- C.P. 76215 Juriquilla
| | - Alejandro Valdez-Calderón
- Área Académica de Química
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo
- Mexico
| | - Simplicio González-Montiel
- Área Académica de Química
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo
- Mexico
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Hunt PR. The C. elegans model in toxicity testing. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:50-59. [PMID: 27443595 PMCID: PMC5132335 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a small nematode that can be maintained at low cost and handled using standard in vitro techniques. Unlike toxicity testing using cell cultures, C. elegans toxicity assays provide data from a whole animal with intact and metabolically active digestive, reproductive, endocrine, sensory and neuromuscular systems. Toxicity ranking screens in C. elegans have repeatedly been shown to be as predictive of rat LD50 ranking as mouse LD50 ranking. Additionally, many instances of conservation of mode of toxic action have been noted between C. elegans and mammals. These consistent correlations make the case for inclusion of C. elegans assays in early safety testing and as one component in tiered or integrated toxicity testing strategies, but do not indicate that nematodes alone can replace data from mammals for hazard evaluation. As with cell cultures, good C. elegans culture practice (GCeCP) is essential for reliable results. This article reviews C. elegans use in various toxicity assays, the C. elegans model's strengths and limitations for use in predictive toxicology, and GCeCP. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Viszwapriya D, Prithika U, Deebika S, Balamurugan K, Pandian SK. In vitro and in vivo antibiofilm potential of 2,4-Di- tert -butylphenol from seaweed surface associated bacterium Bacillus subtilis against group A streptococcus. Microbiol Res 2016; 191:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Roh JY, Lee HJ, Kwon JH. Internal Concentration and Time Are Important Modifiers of Toxicity: The Case of Chlorpyrifos on Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9689-96. [PMID: 27490261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The internal concentration of chemicals in exposed organisms changes over time due to absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes since chemicals are taken up from the environment. Internal concentration and time are very important modifiers of toxicity when biomarkers are used to evaluate the potential hazards and risks of environmental pollutants. In this study, the responses of molecular biomarkers, and the fate of chemicals in the body, were comprehensively investigated to determine cause-and-effect relationships over time. Chlorpyrifos (CP) was selected as a model chemical, and Caenorhabditis elegans was exposed to CP for 4 h using the passive dosing method. Worms were then monitored in fresh medium during a 48-h recovery regime. The mRNA expression of genes related to CYP metabolism (cyp35a2 and cyp35a3) increased during the constant exposure phase. The body residue of CP decreased once it reached a peak level during the early stage of exposure, indicating that the initial uptake of CP rapidly induced biotransformation with the synthesis of new CYP metabolic proteins. The residual chlorpyrifos-oxon concentration, an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, continuously increased even after the recovery regime started. These delayed toxicokinetics seem to be important for the extension of AChE inhibition for up to 9 h after the start of the recovery regime. Comprehensive investigation into the molecular initiation events and changes in the internal concentrations of chemical species provide insight into response causality within the framework of an adverse outcome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Roh
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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