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Zhan ZY, Jiang M, Zhang ZH, An YM, Wang XY, Wu YL, Nan JX, Lian LH. NETs contribute to psoriasiform skin inflammation: A novel therapeutic approach targeting IL-36 cytokines by a small molecule tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 131:155783. [PMID: 38838402 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis, a chronic immune-mediated skin disease with pathological features such as aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes, dermal-epidermal inflammation, and angiogenesis. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxy stilbene 2-Ο-β-d-glucoside (2354Glu) is a natural small molecule polyhydrostilbenes isolated from Polygonum multiglorum Thunb. The regulation of IL-36 subfamily has led to new pharmacologic strategies to reverse psoriasiform dermatitis. PURPOSE Here we investigated the therapeutic potential of 2354Glu and elucidated the underlying mechanism in psoriasis. METHODS The effects of 2354Glu on IL-36 signaling were assessed by psoriasiform in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo model. The in vivo mice model of psoriasis-like skin inflammation was established by applying imiquimod (IMQ), and the in vitro and ex vitro models were established by stimulating mouse primary keratinocyte, human keratinocytes cells (HaCaT) and ex vivo skin tissue isolated from the mice back with Polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), IMQ, IL-36γ and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) respectively. Moreover, NETs formation was inhibited by Cl-amidine to evaluate the effect of NETs in psoriatic mouse model. The effects of 2354Glu on skin inflammation were assessed by western blot, H&E, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS In Poly(I:C)-stimulated keratinocytes, the secretion of IL-36 was inhibited after treatment with 2354Glu, similar to the effects of TLR3, P2X7R and caspase-1 inhibitors. In aldara (imiquimod)-induced mice, 2354Glu (100 and 25 mg/kg) improved immune cell infiltration and hyperkeratosis in psoriasis by directly targeting IL-36 in keratinocytes through P2X7R-caspase-1. When treatment with 2354Glu (25 mg/kg) was insufficient to inhibit IL-36γ, NETs reduced pathological features and IL-36 signaling by interacting with keratinocytes to combat psoriasis like inflammation. CONCLUSION These results indicated that NETs had a beneficial effect on psoriasiform dermatitis. 2354Glu alleviates psoriasis by directly targeting IL-36/P2X7R axis and NET formation, providing a potential candidate for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ying Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai Campus, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying-Mei An
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiang-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ji-Xing Nan
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Li-Hua Lian
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Korean Medicine Research of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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2
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Yamamoto T. Role of neutrophils in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Dermatol 2024; 51:180-184. [PMID: 38009863 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
There are various types of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), either with or without the association of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In some of the subtypes of cutaneous lupus, histopathology reveals neutrophil infiltration in the lesional skin; however, the significance of neutrophils in CLE is not yet fully elucidated. Recent studies have shown that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation by activated neutrophils is observed in several types of CLE, including lupus panniculitis, subacute lupus erythematosus, and acute lupus erythematosus, although the number of reports is small. Excessive NETosis, due to either increased NETs formation or defective clearance of NETs, may play a role in the induction of autoimmunity and autoantibody production in SLE, as well as endothelial damage, thrombus formation, and vascular damage in the lesional skin. CLE is an excessive interferon-driven autoimmune disease. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are located in lupus erythematosus skin and contribute to the etiology of skin lesions as a main producing cell of type I interferon. Neutrophils, monocytes, and keratinocytes also produce type I interferon via several triggers. Neutrophils play an important role in the innate immune response in SLE. In this review, several types of CLE with neutrophil infiltration, as well as the role of neutrophils are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Calabrese L, Malvaso D, Coscarella G, Antonelli F, D’Amore A, Gori N, Rubegni P, Peris K, Chiricozzi A. Therapeutic Potential of IL-1 Antagonism in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Biomolecules 2024; 14:175. [PMID: 38397412 PMCID: PMC10887283 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis of HS is partially understood and exhibits features of an autoinflammatory disease; it is associated with the potential involvement of B cells and the contribution of Th1 or Th17 cell subsets. Recently, the pathogenic role of both innate immunity and IL-1 family cytokines in HS has been deeply investigated. Several agents targeting the IL-1 family pathway at different levels are currently available and under investigation for the treatment of HS. HS is still characterized by unmet clinical needs and represents an expanding field in the current scientific research. The aim of this narrative review is to describe the pathological dysregulation of IL-1 family members in HS and to provide an update on therapeutic strategies targeting IL-1 family cytokine signaling. Further clinical and preclinical data may likely lead to the enrichment of the therapeutic armamentarium of HS with IL-1 family cytokine antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calabrese
- Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (D.M.); (G.C.); (F.A.); (N.G.); (K.P.)
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Dalma Malvaso
- Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (D.M.); (G.C.); (F.A.); (N.G.); (K.P.)
- UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli—IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giulia Coscarella
- Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (D.M.); (G.C.); (F.A.); (N.G.); (K.P.)
- UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli—IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Flaminia Antonelli
- Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (D.M.); (G.C.); (F.A.); (N.G.); (K.P.)
- UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli—IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra D’Amore
- UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli—IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Niccolò Gori
- Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (D.M.); (G.C.); (F.A.); (N.G.); (K.P.)
- UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli—IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Rubegni
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Ketty Peris
- Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (D.M.); (G.C.); (F.A.); (N.G.); (K.P.)
- UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli—IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Chiricozzi
- Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (D.M.); (G.C.); (F.A.); (N.G.); (K.P.)
- UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli—IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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Ahmad F, Alam MA, Ansari AW, Jochebeth A, Leo R, Al-Abdulla MN, Al-Khawaga S, AlHammadi A, Al-Malki A, Al Naama K, Ahmad A, Buddenkotte J, Steinhoff M. Emerging Role of the IL-36/IL-36R Axis in Multiple Inflammatory Skin Diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:206-224. [PMID: 38189700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
IL-36 is a most recent member of the IL-1 cytokine family, primarily expressed at barrier sites of the body such as the skin, lungs, and intestine. It plays a vital role in inflammation and is implicated in the development of various cutaneous; intestinal; and pulmonary disorders, including psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. IL-36 comprises 4 isoforms: the proinflammatory IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ and the anti-inflammatory IL-36R antagonist. An imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory IL-36 isoforms can contribute to the inflammatory fate of cells and tissues. IL-36 cytokines signal through an IL-36R heterodimer mediating their function through canonical signaling cacade, including the NF-B pathway. Prominent for its role in psoriasis, IL-36 has recently been associated with disease mechanisms in atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, neutrophilic dermatoses, autoimmune blistering disease, and Netherton syndrome. The major cutaneous source of IL-36 cytokines is keratinocytes, pointing to its role in the communication between the epidermis, innate (neutrophils, dendritic cells) immune system, and adaptive (T helper [Th]1 cells, Th17) immune system. Thus, cutaneous IL-36 signaling is crucial for the immunopathological outcome of various skin diseases. Consequently, the IL-36/IL-36R axis has recently been recognized as a promising drug target for the treatment of inflammatory disorders beyond psoriasis. This review summarizes the current update on IL-36 cytokines in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareed Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Majid Ali Alam
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul Wahid Ansari
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anh Jochebeth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rari Leo
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Sara Al-Khawaga
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayda AlHammadi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aysha Al-Malki
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalifa Al Naama
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jörg Buddenkotte
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Medical School, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medicine, Weill Cornell University, New York, New York, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
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5
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Yamamoto T. Local neutrophil and eosinophil extracellular traps formation in pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e14931. [PMID: 37694984 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans is a rare inflammatory condition, affecting the skin and/or mucous membrane. Some cases include both skin and mucous involvement, whereas others develop either skin or mucous lesions only. The typically affected areas are the scalp, face, trunk and extremities, including the flexural areas and umbilicus. Clinical features show erosive granulomatous plaques, keratotic plaques with overlying crusts and pustular lesions. Among mucous lesions, oral mucosa is most frequently involved, and gingival erythema, shallow erosions, cobblestone-like papules on the buccal mucosa or upper hard palate of the oral cavity are also observed. Some of the lesions assume a 'snail track' appearance. Although there are several similarities between pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans and other diseases, that is pyoderma gangrenosum, pemphigus vegetans and pemphigoid vegetans, the histopathological features of pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans are unique in that epidermal hyperplasia, focal acantholysis and dense inflammatory infiltrates with intraepidermal and subepidermal eosinophilic microabscesses are observed. Direct immunofluorescence findings are principally negative. Activated neutrophils are supposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans. The expression of IL-36 and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was observed in the lesional skin, and additionally, eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs) was detected in pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans. A possible pathogenic role of NETs and EETs in the innate immunity and autoinflammatory aspects of pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Young KZ, Sarkar MK, Gudjonsson JE. Pathophysiology of generalized pustular psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1194-1203. [PMID: 36779688 PMCID: PMC10423307 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin disease that affects over 3% of adults in the United States. Psoriasis can present in several clinical forms. Of these, generalized pustular psoriasis is an acute, severe form, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Unlike the more common plaque psoriasis, which is thought to feature dysregulation of the adaptive immune system, generalized pustular psoriasis reflects heightened autoinflammatory responses. Recent advances in genetic and immunological studies highlight a key role of the IL-36 immune axis in the pathogenesis of generalized pustular psoriasis. In this article, we review the psoriatic subtypes and discuss diagnostic criteria of generalized pustular psoriasis, discuss several newly identified genetic variants associated with pustular disease in the skin, and discuss how these mutations shed light on pustular disease mechanisms. Furthermore, we gather insights from recent transcriptomic studies that similarly implicate a pathogenic role of the IL-36 immune axis in generalized pustular psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mrinal K. Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Wang Z, Shi D. Research progress on the neutrophil components and their interactions with immune cells in the development of psoriasis. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13404. [PMID: 37522489 PMCID: PMC10339011 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease, and currently it is widely believed that the IL-23/IL-17 axis and Th17 cells play a critical and central role. However, increasing evidence suggests that neutrophils may interact with a variety of immune cells to play an indispensable role in psoriasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the recent literature on psoriasis and neutrophils through databases such as PubMed and CNKI, and summarized the findings to draw conclusions. RESULTS Neutrophils can promote the development of psoriasis by secreting IL-23, IL-17, and cytokines with TH17 cell chemotaxis. Activated keratinocytes (KCs) can attract and activate neutrophils, induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). KCs can also expose self-antigens which lead to strong autoimmune reactions. The granule proteins secreted by activated neutrophils can activate IL-36, which converts vulgaris psoriasis to generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP). CONCLUSION The function of neutrophils components and the interaction between neutrophils and immune cells play an essential role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for the exploration of targeted clinical treatments and fundamental research on the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanShandongChina
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Chief Physician, Doctoral Supervisor, Department of Dermatology & Laboratory of Medical MycologyJining No. 1 People's HospitalJiningShandong ProvinceChina
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Li M, Jiang W, Wang Z, Lu Y, Zhang J. New insights on IL‑36 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:275. [PMID: 37206554 PMCID: PMC10189745 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily, which includes three receptor agonists and one antagonist and exhibits a familial feature of inflammatory regulation. Distributed among various tissues, such as the skin, lung, gut and joints, the mechanism of IL-36 has been most completely investigated in the skin and has been used in clinical treatment of generalized pustular psoriasis. Meanwhile, the role of IL-36 in the intestine has also been under scrutiny and has been shown to be involved in the regulation of various intestinal diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer are the most predominant inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the intestine, and multiple studies have identified a complex role for IL-36 in both of them. Indeed, inhibiting IL-36 signaling is currently regarded as a promising therapeutic approach. Therefore, the present review briefly describes the composition and expression of IL-36 and focuses on the role of IL-36 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. The targeted therapies that are currently being developed for the IL-36 receptor are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Zehui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Yihan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Jun Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 8th Floor, 8th Building, 68 Changle Road, Qinhuai, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
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9
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Bettiol A, Fagni F, Mattioli I, Bagni G, Vitiello G, Grassi A, Della Bella C, Benagiano M, Troilo A, Holownia KS, Simon D, Argento FR, Sota J, Fabiani C, Becatti M, Fiorillo C, Schett G, Lopalco G, Cantarini L, Prisco D, Silvestri E, Emmi G, D'Elios MM. Serum Interleukin-36 α as a Candidate Biomarker to Distinguish Behçet's Syndrome and Psoriatic Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108817. [PMID: 37240162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a rare systemic vasculitis characterized by different clinical manifestations. As no specific laboratory tests exist, the diagnosis relies on clinical criteria, and the differential diagnosis with other inflammatory diseases can be challenging. Indeed, in a relatively small proportion of patients, BS symptoms include only mucocutaneous, articular, gastrointestinal, and non-typical ocular manifestations, which are frequently found also in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). We investigate the ability of serum interleukin (IL)-36α-a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in cutaneous and articular inflammatory diseases-to differentiate BS from PsA. A cross-sectional study was performed on 90 patients with BS, 80 with PsA and 80 healthy controls. Significantly lower IL-36α concentrations were found in patients with BS as compared to PsA, although in both groups IL-36α was significantly increased compared to healthy controls. An empirical cut-off of 420.6 pg/mL displayed a specificity of 0.93, with a sensitivity of 0.70 (AUC 0.82) in discriminating PsA from BS. This cut-off displayed a good diagnostic performance also in BS patients lacking highly specific BS manifestations. Our results indicate that IL-36α might be involved in the pathogenesis of both BS and PsA, and might be a candidate biomarker to support the differential diagnosis of BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bettiol
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Filippo Fagni
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Irene Mattioli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bagni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Vitiello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessia Grassi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Chiara Della Bella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marisa Benagiano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Arianna Troilo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | | | - David Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Flavia Rita Argento
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jurgen Sota
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Fabiani
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudia Fiorillo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Lopalco
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organs Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Cantarini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Domenico Prisco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Mario Milco D'Elios
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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10
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines are members of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines. IL-36 cytokines are composed of three agonists (IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ) and two antagonists (IL-36 receptor antagonist [IL36Ra] and IL-38). These work in innate and acquired immunity and are known to contribute to host defense and to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. In the skin, IL-36α and IL-36γ are mainly expressed by keratinocytes in the epidermis, although they are also produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, and dermal fibroblasts. IL-36 cytokines participate in the first-line defense of the skin against various exogenous assaults. IL-36 cytokines play significant roles in the host defense system and in the regulation of inflammatory pathways in the skin, collaborating with other cytokines/chemokines and immune-related molecules. Thus, numerous studies have shown IL-36 cytokines to play important roles in the pathogenesis of various skin diseases. In this context, the clinical efficacy and safety profiles of anti-IL-36 agents such as spesolimab and imsidolimab have been evaluated in patients with generalized pustular psoriasis, palmoplantar pustulosis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acne/acneiform eruptions, ichthyoses, and atopic dermatitis. This article comprehensively summarizes the roles played by IL-36 cytokines in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of various skin diseases and summarizes the current state of research on therapeutic agents that target IL-36 cytokine pathways.
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11
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Andoh A, Nishida A. Pro- and anti-inflammatory roles of interleukin (IL)-33, IL-36, and IL-38 in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2023; 58:69-78. [PMID: 36376594 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-022-01936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), IL-36, and IL-38 are members of the IL-1 cytokine family. The expression of each cytokine has been reported to be increased in the inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IL-33 and IL-36 have been studied for pro- and anti-inflammatory functions, and IL-38 has been characterized as an anti-inflammatory cytokine by antagonizing the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R). IL-33 is a nuclear cytokine constitutively expressed by certain cell types such as epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblast-like cells and released on necrotic cell death. IL-33 mainly induces type 2 immune response through its receptor suppression tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) from Th2 cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), but also by stimulating Th1 cells, regulatory T cells, and CD8+ T cells. IL-36 cytokines consist of three agonists: IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ, and two receptor antagonists: IL-36R antagonist (IL-36Ra) and IL-38. All IL-36 cytokines bind to the IL-36R complex and exert various functions through NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in inflammatory settings. IL-33 and IL-36 also play a crucial role in intestinal fibrosis characteristic manifestation of CD. In this review, we focused on the current understanding of the pro- and anti-inflammatory roles of IL-33, IL-36, and IL38 in experimental colitis and IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Andoh
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
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12
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Macleod T, Bridgewood C, McGonagle D. Role of neutrophil interleukin-23 in spondyloarthropathy spectrum disorders. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2023; 5:e47-e57. [PMID: 38251507 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(22)00334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophilic inflammation is a pervasive characteristic common to spondyloarthropathies and related disorders. This inflammation manifests as Munro's microabscesses of the skin and osteoarticular neutrophilic inflammation in patients with psoriatic arthritis, intestinal crypt abscesses in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, ocular hypopyon in anterior uveitis, and neutrophilic macroscopic and microscopic inflammation in patients with Behçet's disease. Strong MHC class I associations are seen in these diseases, which represent so-called MHC-I-opathies, and these associations indicate an involvement of CD8 T-cell immunopathology that is not yet well understood. In this Personal View, we highlight emerging data suggesting that the T-cell-neutrophil axis involves both a T-cell-mediated and interleukin (IL)-17-mediated (type 17) recruitment and activation of neutrophils, and also a sequestration of activated neutrophils at disease sites that might directly amplify type 17 T-cell responses. This amplification likely involves neutrophilic production of IL-23 and proteases as well as other feedback mechanisms that could be regulated by local microbiota, pathogens, or tissue damage. This crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity offers a novel explanation for how bacterial and fungal microbes at barrier sites could innately control type 17 T-cell development, with the aim of restoring tissue homoeostasis, and could potentially explain features of clinical disease and treatment response, such as the fast-onset action of the IL-23 pathway blockade in certain patients. This axis could be crucial to understanding non-response to IL-23 inhibitors among patients with ankylosing spondylitis, as the axial skeleton is a site rich in neutrophils and a site of haematopoiesis with myelopoiesis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Macleod
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Charles Bridgewood
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK.
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13
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The IL-1 Family and Its Role in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010017. [PMID: 36613465 PMCID: PMC9820551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-1 superfamily of cytokines is a central regulator of immunity and inflammation. The family is composed of 11 cytokines (with agonist, antagonist, and anti-inflammatory properties) and 10 receptors, all tightly regulated through decoy receptor, receptor antagonists, and signaling inhibitors. Inflammation not only is an important physiological response against infection and injury but also plays a central role in atherosclerosis development. Several clinical association studies along with experimental studies have implicated the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines and its receptors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Here, we summarize the key features of the IL-1 family, its role in immunity and disease, and how it helps shape the development of atherosclerosis.
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14
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Costa S, Bevilacqua D, Caveggion E, Gasperini S, Zenaro E, Pettinella F, Donini M, Dusi S, Constantin G, Lonardi S, Vermi W, De Sanctis F, Ugel S, Cestari T, Abram CL, Lowell CA, Rodegher P, Tagliaro F, Girolomoni G, Cassatella MA, Scapini P. Neutrophils inhibit γδ T cell functions in the imiquimod-induced mouse model of psoriasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1049079. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPsoriasis is a chronic skin disease associated with deregulated interplays between immune cells and keratinocytes. Neutrophil accumulation in the skin is a histological feature that characterizes psoriasis. However, the role of neutrophils in psoriasis onset and development remains poorly understood.MethodsIn this study, we utilized the model of psoriasiform dermatitis, caused by the repeated topical application of an imiquimod containing cream, in neutrophil-depleted mice or in mice carrying impairment in neutrophil functions, including p47phox -/- mice (lacking a cytosolic subunit of the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - NADPH - oxidase) and Sykfl/fl MRP8-cre+ mice (carrying the specific deletion of the Syk kinase in neutrophils only), to elucidate the specific contribution of neutrophils to psoriasis development.ResultsBy analyzing disease development/progression in neutrophil-depleted mice, we now report that neutrophils act as negative modulators of disease propagation and exacerbation by inhibiting gammadelta T cell effector functions via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We also report that Syk functions as a crucial molecule in determining the outcome of neutrophil and γδ T cell interactions. Accordingly, we uncover that a selective impairment of Syk-dependent signaling in neutrophils is sufficient to reproduce the enhancement of skin inflammation and γδ T cell infiltration observed in neutrophil-depleted mice.ConclusionsOverall, our findings add new insights into the specific contribution of neutrophils to disease progression in the IMQ-induced mouse model of psoriasis, namely as negative regulatory cells.
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15
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Sachen KL, Arnold Greving CN, Towne JE. Role of IL-36 cytokines in psoriasis and other inflammatory skin conditions. Cytokine 2022; 156:155897. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Dong H, Hao Y, Li W, Yang W, Gao P. IL-36 Cytokines: Their Roles in Asthma and Potential as a Therapeutic. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921275. [PMID: 35903102 PMCID: PMC9314646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines are members of the IL-1 superfamily, which consists of three agonists (IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ) and an IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra). IL-36 cytokines are crucial for immune and inflammatory responses. Abnormal levels of IL-36 cytokine expression are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy and cancer. The present study provides a summary of recent reports on IL-36 cytokines that participate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, and the potential mechanisms underlying their roles in asthma. Abnormal levels of IL-36 cytokines are associated with the pathogenesis of different types of asthma through the regulation of the functions of different types of cells. Considering the important role of IL-36 cytokines in asthma, these may become a potential therapeutic target for asthma treatment. However, existing evidence is insufficient to fully elucidate the specific mechanism underlying the action of IL-36 cytokines during the pathological process of asthma. The possible mechanisms and functions of IL-36 cytokines in different types of asthma require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuqiu Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Gao,
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17
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Si W, Xie Y, Dong J, Wang C, Zhang F, Yue J, Jian S, Wei J, Liu S, Wang L, Zhang H. AMPK activation enhances neutrophil's fungicidal activity in vitro and improves the clinical outcome of Fusarium solani keratitis in vivo. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1131-1143. [PMID: 35575029 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2078494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan Yue
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Shoujun Jian
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Susu Liu
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Liya Wang
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 450003, China.
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18
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A distinct immature low-density neutrophil population characterizes acute generalized pustular psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2831-2835.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Todorović V, McDonald HM, Hoover P, Wetter JB, Marinopoulos AE, Woody CL, Miller L, Finkielsztein A, Dunstan RW, Paller AS, Honore P, Getsios S, Scott VE. Cytokine Induced 3-D Organotypic Psoriasis Skin Model Demonstrates Distinct Roles for NF-κB and JAK Pathways in Disease Pathophysiology. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1036-1047. [PMID: 35213752 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris is an inflammatory skin disease that affects 2-3% of the population worldwide. One of the major challenges in discovering novel therapies is the poor translatability of animal models to human disease. Therefore, it is imperative to develop human preclinical models of psoriasis that are amenable to pharmacological intervention. Here we report a 3-D reconstituted human epidermis (RHE) culture system treated with cytokines commonly associated with psoriasis (TNFα, IL-17A and IL-22) that reproduced some key features of the human disease. The effects on epidermal morphology, gene transcription and cytokine production, which are dysregulated in psoriasis were assessed. Certain morphological features of psoriatic epidermis were evident in cytokine-stimulated RHEs, including hypogranulosis and parakeratosis. In addition, RHEs responded to a cytokine mix in a dose-dependent manner by expressing genes and proteins associated with impaired keratinocyte differentiation (keratin 10/K10, loricrin), innate immune responses (S100A7, DEFB4, elafin), and inflammation (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/23p40, IL-36γ, GM-CSF, and IFNγ) typical of psoriasis. These disease-relevant changes in morphology, gene transcription, and cytokine production were robustly attenuated by pharmacologically blocking TNFα/IL-17A-induced NF-κB activation with IKK-2 inhibitor IV. Conversely, inhibition of IL-22-induced JAK1 signaling with ABT-317 strongly attenuated morphological features of the disease but had no effect on NFκB-dependent cytokine production, suggesting distinct mechanisms of action by the cytokines driving psoriasis. These data support the use of cytokine-induced RHE models for identifying and targeting keratinocyte signaling pathways important for disease progression and may provide translational insights into novel keratinocyte mechanisms for novel psoriasis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Hoover
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Spiro Getsios
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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20
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Huang G, Li M, Tian X, Jin Q, Mao Y, Li Y. The emerging roles of IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 in diabetes mellitus and its complications. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:997-1008. [PMID: 35049442 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220113142533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. The importance of the inflammatory response occurring in the pancreas and adipose tissue in the occurrence and progression of diabetes has been gradually accepted. Excess blood glucose and free fatty acids produce large amounts of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines through oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. There is sufficient evidence that proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, macrophage chemotactic protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α, are engaged in the insulin resistance in peripheral adipose tissue and the apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells. IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38, as new members of the IL-1 family, play an indispensable effect in the regulation of immune system homeostasis and are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Recently, the abnormal expression of IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 in diabetes has been reported. In this review, we discuss the emerging functions, potential mechanisms, and future research directions on the role of IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 in diabetes mellitus and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Huang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Mingcai Li
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaoqing Tian
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Qiankai Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Yushan Mao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Yan Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
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21
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Macleod T, Berekmeri A, Bridgewood C, Stacey M, McGonagle D, Wittmann M. The Immunological Impact of IL-1 Family Cytokines on the Epidermal Barrier. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808012. [PMID: 35003136 PMCID: PMC8733307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin barrier would not function without IL-1 family members, but their physiological role in the immunological aspects of skin barrier function are often overlooked. This review summarises the role of IL-1 family cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, IL-36Ra, IL-37 and IL-38) in the skin. We focus on novel aspects of their interaction with commensals and pathogens, the important impact of proteases on cytokine activity, on healing responses and inflammation limiting mechanisms. We discuss IL-1 family cytokines in the context of IL-4/IL-13 and IL-23/IL-17 axis-driven diseases and highlight consequences of human loss/gain of function mutations in activating or inhibitory pathway molecules. This review highlights recent findings that emphasize the importance of IL-1 family cytokines in both physiological and pathological cutaneous inflammation and emergent translational therapeutics that are helping further elucidate these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Macleod
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Berekmeri
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Bridgewood
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Stacey
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), The Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), The Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, United Kingdom
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22
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Peñaloza HF, van der Geest R, Ybe JA, Standiford TJ, Lee JS. Interleukin-36 Cytokines in Infectious and Non-Infectious Lung Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754702. [PMID: 34887860 PMCID: PMC8651476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-36 family of cytokines were identified in the early 2000’s as a new subfamily of the IL-1 cytokine family, and since then, the role of IL-36 cytokines during various inflammatory processes has been characterized. While most of the research has focused on the role of these cytokines in autoimmune skin diseases such as psoriasis and dermatitis, recent studies have also shown the importance of IL-36 cytokines in the lung inflammatory response during infectious and non-infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss the biology of IL-36 cytokines in terms of how they are produced and activated, as well as their effects on myeloid and lymphoid cells during inflammation. We also discuss the role of these cytokines during lung infectious diseases caused by bacteria and influenza virus, as well as other inflammatory conditions in the lungs such as allergic asthma, lung fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis and cancer. Finally, we discuss the current therapeutic advances that target the IL-36 pathway and the possibility to extend these tools to treat lung inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán F Peñaloza
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rick van der Geest
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joel A Ybe
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Theodore J Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Janet S Lee
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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23
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Burster T, Mustafa Z, Myrzakhmetova D, Zhanapiya A, Zimecki M. Hindrance of the Proteolytic Activity of Neutrophil-Derived Serine Proteases by Serine Protease Inhibitors as a Management of Cardiovascular Diseases and Chronic Inflammation. Front Chem 2021; 9:784003. [PMID: 34869231 PMCID: PMC8634265 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.784003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During inflammation neutrophils become activated and segregate neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) to the surrounding environment in order to support a natural immune defense. However, an excess of proteolytic activity of NSPs can cause many complications, such as cardiovascular diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders, which will be elucidated on a biochemical and immunological level. The application of selective serine protease inhibitors is the logical consequence in the management of the indicated comorbidities and will be summarized in this briefing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhadyra Mustafa
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara Myrzakhmetova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Anuar Zhanapiya
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Michal Zimecki
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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24
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Bozonnat A, Assan F, LeGoff J, Bourrat E, Bachelez H. SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing severe flare up of Deficiency of Interleukin Thirty-six (IL-36) Receptor Antagonist (DITRA) resulting from a mutation invalidating the activating cleavage site of the IL-36 receptor antagonist. J Clin Immunol 2021. [PMID: 34176064 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01076-6/figures/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alizée Bozonnat
- Department of General Pediatrics, Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC-Saint Louis, ), Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Florence Assan
- Laboratory of Genetics of Skin Diseases, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme LeGoff
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bourrat
- Department of General Pediatrics, Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC-Saint Louis, ), Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bachelez
- Laboratory of Genetics of Skin Diseases, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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25
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Elias M, Zhao S, Le HT, Wang J, Neurath MF, Neufert C, Fiocchi C, Rieder F. IL-36 in chronic inflammation and fibrosis - bridging the gap? J Clin Invest 2021; 131:144336. [PMID: 33463541 DOI: 10.1172/jci144336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-36 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily and consists of three agonists and one receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra). The three endogenous agonists, IL-36α, -β, and -γ, act primarily as proinflammatory cytokines, and their signaling through the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) promotes immune cell infiltration and secretion of inflammatory and chemotactic molecules. However, IL-36 signaling also fosters secretion of profibrotic soluble mediators, suggesting a role in fibrotic disorders. IL-36 isoforms and IL-36 have been implicated in inflammatory diseases including psoriasis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and allergic rhinitis. Moreover, IL-36 has been connected to fibrotic disorders affecting the kidney, lung, and intestines. This review summarizes the expression, cellular source, and function of IL-36 in inflammation and fibrosis in various organs, and proposes that IL-36 modulation may prove valuable in preventing or treating inflammatory and fibrotic diseases and may reveal a mechanistic link between inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Elias
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hongnga T Le
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clemens Neufert
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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26
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SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing severe flare up of Deficiency of Interleukin Thirty-six (IL-36) Receptor Antagonist (DITRA) resulting from a mutation invalidating the activating cleavage site of the IL-36 receptor antagonist. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1511-1514. [PMID: 34176064 PMCID: PMC8235915 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Wang X, Yi P, Liang Y. The Role of IL-36 in Infectious Diseases: Potential Target for COVID-19? Front Immunol 2021; 12:662266. [PMID: 34054828 PMCID: PMC8155493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-36 is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family, which is currently experiencing a renaissance due to the growing understanding of its context-dependent roles and advances in our understanding of the inflammatory response. The immunological role of IL-36 has revealed its profound and indispensable functional roles in psoriasis, as well as in several inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cancer. More recently, an increasing body of evidence suggests that IL-36 plays a crucial role in viral, bacterial and fungal infections. There is a growing interest as to whether IL-36 contributes to host protective immune responses against infection as well as the potential implications of IL-36 for the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding cellular expression, regulatory mechanisms and biological roles of IL-36 in infectious diseases, which suggest more specific strategies to maneuver IL-36 as a diagnostic or therapeutic target, especially in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Panpan Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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28
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Iznardo H, Puig L. Exploring the Role of IL-36 Cytokines as a New Target in Psoriatic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094344. [PMID: 33919434 PMCID: PMC8122427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unmet needs in the treatment of psoriasis call for novel therapeutic strategies. Pustular psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis often represent a therapeutic challenge. Focus on IL-36 cytokines offers an interesting approach, as the IL-36 axis has been appointed a critical driver of the autoinflammatory responses involved in pustular psoriasis. Two IL-36R blocking antibodies, imsidolimab and spesolimab, are currently undergoing phase II and III clinical trials, with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Iznardo
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Lluís Puig
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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29
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Martin P, Goldstein JD, Mermoud L, Diaz-Barreiro A, Palmer G. IL-1 Family Antagonists in Mouse and Human Skin Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652846. [PMID: 33796114 PMCID: PMC8009184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines initiate inflammatory responses, and shape innate and adaptive immunity. They play important roles in host defense, but excessive immune activation can also lead to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Dysregulated IL-1 family signaling is observed in a variety of skin disorders. In particular, IL-1 family cytokines have been linked to the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. The biological activity of pro-inflammatory IL-1 family agonists is controlled by the natural receptor antagonists IL-1Ra and IL-36Ra, as well as by the regulatory cytokines IL-37 and IL-38. These four anti-inflammatory IL-1 family members are constitutively and highly expressed at steady state in the epidermis, where keratinocytes are a major producing cell type. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge concerning their regulatory roles in skin biology and inflammation and their therapeutic potential in human inflammatory skin diseases. We further highlight some common misunderstandings and less well-known observations, which persist in the field despite recent extensive interest for these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praxedis Martin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie D. Goldstein
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Mermoud
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Diaz-Barreiro
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Palmer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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30
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Griffiths JS, Camilli G, Kotowicz NK, Ho J, Richardson JP, Naglik JR. Role for IL-1 Family Cytokines in Fungal Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633047. [PMID: 33643264 PMCID: PMC7902786 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens kill approximately 1.5 million individuals per year and represent a severe disease burden worldwide. It is estimated over 150 million people have serious fungal disease such as recurrent mucosal infections or life-threatening systemic infections. Disease can ensue from commensal fungi or new infection and involves different fungal morphologies and the expression of virulence factors. Therefore, anti-fungal immunity is complex and requires coordination between multiple facets of the immune system. IL-1 family cytokines are associated with acute and chronic inflammation and are essential for the innate response to infection. Recent research indicates IL-1 cytokines play a key role mediating immunity against different fungal infections. During mucosal disease, IL-1R and IL-36R are required for neutrophil recruitment and protective Th17 responses, but function through different mechanisms. During systemic disease, IL-18 drives protective Th1 responses, while IL-33 promotes Th2 and suppresses Th1 immunity. The IL-1 family represents an attractive anti-fungal immunotherapy target. There is a need for novel anti-fungal therapeutics, as current therapies are ineffective, toxic and encounter resistance, and no anti-fungal vaccine exists. Furthering our understanding of the IL-1 family cytokines and their complex role during fungal infection may aid the development of novel therapies. As such, this review will discuss the role for IL-1 family cytokines in fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Griffiths
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Camilli
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia K Kotowicz
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima Ho
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Yamamoto T. Similarity and difference between palmoplantar pustulosis and pustular psoriasis. J Dermatol 2021; 48:750-760. [PMID: 33650702 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Palmoplantar pustulosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by sterile pustules predominantly involving the palms and soles. Palmoplantar pustulosis has many similar aspects to psoriasis, either plaque and pustular type, namely familial occurrence between palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis, the appearance of the Köbner phenomenon, joint involvement, and nail involvement. Pustular psoriasis is classified into generalized and localized types, and there are a number of papers regarding palmoplantar pustulosis as an acral variant of localized pustular psoriasis. Many Japanese dermatologists consider palmoplantar pustulosis to be a distinct entity from pustular psoriasis, and the coexistence of palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis is rare. However, outside Japan, palmoplantar pustulosis is often considered to be palmoplantar psoriasis or palmoplantar pustular psoriasis, and extra-palmoplantar lesions are also considered to be psoriasis. The purpose of the current review is to compare the similarities and differences between palmoplantar pustulosis and generalized/localized pustular psoriasis. Japanese patients with palmoplantar pustulosis have a close relationship with focal infection, and the associated bone-joint manifestation exclusively involves the anterior chest wall. Furthermore, pediatric occurrence of palmoplantar pustulosis is extremely rare, and difference of genetic background between palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis has also been reported. Treatment of focal infection often results in dramatic effects on both cutaneous lesions and joint pain of palmoplantar pustulosis. Those findings suggest that palmoplantar pustulosis should be separately considered from either palmoplantar psoriasis or palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. The clinicopathological features and therapeutic approach of both diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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32
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Ngo VL, Kuczma M, Maxim E, Denning TL. IL-36 cytokines and gut immunity. Immunology 2021; 163:145-154. [PMID: 33501638 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 36 (IL-36) constitutes a group of cytokines that belong to the IL-1 superfamily. Emerging evidence has suggested a role of IL-36 in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders. Intriguingly, in the gastrointestinal tract, IL-36 has a rather complex function. IL-36 receptor ligands are overexpressed in both animal colitis models and human IBD patients and may play both pathogenic and protective roles, depending on the context. IL-36 cytokines comprise three receptor agonists: IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ, and two receptor antagonists: IL-36Ra and IL-38. All IL-36 receptor agonists bind to the IL-36R complex and exert pleiotropic effects during inflammatory settings. Here, we first briefly review the processing and secretion of IL-36 cytokines. We then focus on the current understanding of the immunology effects of IL-36 in gut immunity. In addition, we also discuss the ongoing trials that aim to blockage IL-36R signalling for treating chronic intestinal inflammation and present some unexplored questions regarding IL-36 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu L Ngo
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michal Kuczma
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Estera Maxim
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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33
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Iznardo H, Puig L. The interleukin-1 family cytokines in psoriasis: pathogenetic role and therapeutic perspectives. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:187-199. [PMID: 33538202 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1886081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: IL-1 family cytokines play an important role in the innate immune system and their uncontrolled activation and expression can initiate a pathologic inflammatory response. Their role in psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis has been studied, and they offer potential interest as therapeutic targets.Areas covered: This review focuses on the role that interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines play in psoriasis pathogenesis, with a special focus on pustular psoriasis, and how these cytokines can be used as therapeutic targets. Using PubMed, we review the literature for articles related to IL-1 family cytokines and psoriasis, focusing on pustular psoriasis, and including pathogenesis, genetics and therapeutic targets.Expert opinion: IL-1 and IL-36 cytokines act as critical drivers of the autoinflammatory responses involved in pustular psoriasis. Studies on the specific role of each IL-1 cytokine are needed, as well as of their regulatory pathways. Targeting of IL-1 family cytokines has been used in pustular psoriasis, with IL-1 and IL-36 R blockade showing promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Iznardo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital De La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Puig
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital De La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Leon G, Hussey S, Walsh PT. The Diverse Roles of the IL-36 Family in Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Resolution. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:440-450. [PMID: 32860042 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-36 family is a member of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines and, in common with other IL-1 family members, has been shown to exhibit pleiotropic effects in homeostasis and inflammation. Although the important role these cytokines play in the skin has been widely reported, recent evidence suggests that IL-36 family members are expressed and can also exert significant influence at the intestinal mucosa. In this review, we summarize current knowledge surrounding the role of the IL-36 in the intestines. In particular, we examine its likely dichotomous role as a mediator of both inflammation and resolution, highlighting its overlapping roles in innate and adaptive inflammation at the mucosa and its contribution to pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. We also summarize the complexities of targeting this cytokine family in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Leon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seamus Hussey
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick T Walsh
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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35
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Hovhannisyan Z, Liu N, Khalil-Aguero S, Panea C, VanValkenburgh J, Zhang R, Lim WK, Bai Y, Fury W, Huang T, Garnova E, Fairhurst J, Kim J, Aryal S, Ajithdoss D, Oyejide A, Del Pilar Molina-Portela M, E H, Poueymirou W, Oristian NS, Brydges S, Liu X, Olson W, Yancopoulos G, Murphy AJ, Sleeman MA, Haxhinasto S. Enhanced IL-36R signaling promotes barrier impairment and inflammation in skin and intestine. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/54/eaax1686. [PMID: 33443029 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency in interleukin-36R (IL-36R) antagonist caused by loss-of-function mutations in IL-36RN leads to DITRA (deficiency of IL-36 receptor antagonist), a rare inflammatory human disease that belongs to a subgroup of generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP). We report a functional genetic mouse model of DITRA with enhanced IL-36R signaling analogous to that observed in patients with DITRA, which provides new insight into our understanding of the IL-36 family of molecules in regulating barrier integrity across multiple tissues. Humanized DITRA-like mice displayed increased skin inflammation in a preclinical model of psoriasis, and in vivo blockade of IL-36R pathway using anti-human IL-36R antibody ameliorated imiquimod-induced skin pathology as both prophylactic and therapeutic treatments. Deeper characterization of the humanized DITRA-like mice revealed that deregulated IL-36R signaling promoted tissue pathology during intestinal injury and led to impairment in mucosal restoration in the repair phase of chronic dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Blockade of IL-36R pathway significantly ameliorated DSS-induced intestinal inflammation and rescued the inability of DITRA-like mice to recover from mucosal damage in vivo. Our results indicate a central role for IL-36 in regulating proinflammatory responses in the skin and epithelial barrier function in the intestine, suggesting a new therapeutic potential for targeting the IL-36R axis in psoriasis and at the later stages of intestinal pathology in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nengyin Liu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Casandra Panea
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Wei Keat Lim
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Yu Bai
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Wen Fury
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Tammy Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Elena Garnova
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Jee Kim
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Smita Aryal
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hock E
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xia Liu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - William Olson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
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36
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Macleod T, Ainscough JS, Hesse C, Konzok S, Braun A, Buhl AL, Wenzel J, Bowyer P, Terao Y, Herrick S, Wittmann M, Stacey M. The Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-36γ Is a Global Discriminator of Harmless Microbes and Invasive Pathogens within Epithelial Tissues. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108515. [PMID: 33326792 PMCID: PMC7758160 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues represent vital interfaces between organisms and their environment. As they are constantly exposed to harmful pathogens, innocuous commensals, and environmental microbes, it is essential they sense and elicit appropriate responses toward these different types of microbes. Here, we demonstrate that the epithelial cytokine interleukin-36γ (IL-36γ) acts as a global discriminator of pathogenic and harmless microbes via cell damage and proteolytic activation. We show that intracellular pro-IL-36γ is upregulated by both fungal and bacterial epithelial microbes; yet, it is only liberated from cells, and subsequently processed to its mature, potent, proinflammatory form, by pathogen-mediated cell damage and pathogen-derived proteases. This work demonstrates that IL-36γ senses pathogen-induced cell damage and proteolytic activity and is a key initiator of immune responses and pathological inflammation within epithelial tissues. As an apically located epithelial proinflammatory cytokine, we therefore propose that IL-36γ is critical as the initial discriminator of harmless microbes and invasive pathogens within epithelial tissues. Epithelial pathogens induce expression and release of IL-36γ Proteases secreted by several epithelial pathogens activate IL-36γ The A. fumigatus and S. pyogenes virulence factors Asp F13 and SpeB activate IL-36γ IL-36γ is a global sensor of pathogen-derived proteases during epithelial infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Macleod
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joseph S Ainscough
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christina Hesse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Konzok
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Buhl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn 53012, Germany
| | - Joerg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn 53012, Germany
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sarah Herrick
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK.
| | - Martin Stacey
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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37
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Ge Y, Huang M, Dong N, Yao YM. Effect of Interleukin-36β on Activating Autophagy of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T cells and Its Immune Regulation in Sepsis. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1517-1530. [PMID: 32421784 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an essential role in sepsis-induced immunosuppression. How, the effects of interleukin 36 (IL-36) cytokines on CD4+CD25+ Tregs and their underlying mechanism(s) in sepsis remain unknown. METHODS Our study was designed to investigate the impacts of IL-36 cytokines on murine CD4+CD25+ Tregs in presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in a mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). IL-36-activated autophagy was evaluated by autophagy markers, autophagosome formation, and autophagic flux. RESULTS IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ were expressed in murine CD4+CD25+ Tregs. Stimulation of CD4+CD25+ Tregs with LPS markedly up-regulated the expression of these cytokines, particularly IL-36β. IL-36β strongly suppressed CD4+CD25+ Tregs under LPS stimulation and in septic mice challenged with CLP, resulting in the amplification of T-helper 1 response and the proliferation of effector T cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that IL-36β triggered autophagy of CD4+CD25+ Tregs. These effects were significantly attenuated in the presence of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine or Beclin1 knockdown. In addition, early IL-36β administration reduced the mortality rate in mice subjected to CLP. Depletion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs before the onset of sepsis obviously abrogated IL-36β-mediated protection against sepsis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IL-36β diminishes the immunosuppressive activity of CD4+CD25+ Tregs by activating the autophagic process, thereby contributing to improvement of the host immune response and prognosis in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ge
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Huang
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Dong
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Neurath MF. IL-36 in chronic inflammation and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Han Y, Huard A, Mora J, da Silva P, Brüne B, Weigert A. IL-36 family cytokines in protective versus destructive inflammation. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109773. [PMID: 32898612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors are critical regulators of inflammation. Within the IL-1 family and in contrast to its IL-1 and IL-18 subfamilies, the IL-36 subfamily is still poorly characterized. Three pro-inflammatory agonists IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, one IL-36 receptor (IL-1R6) antagonist, IL-36RA, and one putative IL-1R6 antagonist, IL-38, have been grouped into the IL-36 cytokine subfamily. IL-36 agonists signal through a common receptor complex to serve as early triggers of inflammatory responses by activating and cross-regulating a number of inflammatory pathways including NF-κB, MAPK and IFN signaling. IL-36RA binds to IL-1R6 to limit inflammatory signaling, while IL-38 may be an antagonist of more than one IL-1 family receptor. Expression patterns of IL-36 family cytokines, being most prominently expressed in epithelial barrier tissues such as the skin and intestines as well as in immune cells, suggest a role in protecting these barriers from infection. Dysregulation of IL-36 family cytokine signaling at physiological barriers, most prominently the skin, induces autoimmune inflammation. However, transferring the potential of IL-36 to induce tissue damage to tumors might benefit cancer patients. Here we summarize signaling pathways regulated by IL-36 family cytokines, including IL-38, and the consequences for physiological protective and pathophysiological destructive inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the limits of current knowledge on IL-36 family function to open potential avenues for research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Han
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Special Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research, Higher Education Institutions of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou, China; School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou, China
| | - Arnaud Huard
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Javier Mora
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Priscila da Silva
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60596, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60596, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany.
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Haskamp S, Bruns H, Hahn M, Hoffmann M, Gregor A, Löhr S, Hahn J, Schauer C, Ringer M, Flamann C, Frey B, Lesner A, Thiel CT, Ekici AB, von Hörsten S, Aßmann G, Riepe C, Euler M, Schäkel K, Philipp S, Prinz JC, Mößner R, Kersting F, Sticherling M, Sefiani A, Lyahyai J, Sondermann W, Oji V, Schulz P, Wilsmann-Theis D, Sticht H, Schett G, Reis A, Uebe S, Frey S, Hüffmeier U. Myeloperoxidase Modulates Inflammation in Generalized Pustular Psoriasis and Additional Rare Pustular Skin Diseases. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:527-538. [PMID: 32758447 PMCID: PMC7477008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a severe multi-systemic inflammatory disease characterized by neutrophilic pustulosis and triggered by pro-inflammatory IL-36 cytokines in skin. While 19%–41% of affected individuals harbor bi-allelic mutations in IL36RN, the genetic cause is not known in most cases. To identify and characterize new pathways involved in the pathogenesis of GPP, we performed whole-exome sequencing in 31 individuals with GPP and demonstrated effects of mutations in MPO encoding the neutrophilic enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO). We discovered eight MPO mutations resulting in MPO -deficiency in neutrophils and monocytes. MPO mutations, primarily those resulting in complete MPO deficiency, cumulatively associated with GPP (p = 1.85E−08; OR = 6.47). The number of mutant MPO alleles significantly differed between 82 affected individuals and >4,900 control subjects (p = 1.04E−09); this effect was stronger when including IL36RN mutations (1.48E−13) and correlated with a younger age of onset (p = 0.0018). The activity of four proteases, previously implicated as activating enzymes of IL-36 precursors, correlated with MPO deficiency. Phorbol-myristate-acetate-induced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was reduced in affected cells (p = 0.015), and phagocytosis assays in MPO-deficient mice and human cells revealed altered neutrophil function and impaired clearance of neutrophils by monocytes (efferocytosis) allowing prolonged neutrophil persistence in inflammatory skin. MPO mutations contribute significantly to GPP’s pathogenesis. We implicate MPO as an inflammatory modulator in humans that regulates protease activity and NET formation and modifies efferocytosis. Our findings indicate possible implications for the application of MPO inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases. MPO and affected pathways represent attractive targets for inducing resolution of inflammation in neutrophil-mediated skin diseases.
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Vidhya R, Anuradha CV. Anti-inflammatory effects of troxerutin are mediated through elastase inhibition. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:423-435. [PMID: 32762381 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1806870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state associated with immune cell infiltration into the adipose tissue (AT). We hypothesize that the anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of troxerutin (TX) are mediated through inhibition of elastase. OBJECTIVE To determine the inhibitory effect of TX on elastase in vitro and in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) induced 3T3-L1 adipocytes and the molecular interaction of TX with human neutrophil elastase (HNE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with TX, elastatinal (ELAS) or sodium salicylate (SAL) before exposure to TNFα. Lipid accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidant-antioxidant balance were examined. The mRNA and protein expression of TNFα, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, chemerin, and elastase were analyzed. Elastase inhibition by TX and ELAS in a cell free system and docking studies for HNE with TX and ELAS were performed. RESULTS TX, ELAS or SAL pretreatment had lowered lipid droplets formation and TG content. TX suppressed ROS generation, oxidative stress and improved antioxidant status. The expression of inflammatory cytokines and elastase was downregulated while that of adiponectin was upregulated by TX. The concentration required to produce 50% inhibition in vitro (IC50) was 11.5 μM for TX and 16.9 μM for ELAS. TX showed hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with elastase. DISCUSSION TNFα induces inflammation of 3T3-L1 cells through elastase activation. TX inhibits elastase activity, downregulates expression and binds with elastase. CONCLUSION The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of TX in AT could be of relevance in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Vidhya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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Burgener SS, Leborgne NGF, Snipas SJ, Salvesen GS, Bird PI, Benarafa C. Cathepsin G Inhibition by Serpinb1 and Serpinb6 Prevents Programmed Necrosis in Neutrophils and Monocytes and Reduces GSDMD-Driven Inflammation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3646-3656.e5. [PMID: 31216481 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granule serine proteases contribute to immune responses through cleavage of microbial toxins and structural proteins. They induce tissue damage and modulate inflammation if levels exceed their inhibitors. Here, we show that the intracellular protease inhibitors Serpinb1a and Serpinb6a contribute to monocyte and neutrophil survival in steady-state and inflammatory settings by inhibiting cathepsin G (CatG). Importantly, we found that CatG efficiently cleaved gasdermin D (GSDMD) to generate the signature N-terminal domain GSDMD-p30 known to induce pyroptosis. Yet GSDMD deletion did not rescue neutrophil survival in Sb1a.Sb6a-/- mice. Furthermore, Sb1a.Sb6a-/- mice released high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon endotoxin challenge in vivo in a CatG-dependent manner. Canonical inflammasome activation in Sb1a.Sb6a-/- macrophages showed increased IL-1β release that was dependent on CatG and GSDMD. Together, our findings demonstrate that cytosolic serpins expressed in myeloid cells prevent cell death and regulate inflammatory responses by inhibiting CatG and alternative activation of GSDMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Sofia Burgener
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Georges François Leborgne
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Scott J Snipas
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phillip Ian Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Boutet MA, Nerviani A, Lliso-Ribera G, Lucchesi D, Prediletto E, Ghirardi GM, Goldmann K, Lewis M, Pitzalis C. Interleukin-36 family dysregulation drives joint inflammation and therapy response in psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59:828-838. [PMID: 31504934 PMCID: PMC7188345 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES IL-36 agonists are pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. However, their role in the pathogenesis of arthritis and treatment response to DMARDs in PsA remains uncertain. Therefore, we investigated the IL-36 axis in the synovium of early, treatment-naïve PsA, and for comparison RA patients, pre- and post-DMARDs therapy. METHODS Synovial tissues were collected by US-guided biopsy from patients with early, treatment-naïve PsA and RA at baseline and 6 months after DMARDs therapy. IL-36 family members were investigated in synovium by RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry, and expression levels correlated with DMARDs treatment response ex vivo. Additionally, DMARDs effects on IL-36 were investigated in vitro in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. RESULTS PsA synovium displayed a reduced expression of IL-36 antagonists, while IL-36 agonists were comparable between PsA and RA. Additionally, neutrophil-related molecules, which drive a higher activation of the IL-36 pathway, were upregulated in PsA compared with RA. At baseline, the synovial expression of IL-36α was significantly higher in PsA non-responders to DMARDs treatment, with the differential expression being sustained at 6 months post-treatment. In vitro, primary PsA-derived fibroblasts were more responsive to IL-36 stimulation compared with RA and, importantly, DMARDs treatment increased IL-36 expression in PsA fibroblasts. CONCLUSION The impaired balance between IL-36 agonists-antagonists described herein for the first time in PsA synovium and the decreased sensitivity to DMARDs in vitro may explain the apparent lower efficacy of DMARDs in PsA compared with RA. Exogenous replacement of IL-36 antagonists may be a novel promising therapeutic target for PsA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Astrid Boutet
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Nerviani
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gloria Lliso-Ribera
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Davide Lucchesi
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Edoardo Prediletto
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Maria Ghirardi
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Katriona Goldmann
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Myles Lewis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Interleukin-36: Structure, Signaling and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 21:191-210. [PMID: 32026417 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The IL-36 family belongs to a larger IL-1 superfamily and consists of three agonists (IL-36α/β/γ), one antagonist (IL-36Ra), one cognate receptor (IL-36R) and one accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). The receptor activation follows a two-step mechanism in that the agonist first binds to IL-36R and the resulting binary complex recruits IL-1RAcP. Assembled ternary complex brings together intracellular TIR domains of receptors which activate downstream NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Antagonist IL-36Ra inhibits the signaling by binding to IL-36R and preventing recruitment of IL-1RAcP. Members of IL-36 are normally expressed at low levels. Upon stimulation, they are inducted and act on a variety of cells including epithelial and immune cells. Protease mediated N-terminal processing is needed for cytokine activation. In the skin, the functional role of IL-36 is to contribute to host defense through inflammatory response. However, when dysregulated, IL-36 stimulates keratinocyte and immune cells to enhance the Th17/Th23 axis and induces psoriatic-like skin disorder. Genetic mutations of the antagonist IL-36Ra are associated with occurrence of generalized pustular psoriasis, a rare but life-threatening skin disease. Anti-IL-36 antibodies attenuate IMQ or IL-23 induced skin inflammation in mice, illustrating IL-36's involvement in mouse model of psoriasis. Other organs such as the lungs, the intestine, the joints and the brain also express IL-36 family members upon stimulation. The physiological and pathological roles of IL-36 are less well defined in these organs than in the skin. In this chapter, current progress on IL-36 protein and biology is reviewed with a discussion on investigative tools for this novel target.
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Chelvanambi M, Weinstein AM, Storkus WJ. IL-36 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1240:95-110. [PMID: 32060891 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38315-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the immune system to prevent or control the growth of tumor cells is critically dependent on inflammatory processes that lead to the activation, expansion, and recruitment of antitumor effector cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME). These processes are orchestrated by soluble cytokines produced in tissues that alarm local immune surveillance cells (such as dendritic cells, DCs) to mobilize protective antitumor immune populations (B cells, T cells). The interleukin (IL)-36 family of pro-inflammatory cytokines plays an important role in multiple disease processes, ranging from an instigator of autoimmune psoriasis to an initiator of therapeutic immune responses against tumor cells. This chapter will focus on the biologic role of immunomodulatory IL-36 family cytokines in the cancer setting and their potential utility in the design of effective interventional therapies. (127 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Chelvanambi
- Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aliyah M Weinstein
- Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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46
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Queen D, Ediriweera C, Liu L. Function and Regulation of IL-36 Signaling in Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:317. [PMID: 31867327 PMCID: PMC6904269 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-36 subfamily of cytokines belongs to the IL-1 superfamily and consists of three pro-inflammatory agonists IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and an IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) antagonist, IL-36Ra. These IL-36 cytokines function through a common receptor to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. IL-36 cytokines are expressed as inactive precursors and require proteolytic processing to become fully active. Upon binding to IL-36R, IL-36 agonists augment the expression and production of inflammatory cytokines via activating signaling pathways. IL-36 is mainly expressed in epidermal, bronchial, and intestinal epithelial cells that form the barrier structures of the body and regulates the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production at these tissue sites. Dysregulation of IL-36 signaling is a major etiological factor in the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Besides its critical role in inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, emerging evidence suggests that aberrant IL-36 activities also promote inflammatory diseases in the lung, kidneys, and intestines, underscoring the potential of IL-36 as a therapeutic target for common inflammatory diseases. The role of IL-36 signaling in cancer development is also under investigation, with limited studies suggesting a potential anti-tumor effect. In this comprehensive review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the expression, activation, regulatory mechanisms, and biological functions of IL-36 signaling in immunity, inflammatory diseases, and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Queen
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Liang Liu
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States
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Yuan ZC, Xu WD, Liu XY, Liu XY, Huang AF, Su LC. Biology of IL-36 Signaling and Its Role in Systemic Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2532. [PMID: 31736959 PMCID: PMC6839525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily and includes three agonists (IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ) and an antagonist (IL-36Ra). IL-36 agonists bind to heterodimeric receptor complexes. Then, the heterotrimer complexes signal via intracellular functional domains, binding to downstream signaling proteins and inducing inflammatory responses. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about the biological role of IL-36 and its correlation with systemic inflammatory diseases. The information collected will help to increase the understanding of the potential of IL-36 and may give clues for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Yuan
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xing-You Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lin-Chong Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
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Clancy DM, Sullivan GP, Moran HBT, Henry CM, Reeves EP, McElvaney NG, Lavelle EC, Martin SJ. Extracellular Neutrophil Proteases Are Efficient Regulators of IL-1, IL-33, and IL-36 Cytokine Activity but Poor Effectors of Microbial Killing. Cell Rep 2019. [PMID: 29539422 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granule proteases are thought to function as anti-microbial effectors, cooperatively hydrolyzing microorganisms within phagosomes, or upon deployment into the extracellular space. However, evidence also suggests that neutrophil proteases play an important role in the coordination and escalation of inflammatory reactions, but how this is achieved has been obscure. IL-1 family cytokines are important initiators of inflammation and are typically released via necrosis but require proteolytic processing for activation. Here, we show that proteases liberated from activated neutrophils can positively or negatively regulate the activity of six IL-1 family cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ) with exquisite sensitivity. In contrast, extracellular neutrophil proteases displayed very poor bactericidal activity, exhibiting 100-fold greater potency toward cytokine processing than bacterial killing. Thus, in addition to their classical role as phagocytes, neutrophils play an important immunoregulatory role through deployment of their granule proteases into the extracellular space to process multiple IL-1 family cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Clancy
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Graeme P Sullivan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hannah B T Moran
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Conor M Henry
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emer P Reeves
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Buhl AL, Wenzel J. Interleukin-36 in Infectious and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1162. [PMID: 31191535 PMCID: PMC6545975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-36 (IL-36) comprises to a cytokine family consisting of four isoforms IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36 Ra). These IL-36 cytokines, in turn, belong to the IL-1 superfamily. The IL-36 receptor (IL-1R6) is functional as a heterodimer formed of IL-1R6 and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ are regarded as pro-inflammatory ligands and IL-36 Ra as well as IL-38 as anti-inflammatory ligands of IL-1R6. IL-36 cytokines are mainly expressed on the barrier sites of the body e.g., bronchial, intestinal, and dermal epithelium. One of their most important biological functions is the bridging of innate and adaptive immune responses. A disturbed balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory branches easily leads to inflammation of the corresponding tissue. The most prominent example for an altered IL-36 expression is the spectrum of psoriasis. In addition to inflammatory dermatoses, IL-36 also seems to play a role in infectious dermatoses. Microbial triggers, especially Staphylococcus aureus infection, increase the production of pro-inflammatory IL-36 cytokines and initiate/promote the inflammation of skin lesions. Due to the discovery of IL-36 as an important immune mediator, it has already been possible to develop important diagnostic tools for dermatitis. Not only in the field of inflammatory skin diseases, but also in pulmonary and intestinal inflammation, there is evidence that IL-36 cytokines might have diagnostic and/or therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Buhl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joerg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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IL-36 Cytokines: Regulators of Inflammatory Responses and Their Emerging Role in Immunology of Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071649. [PMID: 30987081 PMCID: PMC6479377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-36 subfamily of cytokines has been recently described as part of the IL-1 superfamily. It comprises three pro-inflammatory agonists (IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ), their receptor (IL-36R), and one antagonist (IL-36Ra). Although expressed in a variety of cells, the biological relevance of IL-36 cytokines is most evident in the communication between epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, which constitute the common triad responsible for the initiation, maintenance, and expansion of inflammation. The immunological role of IL-36 cytokines was initially described in studies of psoriasis, but novel evidence demonstrates their involvement in further immune and inflammatory processes in physiological and pathological situations. Preliminary studies have reported a dynamic expression of IL-36 cytokines in the female reproductive tract throughout the menstrual cycle, as well as their association with the production of immune mediators and cellular recruitment in the vaginal microenvironment contributing to host defense. In pregnancy, alteration of the placental IL-36 axis has been reported upon infection and pre-eclampsia suggesting its pivotal role in the regulation of maternal immune responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the regulatory mechanisms and biological actions of IL-36 cytokines, their participation in different inflammatory conditions, and the emerging data on their potential role in normal and complicated pregnancies.
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