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Haghpanah Z, Mondal D, Momenbeitollahi N, Mohsenkhani S, Zarshenas K, Jin Y, Watson M, Willett T, Gorbet M. In vitro evaluation of bone cell response to novel 3D-printable nanocomposite biomaterials for bone reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:1725-1739. [PMID: 38619300 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Critically-sized segmental bone defects represent significant challenges requiring grafts for reconstruction. 3D-printed synthetic bone grafts are viable alternatives to structural allografts if engineered to provide appropriate mechanical performance and osteoblast/osteoclast cell responses. Novel 3D-printable nanocomposites containing acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) or methacrylated AESO (mAESO), polyethylene glycol diacrylate, and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) were produced using masked stereolithography. The effects of volume fraction of nHA and methacrylation of AESO on interactions of differentiated MC3T3-E1 osteoblast (dMC3T3-OB) and differentiated RAW264.7 osteoclast cells with 3D-printed nanocomposites were evaluated in vitro and compared with a control biomaterial, hydroxyapatite (HA). Higher nHA content and methacrylation significantly improved the mechanical properties. All nanocomposites supported dMC3T3-OB cells' adhesion and proliferation. Higher amounts of nHA enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation. mAESO in the nanocomposites resulted in greater adhesion, proliferation, and activity at day 7 compared with AESO nanocomposites. Excellent osteoclast-like cells survival, defined actin rings, and large multinucleated cells were only observed on the high nHA fraction (30%) mAESO nanocomposite and the HA control. Thus, mAESO-based nanocomposites containing higher amounts of nHA have better interactions with osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells, comparable with HA controls, making them a potential future alternative graft material for bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Haghpanah
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dibakar Mondal
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikan Momenbeitollahi
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sadaf Mohsenkhani
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiyoumars Zarshenas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yutong Jin
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Watson
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Willett
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maud Gorbet
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Yarali E, Mirzaali MJ, Ghalayaniesfahani A, Accardo A, Diaz-Payno PJ, Zadpoor AA. 4D Printing for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402301. [PMID: 38580291 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
4D (bio-)printing endows 3D printed (bio-)materials with multiple functionalities and dynamic properties. 4D printed materials have been recently used in biomedical engineering for the design and fabrication of biomedical devices, such as stents, occluders, microneedles, smart 3D-cell engineered microenvironments, drug delivery systems, wound closures, and implantable medical devices. However, the success of 4D printing relies on the rational design of 4D printed objects, the selection of smart materials, and the availability of appropriate types of external (multi-)stimuli. Here, this work first highlights the different types of smart materials, external stimuli, and design strategies used in 4D (bio-)printing. Then, it presents a critical review of the biomedical applications of 4D printing and discusses the future directions of biomedical research in this exciting area, including in vivo tissue regeneration studies, the implementation of multiple materials with reversible shape memory behaviors, the creation of fast shape-transformation responses, the ability to operate at the microscale, untethered activation and control, and the application of (machine learning-based) modeling approaches to predict the structure-property and design-shape transformation relationships of 4D (bio)printed constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Yarali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad J Mirzaali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Ava Ghalayaniesfahani
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Angelo Accardo
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro J Diaz-Payno
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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Aldana AA, Kuhnt T, Marroquin Garcia R, Moroni L, Baker MB. Digital Light Processing Resins with Programmable Shape Memory for Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 39074194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The creation of biodegradable and biocompatible shape memory polymers amenable to biofabrication techniques remains a challenge. The ability to create shape-changing biodegradable objects that are triggered at body temperature opens up possibilities in tissue engineering, minimally invasive surgery, and actuating bioimplants. Merging Digital Light Processing (DLP) printing with shape memory polymers brings us closer to new smart biomedical outcomes. Previously, we developed a poly(caprolactone-co-trimethylenecarbonate) urethane acrylate resin for the DLP fabrication of biodegradable 3D objects. In further studies, we observed that some of these resins possessed shape memory properties, triggered by body temperature (37 °C). In this subsequent study, we explored the shape memory properties and tunability of this resin family via changes in copolymer composition, molecular weight, and identity of the acrylate end-capping unit. We found that we could create a library of shape memory resins, amenable to DLP printing, which allowed the creation of shape-actuating structures with some tunability over the speed of shape memory and mechanical properties. We observed that increased mole fraction of caprolactone in the copolymer and increased molecular weight of the polymer led to a decrease in speed of the shape memory switch. Furthermore, we observed a trade-off between the composition and the end-capping moiety on the mechanical properties of the polymers. These polymeric resins were able to be processed into shapes that were able to perform work, including the release of cargo and grabbing/lifting of an object. This platform now provides a way to tune the speed and mechanical properties of a shape memory DLP object created from common and scalable polymerization techniques. This work ultimately provides a new platform to develop customizable and biodegradable devices capable of actuating and delivery devices for numerous biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Aldana
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Kuhnt
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Ramiro Marroquin Garcia
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew B Baker
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
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Salih T, Caputo M, Ghorbel MT. Recent Advances in Hydrogel-Based 3D Bioprinting and Its Potential Application in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:861. [PMID: 39062575 PMCID: PMC11274841 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect, requiring invasive surgery often before a child's first birthday. Current materials used during CHD surgery lack the ability to grow, remodel, and regenerate. To solve those limitations, 3D bioprinting is an emerging tool with the capability to create tailored constructs based on patients' own imaging data with the ability to grow and remodel once implanted in children with CHD. It has the potential to integrate multiple bioinks with several cell types and biomolecules within 3D-bioprinted constructs that exhibit good structural fidelity, stability, and mechanical integrity. This review gives an overview of CHD and recent advancements in 3D bioprinting technologies with potential use in the treatment of CHD. Moreover, the selection of appropriate biomaterials based on their chemical, physical, and biological properties that are further manipulated to suit their application are also discussed. An introduction to bioink formulations composed of various biomaterials with emphasis on multiple cell types and biomolecules is briefly overviewed. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis of prefabricated 3D-bioprinted structures and novel 4D printing technology are also summarized. Finally, we discuss several restrictions and our perspective on future directions in 3D bioprinting technologies in the treatment of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Salih
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; (T.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Caputo
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; (T.S.); (M.C.)
- Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Bristol, NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Mohamed T. Ghorbel
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; (T.S.); (M.C.)
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Guo S, Cui H, Agarwal T, Zhang LG. Nanomaterials in 4D Printing: Expanding the Frontiers of Advanced Manufacturing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307750. [PMID: 38431939 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
As an innovative technology, four-dimentional (4D) printing is built upon the principles of three-dimentional (3D) printing with an additional dimension: time. While traditional 3D printing creates static objects, 4D printing generates "responsive 3D printed structures", enabling them to transform or self-assemble in response to external stimuli. Due to the dynamic nature, 4D printing has demonstrated tremendous potential in a range of industries, encompassing aerospace, healthcare, and intelligent devices. Nanotechnology has gained considerable attention owing to the exceptional properties and functions of nanomaterials. Incorporating nanomaterials into an intelligent matrix enhances the physiochemical properties of 4D printed constructs, introducing novel functions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current applications of nanomaterials in 4D printing, exploring their synergistic potential to create dynamic and responsive structures. Nanomaterials play diverse roles as rheology modifiers, mechanical enhancers, function introducers, and more. The overarching goal of this review is to inspire researchers to delve into the vast potential of nanomaterial-enabled 4D printing, propelling advancements in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Guo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Haitao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Lai J, Liu Y, Lu G, Yung P, Wang X, Tuan RS, Li ZA. 4D bioprinting of programmed dynamic tissues. Bioact Mater 2024; 37:348-377. [PMID: 38694766 PMCID: PMC11061618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Setting time as the fourth dimension, 4D printing allows us to construct dynamic structures that can change their shape, property, or functionality over time under stimuli, leading to a wave of innovations in various fields. Recently, 4D printing of smart biomaterials, biological components, and living cells into dynamic living 3D constructs with 4D effects has led to an exciting field of 4D bioprinting. 4D bioprinting has gained increasing attention and is being applied to create programmed and dynamic cell-laden constructs such as bone, cartilage, and vasculature. This review presents an overview on 4D bioprinting for engineering dynamic tissues and organs, followed by a discussion on the approaches, bioprinting technologies, smart biomaterials and smart design, bioink requirements, and applications. While much progress has been achieved, 4D bioprinting as a complex process is facing challenges that need to be addressed by transdisciplinary strategies to unleash the full potential of this advanced biofabrication technology. Finally, we present future perspectives on the rapidly evolving field of 4D bioprinting, in view of its potential, increasingly important roles in the development of advanced dynamic tissues for basic research, pharmaceutics, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Yung
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhong Alan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Nain A, Chakraborty S, Jain N, Choudhury S, Chattopadhyay S, Chatterjee K, Debnath S. 4D hydrogels: fabrication strategies, stimulation mechanisms, and biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3249-3272. [PMID: 38742277 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm02044d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Shape-morphing hydrogels have emerged as a promising biomaterial due to their ability to mimic the anisotropic tissue composition by creating a gradient in local swelling behavior. In this case, shape deformations occur due to the non-uniform distribution of internal stresses, asymmetrical swelling, and shrinking of different parts of the same hydrogel. Herein, we discuss the four-dimensional (4D) fabrication techniques (extrusion-based printing, dynamic light processing, and solvent casting) employed to prepare shape-shifting hydrogels. The important distinction between mono- and dual-component hydrogel systems, the capabilities of 3D constructs to undergo uni- and bi-directional shape changes, and the advantages of composite hydrogels compared to their pristine counterparts are presented. Subsequently, various types of actuators such as moisture, light, temperature, pH, and magnetic field and their role in achieving the desired and pre-determined shapes are discussed. These 4D gels have shown remarkable potential as programmable scaffolds for tissue regeneration and drug-delivery systems. Finally, we present futuristic insights into integrating piezoelectric biopolymers and sensors to harvest mechanical energy from motions during shape transformations to develop self-powered biodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Nain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Srishti Chakraborty
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Nipun Jain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Saswat Choudhury
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Suravi Chattopadhyay
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Souvik Debnath
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
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Cui H, Zhu W, Miao S, Sarkar K, Zhang LG. 4D Printed Nerve Conduit with In Situ Neurogenic Guidance for Nerve Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2024; 30:293-303. [PMID: 37847181 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve repair poses a significant challenge in the field of tissue regeneration. As a bioengineered therapeutic method, nerve conduits have been developed to address damaged nerve repair. However, despite their remarkable potential, it is still challenging to encompass complex physiologically microenvironmental cues (both biophysical and biochemical factors) to synergistically regulate stem cell differentiation within the implanted nerve conduits, especially in a facile manner. In this study, a neurogenic nerve conduit with self-actuated ability has been developed by in situ immobilization of neurogenic factors onto printed architectures with aligned microgrooves. One objective was to facilitate self-entubulation, ultimately enhancing nerve repairs. Our results demonstrated that the integration of topographical and in situ biological cues could accurately mimic native microenvironments, leading to a significant improvement in neural alignment and enhanced neural differentiation within the conduit. This innovative approach offers a revolutionary method for fabricating multifunctional nerve conduits, capable of modulating neural regeneration efficiently. It has the potential to accelerate the functional recovery of injured neural tissues, providing a promising avenue for advancing nerve repair therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Shida Miao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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9
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Shopova D, Yaneva A, Mihaylova A, Dinkova A, Bakova D. Unlocking the Future: Bioprinting Salivary Glands-From Possibility to Reality. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:151. [PMID: 38921525 PMCID: PMC11204800 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15060151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland biofabrication represents a promising avenue in regenerative medicine, aiming to address the challenges of salivary gland dysfunction caused by various factors such as autoimmune diseases and radiotherapy. This review examines the current state of bioprinting technology, biomaterials, and tissue engineering strategies in the context of creating functional, implantable salivary gland constructs. Key considerations include achieving vascularization for proper nutrient supply, maintaining cell viability and functionality during printing, and promoting tissue maturation and integration with surrounding tissues. Despite the existing challenges, recent advancements offer significant potential for the development of personalized therapeutic options to treat salivary gland disorders. Continued research and innovation in this field hold the potential to revolutionize the management of salivary gland conditions, improving patient outcomes and quality of life. This systematic review covers publications from 2018 to April 2024 and was conducted on four databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science. The key features necessary for the successful creation, implantation and functioning of bioprinted salivary glands are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobromira Shopova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Antoniya Yaneva
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biostatistics and eLearning, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Anna Mihaylova
- Department of Healthcare Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (A.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Atanaska Dinkova
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Desislava Bakova
- Department of Healthcare Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (A.M.); (D.B.)
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10
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Liu Y, Liu MY, Fan XG, Wang PY, Chen SP. A 4D-Printable Photocurable Resin Derived from Waste Cooking Oil with Enhanced Tensile Strength. Molecules 2024; 29:2162. [PMID: 38731653 PMCID: PMC11085575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In pursuit of enhancing the mechanical properties, especially the tensile strength, of 4D-printable consumables derived from waste cooking oil (WCO), we initiated the production of acrylate-modified WCO, which encompasses epoxy waste oil methacrylate (EWOMA) and epoxy waste oil acrylate (EWOA). Subsequently, a series of WCO-based 4D-printable photocurable resins were obtained by introducing a suitable diacrylate molecule as the second monomer, coupled with a composite photoinitiator system comprising Irgacure 819 and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB). These materials were amenable to molding using an LCD light-curing 3D printer. Our findings underscored the pivotal role of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) among the array of diacrylate molecules in enhancing the mechanical properties of WCO-based 4D-printable resins. Notably, the 4D-printable material, composed of EWOA and TEGDMA in an equal mass ratio, exhibited nice mechanical strength comparable to that of mainstream petroleum-based 4D-printable materials, boasting a tensile strength of 9.17 MPa and an elongation at break of 15.39%. These figures significantly outperformed the mechanical characteristics of pure EWOA or TEGDMA resins. Furthermore, the EWOA-TEGDMA resin demonstrated impressive thermally induced shape memory performance, enabling deformation and recovery at room temperature and retaining its shape at -60 °C. This resin also demonstrated favorable biodegradability, with an 8.34% weight loss after 45 days of soil degradation. As a result, this 4D-printable photocurable resin derived from WCO holds immense potential for the creation of a wide spectrum of high-performance intelligent devices, brackets, mold, folding structures, and personalized products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shuo-Ping Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (Y.L.); (M.-Y.L.); (X.-G.F.); (P.-Y.W.)
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Bragaglia M, Sciarretta F, Filetici P, Lettieri-Barbato D, Dassatti L, Nicoletti F, Sibilia D, Aquilano K, Nanni F. Soybean Oil-Based 3D Printed Mesh Designed for Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) in Oral Surgery. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300458. [PMID: 38198834 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to obtain a cyto-compatible 3D printable bio-resin for the manufacturing of meshes designed from acquired real patients' bone defect to be used in future for guided bone regeneration (GBR), achieving the goal of personalized medicine, decreasing surgical, recovery time, and patient discomfort. To this purpose, a biobased, biocompatible, and photo-curable resin made of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) diluted with soybean oil (SO) is developed and 3D printed using a commercial digital light processing (DLP) 3D printer. 3D printed samples show good thermal properties, allowing for thermally-based sterilization process and mechanical properties typical of crosslinked natural oils (i.e., E = 12 MPa, UTS = 1.5 MPa), suitable for the GBR application in the oral surgery. The AESO-SO bio-resin proves to be cytocompatible, allowing for fibroblast cells proliferation (viability at 72 h > 97%), without inducing severe inflammatory response when co-cultured with macrophages, as demonstrated by cytokine antibody arrays, that is anyway resolved in the first 24 h. Moreover, accelerated degradation tests prove that the bio-resin is biodegradable in hydrolytic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bragaglia
- Department of Enterprise Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | | | - Pierfrancesco Filetici
- Multispecialty Department of Oral Surgery - Periodontology and Implant-Prosthodontic Rehabilitation, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Dassatti
- Multispecialty Department of Oral Surgery - Periodontology and Implant-Prosthodontic Rehabilitation, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Nicoletti
- Multispecialty Department of Oral Surgery - Periodontology and Implant-Prosthodontic Rehabilitation, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Diego Sibilia
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca scientifica 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Francesca Nanni
- Department of Enterprise Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
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Bodor M, Lasagabáster-Latorre A, Arias-Ferreiro G, Dopico-García MS, Abad MJ. Improving the 3D Printability and Mechanical Performance of Biorenewable Soybean Oil-Based Photocurable Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:977. [PMID: 38611235 PMCID: PMC11013316 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The general requirement of replacing petroleum-derived plastics with renewable resources is particularly challenging for new technologies such as the additive manufacturing of photocurable resins. In this work, the influence of mono- and bifunctional reactive diluents on the printability and performance of resins based on acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) was explored. Polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylates of different molecular weights were selected as diluents based on the viscosity and mechanical properties of their binary mixtures with AESO. Ternary mixtures containing 60% AESO, polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (PEG200DMA) further improved the mechanical properties, water resistance and printability of the resin. Specifically, the terpolymer AESO/PEG575/PEG200DMA 60/20/20 (wt.%) improved the modulus (16% increase), tensile strength (63% increase) and %deformation at the break (21% increase), with respect to pure AESO. The enhancement of the printability provided by the reactive diluents was proven by Jacobs working curves and the improved accuracy of printed patterns. The proposed formulation, with a biorenewable carbon content of 67%, can be used as the matrix of innovative resins with unrestricted applicability in the electronics and biomedical fields. However, much effort must be done to increase the array of bio-based raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Bodor
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - Aurora Lasagabáster-Latorre
- Dpto Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Goretti Arias-Ferreiro
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - María Sonia Dopico-García
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - María-José Abad
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
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13
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Amaya-Rivas JL, Perero BS, Helguero CG, Hurel JL, Peralta JM, Flores FA, Alvarado JD. Future trends of additive manufacturing in medical applications: An overview. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26641. [PMID: 38444512 PMCID: PMC10912264 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) has recently demonstrated significant medical progress. Due to advancements in materials and methodologies, various processes have been developed to cater to the medical sector's requirements, including bioprinting and 4D, 5D, and 6D printing. However, only a few studies have captured these emerging trends and their medical applications. Therefore, this overview presents an analysis of the advancements and achievements obtained in AM for the medical industry, focusing on the principal trends identified in the annual report of AM3DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Amaya-Rivas
- Advanced Manufacturing and Prototyping Laboratory (CAMPRO), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Bryan S. Perero
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Carlos G. Helguero
- Advanced Manufacturing and Prototyping Laboratory (CAMPRO), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jorge L. Hurel
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Juan M. Peralta
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Francisca A. Flores
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics (FCNM), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - José D. Alvarado
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Mahjoubnia A, Cai D, Wu Y, King SD, Torkian P, Chen AC, Talaie R, Chen SY, Lin J. Digital light 4D printing of bioresorbable shape memory elastomers for personalized biomedical implantation. Acta Biomater 2024; 177:165-177. [PMID: 38354873 PMCID: PMC10948293 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) printing unlocks new potentials for personalized biomedical implantation, but still with hurdles of lacking suitable materials. Herein, we demonstrate a bioresorbable shape memory elastomer (SME) with high elasticity at both below and above its phase transition temperature (Ttrans). This SME can be digital light 3D printed by co-polymerizing glycerol dodecanoate acrylate prepolymer (pre-PGDA) with acrylic acid monomer to form crosslinked Poly(glycerol dodecanoate acrylate) (PGDA)-Polyacrylic acid (PAA), or PGDA-PAA network. The printed complex, free-standing 3D structures with high-resolution features exhibit shape programming properties at a physiological temperature. By tuning the pre-PGDA weight ratios between 55 wt% and 70 wt%, Ttrans varies between 39.2 and 47.2 ℃ while Young's moduli (E) range 40-170 MPa below Ttrans with fractural strain (εf) of 170 %-200 %. Above Ttrans, E drops to 1-1.82 MPa which is close to those of soft tissue. Strikingly, εf of 130-180 % is still maintained. In vitro biocompatibility test on the material shows > 90 % cell proliferation and great cell attachment. In vivo vascular grafting trials underline the geometrical and mechanical adaptability of these 4D printed constructs in regenerating the aorta tissue. Biodegradation of the implants shows the possibility of their full replacement by natural tissue over time. To highlight its potential for personalized medicine, a patient-specific left atrial appendage (LAA) occluder was printed and implanted endovascularly into an in vitro heart model. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 4D printed shape-memory elastomer (SME) implants particularly designed and manufactured for a patient are greatly sought-after in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Traditional shape-memory polymers used in these implants often suffer from issues like unsuitable transition temperatures, poor biocompatibility, limited 3D design complexity, and low toughness, making them unsuitable for MIS. Our new SME, with an adjustable transition temperature and enhanced toughness, is both biocompatible and naturally degradable, particularly in cardiovascular contexts. This allows implants, like biomedical scaffolds, to be programmed at room temperature and then adapt to the body's physiological conditions post-implantation. Our studies, including in vivo vascular grafts and in vitro device implantation, highlight the SME's effectiveness in aortic tissue regeneration and its promising applications in MIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mahjoubnia
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA
| | - Dunpeng Cai
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA
| | - Yuchao Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA
| | - Skylar D King
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA
| | - Pooya Torkian
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
| | - Andy C Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA; North Oconee High School, Bogart, GA 30622, USA
| | - Reza Talaie
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA.
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA.
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Jeong D, Jang G, Jung WK, Park YH, Bae H. Stretchable zein-coated alginate fiber for aligning muscle cells to artificially produce cultivated meat. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:13. [PMID: 38374073 PMCID: PMC10876650 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the cultivation of muscle cells using non-animal materials for cultivated meat production. Achieving muscle cell proliferation and alignment using 3D scaffolds made from plant-based materials remains challenging. This study introduces a technique to culture and align muscle cells using only plant-based materials, avoiding toxic chemical modifications. Zein-alginate fibers (ZA fibers) were fabricated by coating zein protein onto alginate fibers (A fibers). Zein's excellent cell compatibility and biodegradability enable high cell adhesion and proliferation rates, and the good ductility of the ZA fibers enable a high strain rate (>75%). We demonstrate mature and aligned myotube formation in ZA fibers, providing a simple way to align muscle cells using plant-based materials. Additionally, cultivated meat was constructed by assembling muscle, fat, and vessel fibers. This method holds promise for the future mass production of cultivated meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Jeong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Jang
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Medicine and the Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Jung
- NoAH Biotech Co., Ltd., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16614, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- NoAH Biotech Co., Ltd., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16614, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojae Bae
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Wang Z, Jiang C, Fan Y, Hao X, Dong Y, He X, Gao J, Zhang Y, Li M, Wang M, Liu Y, Xu W. The application of a 4D-printed chitosan-based stem cell carrier for the repair of corneal alkali burns. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:41. [PMID: 38355568 PMCID: PMC10865625 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corneal alkali burns can lead to ulceration, perforation, and even corneal blindness due to epithelial defects and extensive cell necrosis, resulting in poor healing outcomes. Previous studies have found that chitosan-based in situ hydrogel loaded with limbal epithelium stem cells (LESCs) has a certain reparative effect on corneal alkali burns. However, the inconsistent pore sizes of the carriers and low cell loading rates have resulted in suboptimal repair outcomes. In this study, 4D bioprinting technology was used to prepare a chitosan-based thermosensitive gel carrier (4D-CTH) with uniform pore size and adjustable shape to improve the transfer capacity of LESCs. METHODS Prepare solutions of chitosan acetate, carboxymethyl chitosan, and β-glycerophosphate sodium at specific concentrations, and mix them in certain proportions to create a pore-size uniform scaffold using 4D bioprinting technology. Extract and culture rat LESCs (rLESCs) in vitro, perform immunofluorescence experiments to observe the positivity rate of deltaNp63 cells for cell identification. Conduct a series of experiments to validate the cell compatibility of 4D-CTH, including CCK-8 assay to assess cell toxicity, scratch assay to evaluate the effect of 4D-CTH on rLESCs migration, and Calcein-AM/PI cell staining experiment to examine the impact of 4D-CTH on rLESCs proliferation and morphology. Establish a severe alkali burn model in rat corneas, transplant rLESCs onto the injured cornea using 4D-CTH, periodically observe corneal opacity and neovascularization using a slit lamp, and evaluate epithelial healing by fluorescein sodium staining. Assess the therapeutic effect 4D-CTH-loaded rLESCs on corneal alkali burn through histological evaluation of corneal tissue paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, as well as immunofluorescence staining of frozen sections. RESULTS Using the 4D-CTH, rLESCs were transferred to the alkali burn wounds of rats. Compared with the traditional treatment group (chitosan in situ hydrogel encapsulating rLESCs), the 4D-CTH-rLESC group had significantly higher repair efficiency of corneal injury, such as lower corneal opacity score (1.2 ± 0.4472 vs 0.4 ± 0.5477, p < 0.05) and neovascularization score (5.5 ± 1.118 vs 2.6 ± 0.9618, p < 0.01), and significantly higher corneal epithelial wound healing rate (72.09 ± 3.568% vs 86.60 ± 5.004%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION In summary, the corneas of the 4D-CTH-rLESC treatment group were similar to the normal corneas and had a complete corneal structure. These findings suggested that LESCs encapsulated by 4D-CTH significantly accelerated corneal wound healing after alkali burn and can be considered as a rapid and effective method for treating epithelial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Wang
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Laboratory Technology Innovation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Changqing Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqiao Fan
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Laboratory Technology Innovation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodan Hao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Yanhan Dong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Xinjia He
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Jinning Gao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Yongchun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Laboratory Technology Innovation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Laboratory Technology Innovation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Laboratory Technology Innovation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhua Xu
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Laboratory Technology Innovation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
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17
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Kalogeropoulou M, Díaz-Payno PJ, Mirzaali MJ, van Osch GJVM, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. 4D printed shape-shifting biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Biofabrication 2024; 16:022002. [PMID: 38224616 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad1e6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The existing 3D printing methods exhibit certain fabrication-dependent limitations for printing curved constructs that are relevant for many tissues. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an emerging technology that is expected to revolutionize the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). 4D printing is based on 3D printing, featuring the introduction of time as the fourth dimension, in which there is a transition from a 3D printed scaffold to a new, distinct, and stable state, upon the application of one or more stimuli. Here, we present an overview of the current developments of the 4D printing technology for TERM, with a focus on approaches to achieve temporal changes of the shape of the printed constructs that would enable biofabrication of highly complex structures. To this aim, the printing methods, types of stimuli, shape-shifting mechanisms, and cell-incorporation strategies are critically reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges of this very recent biofabrication technology as well as the future research directions are discussed. Our findings show that the most common printing methods so far are stereolithography (SLA) and extrusion bioprinting, followed by fused deposition modelling, while the shape-shifting mechanisms used for TERM applications are shape-memory and differential swelling for 4D printing and 4D bioprinting, respectively. For shape-memory mechanism, there is a high prevalence of synthetic materials, such as polylactic acid (PLA), poly(glycerol dodecanoate) acrylate (PGDA), or polyurethanes. On the other hand, different acrylate combinations of alginate, hyaluronan, or gelatin have been used for differential swelling-based 4D transformations. TERM applications include bone, vascular, and cardiac tissues as the main target of the 4D (bio)printing technology. The field has great potential for further development by considering the combination of multiple stimuli, the use of a wider range of 4D techniques, and the implementation of computational-assisted strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalogeropoulou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD 2628, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro J Díaz-Payno
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD 2628, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad J Mirzaali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD 2628, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD 2628, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD 2628, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD 2628, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Wang C, Zhou Y. Sacrificial biomaterials in 3D fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35312. [PMID: 37572033 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has progressed exceedingly in the area of tissue engineering. Despite the tremendous potential of 3D printing, building scaffolds with complex 3D structure, especially with soft materials, still exist as a challenge due to the low mechanical strength of the materials. Recently, sacrificial materials have emerged as a possible solution to address this issue, as they could serve as temporary support or templates to fabricate scaffolds with intricate geometries, porous structures, and interconnected channels without deformation or collapse. Here, we outline the various types of scaffold biomaterials with sacrificial materials, their pros and cons, and mechanisms behind the sacrificial material removal, compare the manufacturing methods such as salt leaching, electrospinning, injection-molding, bioprinting with advantages and disadvantages, and discuss how sacrificial materials could be applied in tissue-specific applications to achieve desired structures. We finally conclude with future challenges and potential research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wang
- Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Yingge Zhou
- Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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19
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Antezana PE, Municoy S, Ostapchuk G, Catalano PN, Hardy JG, Evelson PA, Orive G, Desimone MF. 4D Printing: The Development of Responsive Materials Using 3D-Printing Technology. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2743. [PMID: 38140084 PMCID: PMC10747900 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, widely known as 3D printing, has revolutionized the production of biomaterials. While conventional 3D-printed structures are perceived as static, 4D printing introduces the ability to fabricate materials capable of self-transforming their configuration or function over time in response to external stimuli such as temperature, light, or electric field. This transformative technology has garnered significant attention in the field of biomedical engineering due to its potential to address limitations associated with traditional therapies. Here, we delve into an in-depth review of 4D-printing systems, exploring their diverse biomedical applications and meticulously evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. We emphasize the novelty of this review paper by highlighting the latest advancements and emerging trends in 4D-printing technology, particularly in the context of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Edmundo Antezana
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (P.E.A.); (S.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Sofia Municoy
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (P.E.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Gabriel Ostapchuk
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina; (G.O.); (P.N.C.)
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Gerencia de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Proyectos Especiales, Gerencia de Área de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina
| | - Paolo Nicolás Catalano
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina; (G.O.); (P.N.C.)
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Gerencia de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Proyectos Especiales, Gerencia de Área de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, Junín 954, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - John G. Hardy
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK;
- Department of Chemistry, Faraday Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Pablo Andrés Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Martin Federico Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (P.E.A.); (S.M.)
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Karmakar R, Dey S, Alam A, Khandelwal M, Pati F, Rengan AK. Attributes of Nanomaterials and Nanotopographies for Improved Bone Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4020-4041. [PMID: 37691480 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a multidisciplinary area that can solve the limitation of conventional grafting methods by developing viable and biocompatible bone replacements. The three essential components of BTE, i.e., Scaffold material and Cells and Growth factors altogether, facilitate support and guide for bone formation, differentiation of the bone tissues, and enhancement in the cellular activities and bone regeneration. However, there is a scarcity of the appropriate materials that can match the mechanical property as well as functional similarity to native tissue, considering the bone as hard tissue. In such scenarios, nanotechnology can be leveraged upon to achieve the desired aspects of BTE, and that is the key point of this review article. This review article examines the significant areas of nanotechnology research that have an impact on regeneration of bone: (a) scaffold with nanomaterials helps to enhance physicochemical interactions, biocompatibility, mechanical stability, and attachment; (b) nanoparticle-based approaches for delivering bioactive chemicals, growth factors, and genetic material. The article begins with the introduction of components and healing mechanisms of bone and the factors associated with them. The focus of this article is on the various nanotopographies that are now being used in scaffold formation, by describing how they are made, and how these nanotopographies affect the immune system and potential underlying mechanisms. The advantages of 4D bioprinting in BTE by using nanoink have also been mentioned. Additionally, we have investigated the importance of an in silico approach for finding the interaction between drugs and their related receptors, which can help to formulate suitable systems for delivery. This review emphasizes the role of nanoscale approach and how it helps to increase the efficacy of parameters of scaffold as well as drug delivery system for tissue engineering and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rounik Karmakar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Sreenath Dey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Aszad Alam
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Mudrika Khandelwal
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Falguni Pati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hyderabad, Kandi-502285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
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Bergoglio M, Najmi Z, Cochis A, Miola M, Vernè E, Sangermano M. UV-Cured Bio-Based Acrylated Soybean Oil Scaffold Reinforced with Bioactive Glasses. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4089. [PMID: 37896333 PMCID: PMC10610054 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a bio-based acrylate resin derived from soybean oil was used in combination with a reactive diluent, isobornyl acrylate, to synthetize a composite scaffold reinforced with bioactive glass particles. The formulation contained acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), a photo-initiator (Irgacure 819) and a bioactive glass particle. The resin showed high reactivity towards radical photopolymerisation, and the presence of the bioactive glass did not significantly affect the photocuring process. The 3D-printed samples showed different properties from the mould-polymerised samples. The glass transition temperature Tg showed an increase of 3D samples with increasing bioactive glass content, attributed to the layer-by-layer curing process that resulted in improved interaction between the bioactive glass and the polymer matrix. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed an optimal distribution on bioactive glass within the samples. Compression tests indicated that the 3D-printed sample exhibited higher modulus compared to mould-synthetized samples, proving the enhanced mechanical behaviour of 3D-printed scaffolds. The cytocompatibility and biocompatibility of the samples were evaluated using human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs). The metabolic activity and attachment of cells on the samples' surfaces were analysed, and the results demonstrated higher metabolic activity and increased cell attachment on the surfaces containing higher bioactive glass content. The viability of the cells was further confirmed through live/dead staining and reseeding experiments. Overall, this study presents a novel approach for fabricating bioactive glass reinforced scaffolds using 3D printing technology, offering potential applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bergoglio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Ziba Najmi
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases—CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (Z.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cochis
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases—CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (Z.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Miola
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Enrica Vernè
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
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Faber L, Yau A, Chen Y. Translational biomaterials of four-dimensional bioprinting for tissue regeneration. Biofabrication 2023; 16:012001. [PMID: 37757814 PMCID: PMC10561158 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acfdd0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is an additive manufacturing technique that combines living cells, biomaterials, and biological molecules to develop biologically functional constructs. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is commonly used as anin vitromodeling system and is a more accurate representation ofin vivoconditions in comparison to two-dimensional cell culture. Although 3D bioprinting has been utilized in various tissue engineering and clinical applications, it only takes into consideration the initial state of the printed scaffold or object. Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting has emerged in recent years to incorporate the additional dimension of time within the printed 3D scaffolds. During the 4D bioprinting process, an external stimulus is exposed to the printed construct, which ultimately changes its shape or functionality. By studying how the structures and the embedded cells respond to various stimuli, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the functionality of native tissues. This review paper will focus on the biomaterial breakthroughs in the newly advancing field of 4D bioprinting and their applications in tissue engineering and regeneration. In addition, the use of smart biomaterials and 4D printing mechanisms for tissue engineering applications is discussed to demonstrate potential insights for novel 4D bioprinting applications. To address the current challenges with this technology, we will conclude with future perspectives involving the incorporation of biological scaffolds and self-assembling nanomaterials in bioprinted tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Faber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America
| | - Anne Yau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America
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Li G, Li Z, Min Y, Chen S, Han R, Zhao Z. 3D-Printed Piezoelectric Scaffolds with Shape Memory Polymer for Bone Regeneration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302927. [PMID: 37264732 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of piezoelectric nanoparticles with shape memory polymer (SMP) to 3D-printed piezoelectric scaffolds for bone defect repair is an attractive research direction. However, there is a significant difference in dielectric constants between the piezoelectric phase and polymer phase, limiting the piezoelectric property. Therefore, novel piezoelectric acrylate epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) scaffolds doped with piezoelectric Ag-TMSPM-pBT (ATP) nanoparticles (AESO-ATP scaffolds) are prepared via digital light procession 3D-printing. The Ag-TMSPM-pBT nanoparticles improve the piezoelectric properties of the AESO scaffolds by TMSPM covalent functionalization and conductive Ag nanoparticles. The AESO scaffolds doped with 10 wt% Ag-TMSPM-pBT nanoparticles (AESO-10ATP scaffolds) exhibit promising piezoelectrical properties, with a piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of 0.9 pC N-1 and an output current of 146.4 nA, which are close to the piezoelectric constants of bone tissue. In addition, these scaffolds exhibit good shape memory function and can quickly recover their original shape under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. The results of osteogenesis capability evaluation indicate that the AESO-10ATP scaffolds can promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro and bone defect repair in vivo, indicating the 3D-printed AESO-10ATP piezoelectric scaffolds may have great application potential for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zehao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yajun Min
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shilu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruijia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park of Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, 572000, China
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Zhou Z, Tang W, Yang J, Fan C. Application of 4D printing and bioprinting in cardiovascular tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6403-6420. [PMID: 37599608 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00312d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases have remained the leading cause of death worldwide for the past 20 years. The current clinical therapeutic measures, including bypass surgery, stent implantation and pharmacotherapy, are not enough to repair the massive loss of cardiomyocytes after myocardial ischemia. Timely replenishment with functional myocardial tissue via biomedical engineering is the most direct and effective means to improve the prognosis and survival rate of patients. It is widely recognized that 4D printing technology introduces an additional dimension of time in comparison with traditional 3D printing. Additionally, in the context of 4D bioprinting, both the printed material and the resulting product are designed to be biocompatible, which will be the mainstream of bioprinting in the future. Thus, this review focuses on the application of 4D bioprinting in cardiovascular diseases, discusses the bottleneck of the development of 4D bioprinting, and finally looks forward to the future direction and prospect of this revolutionary technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Middle Renmin Road 139, 410011 Changsha, China
| | - Weijie Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Middle Renmin Road 139, 410011 Changsha, China.
| | - Jinfu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Middle Renmin Road 139, 410011 Changsha, China.
| | - Chengming Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Middle Renmin Road 139, 410011 Changsha, China.
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Chen A, Wang W, Mao Z, He Y, Chen S, Liu G, Su J, Feng P, Shi Y, Yan C, Lu J. Multimaterial 3D and 4D Bioprinting of Heterogenous Constructs for Tissue Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307686. [PMID: 37737521 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), which is based on the principle of layer-by-layer shaping and stacking of discrete materials, has shown significant benefits in the fabrication of complicated implants for tissue engineering (TE). However, many native tissues exhibit anisotropic heterogenous constructs with diverse components and functions. Consequently, the replication of complicated biomimetic constructs using conventional AM processes based on a single material is challenging. Multimaterial 3D and 4D bioprinting (with time as the fourth dimension) has emerged as a promising solution for constructing multifunctional implants with heterogenous constructs that can mimic the host microenvironment better than single-material alternatives. Notably, 4D-printed multimaterial implants with biomimetic heterogenous architectures can provide a time-dependent programmable dynamic microenvironment that can promote cell activity and tissue regeneration in response to external stimuli. This paper first presents the typical design strategies of biomimetic heterogenous constructs in TE applications. Subsequently, the latest processes in the multimaterial 3D and 4D bioprinting of heterogenous tissue constructs are discussed, along with their advantages and challenges. In particular, the potential of multimaterial 4D bioprinting of smart multifunctional tissue constructs is highlighted. Furthermore, this review provides insights into how multimaterial 3D and 4D bioprinting can facilitate the realization of next-generation TE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annan Chen
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ceramic Materials for Additive Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wanying Wang
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Zhengyi Mao
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
| | - Yunhu He
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
| | - Shiting Chen
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
| | - Guo Liu
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
| | - Jin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ceramic Materials for Additive Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Pei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ceramic Materials for Additive Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chunze Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ceramic Materials for Additive Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518045, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research, Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Wu H, Chen J, Zhao P, Liu M, Xie F, Ma X. Development and Prospective Applications of 3D Membranes as a Sensor for Monitoring and Inducing Tissue Regeneration. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:802. [PMID: 37755224 PMCID: PMC10535523 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
For decades, tissue regeneration has been a challenging issue in scientific modeling and human practices. Although many conventional therapies are already used to treat burns, muscle injuries, bone defects, and hair follicle injuries, there remains an urgent need for better healing effects in skin, bone, and other unique tissues. Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing and real-time monitoring technologies have enabled the creation of tissue-like membranes and the provision of an appropriate microenvironment. Using tissue engineering methods incorporating 3D printing technologies and biomaterials for the extracellular matrix (ECM) containing scaffolds can be used to construct a precisely distributed artificial membrane. Moreover, advances in smart sensors have facilitated the development of tissue regeneration. Various smart sensors may monitor the recovery of the wound process in different aspects, and some may spontaneously give feedback to the wound sites by releasing biological factors. The combination of the detection of smart sensors and individualized membrane design in the healing process shows enormous potential for wound dressings. Here, we provide an overview of the advantages of 3D printing and conventional therapies in tissue engineering. We also shed light on different types of 3D printing technology, biomaterials, and sensors to describe effective methods for use in skin and other tissue regeneration, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Finally, we highlight the value of 3D bioengineered membranes in various fields, including the modeling of disease, organ-on-a-chip, and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pengxiang Zhao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China (F.X.); (X.M.)
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S H, Unni VV, Gayathri, B N, Chandran S, Sambhudevan S. Bio-based polymers containing traditional medicinal fillers for wound healing applications - An evaluation of neoteric development and future perspectives. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300006. [PMID: 37170732 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, health-care providers have seen more patients with difficult-to-treat wounds and burns. The biopolymer-based wound dressing protects the wounded area while assisting in the recovery of dermal and epithelial tissues throughout the healing process. The overall number of patients with chronic lesions has been expanding due to developing society, over weight, and cardiovascular illness. For the treatment of chronic wounds, there is an increasing demand for the development of ideal wound dressing materials with excellent properties such as antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, free radical scavenging capacity, non-adherent property, hydrophilicity, and so on. Nevertheless, owing to the above mention properties, natural polymers are being used for several key functions of biomedicine like narcotic distribution systems, tissue manufacturing, bandages, and so on. Accordingly, the significance of these bio-based polymers interfered with healing functions that lead to informing and inspiring youth and scientist researchers worldwide to grab with these far-reaching areas of medicine and biology. The review highlights the physiochemical properties of natural polymers, the biological evaluation of various materials as wound dressings, their synthesis and mechanical properties, clinical status, challenges, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema S
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Vaani V Unni
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Gayathri
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Niranjan B
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Smitha Chandran
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Sreedha Sambhudevan
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
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Saghebasl S, Nobakht A, Saghebasl H, Hayati S, Naturi O, Rahbarghazi R. Sandwich-like electro-conductive polyurethane-based gelatin/soybean oil nanofibrous scaffolds with a targeted release of simvastatin for cardiac tissue engineering. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:42. [PMID: 37415188 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac tissue engineering (CTE) is a promising way for the restoration of injured cardiac tissue in the healthcare system. The development of biodegradable scaffolds with appropriate chemical, electrical, mechanical, and biological properties is an unmet need for the success of CTE. Electrospinning is a versatile technique that has shown potential applications in CTE. Herein, four different types of multifunctional scaffolds, including synthetic-based poly (glycerol sebacate)-polyurethane (PGU), PGU-Soy scaffold, and a series of trilayer scaffolds containing two outer layers of PGU-Soy and a middle (inner) layer of gelatin (G) as a natural and biodegradable macromolecule without simvastatin (S) and with simvastatin (GS), an anti-inflammatory agent, were fabricated in the sandwich-like structure using electrospinning technique. This approach offers a combination of the advantages of both synthetic and natural polymers to enhance the bioactivity and the cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix intercommunication. An in vitro drug release analysis was performed after the incorporation of soybean oil (Soy) and G. Soy is used as a semiconducting material was introduced to improve the electrical conductivity of nanofibrous scaffolds. The physicochemical properties, contact angle, and biodegradability of the electrospun scaffolds were also assessed. Moreover, the blood compatibility of nanofibrous scaffolds was studied through activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and hemolytic assay. The results showed that all scaffolds exhibited defect-free morphologies with mean fiber diameters in the range of 361 ± 109 to 417 ± 167 nm. A delay in blood clotting was observed, demonstrating the anticoagulant nature of nanofibrous scaffolds. Furthermore, rat cardiomyoblast cell lines (H9C2) were cultured on scaffolds for 7 days, and the morphology and cell arrangement were monitored. Data indicated an appropriate cytocompatibility. Of note, in the PGU-Soy/GS nanofibrous scaffold, a high survival rate was indicated compared to other groups. Our findings exhibited that the simvastatin-loaded polymeric system had positive effects on cardiomyoblasts attachment and growth and could be utilized as a drug release carrier in the field of CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Saghebasl
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Nobakht
- Research Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology (RCBB), University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hesam Saghebasl
- Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanya Hayati
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ozra Naturi
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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29
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Li Y, Ren X, Zhu L, Li C. Biomass 3D Printing: Principles, Materials, Post-Processing and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2692. [PMID: 37376338 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Under the background of green and low-carbon era, efficiently utilization of renewable biomass materials is one of the important choices to promote ecologically sustainable development. Accordingly, 3D printing is an advanced manufacturing technology with low energy consumption, high efficiency, and easy customization. Biomass 3D printing technology has attracted more and more attentions recently in materials area. This paper mainly reviewed six common 3D printing technologies for biomass additive manufacturing, including Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), Direct Ink Writing (DIW), Stereo Lithography Appearance (SLA), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) and Liquid Deposition Molding (LDM). A systematic summary and detailed discussion were conducted on the printing principles, common materials, technical progress, post-processing and related applications of typical biomass 3D printing technologies. Expanding the availability of biomass resources, enriching the printing technology and promoting its application was proposed to be the main developing directions of biomass 3D printing in the future. It is believed that the combination of abundant biomass feedstocks and advanced 3D printing technology will provide a green, low-carbon and efficient way for the sustainable development of materials manufacturing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Li
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueyong Ren
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunmiao Li
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Noroozi R, Arif ZU, Taghvaei H, Khalid MY, Sahbafar H, Hadi A, Sadeghianmaryan A, Chen X. 3D and 4D Bioprinting Technologies: A Game Changer for the Biomedical Sector? Ann Biomed Eng 2023:10.1007/s10439-023-03243-9. [PMID: 37261588 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is an innovative and emerging technology of additive manufacturing (AM) and has revolutionized the biomedical sector by printing three-dimensional (3D) cell-laden constructs in a precise and controlled manner for numerous clinical applications. This approach uses biomaterials and varying types of cells to print constructs for tissue regeneration, e.g., cardiac, bone, corneal, cartilage, neural, and skin. Furthermore, bioprinting technology helps to develop drug delivery and wound healing systems, bio-actuators, bio-robotics, and bio-sensors. More recently, the development of four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting technology and stimuli-responsive materials has transformed the biomedical sector with numerous innovations and revolutions. This issue also leads to the exponential growth of the bioprinting market, with a value over billions of dollars. The present study reviews the concepts and developments of 3D and 4D bioprinting technologies, surveys the applications of these technologies in the biomedical sector, and discusses their potential research topics for future works. It is also urged that collaborative and valiant efforts from clinicians, engineers, scientists, and regulatory bodies are needed for translating this technology into the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Noroozi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zia Ullah Arif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Sialkot Campus, Lahore, 51041, Pakistan
| | - Hadi Taghvaei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Yasir Khalid
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hossein Sahbafar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Hadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ali Sadeghianmaryan
- Postdoctoral Researcher Fellow at Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N5A9, Canada.
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N5A9, Canada
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Hann SY, Cui H, Esworthy T, Zhang LG. 4D Thermo-Responsive Smart hiPSC-CM Cardiac Construct for Myocardial Cell Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1809-1821. [PMID: 37051312 PMCID: PMC10083182 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s402855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose 4D fabrication techniques have been utilized for advanced biomedical therapeutics due to their ability to create dynamic constructs that can transform into desired shapes on demand. The internal structure of the human cardiovascular system is complex, where the contracting heart has a highly curved surface that changes shape with the heart's dynamic beating motion. Hence, 4D architectures that adjust their shapes as required are a good candidate to readily deliver cardiac cells into the damaged heart and/or to serve as self-morphing tissue scaffolds/patches for healing cardiac diseases. In this proof-of-concept in vitro study, a two-in-one 4D smart cardiac construct that integrates the functions of minimally invasive cell vehicles and in situ tissue patches was developed for repairing damaged myocardial tissue. Methods For this purpose, a series of thermo-responsive 4D structures with different shapes and sizes were fabricated via the combination of fused deposition modeling (FDM)-printing and stamping molding. The thermo-responsive 4D constructs were firstly optimized to exhibit their shape transformation behavior at the designated temperature for convenient control. After which, the mechanical properties, shape recovery rate, and shape recovery speed of the 4D constructs at different temperatures were thoroughly evaluated. Also, the proliferation and functional prototype of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) on the 4D constructs were quantified and evaluated using F-actin staining and immunostaining. Results Our results showed that the 4D constructs possessed the desirable capability of shape-changing from spherical carriers to unfolded patches at human body temperature and exhibited excellent biocompatibility. Moreover, myocardial maturation in vitro with a uniform and printing pattern-specific cell distribution was observed on the surface of the unfolded 4D constructs. Conclusion We successfully developed a 4D smart cardiac construct that integrates the functions of minimally invasive cell vehicles and in situ tissue patches for repairing damaged myocardial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yun Hann
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Correspondence: Lijie Grace Zhang, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall 3590, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA, Tel +1 202 994 2479, Fax +1 202 994 0238, Email
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Pepelnjak T, Stojšić J, Sevšek L, Movrin D, Milutinović M. Influence of Process Parameters on the Characteristics of Additively Manufactured Parts Made from Advanced Biopolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030716. [PMID: 36772018 PMCID: PMC9922018 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, additive manufacturing (AM) has become a reliable tool for prototyping and low-volume production. In recent years, the market share of such products has increased rapidly as these manufacturing concepts allow for greater part complexity compared to conventional manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, as recyclability and biocompatibility have become more important in material selection, biopolymers have also become widely used in AM. This article provides an overview of AM with advanced biopolymers in fields from medicine to food packaging. Various AM technologies are presented, focusing on the biopolymers used, selected part fabrication strategies, and influential parameters of the technologies presented. It should be emphasized that inkjet bioprinting, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, extrusion-based bioprinting, and scaffold-free printing are the most commonly used AM technologies for the production of parts from advanced biopolymers. Achievable part complexity will be discussed with emphasis on manufacturable features, layer thickness, production accuracy, materials applied, and part strength in correlation with key AM technologies and their parameters crucial for producing representative examples, anatomical models, specialized medical instruments, medical implants, time-dependent prosthetic features, etc. Future trends of advanced biopolymers focused on establishing target-time-dependent part properties through 4D additive manufacturing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž Pepelnjak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-47-71-734
| | - Josip Stojšić
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod, University of Slavonski Brod, Trg Ivane Brlić Mažuranić 2, 35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Luka Sevšek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dejan Movrin
- Department for Production Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mladomir Milutinović
- Department for Production Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Nurchi C, Buonvino S, Arciero I, Melino S. Sustainable Vegetable Oil-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis and Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032153. [PMID: 36768485 PMCID: PMC9916503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main criteria for ecological sustainability is that the materials produced for common use are green. This can include the use of biomaterials and materials that are environmentally friendly, biodegradable and produced at low cost. The exploration of natural resources as sustainable precursors leads to the production of biopolymers that are useful for 3D printing technology. Recently, waste vegetable oils have been found to be a good alternative source for the production of biopolymers in various applications from the engineering to the biomedicine. In this review, the processes for the synthesis of vegetable oil-based biomaterials are described in detail. Moreover, the functionalization strategies to improve the mechanical properties of these materials and the cell-material interaction for their potential use as micro-structured scaffolds in regenerative medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sonia Melino
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-7259-4449; Fax: +39-06-7259-4328
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Four-Dimensional Printing and Shape Memory Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010814. [PMID: 36614258 PMCID: PMC9821376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of severe bone defects is still a formidable clinical challenge, requiring the implantation of bone grafts or bone substitute materials. The development of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has received considerable attention in bone tissue engineering over the past decade. However, 3D printing has a limitation. It only takes into account the original form of the printed scaffold, which is inanimate and static, and is not suitable for dynamic organisms. With the emergence of stimuli-responsive materials, four-dimensional (4D) printing has become the next-generation solution for biological tissue engineering. It combines the concept of time with three-dimensional printing. Over time, 4D-printed scaffolds change their appearance or function in response to environmental stimuli (physical, chemical, and biological). In conclusion, 4D printing is the change of the fourth dimension (time) in 3D printing, which provides unprecedented potential for bone tissue repair. In this review, we will discuss the latest research on shape memory materials and 4D printing in bone tissue repair.
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Wang Z, Xiang L, Lin F, Tang Y, Cui W. 3D bioprinting of emulating homeostasis regulation for regenerative medicine applications. J Control Release 2023; 353:147-165. [PMID: 36423869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis is the most fundamental mechanism of physiological processes, occurring simultaneously as the production and outcomes of pathological procedures. Accompanied by manufacture and maturation of intricate and highly hierarchical architecture obtained from 3D bioprinting (three-dimension bioprinting), homeostasis has substantially determined the quality of printed tissues and organs. Instead of only shape imitation that has been the remarkable advances, fabrication for functionality to make artificial tissues and organs that act as real ones in vivo has been accepted as the optimized strategy in 3D bioprinting for the next several years. Herein, this review aims to provide not only an overview of 3D bioprinting, but also the main strategies used for homeostasis bioprinting. This paper briefly introduces the principles of 3D bioprinting system applied in homeostasis regulations firstly, and then summarizes the specific strategies and potential trend of homeostasis regulations using multiple types of stimuli-response biomaterials to maintain auto regulation, specifically displaying a brilliant prospect in hormone regulation of homeostasis with the most recently outbreak of vasculature fabrication. Finally, we discuss challenges and future prospects of homeostasis fabrication based on 3D bioprinting in regenerative medicine, hoping to further inspire the development of functional fabrication in 3D bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yunkai Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
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Sithole MN, Mndlovu H, du Toit LC, Choonara YE. Advances in Stimuli-responsive Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications: A Review Towards Improving Structural Design for 3D Printing. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3187-3205. [PMID: 37779402 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128246888230920060802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of polymeric hydrogels render them attractive for the development of 3D printed prototypes for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. Significant effort has been made to design hydrogels with desirable attributes that facilitate 3D printability. In addition, there is significant interest in exploring stimuli-responsive hydrogels to support automated 3D printing into more structurally organised prototypes such as customizable bio-scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications. Synthesizing stimuli-responsive hydrogels is dependent on the type of design and modulation of various polymeric materials to open novel opportunities for applications in biomedicine and bio-engineering. In this review, the salient advances made in the design of stimuli-responsive polymeric hydrogels for 3D printing in tissue engineering are discussed with a specific focus on the different methods of manipulation to develop 3D printed stimuli-responsive polymeric hydrogels. Polymeric functionalisation, nano-enabling and crosslinking are amongst the most common manipulative attributes that affect the assembly and structure of 3D printed bio-scaffolds and their stimuli- responsiveness. The review also provides a concise incursion into the various applications of stimuli to enhance the automated production of structurally organized 3D printed medical prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mduduzi Nkosinathi Sithole
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Hillary Mndlovu
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Lisa C du Toit
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Yahya Essop Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
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Pourmasoumi P, Moghaddam A, Nemati Mahand S, Heidari F, Salehi Moghaddam Z, Arjmand M, Kühnert I, Kruppke B, Wiesmann HP, Khonakdar HA. A review on the recent progress, opportunities, and challenges of 4D printing and bioprinting in regenerative medicine. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2023; 34:108-146. [PMID: 35924585 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4 D) printing is a novel emerging technology, which can be defined as the ability of 3 D printed materials to change their form and functions. The term 'time' is added to 3 D printing as the fourth dimension, in which materials can respond to a stimulus after finishing the manufacturing process. 4 D printing provides more versatility in terms of size, shape, and structure after printing the construct. Complex material programmability, multi-material printing, and precise structure design are the essential requirements of 4 D printing systems. The utilization of stimuli-responsive polymers has increasingly taken the place of cell traction force-dependent methods and manual folding, offering a more advanced technique to affect a construct's adjusted shape transformation. The present review highlights the concept of 4 D printing and the responsive bioinks used in 4 D printing, such as water-responsive, pH-responsive, thermo-responsive, and light-responsive materials used in tissue regeneration. Cell traction force methods are described as well. Finally, this paper aims to introduce the limitations and future trends of 4 D printing in biomedical applications based on selected key references from the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fatemeh Heidari
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Salehi Moghaddam
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Ines Kühnert
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kruppke
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Wiesmann
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hossein Ali Khonakdar
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), Tehran, Iran.,Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
The advancement of four-dimensional (4D) printing has been fueled by the rise in demand for additive manufacturing and the expansion in shape-memory materials. The printing of smart substances that respond to external stimuli is known as 4D printing. 4D printing allows highly controlled shapes to simulate the physiological milieu by adding time dimensions. The 4D printing is suitable with current progress in smart compounds, printers, and its mechanism of action. The 4D printing paradigm, a revolutionary enhancement of 3D printing, was anticipated by various engineering disciplines. Tissue engineering, medicinal, consumer items, aerospace, and organ engineering use 4D printing technology. The current review mainly focuses on the basics of 4D printing and the methods used therein. It also discusses the time-dependent behavior of stimulus-sensitive compounds, which are widely used in 4D printing. In addition, this review highlights material aspects, specifically related to shape-memory polymers, stimuli-responsive materials (classified as physical, chemical, and biological), and modified materials, the backbone of 4D printing technology. Finally, potential applications of 4D printing in the biomedical sector are also discussed with challenges and future perspectives.
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Sekar MP, Budharaju H, Zennifer A, Sethuraman S, Sundaramurthi D. Four-dimension printing in healthcare. 3D Print Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-89831-7.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Sheikh A, Abourehab MAS, Kesharwani P. The clinical significance of 4D printing. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103391. [PMID: 36195204 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
4D printing is the next step on from 3D printing involving the fourth dimension of 'time'. The programmed 4D-printed objects are capable of changing their shape in response to external stimuli, such as light, heat, or water, differentiating them from 3D-printed static objects. This technique promises new possibilities for cancer treatment, drug delivery, stent development, and tissue engineering. In this review, we focus on the development of 4D-printed objects, their clinical use, and the possibility of 5D printing, which could revolutionize the fields of biomedical engineering and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsana Sheikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammed A S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Sah MK, Mukherjee S, Flora B, Malek N, Rath SN. Advancement in "Garbage In Biomaterials Out (GIBO)" concept to develop biomaterials from agricultural waste for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:1015-1033. [PMID: 36406592 PMCID: PMC9672289 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-022-00815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Presently on a global scale, one of the major concerns is to find effective strategies to manage the agricultural waste to protect the environment. One strategy that has been drawing attention among the researchers is the development of biocompatible materials from agricultural waste. This strategy implies successful conversion of agricultural waste products (e.g.: cellulose, eggshell etc.) into building blocks for biomaterial development. Some of these wastes contain even bioactive compounds having biomedical applications. The replacement and augmentation of human tissue with biomaterials as alternative to traditional method not only bypasses immune-rejection, donor scarcity, and maintenance; but also provides long term solution to damaged or malfunctioning organs. Biomaterials development as one of the key challenges in tissue engineering approach, resourced from natural origin imparts better biocompatibility due to closely mimicking composition with cellular microenvironment. The "Garbage In, Biomaterials Out (GIBO)" concept, not only recycles the agricultural wastes, but also adds to biomaterial raw products for further product development in tissue regeneration. This paper reviews the conversion of garbage agricultural by-products to the biocompatible materials for various biomedical applications. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT The agro-waste biomass processed, purified, modified, and further utilized for the fabrication of biomaterials-based support system for tissue engineering applications to grow living body parts in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kumar Sah
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab 144011 India
| | - Sunny Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab 144011 India
| | - Bableen Flora
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab India
| | - Naved Malek
- Department of Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat India
| | - Subha Narayan Rath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Medak, Telangana India
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Ghosh S, Chaudhuri S, Roy P, Lahiri D. 4D Printing in Biomedical Engineering: a State-of-the-Art Review of Technologies, Biomaterials, and Application. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-022-00288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhuo S, Geever LM, Halligan E, Tie BSH, Breheny C. A Development of New Material for 4D Printing and the Material Properties Comparison between the Conventional and Stereolithography Polymerised NVCL Hydrogels. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040262. [PMID: 36547522 PMCID: PMC9785372 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 4D printing refers to the idea that the shape or properties of a printed object can be changed when an external stimulus is applied. In this contribution, a temperature-responsive polymer Poly (N-vinyl caprolactam) (PNVCL), which is normally prepared via radical free polymerization, was used to justify the 4D printing concept. As a result, by using a Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer, 4D prints were successfully prepared. These prints were able to demonstrate intelligent and reversible expansion/shrinkage behaviour as the temperature increases and decreases. Additionally, in order to examine the differences in chemical structure, thermal properties, mechanical properties, and swelling behaviours of the photopolymerised and printed parts, a series of characterisation tests, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), goniometry, tensile test, gel fraction measurement and pulsatile swelling study were performed on this study. In conclusion, the differences between polymerisation methods are significant; despite their chemical structures and thermal properties being similar, there were significant differences with regard to tensile properties, swellability and wettability of samples. The implications of conducting this study are remarkable, not only in providing a new way of preparing NVCL, but also in demonstrating the possibility of using 4D printed NVCL for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhuo
- Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Country Westmeath, Ireland
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Luke M. Geever
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Country Westmeath, Ireland
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Elaine Halligan
- Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Country Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Billy Shu Hieng Tie
- Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Country Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Colette Breheny
- Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Country Westmeath, Ireland
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Gao Q, Lee JS, Kim BS, Gao G. Three-dimensional printing of smart constructs using stimuli-responsive biomaterials: A future direction of precision medicine. Int J Bioprint 2022; 9:638. [PMID: 36636137 PMCID: PMC9830998 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v9i1.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, which is a valuable technique for the fabrication of tissue-engineered constructs and biomedical devices with complex architectures, has brought about considerable progress in regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and diagnosis of diseases. However, because of the static and inanimate properties of conventional 3D-printed structures, it is difficult to use them in therapies for active and precise medicine, such as improved tissue regeneration, targeted or controlled drug delivery, and advanced pathophysiological monitoring. The integration of stimuli-responsive biomaterials into 3D printing provides a potential strategy for designing and building smart constructs that exhibit programmed functions and controllable changes in properties in response to exogenous and autogenous stimuli. These features make 3D-printed smart constructs the next generation of tissue-engineered products. In this review, we introduce the prevalent 3D printing techniques (with an emphasis on the differences between 3D printing and bioprinting, and biomaterials and bioink), the working principle of each technique, and the advantages of using 3D printing for the fabrication of smart constructs. Stimuli-responsive biomaterials that are widely used for 3D printing of smart constructs are categorized, followed by a summary of their applications in tissue regeneration, drug delivery, and biosensors. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of 3D-printed smart constructs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Gao
- School of Medical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China,Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, South Korea
| | - Byoung Soo Kim
- Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, South Korea,School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, South Korea,
Byoung Soo Kim ()
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Medical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China,Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China,Corresponding authors: Ge Gao ()
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Arif ZU, Khalid MY, Zolfagharian A, Bodaghi M. 4D bioprinting of smart polymers for biomedical applications: recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Chen X, Han S, Wu W, Wu Z, Yuan Y, Wu J, Liu C. Harnessing 4D Printing Bioscaffolds for Advanced Orthopedics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106824. [PMID: 35060321 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of programmable functional biomaterials makes 4D printing add a new dimension, time (t), based on 3D structures (x, y, z), therefore, 4D printed constructs could transform their morphology or function over time in response to environmental stimuli. Nowadays, highly efficient bone defect repair remains challenging in clinics. Combining programmable biomaterials, living cells, and bioactive factors, 4D bioprinting provides greater potential for constructing dynamic, personalized, and precise bone tissue engineering scaffolds by complex structure formation and functional maturation. Therefore, 4D bioprinting has been regarded as the next generation of bone repair technology. This review focuses on 4D printing and its advantages in orthopedics. The applications of different smart biomaterials and 4D printing strategies are briefly introduced. Furthermore, one summarizes the recent advancements of 4D printing in bone tissue engineering, uncovering the addressed and unaddressed medical requirements. In addition, current challenges and future perspectives are further discussed, which will offer more inspiration about the clinical transformation of this emerging 4D bioprinting technology in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shuyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weihui Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zihan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Kirillova A, Yeazel TR, Gall K, Becker ML. Thiol-Based Three-Dimensional Printing of Fully Degradable Poly(propylene fumarate) Star Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38436-38447. [PMID: 35977091 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(propylene fumarate) star polymers photochemically 3D printed with degradable thiol cross-linkers yielded highly tunable biodegradable polymeric materials. Tailoring the alkene:thiol ratio (5:1, 10:1, 20:1 and 30:1) and thus the cross-link density within the PPF star systems yielded a wide variation of both the mechanical and degradation properties of the printed materials. Fundamental trends were established between the polymer network cross-link density, glass transition temperature, and tensile and thermomechanical properties of the materials. The tensile properties of the PPF star-based systems were compared to commercial state-of-the-art non-degradable polymer resins. The thiolene-cross-linked materials are fully degradable and possess properties over a wide range of mechanical properties relevant to regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kirillova
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Taylor R Yeazel
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ken Gall
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Afzali Naniz M, Askari M, Zolfagharian A, Afzali Naniz M, Bodaghi M. 4D Printing: A Cutting-edge Platform for Biomedical Applications. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36044881 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nature's materials have evolved over time to be able to respond to environmental stimuli by generating complex structures that can change their functions in response to distance, time, and direction of stimuli. A number of technical efforts are currently being made to improve printing resolution, shape fidelity, and printing speed to mimic the structural design of natural materials with three-dimensional (3D) printing. Unfortunately, this technology is limited by the fact that printed objects are static and cannot be reshaped dynamically in response to stimuli. In recent years, several smart materials have been developed that can undergo dynamic morphing in response to a stimulus, thus resolving this issue. Four-dimensional (4D) printing refers to a manufacturing process involving additive manufacturing, smart materials, and specific geometries. It has become an essential technology for biomedical engineering and has the potential to create a wide range of useful biomedical products. This paper will discuss the concept of 4D bioprinting and the recent developments in smart matrials, which can be actuated by different stimuli and be exploited to develop biomimetic materials and structures, with significant implications for pharmaceutics and biomedical research, as well as prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moqaddaseh Afzali Naniz
- University of New South Wales, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mohsen Askari
- Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Manpus, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG11 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Ali Zolfagharian
- Engineering, Deakin University Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria, 3217, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mehrdad Afzali Naniz
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering , Nottingham Trent University - Clifton Campus, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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Polymers in Technologies of Additive and Inkjet Printing of Dosage Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132543. [PMID: 35808591 PMCID: PMC9269197 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies for obtaining dosage formulations (DF) for personalized therapy are currently being developed in the field of inkjet (2D) and 3D printing, which allows for the creation of DF using various methods, depending on the properties of pharmaceutical substances and the desired therapeutic effect. By combining these types of printing with smart polymers and special technological approaches, so-called 4D printed dosage formulations are obtained. This article discusses the main technological aspects and used excipients of a polymeric nature for obtaining 2D, 3D, 4D printed dosage formulations. Based on the literature data, the most widely used polymers, their properties, and application features are determined, and the technological characteristics of inkjet and additive 3D printing are shown. Conclusions are drawn about the key areas of development and the difficulties that arise in the search and implementation in the production of new materials and technologies for obtaining those dosage formulations.
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Huang S, Shan M, Zhang H, Sheng J, Zhou J, Cui C, Wei J, Zhu W, Lu J. 4D printing of soybean oil based shape memory polymer and its magnetic-sensitive composite via digital light processing. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2029891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyuan Shan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengyun Cui
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiean Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenlong Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinzhong Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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