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Ruiz-Pacheco JA, Reyes-Martínez JE, Gómez-Navarro B, Castillo-Díaz LA, Portilla de Buen E. Leptospirosis: A dual threat - predisposing risk for renal transplant and trigger for renal transplant dysfunction. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110835. [PMID: 38972268 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis (LTPS) is a bacterial infection that affects humans, often with mild or no symptoms. It is estimated that approximately 10 % of patients with LTPS may experience multi-organ dysfunction, including renal abnormalities. In regions where LTPS is widespread, a considerable number of instances involving acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) of unknown etiology (CKDu) have been reported. Additionally, studies have shown a correlation between kidney graft dysfunction in patients with stable kidney transplants after LTPS. These findings indicate that exposure to LTPS may increase the likelihood of kidney transplantation due to the onset of both acute and chronic kidney injuries. Simultaneously, it poses a potential risk to the stability of kidney grafts. Unfortunately, there is limited scientific literature addressing this issue, making it difficult to determine the negative impact that LTPS may have, such as its role as a risk factor for the need of kidney transplantation or as a threat to individuals who have undergone kidney transplants. This study aims to shed light on the immune mechanisms triggered during LTPS infection and their importance in both kidney damage and allograft dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alberto Ruiz-Pacheco
- Investigador por México-CONAHCYT, División de Investigación Quirúrgica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | | | - Benjamín Gómez-Navarro
- Servicio de Nefrología y trasplantes, Hospital Country 2000, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto Castillo-Díaz
- Departamento de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad Interdiciplinaria de Ciencias Biólogicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Eliseo Portilla de Buen
- Laboratorio de Investigación quirúrgica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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2
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Hsu SH, Wu CT, Sun YJ, Chang MY, Li C, Ko YC, Chou LF, Yang CW. Crystal structure of Leptospira LSS_01692 reveals a dimeric structure and induces inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor 2-dependent NF-κB and MAPK signal transduction pathways. FEBS J 2023; 290:4513-4532. [PMID: 37243454 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a commonly overlooked zoonotic disease that occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. Recent studies have divided the Leptospira spp. into three groups based on virulence, including pathogenic, intermediate, and saprophytic species. Pathogenic species express a protein family with leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, which are less expressed or absent in nonpathogenic species, highlighting the importance of this protein family in leptospirosis. However, the role of LRR domain proteins in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis is still unknown and requires further investigation. In this study, the 3D structure of LSS_01692 (rLRR38) was obtained using X-ray crystallography at a resolution of 3.2 Å. The results showed that rLRR38 forms a typical horseshoe structure with 11 α-helices and 11 β-sheets and an antiparallel dimeric structure. The interactions of rLRR38 with extracellular matrix and cell surface receptors were evaluated using ELISA and single-molecule atomic force microscopy. The results showed that rLRR38 interacted with fibronectin, collagen IV, and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Incubating HK2 cells with rLRR38 induced two downstream inflammation responses (IL-6 and MCP-1) in the TLR2 signal transduction pathway. The TLR2-TLR1 complex showed the most significant upregulation effects under rLRR38 treatment. Inhibitors also significantly inhibited nuclear factor κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases signals transduction under rLRR38 stimulation. In conclusion, rLRR38 was determined to be a novel LRR domain protein in 3D structure and demonstrated as a TLR2-binding protein that induces inflammatory responses. These structural and functional studies provide a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Hsing Hsu
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ting Wu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ju Sun
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Chang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien Li
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Ko
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fang Chou
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Yang
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Kavela S, Vyas P, CP J, Kushwaha SK, Majumdar SS, Faisal SM. Use of an Integrated Multi-Omics Approach To Identify Molecular Mechanisms and Critical Factors Involved in the Pathogenesis of Leptospira. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0313522. [PMID: 36853003 PMCID: PMC10100824 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03135-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, a bacterial zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp., is prevalent worldwide and has become a serious threat in recent years. Limited understanding of Leptospira pathogenesis and host response has hampered the development of effective vaccine and diagnostics. Although Leptospira is phagocytosed by innate immune cells, it resists its destruction, and the evading mechanism involved is unclear. In the present study, we used an integrative multi-omics approach to identify the critical molecular factors of Leptospira involved in pathogenesis during interaction with human macrophages. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed at 24 h postinfection of human macrophages (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate differentiated THP-1 cells) with the pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae strain RGA (LEPIRGA). Our results identified a total of 1,528 transcripts and 871 proteins that were significantly expressed with an adjusted P value of <0.05. The correlations between the transcriptomic and proteomic data were above average (r = 0.844), suggesting the role of the posttranscriptional processes during host interaction. The conjoint analysis revealed the expression of several virulence-associated proteins such as adhesins, invasins, and secretory and chemotaxis proteins that might be involved in various processes of attachment and invasion and as effectors during pathogenesis in the host. Further, the interaction of bacteria with the host cell (macrophages) was a major factor in the differential expression of these proteins. Finally, eight common differentially expressed RNA-protein pairs, predicted as virulent, outer membrane/extracellular proteins were validated by quantitative PCR. This is the first report using integrated multi-omics approach to identify critical factors involved in Leptospira pathogenesis. Validation of these critical factors may lead to the identification of target antigens for the development of improved diagnostics and vaccines against leptospirosis. IMPORTANCE Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance. It is caused by a Gram-negative bacterial spirochete of the genus Leptospira. The current challenge is to detect the infection at early stage for treatment or to develop potent vaccines that can induce cross-protection against various pathogenic serovars. Understanding host-pathogen interactions is important to identify the critical factors involved in pathogenesis and host defense for developing improved vaccines and diagnostics. Utilizing an integrated multi-omics approach, our study provides important insight into the interaction of Leptospira with human macrophages and identifies a few critical factors (such as virulence-associated proteins) involved in pathogenesis. These factors can be exploited for the development of novel tools for the detection, treatment, or prevention of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Kavela
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pallavi Vyas
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Jusail CP
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Sandeep K. Kushwaha
- Bioinformatics Lab, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subeer S. Majumdar
- Gene and Protein Engineering Lab, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Syed M. Faisal
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
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4
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Nagraik R, Sethi S, Sharma A, Kumar D, Kumar D, Kumar AP. Ultrasensitive nanohybrid electrochemical sensor to detect LipL32 gene of Leptospira interrogans. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Babolmorad G, Latif A, Domingo IK, Pollock NM, Delyea C, Rieger AM, Allison WT, Bhavsar AP. Toll-like receptor 4 is activated by platinum and contributes to cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51280. [PMID: 33733573 PMCID: PMC8097357 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and can also be activated by some Group 9/10 transition metals, which is believed to mediate immune hypersensitivity reactions. In this work, we test whether TLR4 can be activated by the Group 10 metal platinum and the platinum-based chemotherapeutic cisplatin. Cisplatin is invaluable in childhood cancer treatment but its use is limited due to a permanent hearing loss (cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, CIO) adverse effect. We demonstrate that platinum and cisplatin activate pathways downstream of TLR4 to a similar extent as the known TLR4 agonists LPS and nickel. We further show that TLR4 is required for cisplatin-induced inflammatory, oxidative, and cell death responses in hair cells in vitro and for hair cell damage in vivo. Finally, we identify a TLR4 small molecule inhibitor able to curtail cisplatin toxicity in vitro. Thus, our findings indicate that TLR4 is a promising therapeutic target to mitigate CIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Babolmorad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Asna Latif
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Ivan K Domingo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Niall M Pollock
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Cole Delyea
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Aja M Rieger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - W Ted Allison
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
- Department of Medical GeneticsFaculty of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Amit P Bhavsar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
- Department of Medical GeneticsFaculty of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
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6
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Karim AJ, Abbas ZM. Histopathology of the kidney and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in wild rats in Baghdad Province, Iraq. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.19-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic leptospires, is a globally emerging infectious disease affecting both humans and animals, which act as reservoirs, with large outbreaks worldwide. The role of rats in dispersing leptospirosis was never investigated in Iraq. Because of the seriousness of the disease and the scarce data regarding this disease in Iraq, this study determines the incidence of leptospirosis in rats and its renal histopathological profile.
Materials and Methods: Of 211 captured rats, 82 apparently healthy rats were included in this study. After euthanatizing, 3-5-ml blood was collected by cardiac puncture. Approximately 0.5 cm3 of the kidney was collected for routine histopathology and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Warthin–Starry (WS) stains. Blood smears were prepared and stained with the WS stain.
Results: All rats (100%) with different age groups were immunoglobulin G (IgG)-positive, and 90.24% of them had the IgG against leptospiral antigens in kidney tissues. The juvenile age group had higher IgG levels than other age groups. Considering sex, no significant differences in the overall results were observed. Serum concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine showed significant increments in the sub-adult and adult IgG- positive groups compared with the IgG-negative groups. No significant alterations were observed in the juvenile group. Using WS stains, 13 and 1 blood smears and 0 and 8 kidney tissues were positive for leptospires in the sub-adult and adult groups, respectively. Microscopical findings of the renal cortex and medulla in the sub-adult IgG-positive group showed hemorrhage, glomerular deterioration, tubular cell degeneration and necrosis with cast formation, periarterial edema, and focal hemorrhage with congestion of peritubular arteries. The adult IgG-positive group revealed deterioration similar to that in the sub-adult group and tended to be chronic. No leptospires were observed using H&E staining.
Conclusion: IgG-positive carrier rats refer to previously exposed or infected rats. Understanding the risk of transmitting the disease to human and animals through a carrier rat's urine is highly predicted and possible mitigation of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkarim Jafar Karim
- Unit of Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Zainab Majid Abbas
- Department of Pathological Analysis, Babylon Technical Institute, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babylon, Iraq
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Samrot AV, Sean TC, Bhavya KS, Sahithya CS, Chan-drasekaran S, Palanisamy R, Robinson ER, Subbiah SK, Mok PL. Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis-A Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020145. [PMID: 33535649 PMCID: PMC7912936 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a perplexing conundrum for many. In the existing literature, the pathophysiological mechanisms pertaining to leptospirosis is still not understood in full. Considered as a neglected tropical zoonotic disease, leptospirosis is culminating as a serious problem worldwide, seemingly existing as co-infections with various other unrelated diseases, including dengue and malaria. Misdiagnosis is also common as non-specific symptoms are documented extensively in the literature. This can easily lead to death, as the severe form of leptospirosis (Weil's disease) manifests as a complex of systemic complications, especially renal failure. The virulence of Leptospira sp. is usually attributed to the outer membrane proteins, including LipL32. With an armament of virulence factors at their disposal, their ability to easily adhere, invade and replicate within cells calls for a swift refinement in research progress to establish their exact pathophysiological framework. As an effort to reconstitute the current knowledge on leptospirosis, the basis of leptospiral infection, including its risk factors, classification, morphology, transmission, pathogenesis, co-infections and clinical manifestations are highlighted in this review. The various diagnostic techniques are also outlined with emphasis on their respective pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony V. Samrot
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor 42610, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (A.V.S.); (P.L.M.)
| | - Tan Chuan Sean
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor 42610, Malaysia;
| | - Karanam Sai Bhavya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 627 011, India; (K.S.B.); (C.S.S.); (S.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Chamarthy Sai Sahithya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 627 011, India; (K.S.B.); (C.S.S.); (S.C.); (R.P.)
| | - SaiPriya Chan-drasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 627 011, India; (K.S.B.); (C.S.S.); (S.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Raji Palanisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 627 011, India; (K.S.B.); (C.S.S.); (S.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Emilin Renitta Robinson
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114, India;
| | - Suresh Kumar Subbiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Selaiyur, Tamil Nadu 600 073, India
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Pooi Ling Mok
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Selaiyur, Tamil Nadu 600 073, India
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.V.S.); (P.L.M.)
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8
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Rohilla P, Khurana R, Kumar A, Batra K, Gupta R. Detection of Leptospira in urine of apparently healthy dogs by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in Haryana, India. Vet World 2020; 13:2411-2415. [PMID: 33363334 PMCID: PMC7750226 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2411-2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The organism can spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil and can survive there for weeks to months. The study was undertaken to detect the pathogenic Leptospira in healthy dogs’ urinary shedding by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Materials and Methods: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. To detect the pathogenic Leptospira organisms in dogs’ urinary shedding, 239 urine samples were collected from healthy dogs from April 2018 to March 2019 from different areas of Haryana. All the urine samples were processed for DNA extraction and qPCR technique was used to detect the presence of Leptospira. Results: Out of 239 urine samples of dogs, none of the samples resulted in the detection of DNA of pathogenic Leptospira organisms. Conclusion: The present study indicated low risk of transmission of Leptospira organisms from dogs’ urine to human beings in Haryana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Rohilla
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Khurana
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Abirami G, Alexpandi R, Durgadevi R, Kannappan A, Veera Ravi A. Inhibitory Effect of Morin Against Candida albicans Pathogenicity and Virulence Factor Production: An in vitro and in vivo Approaches. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561298. [PMID: 33193145 PMCID: PMC7644646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is considered an exclusive etiologic agent of candidiasis, a very common fungal infection in human. The expression of virulence factors contributes highly to the pathogenicity of C. albicans. These factors include biofilm formation, yeast-to-hyphal transition, adhesins, aspartyl proteases, and phospholipases secretion. Moreover, resistance development is a critical issue for the therapeutic failure of antifungal agents against systemic candidiasis. To circumvent resistance development, the present study investigated the virulence targeted therapeutic activity of the phyto-bioactive compound morin against C. albicans. Morin is a natural compound commonly found in medicinal plants and widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic products/industries. The present study explicated the significant inhibitory potential of morin against biofilm formation and other virulence factors' production, such as yeast-hyphal formation, phospholipase, and exopolymeric substances, in C. albicans. Further, qPCR analysis confirmed the downregulation of biofilm and virlence-related genes in C. albicans upon morin treatment, which is in correspondence with the in vitro bioassays. Further, the docking analysis revealed that morin shows strong affinity with Hwp-1 protein, which regulates the expression of biofilm and hyphal formation in C. albicans and, thereby, abolishes fungal pathogenicity. Moreover, the anti-infective potential of morin against C. albicans-associated systemic candidiasis is confirmed through an in vivo approach using biomedical model organism zebrafish (Danio rerio). The outcomes of the in vivo study demonstrate that the morin treatment effectively rescues animals from C. albicans infections and extends their survival rate by inhibiting the internal colonization of C. albicans. Histopathology analysis revealed extensive candidiasis-related pathognomonic changes in the gills, intestine, and kidney of animals infected with C. albicans, while no extensive abnormalities were observed in morin-treated animals. The results evidenced that morin has the ability to protect against the pathognomonic effect and histopathological lesions caused by C. albicans infection in zebrafish. Thus, the present study suggests that the utilization of morin could act as a potent therapeutic medication for C. albicans instigated candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurusamy Abirami
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Rajaiah Alexpandi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Ravindran Durgadevi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Arunachalam Kannappan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Arumugam Veera Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
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Sapna K, Tarique M, Asiamma A, Ravi Kumar TN, Shashidhar V, Arun AB, Prasad KS. Early detection of leptospirosis using Anti-LipL32 carbon nanotube immunofluorescence probe. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:424-430. [PMID: 32674981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis and an emerging public health problem. Leptospirosis symptoms are often confused or misdiagnosed with other febrile illness like malaria, viral hepatitis, influenza, dengue, typhoid, melioidosis, and scrub typhus as the clinical manifestations are almost similar. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis is indeed critical for proper and prompt treatment. Herein, we report the development of single-walled carbon nanotubes based immunofluorescence probe (Carbo-Lip) for the detection of leptospirosis at an early phase by utilising major outer membrane protein, LipL32 of Leptospira. The Carbo-Lip probe was fabricated through immuno recognition method with fluorescent dye functionalized LipL32 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), secondary antibody and Leptospira. Surface characterization studies such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with the attenuated total reflectance, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques were used to demonstrate the successful fabrication of Carbo-Lip probe. The sensor probe was capable of detecting the presence of leptospires at a lower concentration of 103/ml, and could detect 102 leptospires in 100 μL of sample within 3 h of the test conditions, and was stable up to 2 weeks. This Carbo-Lip probe was further tested and validated for its capacity to detect Leptospira in clinical samples, which exhibited high selectivity and specificity towards Leptospira even in the presence of malaria and dengue. Our results were consistent with microscopic agglutination test, which is known as gold standard, immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), IgM spot test, and culture tests for the diagnosis of Leptospira infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Sapna
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory (NMRL), Nano Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India; Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - Mohammed Tarique
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - Ashaiba Asiamma
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - Terikere Nagaraj Ravi Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Vishwanath Shashidhar
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | | | - Kariate Sudhakara Prasad
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory (NMRL), Nano Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India; Centre for Nutrition Studies, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India.
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11
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Sun AH, Liu XX, Yan J. Leptospirosis is an invasive infectious and systemic inflammatory disease. Biomed J 2020; 43:24-31. [PMID: 32200953 PMCID: PMC7090314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira species are the causative agents of leptospirosis, a world-spreading zoonotic infectious disease. The pathogens possess a powerful invasiveness by invading human body through mucosal/skin barriers, rapid entry into bloodstream to cause septicemia, diffusion from bloodstream into internal organs and tissues to cause aggravation of disease, and discharge from urine through renal tubules to form natural infectious sources. Leptospirosis patients present severe inflammatory symptoms such as high fever, myalgia and lymphadenectasis. Hemorrhage and jaundice are the pathological features of this disease. Previous studies revealed that some outer membrane proteins of Leptospira interrogans, the most important pathogenic Leptospira species, acted as adherence factors to binding to receptor molecules (fibronectin, laminin and collagens) in extracellular matrix of host cells. Collagenase, metallopeptidases and endoflagellum contributed to the invasiveness of L. interrogans. Except for lipopolysaccharide, multiple hemolysins of L. interrogans displayed a powerful ability to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and hepatocyte apoptosis. vWA and platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase-like proteins from L. interrogans could induce severe pulmonary hemorrhage in mice. L. interrogans utilized cellular endocytic recycling and vesicular transport systems for intracellular migration and transcellular transport. All the research achievements are helpful for further understanding the virulence of pathogenic Leptospira species and pathogenesis of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Sun
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Liu
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
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12
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Felix CR, Siedler BS, Barbosa LN, Timm GR, McFadden J, McBride AJA. An overview of human leptospirosis vaccine design and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:179-188. [PMID: 31777290 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1694508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: It's been 20 years since the first report of a recombinant vaccine that protected against leptospirosis. Since then, numerous recombinant vaccines have been evaluated; however, no recombinant vaccine candidate has advanced to clinical trials. With the ever-increasing burden of leptospirosis, there is an urgent need for a universal vaccine against leptospirosis.Areas covered: This review covers the most promising vaccine candidates that induced significant, reproducible, protection and how advances in the field of bioinformatics has led to the discovery of hundreds of novel protein targets. The authors also discuss the most recent findings regarding the innate immune response and host-pathogen interactions and their impact on the discovery of novel vaccine candidates. In addition, the authors have identified what they believe are the most challenging problems for the discovery and development of a universal vaccine and their potential solutions.Expert opinion: A universal vaccine for leptospirosis will likely only be achieved using a recombinant vaccine as the bacterins are of limited use due to the lack of a cross-protective immune response. Although there are hundreds of novel targets, due to the lack of immune correlates and the need for more research into the basic microbiology of Leptospira spp., a universal vaccine is 10-15 years away.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Felix
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Bianca S Siedler
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Liana N Barbosa
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriana R Timm
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Johnjoe McFadden
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Alan J A McBride
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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13
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Werts C. Interaction of Leptospira with the Innate Immune System. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 415:163-187. [PMID: 29038956 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity encompasses immediate host responses that detect and respond to microbes. Besides recognition by the complement system (see the chapter by A. Barbosa, this volume), innate immunity concerns cellular responses. These are triggered through recognition of conserved microbial components (called MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading, through secretion of cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and immune mediators, to cellular recruitment and phagocytosis. Leptospira spp. are successful zoonotic pathogenic bacteria that obviously overcome the immune system of their hosts. The first part of this chapter summarizes what is known about leptospires recognition and interaction with phagocytes and other innate immune cells, and the second part describes specific interactions of leptospiral MAMPs with PRRs from the TLR and NLR families. On the one hand, pathogenic leptospires appear to escape macrophage and neutrophil phagocytosis. On the other hand, studies about PRR sensing of leptospires remain very limited, but suggest that pathogenic leptospires escape some of the PRRs in a host-specific manner, due to peculiar cell wall specificities or post-translational modifications that may impair their recognition. Further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms and consequences of leptospiral escape on phagocytic functions and hopefully give clues to potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the defective activation of PRRs by pathogenic Leptospira spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Werts
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de La Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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14
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Chin VK, Basir R, Nordin SA, Abdullah M, Sekawi Z. Pathology and Host Immune Evasion During Human Leptospirosis: a Review. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:127-136. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Garba B, Bahaman AR, Zakaria Z, Bejo SK, Mutalib AR, Bande F, Suleiman N. Antigenic potential of a recombinant polyvalent DNA vaccine against pathogenic leptospiral infection. Microb Pathog 2018; 124:136-144. [PMID: 30138761 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a serious epidemic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. The disease is endemic in most tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Currently, there is no effective polyvalent vaccine for prevention against most of the circulating serovars. Moreover, development of an efficient leptospiral vaccine capable of stimulating cross-protective immune responses against a wide range of serovars remains a daunting challenge. This, in part, is associated with the extensive diversity and variation of leptospiral serovars from region to region. In this study, a multi-epitope DNA vaccine encoding highly immunogenic epitopes from LipL32 and LipL41 was designed using in-silico approach. The DNA encoding antigenic epitopes was constructed from conserved pathogenic Leptospira genes (LipL32 and LipL41). Immunization of golden Syrian hamsters with the multi-epitope chimeric DNA vaccine resulted in the production of both agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies as evidence by MAT and in-vitro growth inhibition tests respectively. The antibodies produced reacted against eight different serovars and significantly reduced renal colonization following in vivo challenge. The vaccine was also able to significantly reduce renal colonization which is a very important factor responsible for persistence of leptospires among susceptible and reservoir animal hosts. In conclusion, the leptospiral multi-epitope chimeric DNA vaccine can serve as a potentially effective and safe vaccine against infection with different pathogenic leptospiral serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashiru Garba
- Veterinary Public Health Lab, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Bacteriology Lab, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Rani Bahaman
- Bacteriology Lab, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Bacteriology Lab, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Khairani Bejo
- Bacteriology Lab, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahim Mutalib
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics Services Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faruku Bande
- Bacteriology Lab, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Animal Health and Fisheries Development, Usman Faruk Secretariat Complex, 840245, Sokoto State, Nigeria
| | - Nasiru Suleiman
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Outer Membrane Protein OmpB Methylation May Mediate Bacterial Virulence. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:936-945. [PMID: 29037863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) has been implicated in bacterial virulence. Lysine methylation in rickettsial OmpB is correlated with rickettsial virulence, and N- and O-methylations are also observed in virulence-relevant OMPs from several pathogenic bacteria that cause typhus, leptospirosis, tuberculosis, and anaplasmosis. We summarize recent findings on the structure of methylated OmpB, biochemical characterization, and crystal structures of OmpB methyltransferases. Native rickettsial OmpB purified from highly virulent strains contains multiple clusters of trimethyllysine, in contrast with mostly monomethyllysine, and no trimethyllysine is found in an avirulent strain. Crystal structure of the methyltransferases reveals mechanistic insights for catalysis, and a working model is discussed for this unusual post-translational modification.
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17
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Hsu SH, Hung CC, Chang MY, Ko YC, Yang HY, Hsu HH, Tian YC, Chou LF, Pan RL, Tseng FG, Yang CW. Active Components of Leptospira Outer Membrane Protein LipL32 to Toll-Like Receptor 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8363. [PMID: 28827637 PMCID: PMC5566480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the toll-like receptor (TLR) family, particularly TLR2, are the major components of innate immunity against Leptospira infection. The ligands for TLR2 harbor several conserved patterns such as lipidation molecules, leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, TLR2 binding motifs, and TLR2 binding structure. In Leptospira, LipL32 interacts with TLR2 on human kidney cells concomitantly stimulating inflammatory responses. However, the binding mechanism of LipL32 to TLR2 is unknown. The computational prediction suggests that β1β2, loop-α3-loop, and α4 domains of LipL32 play vital roles in LipL32-TLR2 complex formation. To test these predictions, protein truncation experiments revealed that LipL32ΔNβ1β2 significantly decreased the affinity to TLR2 while LipL32ΔCα4 slightly reduced it. Interestingly, LipL32ΔCenα3 retained affinity to TLR2 in the absence of Ca2+ ions, indicating that Cenα3 play a role preventing the interaction between LipL32 and TLR2. Furthermore, the critical residues of LipL32 involved in interacting with TLR2 suggested that V35S, L36S and L263S variants significantly decreased the affinity to TLR2. The results further confirm that LipL32 interacts with TLR2 through Nβ1β2 and Cα4 domains of LipL32 as well as LipL32-TLR2 complex formation results from hydrophobic interactions. This study provides a detailed mechanism of the interaction between LipL32 and TLR2 and the residues involved in complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Hsing Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 33333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Chieh Hung
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 33333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Yang Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 33333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ching Ko
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 33333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huang-Yu Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 33333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Hao Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 33333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Chung Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 33333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Fang Chou
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 33333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rong-Long Pan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, College of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Wei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 33333, Taiwan, ROC.
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18
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Sato H, Coburn J. Leptospira interrogans causes quantitative and morphological disturbances in adherens junctions and other biological groups of proteins in human endothelial cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005830. [PMID: 28750011 PMCID: PMC5549773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira transmits from animals to humans, causing the zoonotic life-threatening infection called leptospirosis. This infection is reported worldwide with higher risk in tropical regions. Symptoms of leptospirosis range from mild illness to severe illness such as liver damage, kidney failure, respiratory distress, meningitis, and fatal hemorrhagic disease. Invasive species of Leptospira rapidly disseminate to multiple tissues where this bacterium damages host endothelial cells, increasing vascular permeability. Despite the burden in humans and animals, the pathogenic mechanisms of Leptospira infection remain to be elucidated. The pathogenic leptospires adhere to endothelial cells and permeabilize endothelial barriers in vivo and in vitro. In this study, human endothelial cells were infected with the pathogenic L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni or the saprophyte L. biflexa serovar Patoc to investigate morphological changes and other distinctive phenotypes of host cell proteins by fluorescence microscopy. Among those analyzed, 17 proteins from five biological classes demonstrated distinctive phenotypes in morphology and/or signal intensity upon infection with Leptospira. The affected biological groups include: 1) extracellular matrix, 2) intercellular adhesion molecules and cell surface receptors, 3) intracellular proteins, 4) cell-cell junction proteins, and 5) a cytoskeletal protein. Infection with the pathogenic strain most profoundly disturbed the biological structures of adherens junctions (VE-cadherin and catenins) and actin filaments. Our data illuminate morphological disruptions and reduced signals of cell-cell junction proteins and filamentous actin in L. interrogans-infected endothelial cells. In addition, Leptospira infection, regardless of pathogenic status, influenced other host proteins belonging to multiple biological classes. Our data suggest that this zoonotic agent may damage endothelial cells via multiple cascades or pathways including endothelial barrier damage and inflammation, potentially leading to vascular hyperpermeability and severe illness in vivo. This work provides new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of Leptospira infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sato
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Jenifer Coburn
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Xia B, Sun L, Fan X, Xiao H, Zhu Y, Qin J, Cai C, Zhao W, Chang YF, Zhang Y, Guo X, He P. A new model of self-resolving leptospirosis in mice infected with a strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar Autumnalis harboring LPS signaling only through TLR4. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e36. [PMID: 28536433 PMCID: PMC5520481 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging worldwide zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. Our understanding of leptospirosis pathogenesis and host immune response remains limited, while mechanistic studies are hindered by a lack of proper animal models and immunological reagents. Here we established a murine model of acute and self-resolving leptospirosis by infecting 10-week-old C57BL/6 mice with Leptospira interrogans serovar Autumnalis strain 56606v, with characteristic manifestations including jaundice as well as subcutaneous and pulmonary bleeding, but no kidney lesions. We also verified that the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of strain 56606v signaled through a TLR4-dependent pathway in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), rather than the previously reported TLR2. In addition, upon infection with Leptospira strain 56606v, TLR4−/− C57BL/6 mice presented more severe jaundice and liver injury as well as higher bacterial loads than WT mice but milder pulmonary hemorrhaging. Molecular studies showed that leptospirosis-related bleeding coincides with the temporal kinetics of iNOS production, while jaundice and liver injury are probably due to insufficiently controlled bacterial loads in the liver. These results suggested that TLR4 is essential in mediating host leptospiral clearance and, to some extent, is associated with pulmonary and subcutaneous hemorrhage, probably through downstream inflammatory mediators, iNOS in particular. Overall, our murine model using immunocompetent mice might facilitate future studies into the pathogenesis of jaundice and bleeding in leptospirosis. Meanwhile, our study suggests the prospect of combining antibiotics and immunosuppressants in the treatment of severe leptospirosis presenting with pulmonary hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bili Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Le Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xia Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haihan Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yongzhang Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jinhong Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chengsong Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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20
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Lp25 membrane protein from pathogenic Leptospira spp. is associated with rhabdomyolysis and oliguric acute kidney injury in a guinea pig model of leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005615. [PMID: 28505191 PMCID: PMC5444857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) from leptospirosis is frequently nonoliguric with hypo- or normokalemia. Higher serum potassium levels are observed in non-survivor patients and may have been caused by more severe AKI, metabolic disarrangement, or rhabdomyolysis. An association between the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level and maximum serum creatinine level has been observed in these patients, which suggests that rhabdomyolysis contributes to severe AKI and hyperkalemia. LipL32 and Lp25 are conserved proteins in pathogenic strains of Leptospira spp., but these proteins have no known function. This study evaluated the effect of these proteins on renal function in guinea pigs. Lp25 is an outer membrane protein that appears responsible for the development of oliguric AKI associated with hyperkalemia induced by rhabdomyolysis (e.g., elevated CPK, uric acid and serum phosphate). This study is the first characterization of a leptospiral outer membrane protein that is associated with severe manifestations of leptospirosis. Therapeutic methods to attenuate this protein and inhibit rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI could protect animals and patients from severe forms of this disease and decrease mortality.
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Gomes-Solecki M, Santecchia I, Werts C. Animal Models of Leptospirosis: Of Mice and Hamsters. Front Immunol 2017; 8:58. [PMID: 28270811 PMCID: PMC5318464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira sp. are spirochetal bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, an emerging worldwide zoonosis. These spirochetes are very successful pathogens that infect a wide range of hosts such as fish, reptiles, birds, marsupials, and mammals. Transmission occurs when chronically infected animals excrete live bacteria in their urine, contaminating the environment. Leptospira sp. enter their hosts through damaged skin and mucosa. Chronically infected rats and mice are asymptomatic and are considered as important reservoirs of the disease. Infected humans may develop either a flu-like, usually mild illness with or without chronic asymptotic renal colonization, or a severe acute disease with kidney, liver, and heart failure, potentially leading to death. Leptospirosis is an economic burden on society due to health-care costs related to elevated morbidity of humans and loss of animals of agricultural interest. There are no effective vaccines against leptospirosis. Leptospira sp. are difficult to genetically manipulate which delays the pace of research progress. In this review, we discuss in an historical perspective how animal models have contributed to further our knowledge of leptospirosis. Hamsters, guinea pigs, and gerbils have been instrumental to study the pathophysiology of acute lethal leptospirosis and the Leptospira sp. genes involved in virulence. Chronic renal colonization has been mostly studied using experimentally infected rats. A special emphasis will be placed on mouse models, long thought to be irrelevant since they survive lethal infection. However, mice have recently been shown to be good models of sublethal infection leading to chronic colonization. Furthermore, congenic and transgenic mice have proven essential to study how innate immune cells interact with the pathogen and to understand the role of the toll-like receptor 4, which is important to control Leptospira sp. load and disease. The use of inbred and transgenic mouse models opens up the field to the comprehensive study of immune responses to Leptospira sp. infection and subsequent pathophysiology of inflammation. It also allows for testing of drugs and vaccines in a biological system that can avail of a wealth of molecular tools that enable understanding of the mechanisms of action of protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
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22
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Wu SY, Wang LD, Li JL, Xu GM, He ML, Li YY, Huang R. Salmonella spv locus suppresses host innate immune responses to bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:387-396. [PMID: 27666190 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is globally distributed and causes massive morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. S. typhimurium carries Salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) locus, which is highly conserved and closely related to bacterial pathogenicity, while its exact role in host immune responses during infection remains to be elucidated. To counteract the invaders, the host has evolved numerous strategies, among which the innate immunity and autophagy act as the first defense. Recently, zebrafish has been universally accepted as a valuable and powerful vertebrate model in analyzing bacteria-host interactions. To investigate whether spv locus enhances the virulence of Salmonella by exerting an effect on the host early defense, zebrafish larvae were employed in this study. LD50 of S. typhimurium to zebrafish larvae and bacterial dissemination were analyzed. Sudan black B and neutral red staining were performed to detect the responses of neutrophils and macrophages to Salmonella infection. Autophagy agonist Torin1 and inhibitor Chloroquine were used to interfere in autophagic flux, and the protein level of Lc3 and p62 were measured by western blotting. Results indicated that spv locus could decrease the LD50 of S. typhimurium to zebrafish larvae, accelerate the reproduction and dissemination of bacteria by inhibiting the function of neutrophils and macrophages. Moreover, spv locus restrained the formation of autophagosomes in the earlier stage of autophagy. These findings suggested the virulence of spv locus involving in suppressing host innate immune responses for the first time, which shed new light on the role of spv operon in Salmonella pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yan Wu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Medical Microbiology, No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Li-Dan Wang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Medical Microbiology, No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Jin-Ling Li
- Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Medical Microbiology, No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Guang-Mei Xu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Medical Microbiology, No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Mei-Ling He
- Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Medical Microbiology, No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Medical Microbiology, No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Rui Huang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Medical Microbiology, No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
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Urine Levels of Defensin α1 Reflect Kidney Injury in Leptospirosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101637. [PMID: 27689992 PMCID: PMC5085670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease whose severe forms are often accompanied by kidney dysfunction. In the present study, urinary markers were studied for potential prediction of disease severity. Urine samples from 135 patients with or without leptospirosis at San Lazaro Hospital, the Philippines, were analyzed. Urine levels of defensin α1 (uDA1) were compared with those of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosidase (uNAG). Serum creatinine (Cr) was used as a marker of kidney injury. The levels of uDA1/Cr, uNGAL/Cr, and uNAG/Cr were positive in 46%, 90%, and 80% of leptospirosis patients, and 69%, 70%, and 70% of non-leptospirosis patients, respectively. In leptospirosis patients, the correlation of uDA1/Cr, uNGAL/Cr and uNAG/Cr levels with serum Cr were r = 0.3 (p < 0.01), r = 0.29 (p < 0.01), and r = 0.02 (p = 0.81), respectively. uDA1/Cr levels were correlated with uNGAL/Cr levels (r = 0.49, p < 0.01) and uNAG/Cr levels (r = 0.47, p < 0.0001) in leptospirosis patients. These findings suggest that uDA1, uNGAL, and uNAG were elevated in leptospirosis patients and reflected various types of kidney damage. uDA1 and uNGAL can be used to track kidney injury in leptospirosis patients because of their correlation with the serum Cr level.
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