1
|
Abiri E, Mirzaii M, Moghbeli M, Atashi A, Harati AA. Investigating the relationship between lymphocyte cells apoptosis and DNA damage and oxidative stress and therapeutic and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 elderly patients. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:940. [PMID: 39251946 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While COVID-19 has been controlled and deaths have decreased, the long-term consequences of COVID-19 remain a challenge we face today. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the apoptosis of lymphocyte cells with DNA damage and oxidative stress and the therapeutic and clinical outcomes of elderly patients with COVID-19. METHODS This study was conducted from April 2020 to May 2021 (the period of severe attacks of the epidemic peak of COVID-19) and September 2022 (the post-COVID-19 period). The study groups included elderly patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in the ICU and normal wards of the hospital as well as elderly patients with influenza. A polymerase chain reaction was used to check the validity of the studied diseases. The Annexin V/Propidium Iodide method was used to evaluate the level of apoptosis. Genotoxic effects and DNA damage were assessed by the comet assay method. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) were measured by photometric methods. RESULTS The highest level of apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes and the highest level of DNA damage were observed at both times in the intubated-ICU and non-intubated-ICU groups. In all groups, there was a significant increase in peripheral blood lymphocyte apoptosis levels and DNA damage levels compared to the healthy control group (p < 0.01). The level of apoptosis and DNA damage decreased significantly in the post-COVID-19 period (p < 0.01). In the investigation of oxidative stress biomarkers, the oxidative stress index, including TOS and MPO levels, increased in patients (p < 0.01), and the TAS level decreased (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION It shows that the apoptosis of lymphocyte cells, DNA damage, and oxidative stress can be effective in prognostic decisions and is a suitable predictor for diagnosing the condition of patients with viral infections such as COVID-19 and influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Abiri
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaii
- Department of Biology, Haftham Tir Square - Shahroud University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Shahroud, Iran.
| | - Majid Moghbeli
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Amir Atashi
- Department of Biology, Haftham Tir Square - Shahroud University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Ahad Ali Harati
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Courtier B, Delaye M, Danlos FX. [The c-GAS-STING pathway within tumors with chromosomal instability: conflicting roles?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2024; 40:578-580. [PMID: 38986108 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2024075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Baudouin Courtier
- Master Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (BMC), Parcours Immunologie, M2 Immunologie Translationnelle et Biothérapies (ITB), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Delaye
- Master Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (BMC), Parcours Immunologie, M2 Immunologie Intégrative et Systémique (I2S), Sorbonne UNiversité, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu S, Liu S, Yu Z, Zhou W, Zheng M, Gu R, Hong J, Yang Z, Chi X, Guo G, Li X, Chen N, Huang S, Wang S, Chen JL. STAT3 regulates antiviral immunity by suppressing excessive interferon signaling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112806. [PMID: 37440406 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study identifies interleukin-6 (IL-6)-independent phosphorylation of STAT3 Y705 at the early stage of infection with several viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV). Such activation of STAT3 is dependent on the retinoic acid-induced gene I/mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein/spleen tyrosine kinase (RIG-I/MAVS/Syk) axis and critical for antiviral immunity. We generate STAT3Y705F/+ knockin mice that display a remarkably suppressed antiviral response to IAV infection, as evidenced by impaired expression of several antiviral genes, severe lung tissue injury, and poor survival compared with wild-type animals. Mechanistically, STAT3 Y705 phosphorylation restrains IAV pathogenesis by repressing excessive production of interferons (IFNs). Blocking phosphorylation significantly augments the expression of type I and III IFNs, potentiating the virulence of IAV in mice. Importantly, knockout of IFNAR1 or IFNLR1 in STAT3Y705F/+ mice protects the animals from lung injury and reduces viral load. The results indicate that activation of STAT3 by Y705 phosphorylation is vital for establishment of effective antiviral immunity by suppressing excessive IFN signaling induced by viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Siya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ziding Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenzhuo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meichun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rongrong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jinxuan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guijie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Na Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roberts NJ. The Enigma of Lymphocyte Apoptosis in the Response to Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030759. [PMID: 36992468 PMCID: PMC10052818 DOI: 10.3390/v15030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection, lymphocyte apoptosis as a part of the infection and/or the immune response to the virus can be somewhat puzzling. The percentage of human T lymphocytes within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population that becomes apoptotic greatly exceeds the percentage that are infected after exposure to the virus, consistent with substantial apoptosis of bystander T lymphocytes. Studies reveal an important role of viral neuraminidase expression by co-cultured monocyte/macrophages in induction of apoptosis, including that of uninfected bystander lymphocytes. Despite these observations, it is a reasonable perspective to recognize that the development of lymphocyte apoptosis during the response to infection does not preclude a successful immune response and recovery of the infected host in the great majority of cases. Further investigation is clearly warranted to understand its role in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection for human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J. Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Gaveston, TX 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morris KM, Mishra A, Raut AA, Gaunt ER, Borowska D, Kuo RI, Wang B, Vijayakumar P, Chingtham S, Dutta R, Baillie K, Digard P, Vervelde L, Burt DW, Smith J. The molecular basis of differential host responses to avian influenza viruses in avian species with differing susceptibility. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1067993. [PMID: 36926515 PMCID: PMC10011077 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1067993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, such as H5N1, continue to pose a serious threat to animal agriculture, wildlife and to public health. Controlling and mitigating this disease in domestic birds requires a better understanding of what makes some species highly susceptible (such as turkey and chicken) while others are highly resistant (such as pigeon and goose). Susceptibility to H5N1 varies both with species and strain; for example, species that are tolerant of most H5N1 strains, such as crows and ducks, have shown high mortality to emerging strains in recent years. Therefore, in this study we aimed to examine and compare the response of these six species, to low pathogenic avian influenza (H9N2) and two strains of H5N1 with differing virulence (clade 2.2 and clade 2.3.2.1) to determine how susceptible and tolerant species respond to HPAI challenge. Methods Birds were challenged in infection trials and samples (brain, ileum and lung) were collected at three time points post infection. The transcriptomic response of birds was examined using a comparative approach, revealing several important discoveries. Results We found that susceptible birds had high viral loads and strong neuro-inflammatory response in the brain, which may explain the neurological symptoms and high mortality rates exhibited following H5N1 infection. We discovered differential regulation of genes associated with nerve function in the lung and ileum, with stronger differential regulation in resistant species. This has intriguing implications for the transmission of the virus to the central nervous system (CNS) and may also indicate neuro-immune involvement at the mucosal surfaces. Additionally, we identified delayed timing of the immune response in ducks and crows following infection with the more deadly H5N1 strain, which may account for the higher mortality in these species caused by this strain. Lastly, we identified candidate genes with potential roles in susceptibility/resistance which provide excellent targets for future research. Discussion This study has helped elucidate the responses underlying susceptibility to H5N1 influenza in avian species, which will be critical in developing sustainable strategies for future control of HPAI in domestic poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M. Morris
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Katrina M. Morris, ;
| | - Anamika Mishra
- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashwin A. Raut
- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Eleanor R. Gaunt
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Borowska
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard I. Kuo
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Wang
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Periyasamy Vijayakumar
- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Santhalembi Chingtham
- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Rupam Dutta
- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Kenneth Baillie
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Burt
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
cGAS-STING drives the IL-6-dependent survival of chromosomally instable cancers. Nature 2022; 607:366-373. [PMID: 35705809 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) drives cancer cell evolution, metastasis and therapy resistance, and is associated with poor prognosis1. CIN leads to micronuclei that release DNA into the cytoplasm after rupture, which triggers activation of inflammatory signalling mediated by cGAS and STING2,3. These two proteins are considered to be tumour suppressors as they promote apoptosis and immunosurveillance. However, cGAS and STING are rarely inactivated in cancer4, and, although they have been implicated in metastasis5, it is not known why loss-of-function mutations do not arise in primary tumours4. Here we show that inactivation of cGAS-STING signalling selectively impairs the survival of triple-negative breast cancer cells that display CIN. CIN triggers IL-6-STAT3-mediated signalling, which depends on the cGAS-STING pathway and the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. Blockade of IL-6 signalling by tocilizumab, a clinically used drug that targets the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), selectively impairs the growth of cultured triple-negative breast cancer cells that exhibit CIN. Moreover, outgrowth of chromosomally instable tumours is significantly delayed compared with tumours that do not display CIN. Notably, this targetable vulnerability is conserved across cancer types that express high levels of IL-6 and/or IL-6R in vitro and in vivo. Together, our work demonstrates pro-tumorigenic traits of cGAS-STING signalling and explains why the cGAS-STING pathway is rarely inactivated in primary tumours. Repurposing tocilizumab could be a strategy to treat cancers with CIN that overexpress IL-6R.
Collapse
|
7
|
Apoptosis Enhances the Replication of Human Coronavirus OC43. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112199. [PMID: 34835005 PMCID: PMC8619903 DOI: 10.3390/v13112199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is one of the coronaviruses causing a mild common cold, but few studies have been made on this strain. Here, we identified the molecular mechanisms involved in HCoV-OC43-induced apoptosis and its implications for viral reproduction in Vero cells and MRC-5 cells. HCoV-OC43 infection induced apoptosis that was accompanied by cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, degradation of cyclin D1, and cell cycle arrest at S and G2M phases. Dephosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3, induced by HCoV-OC43 infection, was also associated with HCoV-OC43-mediated apoptosis. The pan-caspase inhibitor effectively prevented HCoV-OC43-induced apoptosis and reduced viral replication, suggesting that apoptosis contributes to viral replication. Collectively our results indicate that HCoV-OC43 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis to promote viral replication in Vero cells and MRC-5 cells.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dukhinova M, Kokinos E, Kuchur P, Komissarov A, Shtro A. Macrophage-derived cytokines in pneumonia: Linking cellular immunology and genetics. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 59:46-61. [PMID: 33342718 PMCID: PMC8035975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages represent the first line of anti-pathogen defense - they encounter invading pathogens to perform the phagocytic activity, to deliver the plethora of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and to shape the tissue microenvironment. Throughout pneumonia course, alveolar macrophages and infiltrated blood monocytes produce increasing cytokine amounts, which activates the antiviral/antibacterial immunity but can also provoke the risk of the so-called cytokine "storm" and normal tissue damage. Subsequently, the question of how the cytokine spectrum is shaped and balanced in the pneumonia context remains a hot topic in medical immunology, particularly in the COVID19 pandemic era. The diversity in cytokine profiles, involved in pneumonia pathogenesis, is determined by the variations in cytokine-receptor interactions, which may lead to severe cytokine storm and functional decline of particular tissues and organs, for example, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Cytokines and their receptors form unique profiles in individual patients, depending on the (a) microenvironmental context (comorbidities and associated treatment), (b) lung monocyte heterogeneity, and (c) genetic variations. These multidisciplinary strategies can be proactively considered beforehand and during the pneumonia course and potentially allow the new age of personalized immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dukhinova
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Elena Kokinos
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Kuchur
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Komissarov
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Shtro
- International Institute "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technology", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Chemotherapy, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Othumpangat S, Beezhold DH, Umbright CM, Noti JD. Influenza Virus-Induced Novel miRNAs Regulate the STAT Pathway. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060967. [PMID: 34071096 PMCID: PMC8224765 DOI: 10.3390/v13060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression in humans and can control pathogenesis and host–virus interactions. Notably, the role of specific host miRNAs during influenza virus infections are still ill-defined. The central goal of this study was to identify novel miRNAs and their target genes in response to influenza virus infections in airway epithelium. Human airway epithelial cells exposed to influenza A virus (IAV) induced several novel miRNAs that were identified using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and their target genes by biochemical methods. NGS analysis predicted forty-two RNA sequences as possible miRNAs based on computational algorithms. The expression patterns of these putative miRNAs were further confirmed using RT-PCR in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to H1N1, H9N1(1P10), and H9N1 (1WF10) strains of influenza virus. A time-course study showed significant downregulation of put-miR-34 in H1N1 and put-miR-35 in H9N1(1P10)-infected cells, which is consistent with the NGS data. Additionally, put-miR-34 and put-miR-35 showed a high fold enrichment in an argonaute-immunoprecipitation assay compared to the controls, indicating their ability to form a complex with argonaute protein and RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which is a typical mode of action found with miRNAs. Our earlier studies have shown that the replication and survival of influenza virus is modulated by certain transcription factors such as NF-ĸB. To identify the target(s) of these putative miRNAs, we screened 84 transcription factors that have a role in viral pathogenesis. Cells transfected with mimic of the put-miR-34 showed a significant decrease in the expression of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (STAT3), whereas the inhibitor of put-miR-34 showed a significant increase in STAT3 expression and its phosphorylation. In addition, put-miR-34 had 76% homology to the untranslated region of STAT3. NGS and PCR array data submitted to the Gene Ontology project also predicted the role of transcription factors modulated by put-miR-34. Our data suggest that put-miR-34 may be a good target for antiviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreekumar Othumpangat
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (D.H.B.); (J.D.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-304-2855839
| | - Donald H. Beezhold
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (D.H.B.); (J.D.N.)
| | - Christina M. Umbright
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
| | - John D. Noti
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (D.H.B.); (J.D.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park BK, Kim D, Park S, Maharjan S, Kim J, Choi JK, Akauliya M, Lee Y, Kwon HJ. Differential Signaling and Virus Production in Calu-3 Cells and Vero Cells upon SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:273-281. [PMID: 33504682 PMCID: PMC8094074 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Signaling pathways that are essential for virus production have potential as therapeutic targets against COVID-19. In this study, we investigated cellular responses in two cell lines, Vero and Calu-3, upon SARS-CoV-2 infection and evaluated the effects of pathway-specific inhibitors on virus production. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced dephosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3, high virus production, and apoptosis in Vero cells. However, in Calu-3 cells, SARS-CoV-2 infection induced long-lasting phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3, low virus production, and no prominent apoptosis. Inhibitors that target STAT3 phosphorylation and dimerization reduced SARS-CoV-2 production in Calu-3 cells, but not in Vero cells. These results suggest a necessity to evaluate cellular consequences upon SARS-CoV-2 infection using various model cell lines to find out more appropriate cells recapitulating relevant responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Kwon Park
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongbum Kim
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sony Maharjan
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Madhav Akauliya
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Noh H, Hua Z, Chrysinas P, Shoemaker JE, Gunawan R. DeltaNeTS+: elucidating the mechanism of drugs and diseases using gene expression and transcriptional regulatory networks. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:108. [PMID: 33663384 PMCID: PMC7934467 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge on the molecular targets of diseases and drugs is crucial for elucidating disease pathogenesis and mechanism of action of drugs, and for driving drug discovery and treatment formulation. In this regard, high-throughput gene transcriptional profiling has become a leading technology, generating whole-genome data on the transcriptional alterations caused by diseases or drug compounds. However, identifying direct gene targets, especially in the background of indirect (downstream) effects, based on differential gene expressions is difficult due to the complexity of gene regulatory network governing the gene transcriptional processes. RESULTS In this work, we developed a network analysis method, called DeltaNeTS+, for inferring direct gene targets of drugs and diseases from gene transcriptional profiles. DeltaNeTS+ uses a gene regulatory network model to identify direct perturbations to the transcription of genes using gene expression data. Importantly, DeltaNeTS+ is able to combine both steady-state and time-course expression profiles, as well as leverage information on the gene network structure. We demonstrated the power of DeltaNeTS+ in predicting gene targets using gene expression data in complex organisms, including Caenorhabditis elegans and human cell lines (T-cell and Calu-3). More specifically, in an application to time-course gene expression profiles of influenza A H1N1 (swine flu) and H5N1 (avian flu) infection, DeltaNeTS+ shed light on the key differences of dynamic cellular perturbations caused by the two influenza strains. CONCLUSION DeltaNeTS+ is a powerful network analysis tool for inferring gene targets from gene expression profiles. As demonstrated in the case studies, by incorporating available information on gene network structure, DeltaNeTS+ produces accurate predictions of direct gene targets from a small sample size (~ 10 s). Integrating static and dynamic expression data with transcriptional network structure extracted from genomic information, as enabled by DeltaNeTS+, is crucial toward personalized medicine, where treatments can be tailored to individual patients. DeltaNeTS+ can be freely downloaded from http://www.github.com/cabsel/deltanetsplus .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heeju Noh
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Present Address: Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Ziyi Hua
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Chrysinas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo – SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Jason E. Shoemaker
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Rudiyanto Gunawan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo – SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Viruses commonly antagonize the antiviral type I interferon response by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT2, key mediators of interferon signaling. Other STAT family members mediate signaling by diverse cytokines important to infection, but their relationship with viruses is more complex. Importantly, virus-STAT interaction can be antagonistic or stimulatory depending on diverse viral and cellular factors. While STAT antagonism can suppress immune pathways, many viruses promote activation of specific STATs to support viral gene expression and/or produce cellular conditions conducive to infection. It is also becoming increasingly clear that viruses can hijack noncanonical STAT functions to benefit infection. For a number of viruses, STAT function is dynamically modulated through infection as requirements for replication change. Given the critical role of STATs in infection by diverse viruses, the virus-STAT interface is an attractive target for the development of antivirals and live-attenuated viral vaccines. Here, we review current understanding of the complex and dynamic virus-STAT interface and discuss how this relationship might be harnessed for medical applications.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang J, Prinz RA, Liu X, Xu X. In Vitro and In Vivo Antiviral Activity of Gingerenone A on Influenza A Virus Is Mediated by Targeting Janus Kinase 2. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101141. [PMID: 33050000 PMCID: PMC7650803 DOI: 10.3390/v12101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been developed as novel immunomodulatory drugs and primarily used for treating rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have suggested that this category of anti-inflammatory drugs could be potentially useful for the control of inflammation "storms" in respiratory virus infections. In addition to their role in regulating immune cell functions, JAK1 and JAK2 have been recently identified as crucial cellular factors involved in influenza A virus (IAV) replication and could be potentially targeted for antiviral therapy. Gingerenone A (Gin A) is a compound derived from ginger roots and a dual inhibitor of JAK2 and p70 S6 kinase (S6K1). Our present study aimed to determine the antiviral activity of Gin A on influenza A virus (IAV) and to understand its mechanisms of action. Here, we reported that Gin A suppressed the replication of three IAV subtypes (H1N1, H5N1, H9N2) in four cell lines. IAV replication was also inhibited by Ruxolitinib (Rux), a JAK inhibitor, but not by PF-4708671, an S6K1 inhibitor. JAK2 overexpression enhanced H5N1 virus replication and attenuated Gin A-mediated antiviral activity. In vivo experiments revealed that Gin A treatment suppressed IAV replication in the lungs of H5N1 virus-infected mice, alleviated their body weight loss, and prolonged their survival. Our study suggests that Gin A restricts IAV replication by inhibiting JAK2 activity; Gin A could be potentially useful for the control of influenza virus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiongjiong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Richard A. Prinz
- Department of Surgery, Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA;
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-514-8797-7382
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cai W, Wen H, Zhou Q, Wu L, Chen Y, Zhou H, Jin M. 14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide inhibits apoptosis in influenza A(H5N1) virus-infected human lung epithelial cells via the caspase-9-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway which contributes to its antiviral activity. Antiviral Res 2020; 181:104885. [PMID: 32702348 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection represents a global health challenge. Excavating antiviral active components from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a promising anti-IAV strategy. Our previous studies have demonstrated that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (DAP), a major ingredient of a TCM herb called Andrographis paniculata, shows anti-IAV activity that is mainly effective against A/chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (H5N1), A/duck/Hubei/XN/2007 (H5N1), and A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying anti-IAV molecular mechanism of DAP needs further investigation. In the present work, we found that DAP can significantly inhibit the apoptosis of human lung epithelial (A549) cells infected with A/chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (H5N1). After DAP treatment, the protein expression levels of cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9, and the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in H5N1-infected A549 cells were all obviously downregulated. However, DAP had no inhibitory effect on caspase-8 activity and cleaved caspase-8 production. Meanwhile, the efficacy of DAP in reducing the apoptotic cells was lost after using the inhibitor of caspase-3 or caspase-9 but remained intact after the caspase-8 inhibitor treatment. Moreover, DAP efficiently attenuated the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, suppressed cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and decreased the protein expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in the mitochondrial fraction. Furthermore, the silencing of caspase-9 reduced the yield of nucleoprotein (NP) and disabled the inhibitory ability of DAP in NP production in A549 cells. Overall results suggest that DAP exerts its antiviral effects by inhibiting H5N1-induced apoptosis on the caspase-9-dependent intrinsic/mitochondrial pathway, which may be one of the anti-H5N1 mechanisms of DAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Cai
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Haimei Wen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Qinyang Zhou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kabiljo J, Laengle J, Bergmann M. From threat to cure: understanding of virus-induced cell death leads to highly immunogenic oncolytic influenza viruses. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:48. [PMID: 32542113 PMCID: PMC7288254 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses constitute an emerging strategy in immunomodulatory cancer treatment. The first oncolytic virus, Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), based on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2015. The field of oncolytic virotherapy is still in its beginnings, since many promising viruses remain only superficially explored. Influenza A virus causes a highly immunogenic acute infection but never leads to a chronic disease. While oncolytic influenza A viruses are in preclinical development, they have not made the transition into clinical practice yet. Recent insights into different types of cell death caused by influenza A virus infection illuminate novel possibilities of enhancing its therapeutic effect. Genetic engineering and experience in influenza A virus vaccine development allow safe application of the virus in patients. In this review we give a summary of efforts undertaken to develop oncolytic influenza A viruses. We discuss strategies for targeting viral replication to cancerous lesions and arming them with immunogenic transgenes. We furthermore describe which modes of cell death are induced by influenza A virus infection and how these insights may be utilized to optimize influenza A virus-based oncolytic virus design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julijan Kabiljo
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Laengle
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Laghlali G, Lawlor KE, Tate MD. Die Another Way: Interplay between Influenza A Virus, Inflammation and Cell Death. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040401. [PMID: 32260457 PMCID: PMC7232208 DOI: 10.3390/v12040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major concern to human health due to the ongoing global threat of a pandemic. Inflammatory and cell death signalling pathways play important roles in host defence against IAV infection. However, severe IAV infections in humans are characterised by excessive inflammation and tissue damage, often leading to fatal disease. While the molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of inflammation during IAV infection have been well studied, the pathways involved in IAV-induced cell death and their impact on immunopathology have not been fully elucidated. There is increasing evidence of significant crosstalk between cell death and inflammatory pathways and a greater understanding of their role in host defence and disease may facilitate the design of new treatments for IAV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Laghlali
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (G.L.); (K.E.L.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Master de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Kate E. Lawlor
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (G.L.); (K.E.L.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (G.L.); (K.E.L.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-85722742
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang H, Yuan M, Wang S, Zhang L, Zhang R, Zou X, Wang X, Chen D, Wu Z. STAT3 Regulates the Type I IFN-Mediated Antiviral Response by Interfering with the Nuclear Entry of STAT1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194870. [PMID: 31575039 PMCID: PMC6801597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a multifunctional factor that regulates inflammation and immunity. Knowledge of its regulatory mechanisms is very limited. Here, we showed that enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection induced the phosphorylation of STAT3 and the expression of its downstream inflammatory regulators. Knockdown of STAT3 with siRNAs significantly restricted viral RNA and protein levels, and also reduced viral titers. With further investigation, we found that importin α family member Karyopherin-α1 (KPNA1) was employed by both STAT1 and STAT3 for their nuclear import. The phosphorylated and un-phosphorylated STAT3 competed with STAT1 for binding to the decreased KPNA1 post infection and repressed downstream ISG expression. STAT3 knockdown alleviated the repressed type I IFN-mediated antiviral response upon infection and led to decreased viral replication. Taken together, our data suggested the role of STAT3 in maintaining the balance of inflammation and antiviral responses in the central nervous system (CNS) upon infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanru Wang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Meng Yuan
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Shuaibo Wang
- Jinling College, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210089, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xue Zou
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pentagalloylglucose Inhibits the Replication of Rabies Virus via Mediation of the miR-455/SOCS3/STAT3/IL-6 Pathway. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00539-19. [PMID: 31243136 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00539-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that pentagalloylglucose (PGG), a naturally occurring hydrolyzable phenolic tannin, possesses significant anti-rabies virus (RABV) activity. In BHK-21 cells, RABV induced the overactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by suppressing the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). Inhibition of STAT3 by niclosamide, small interfering RNA, or exogenous expression of SOCS3 all significantly suppressed the replication of RABV. Additionally, RABV-induced upregulation of microRNA 455-5p (miR-455-5p) downregulated SOCS3 by directly binding to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of SOCS3. Importantly, PGG effectively reversed the expression of miR-455-5p and its following SOCS3/STAT3 signaling pathway. Finally, activated STAT3 elicited the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), thereby contributing to RABV-associated encephalomyelitis; however, PGG restored the level of IL-6 in vitro and in vivo in a SOCS3/STAT3-dependent manner. Altogether, these data identify a new miR-455-5p/SOCS3/STAT3 signaling pathway that contributes to viral replication and IL-6 production in RABV-infected cells, with PGG exerting its antiviral effect by inhibiting the production of miR-455-5p and the activation of STAT3.IMPORTANCE Rabies virus causes lethal encephalitis in mammals and poses a serious public health threat in many parts of the world. Numerous strategies have been explored to combat rabies; however, their efficacy has always been unsatisfactory. We previously reported a new drug, PGG, which possesses a potent inhibitory activity on RABV replication. Herein, we describe the underlying mechanisms by which PGG exerts its anti-RABV activity. Our results show that RABV induces overactivation of STAT3 in BHK-21 cells, which facilitates viral replication. Importantly, PGG effectively inhibits the activity of STAT3 by disrupting the expression of miR-455-5p and increases the level of SOCS3 by directly targeting the 3' UTR of SOCS3. Furthermore, the downregulated STAT3 inhibits the production of IL-6, thereby contributing to a reduction in the inflammatory response in vivo Our study indicates that PGG effectively inhibits the replication of RABV by the miR-455-5p/SOCS3/STAT3/IL-6-dependent pathway.
Collapse
|
19
|
Loy H, Kuok DIT, Hui KPY, Choi MHL, Yuen W, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW. Therapeutic Implications of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Attenuating Influenza A(H5N1) Virus-Associated Acute Lung Injury. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:186-196. [PMID: 30085072 PMCID: PMC6306016 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses can cause severe forms of acute lung injury (ALI) in humans, where pulmonary flooding leads to respiratory failure. The therapeutic benefits of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated in a model of ALI due to influenza A(H5N1) virus. However, clinical translation is impractical and limited by a decline in efficacy as the age of the donor increases. Umbilical cord MSCs (UC-MSCs) are easier to obtain by comparison, and their primitive source may offer more-potent therapeutic effects. Methods Here we investigate the therapeutic efficacy of UC-MSCs on the mechanisms of pulmonary edema formation and alveolar fluid clearance and protein permeability of A(H5N1)-infected human alveolar epithelial cells. UC-MSCs were also tested in a mouse model of influenza ALI. Results We found that UC-MSCs were effective in restoring impaired alveolar fluid clearance and protein permeability of A(H5N1)-infected human alveolar epithelial cells. UC-MSCs consistently outperformed bone marrow MSCs, partly because of greater growth factor secretion of angiopoietin 1 and hepatocyte growth factor. Conditioned UC-MSC medium and UC-MSC exosomes were also able to recapitulate these effects. However, UC-MSCs only slightly improved survival of A(H5N1)-infected mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that UC-MSCs are effective in restoring alveolar fluid clearance and protein permeability in A(H5N1)-associated ALI and confer functional in addition to practical advantages over conventional bone marrow MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Loy
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Denise I T Kuok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kenrie P Y Hui
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Miranda H L Choi
- Healthbaby Biotech, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - W Yuen
- Healthbaby Biotech, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chang Z, Wang Y, Zhou X, Long JE. STAT3 roles in viral infection: antiviral or proviral? Future Virol 2018; 13:557-574. [PMID: 32201498 PMCID: PMC7079998 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor which can be activated by cytokines, growth factor receptors, and nonreceptor-like tyrosine kinase. An activated STAT3 translocates into the nucleus and combines with DNA to regulate the expression of target genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and metastasis. Recent studies have shown that STAT3 plays important roles in viral infection and pathogenesis. STAT3 exhibits a proviral function in several viral infections, including those of HBV, HCV, HSV-1, varicella zoster virus, human CMV and measles virus. However, in some circumstances, STAT3 has an antiviral function in other viral infections, such as enterovirus 71, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and human metapneumovirus. This review summarizes the roles of STAT3 in viral infection and pathogenesis, and briefly discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangmei Chang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.,Kunshan Center For Disease Control & Prevention, 458 Tongfengxi Road, Kunshan, Jiangsu, 215301, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.,Kunshan Center For Disease Control & Prevention, 458 Tongfengxi Road, Kunshan, Jiangsu, 215301, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan R., Shanghai 200032, PR China.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan R., Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jian-Er Long
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan R., Shanghai 200032, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan R., Shanghai 200032, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key regulator of numerous physiological functions, including the immune response. As pathogens elicit an acute phase response with concerted activation of STAT3, they are confronted with two evolutionary options: either curtail it or employ it. This has important consequences for the host, since abnormal STAT3 function is associated with cancer development and other diseases. This review provides a comprehensive outline of how human viruses cope with STAT3-mediated inflammation and how this affects the host. Finally, we discuss STAT3 as a potential target for antiviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolaas Van Renne
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Pôle Hépato-digestif, Institut Hospitalo-universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zheng J, Perlman S. Immune responses in influenza A virus and human coronavirus infections: an ongoing battle between the virus and host. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 28:43-52. [PMID: 29172107 PMCID: PMC5835172 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses, especially influenza A viruses and coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV, represent continuing global threats to human health. Despite significant advances, much needs to be learned. Recent studies in virology and immunology have improved our understanding of the role of the immune system in protection and in the pathogenesis of these infections and of co-evolution of viruses and their hosts. These findings, together with sophisticated molecular structure analyses, omics tools and computer-based models, have helped delineate the interaction between respiratory viruses and the host immune system, which will facilitate the development of novel treatment strategies and vaccines with enhanced efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Critical Role of HAX-1 in Promoting Avian Influenza Virus Replication in Lung Epithelial Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:3586132. [PMID: 29576744 PMCID: PMC5822872 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3586132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The PB1-F2 protein of influenza A virus has been considered a virulence factor, but its function in inducing apoptosis may be of disadvantage to viral replication. Host mechanisms to regulate PB1-F2-induced apoptosis remain unknown. We generated a PB1-F2-deficient avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 and found that the mutant virus replicated less efficiently in human lung epithelial cells. The PB1-F2-deficient virus produced less apoptotic cells, indicating that PB1-F2 of the H9N2 virus promotes apoptosis, occurring at the early stage of infection, in the lung epithelial cells. To understand how host cells regulate PB1-F2-induced apoptosis, we explored to identify cellular proteins interacting with PB1-F2 and found that HCLS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1), located mainly in the mitochondria as an apoptotic inhibitor, interacted with PB1-F2. Increased procaspase-9 activations, induced by PB1-F2, could be suppressed by HAX-1. In HAX-1 knockdown A549 cells, the replication of AIV H9N2 was suppressed in parallel to the activation of caspase-3 activation, which increased at the early stage of infection. We hypothesize that HAX-1 promotes AIV replication by interacting with PB1-F2, resulting in the suppression of apoptosis, prolonged cell survival, and enhancement of viral replication. Our data suggest that HAX-1 may be a promoting factor for AIV H9N2 replication through desensitizing PB1-F2 from its apoptotic induction in human lung epithelial cells.
Collapse
|
24
|
Identifying the genetic basis for resistance to avian influenza in commercial egg layer chickens. Animal 2017; 12:1363-1371. [PMID: 29103391 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117002889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks have affected commercial egg production flocks in the American continent in recent years; a H7N3 outbreak in Mexico in 2012 that caused 70% to 85% mortality and a H5N2 outbreak in the United States in 2015 with over 99% mortality. Blood samples were obtained from survivors of each outbreak and from age and genetics matched non-affected controls. A total of 485 individuals (survivors and controls) were genotyped with a 600 k single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to detect genomic regions that influenced the outcome of highly pathogenic influenza infection in the two outbreaks. A total of 420458 high quality, segregating SNPs were identified across all samples. Genetic differences between survivors and controls were analyzed using a logistic model, mixed models and a Bayesian variable selection approach. Several genomic regions potentially associated with resistance to HPAI were identified, after performing multidimensional scaling and adjustment for multiple testing. Analysis conducted within each outbreak identified different genomic regions for resistance to the two virus strains. The strongest signals for the Iowa H5N2 survivor samples were detected on chromosomes 1, 7, 9 and 15. Positional candidate genes were mainly coding for plasma membrane proteins with receptor activity and were also involved in immune response. Three regions with the strongest signal for the Mexico H7N3 samples were located on chromosomes 1 and 5. Neuronal cell surface, signal transduction and immune response proteins coding genes were located in the close proximity of these regions.
Collapse
|
25
|
Bian Q, Lu J, Zhang L, Chi Y, Li Y, Guo H. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 non-structural protein 1 is associated with apoptotic activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4041-4046. [PMID: 29067097 PMCID: PMC5647739 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection have significant health and economic consequences. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is an essential virulence factor of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus and of the apoptosis associated with the pathogenesis of H5N1. Previous studies have revealed that the NS1 protein is able to induce apoptosis via an extrinsic pathway. However, it remains unclear whether the intrinsic pathway is also associated with this apoptosis. The present study used a clone of the NS1 gene from avian influenza A/Jiangsu/1/2007 and observed the localization of the NS1 protein and cytochrome c release from mitochondria and the change of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in lung cancer cells. Cytotoxicity was detected using an MTT assay and the number of apoptotic cells was counted using a flow cytometer. Following the isolation of mitochondria, western blotting was performed to compare cytochrome c release from the mitochondria in cells before and after apoptosis. The change of MMP was detected using JC-1 staining. Furthermore, the results reveal that the majority of the NS1 protein was localized in the cell nucleus, and that it may induce apoptosis of human lung epithelial cells. The apoptosis occurred with marked cytochrome c release from mitochondria and a change of the MMP. This indicated that the NS1 protein may be associated with apoptosis induced by an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Bian
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chi
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hongxiong Guo
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Peteranderl C, Herold S. The Impact of the Interferon/TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Signaling Axis on Disease Progression in Respiratory Viral Infection and Beyond. Front Immunol 2017; 8:313. [PMID: 28382038 PMCID: PMC5360710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are well described to be rapidly induced upon pathogen-associated pattern recognition. After binding to their respective IFN receptors and activation of the cellular JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling cascade, they stimulate the transcription of a plethora of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in infected as well as bystander cells such as the non-infected epithelium and cells of the immune system. ISGs may directly act on the invading pathogen or can either positively or negatively regulate the innate and adaptive immune response. However, IFNs and ISGs do not only play a key role in the limitation of pathogen spread but have also been recently found to provoke an unbalanced, overshooting inflammatory response causing tissue injury and hampering repair processes. A prominent regulator of disease outcome, especially in-but not limited to-respiratory viral infection, is the IFN-dependent mediator TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) produced by several cell types including immune cells such as macrophages or T cells. First described as an apoptosis-inducing agent in transformed cells, it is now also well established to rapidly evoke cellular stress pathways in epithelial cells, finally leading to caspase-dependent or -independent cell death. Hereby, pathogen spread is limited; however in some cases, also the surrounding tissue is severely harmed, thus augmenting disease severity. Interestingly, the lack of a strictly controlled and well balanced IFN/TRAIL signaling response has not only been implicated in viral infection but might furthermore be an important determinant of disease progression in bacterial superinfections and in chronic respiratory illness. Conclusively, the IFN/TRAIL signaling axis is subjected to a complex modulation and might be exploited for the evaluation of new therapeutic concepts aiming at attenuation of tissue injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Peteranderl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen, Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen, Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hui KPY, Chan LLY, Kuok DIT, Mok CKP, Yang ZF, Li RF, Luk GSM, Lee EF, Lai JCC, Yen HL, Zhu H, Guan Y, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW. Tropism and innate host responses of influenza A/H5N6 virus: an analysis of ex vivo and in vitro cultures of the human respiratory tract. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/3/1601710. [PMID: 28275173 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01710-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since their first isolation in 2013, influenza A/H5N6 viruses have spread amongst poultry across multiple provinces in China and to Laos, Vietnam and Myanmar. So far, there have been 14 human H5N6 infections with 10 fatalities.We investigated the tropism, replication competence and cytokine induction of one human and two avian H5N6 isolates in ex vivo and in vitro cultures derived from the human respiratory tract. Virus tropism and replication were studied in ex vivo cultures of human nasopharynx, bronchus and lung. Induction of cytokines and chemokines was measured in vitro in virus-infected primary human alveolar epithelial cells.Human H5N6 virus replicated more efficiently than highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus and as efficiently as H1N1pdm in ex vivo human bronchus and lung and was also able to replicate in ex vivo cultures of human nasopharynx. Avian H5N6 viruses replicated less efficiently than H1N1pdm in human bronchial tissues and to similar titres as HPAI H5N1 in the lung. While the human H5N6 virus had affinity for avian-like receptors, the two avian isolates had binding affinity for both avian- and human-like receptors. All three H5N6 viruses were less potent inducers of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with H5N1 virus.Human H5N6 virus appears better adapted to infect the human airways than H5N1 virus and may pose a significant public health threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenrie P Y Hui
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Louisa L Y Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Denise I T Kuok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K P Mok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geraldine S M Luk
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Elaine F Lee
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jimmy C C Lai
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Guan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|