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Wei X, Shi Y, Wang S, Liu H, Zhang Z, Yu L, Hua W, Cui D, Chen Y, Li X, Wang W. Mucous cell histopathology and label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of skin mucus in fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) infected with Vibrio harveyi. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109398. [PMID: 38244822 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Hexagrammos otakii is favored by consumers and aquaculture practitioners because of its strong adaptability and fast growth. However, recently, frequent outbreaks of diseases in the breeding of H. otakii have led to significant economic losses, especially due to bacterial diseases, which limit the healthy breeding of H. otakii. As a luminescent Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio harveyi is the main pathogenic bacteria of H. otakii. In this study, the histopathology and label-free quantitative proteomics analysis were performed to reveal the changes of skin mucus proteins in H. otakii after infection with V. harveyi. The histopathological changes in the skin of H. otakii showed that when the bacteria were injected into the epithelial cells, it caused an increase in the number of mucous cells and a certain degree of damage and deformation in skin. Moreover, the quantitative proteomics analysis revealed a total of 364 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and these DEPs were found to be involved in environmental information processing, metabolism, infectious diseases: bacteria, replication and repair. More importantly, the enrichment analysis of the DEPs revealed that these different proteins were mainly targeted immune-related pathways. After infection of bacteria, the host's immune ability will be weakened, causing V. harveyi to enter the organism more easily, resulting in increased mucus in H. otakii, which will eventually lead to a decline in its physical function. These results provided an insight into a series of physiological changes after the bacterial infection of fish at the proteomic level and basic data for further exploration of the potential mechanism of skin mucus. Taken together, the results indicated more opportunities for the future designs and discoveries of effective antibacterial vaccines and antibacterial drugs for H. otakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lina Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenyuan Hua
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Dandan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Biology and Aquaculture of Northern Fishes in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Alfonso S, Houdelet C, Bessa E, Geffroy B, Sadoul B. Water temperature explains part of the variation in basal plasma cortisol level within and between fish species. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:828-838. [PMID: 36756681 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Within the thermal tolerance range of fish, metabolism is known to escalate with warming. Rapid thermic changes also trigger a series of physiological responses, including activation of the stress axis, producing cortisol. Fish have adapted to their environment by producing a low level of plasmatic cortisol when unstressed (basal), so that thriving in their natural temperature should not impact their basal cortisol levels. Yet, surprisingly, little is known on how temperature affects cortisol within and between fish species. Here, we conducted a phylogenetic meta-analysis to (1) test whether temperature can explain the differences in basal cortisol between species and (2) evaluate the role of temperature on differences in cortisol levels between individuals of a same species. To do this, we retrieved basal plasma cortisol data from 126 studies, investigating 33 marine and freshwater fish species, and correlated it to water temperature. Intra-species variability in basal plasma cortisol levels was further investigated in two species: the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Factors such as life stage, sex and weight were also considered in the analyses. Overall, our phylogenetic analysis revealed a clear positive correlation between basal cortisol level and the temperature at which the fish live. The role of temperature has also been confirmed within D. labrax, while it failed to be significant in O. niloticus. In this paper, the influence of habitat, life stage, sex and weight on basal plasma cortisol levels is also discussed. Since some abiotic parameters were not included in the analysis, our study is a call to encourage scientists to systematically report other key factors such as dissolved oxygen or salinity to fully depict the temperature-cortisol relationship in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Houdelet
- MARBEC, Universite Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Eduardo Bessa
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Life and Earth Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Universite Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Bastien Sadoul
- DECOD, Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability, Institut Agro, Ifremer, INRAE, Rennes, France
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Venkatesh KM, Mishra C, Pradhan SK, Behera K, Mishra SR, Nayak G. A novel heterozygote allele in caprine melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene: an association with heat stress traits. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:68. [PMID: 36749525 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change negatively influences the productive and reproductive abilities of goats. There is a need to understand the relationship between heat stress and genes that may aid in the development of climate-resilient goats. Melanism variation in goats plays a role in thermoregulation, in which the melanogenic genes have a pleiotropic effect on the regulation of physiological responses and behavior that are altered due to heat stress in the animals. Thus, the present study was conducted to establish a possible association between the coat color gene (MC1R) and heat stress characteristics. The physiological responses and cortisol levels were recorded in forty different coat-colored goats. The genotyping of the animals revealed four SNPs at the 183rd (C/T), 332nd (C/G), 748th (G/T), and 801st (C/G) positions, among which the black and brown goat populations had novel SNPs at the 332nd position. Eight haplotypes were constructed, and an association study revealed that haplotypes (CCGG, TCGG, and CCTC) that were linked to white animals had lower cortisol values, rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate. The multivariate and cluster analyses revealed that the white goats were distinct from the rest of the goats. In addition, the docking results revealed the residues that were forming the interaction complex, which could play a role in melanogenesis in the animals and, in turn, the heat stress ability of the goats. Altogether, the results of the present study could pave the way for more research into coat color genes and their relationship with heat stress traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Venkatesh
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chinmoy Mishra
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Sukanta Kumar Pradhan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Kumaresh Behera
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Smruti Ranjan Mishra
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gangadhar Nayak
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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Non-invasive sampling of water-borne hormones demonstrates individual consistency of the cortisol response to stress in laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sci Rep 2022; 12:6278. [PMID: 35428763 PMCID: PMC9012867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) stress hormones are well-known for their impact on phenotypic traits ranging from immune function to behaviour and cognition. For that reason, consistent aspects of an individual’s physiological stress response (i.e. GC responsiveness) can predict major elements of life-history trajectory. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) emerge as a promising model to study such consistent trait correlations, including the development of individual stress coping styles, i.e. consistent associations between physiological and behavioral traits. However, consistency in GC responsiveness of this popular animal model remains to be confirmed. Such a study has so far been hampered by the small-bodied nature and insufficient blood volume of this species to provide repeated measurements of circulating GCs. Here, we adopted a technique that allows for repeated, non-invasive sampling of individual zebrafish by quantifying GCs from holding water. Our findings indicate consistency of the magnitude of post-stress GC production over several consecutive stress events in zebrafish. Moreover, water-borne GCs reflect individual variation in GC responsiveness with the strongest consistency seen in males.
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Tai X, Zhang Y, Yao J, Li X, Liu J, Han J, Lyu J, Lin G, Zhang C. Pharmacological Modulation of Melanocortin 1 Receptor Signaling by Mrap Proteins in Xenopus tropicalis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:892407. [PMID: 35795143 PMCID: PMC9251544 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.892407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin system consists of five G protein-coupled receptors (MC1R-MC5R), the bidirectional endogenous ligands (MSH and Agouti families), and accessory proteins (MRAP1 and MRAP2). Accumulative studies of vertebrate species find high expression level of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) in the dermal melanocyte and elucidate the essential roles in the skin and fur pigmentation, morphological background adaptation, and stress response. The diploid amphibian Xenopus tropicalis (xt) has been utilized as a fantastic animal model for embryonic development and studies of physiological cryptic colouring and environmental adaptiveness. However, the interaction of xtMc1r signaling with xtMrap proteins has not been assessed yet. In this study, we carried out in silico evolutionary analysis of protein alignment and genetic phylogenetic and genomic synteny of mc1r among various vertebrates. Ubiquitous expression of mrap1 and mrap2 and the co-expression with mc1r transcripts in the skin were clearly observed. Co-immunoprecipitation (ip) and fluorescent complementary approach validated the direct functional interaction of xtMc1r with xtMrap1 or xtMrap2 proteins on the plasma membrane. Pharmacological assay showed the improvement of the constitutive activity and alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) stimulated plateau without dramatic alteration of the cell surface translocation of xtMc1r in the presence of xtMrap proteins. Overall, the pharmacological modulation of xtMc1r by dual xtMrap2 proteins elucidated the potential role of this protein complex in the regulation of proper dermal function in amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Tai
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, InnoStar Bio-tech Nantong Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Jindong Yao
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Pathology, InnoStar Bio-tech Nantong Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Jiazhen Han
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Lyu
- Department of Pathology, InnoStar Bio-tech Nantong Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Jianjun Lyu, ; Gufa Lin, ; Chao Zhang,
| | - Gufa Lin
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jianjun Lyu, ; Gufa Lin, ; Chao Zhang,
| | - Chao Zhang
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jianjun Lyu, ; Gufa Lin, ; Chao Zhang,
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Integrative mRNA-miRNA interaction analysis reveals the molecular mechanism of skin color variation between wild-type and yellow mutant rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100914. [PMID: 34653947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an important economic fish in China. Skin color affects the economic value of trout. However, the molecular mechanism of the skin color variation between wild-type (WR) and yellow mutant rainbow trout (YR) is unclear. We sequenced mRNAs and miRNAs of dorsal skin to identify key color variation-associated mRNAs and miRNAs between WR and YR. Overall, 2060 out of 3625 differentially expressed genes were upregulated in YR, and 196 out of 275 differentially expressed miRNAs were downregulated in WR. We identified three key YR-upregulated genes related to the formation of xanthophores (GCH1, SLC2A11, and SOX10). Interestingly, several genes related to melanogenesis (TYR, TYRP1, TYRP2, MC1R, MITF, PMEL, SLC45A2, and OCA2) were downregulated in WR. Integrated analysis identified five miRNAs that target at least two skin color-related genes (miR-495-y, miR-543-y, miR-665-z, miR-433-y, and miR-382-x). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses of target genes identified noncoding RNA metabolic process as the most significantly enriched GO term, and several metabolic pathways associated with skin color were enriched significantly, such as tyrosine metabolism, histidine metabolism, and vitamin B6 metabolism. Quantitative real-time PCR of selected mRNAs and miRNAs validated the reliability of the integrated analysis. This study provides in-depth insights into the molecular mechanism of skin color variation between WR and YR, which will accelerate the genetic selection and breeding of rainbow trout with consumer-favored traits.
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Vissio PG, Darias MJ, Di Yorio MP, Pérez Sirkin DI, Delgadin TH. Fish skin pigmentation in aquaculture: The influence of rearing conditions and its neuroendocrine regulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 301:113662. [PMID: 33220300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation pattern is a species-specific characteristic that depends on the number and the spatial combination of several types of chromatophores. This feature can change during life, for example in the metamorphosis or reproductive cycle, or as a response to biotic and/or abiotic environmental cues (nutrition, UV incidence, surrounding luminosity, and social interactions). Fish skin pigmentation is one of the most important quality criteria dictating the market value of both aquaculture and ornamental species because it serves as an external signal to infer its welfare and the culture conditions used. For that reason, several studies have been conducted aiming to understand the mechanisms underlying fish pigmentation as well as the influence exerted by rearing conditions. In this context, the present review focuses on the current knowledge on endocrine regulation of fish pigmentation as well as on the aquaculture conditions affecting skin coloration. Available information on Iberoamerican fish species cultured is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Vissio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Maria J Darias
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - María P Di Yorio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela I Pérez Sirkin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás H Delgadin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Korzan WJ, Summers TR, Summers CH. Neural and endocrine responses to social stress differ during actual and virtual aggressive interactions or physiological sign stimuli. Behav Processes 2021; 182:104294. [PMID: 33290833 PMCID: PMC7872145 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural and endocrine responses provide quantitative measures that can be used for discriminating behavioral output analyses. Experimental design differences often make it difficult to compare results with respect to the mechanisms producing behavioral actions. We hypothesize that comparisons of distinctive behavioral paradigms or modification of social signals can aid in teasing apart the subtle differences in animal responses to social stress. Eyespots are a unique sympathetically activated sign stimulus of the lizard Anolis carolinensis that influence aggression and social dominance. Eyespot formation along with measurements of central and plasma monoamines enable comparison of paired male aggressive interactions with those provoked by a mirror image. The results suggest that experiments employing artificial application of sign stimuli in dyadic interactions amplify behavioral, neural and endocrine responses, and foreshorten behavioral interactions compared to those that develop among pairs naturally. While the use of mirrors to induce aggressive behavior produces simulated interactions that appear normal, some behavioral, neural, and endocrine responses are amplified in these experiments as well. In contrast, mirror image interactions also limit the level of certain behavioral and neuroendocrine responses. As true social communication does not occur during interaction with mirror images, rank relationships can never be established. Multiple experimental approaches, such as combining naturalistic social interactions with virtual exchanges and/or manipulation of sign stimuli, can often provide added depth to understanding the motivation, context, and mechanisms that produce specific behaviors. The addition of endocrine and neural measurements helps identify the contributions of specific behavioral elements to the social processes proceeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tangi R Summers
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA
| | - Cliff H Summers
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA.
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Ji LQ, Rao YZ, Zhang Y, Chen R, Tao YX. Regulation of melanocortin-1 receptor pharmacology by melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113291. [PMID: 31568758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) has important roles in regulating pigmentation and inflammation. Melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) modulates trafficking, ligand binding, and signaling of mammalian melanocortin receptors. However, the effect of MRAP2 on fish MC1R has not been extensively studied. Herein, we cloned the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) mc1r, which had a 972 bp open reading frame encoding a putative protein of 323 amino acids. Grouper mc1r was mainly expressed in the brain, skin, testis, spleen, head kidney, and kidney. EcoMC1R showed high constitutive activities in both Gs-cAMP and ERK1/2 pathways, which could be differentially modulated by grouper MRAP2 (EcoMRAP2). Three agonists, including α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), β-MSH, and ACTH, could bind to EcoMC1R and dose-dependently increase intracellular cAMP production. EcoMRAP2 had no effect on the IC50 in binding assay or EC50 in cAMP assay; however, it dose-dependently decreased the cell surface expression and maximal response to the three agonists. EcoMRAP2 increased basal ERK1/2 activation but did not alter α-MSH-stimulated ERK1/2 activation. This study extends the knowledge base of fish MC1R pharmacology and its regulation by MRAP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qin Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ying-Zhu Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai, Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 51900, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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10
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Johansen IB, Höglund E, Øverli Ø. Individual Variations and Coping Style. Anim Welf 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41675-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sadoul B, Geffroy B. Measuring cortisol, the major stress hormone in fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:540-555. [PMID: 30667059 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stress in teleosts is an increasingly studied topic because of its interaction with growth, reproduction, immune system and ultimately fitness of the animal. Whether it is for evaluating welfare in aquaculture, adaptive capacities in fish ecology, or to investigate effects of human-induced rapid environmental change, new experimental methods to describe stress physiology in captive or wild fish have flourished. Cortisol has proven to be a reliable indicator of stress and is considered the major stress hormone. Initially principally measured in blood, cortisol measurement methods are now evolving towards lower invasiveness and to allow repeated measurements over time. We present an overview of recent achievements in the field of cortisol measurement in fishes, discussing new alternatives to blood, whole body and eggs as matrices for cortisol measurement, notably mucus, faeces, water, scales and fins. In parallel, new analytical tools are being developed to increase specificity, sensitivity and automation of the measure. The review provides the founding principles of these techniques and introduces their potential as continuous monitoring tools. Finally, we consider promising avenues of research that could be prioritised in the field of stress physiology of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Sadoul
- MARBEC, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Palavas Les-Flots, France
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Palavas Les-Flots, France
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12
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Samaras A, Pavlidis M. Regulation of divergent cortisol responsiveness in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202195. [PMID: 30096195 PMCID: PMC6086447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating differences in cortisol responsiveness between low (LR) and high response (HR) individuals have been poorly studied. In this context, we aimed to study key regulatory processes in cortisol dynamics at the head kidneys of LR and HR European sea bass. To do so, resting plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations were quantified in these fish. Additionally, the head kidneys of these individuals were superfused through an in vitro superfusion system and stimulated with the same amount of ACTH to assess their cortisol biosynthetic capacity. Moreover, the expression of important genes in cortisol regulation was assessed. Results showed that LR fish had lower resting cortisol concentrations than HR, although no differences existed in the circulating levels of ACTH. Additionally, the biosynthetic capacity of HR was higher than that of LR fish when in vitro stimulated with ACTH. At the molecular level, a statistically significant 3.4-fold higher expression of the ACTH receptor, mc2r, and a 2.3-fold, though not significant, higher expression of 11β-hydroxylase (cyp11b1), an enzyme involved in cortisol biosynthesis, was observed in the HR fish. Finally, a statistically significant 1.3-fold lower expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (hsd11b2), an enzyme involved in cortisol inactivation, was observed in HR when compared to LR fish. Therefore, it was for the first time indicated that cortisol dynamics can also be regulated at the post-production level in the head kidney. Collectively, our results highlight the crucial role of the interrenal tissue in the regulation of differences in cortisol response between LR and HR sea bass individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michail Pavlidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Dijkstra PD, Maguire SM, Harris RM, Rodriguez AA, DeAngelis RS, Flores SA, Hofmann HA. The melanocortin system regulates body pigmentation and social behaviour in a colour polymorphic cichlid fish. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2838. [PMID: 28356453 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin system is a neuroendocrine system that regulates a range of physiological and behavioural processes. We examined the extent to which the melanocortin system simultaneously regulates colour and behaviour in the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni We found that yellow males are more aggressive than blue males, in line with previous studies. We then found that exogenous α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) increases yellowness of the body and dispersal of xanthophore pigments in both morphs. However, α-MSH had a morph-specific effect on aggression, with only blue males showing an increase in the rate of aggression. Exogenous agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), a melanocortin antagonist, did not affect coloration but reduced the rate of aggression in both colour morphs. Blue males had higher cortisol levels than yellow males. Neural gene expression of melanocortin receptors (mcr) and ligands was not differentially regulated between colour morphs. In the skin, however, mc1r and pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc) β were upregulated in blue males, while asip 1 was upregulated in yellow males. The effects of α-MSH on behaviour and body coloration, combined with morph-specific regulation of the stress response and the melanocortin system, suggest that the melanocortin system contributes to the polymorphism in behaviour and coloration in A. burtoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Dijkstra
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA .,Behavioural Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Sean M Maguire
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rayna M Harris
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Agosto A Rodriguez
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ross S DeAngelis
- Program for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephanie A Flores
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hans A Hofmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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14
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Gesto M, Skov PV, Jokumsen A. Emergence Time and Skin Melanin Spot Patterns Do Not Correlate with Growth Performance, Social Competitive Ability or Stress Response in Farmed Rainbow Trout. Front Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28638317 PMCID: PMC5461272 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In wild salmonid fish, specific individual behavioral traits have been correlated with the timing of fry emergence from their gravel spawning nests; Early emerging fish display more aggressive behavior and have a higher probability of becoming socially dominant, compared to fish that emerge at a later stage. Apart from aggression and dominance, other behavioral and metabolic traits, such as boldness, metabolic rate, or growth, have also been linked to emergence time. Altogether, the traits of early- and late-emerging fish resemble those of the proactive and reactive stress-coping style, respectively. As proactive fish are considered more resilient to stress, it may be desirable to select these for aquaculture production. However, it is currently unclear to what extent the link between emergence time and stress-coping styles is maintained in the selective breeding of farmed fish. In the present study, eyed eggs from a commercial supplier were hatched, and larvae fractionated according to their emergence time. Later on, juvenile fish from different emergence fractions were subjected to a stress challenge and also tested to evaluate their competitive ability for food. Beyond some slight dissimilarities in the acute stress responses, emergence fraction displayed no correlation with growth rates, or the ability to compete for feed. Within the whole group of fish utilized in the experiments, no relationship between skin melanin spot pattern and growth performance, stress response intensity, or competitive ability was found. Altogether, the differences in physiological traits related to emergence time were not as strong as those found in earlier studies. It is hypothesized, that the origin and degree of domestication of the fish might be partly responsible for this. The predictive value of skin spots or emergence time to infer the fish stress coping style in farmed fish is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gesto
- Section for Aquaculture, North Sea Research Centre, DTU Aqua, Technical University of DenmarkHirtshals, Denmark
| | - Peter V Skov
- Section for Aquaculture, North Sea Research Centre, DTU Aqua, Technical University of DenmarkHirtshals, Denmark
| | - Alfred Jokumsen
- Section for Aquaculture, North Sea Research Centre, DTU Aqua, Technical University of DenmarkHirtshals, Denmark
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15
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Johansen IB, Sandblom E, Skov PV, Gräns A, Ekström A, Lunde IG, Vindas MA, Zhang L, Höglund E, Frisk M, Sjaastad I, Nilsson GE, Øverli Ø. Bigger is not better: cortisol-induced cardiac growth and dysfunction in salmonids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:2545-2553. [PMID: 28476893 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.135046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Stress and elevated cortisol levels are associated with pathological heart growth and cardiovascular disease in humans and other mammals. We recently established a link between heritable variation in post-stress cortisol production and cardiac growth in salmonid fish too. A conserved stimulatory effect of the otherwise catabolic steroid hormone cortisol is probably implied, but has to date not been established experimentally. Furthermore, whereas cardiac growth is associated with failure of the mammalian heart, pathological cardiac hypertrophy has not previously been described in fish. Here, we show that rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) treated with cortisol in the diet for 45 days have enlarged hearts with lower maximum stroke volume and cardiac output. In accordance with impaired cardiac performance, overall circulatory oxygen-transporting capacity was diminished as indicated by reduced aerobic swimming performance. In contrast to the well-known adaptive/physiological heart growth observed in fish, cortisol-induced growth is maladaptive. Furthermore, the observed heart growth was associated with up-regulated signature genes of mammalian cardiac pathology, suggesting that signalling pathways mediating cortisol-induced cardiac remodelling in fish are conserved from fish to mammals. Altogether, we show that excessive cortisol can induce pathological cardiac remodelling. This is the first study to report and integrate the etiology, physiology and molecular biology of cortisol-induced pathological remodelling in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida B Johansen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway .,Bjørknes College, 0456 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Sandblom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter V Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, North Sea Science Centre, Section for Aquaculture, 9850 Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Albin Gräns
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 532 23 Skara, Sweden
| | - Andreas Ekström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida G Lunde
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marco A Vindas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lili Zhang
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Höglund
- Norwegian Institute of Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.,Centre of Coastal Research, University of Agder, PO Box 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Michael Frisk
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Göran E Nilsson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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