1
|
Saha T, Genoud AP, Williams GM, Russell GJ, Thomas BP. Monitoring Mosquito Abundance: Comparing an Optical Sensor with a Trapping Method. INSECTS 2024; 15:584. [PMID: 39194789 DOI: 10.3390/insects15080584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Optical sensors have shown significant promise in offering additional data to track insect populations. This article presents a comparative study between abundance measurements obtained from a novel near-infrared optical sensor and physical traps. The optical instrument, named an Entomological Bistatic Optical Sensor System, or eBoss, is a non-destructive sensor operating in the near-infrared spectral range and designed to continuously monitor the population of flying insects. The research compares the mosquito aerial density (#/m3) obtained through the eBoss with trap counts from eight physical traps during an eight-month field study. The eBoss recorded over 302,000 insect sightings and assessed the aerial density of all airborne insects as well as male and female mosquitoes specifically with a resolution of one minute. This capability allows for monitoring population trends throughout the season as well as daily activity peaks. The results affirmed the correlation between the two methods. While optical instruments do not match traps in terms of taxonomic accuracy, the eBoss offered greater temporal resolution (one minute versus roughly three days) and statistical significance owing to its much larger sample size. These outcomes further indicate that entomological optical sensors can provide valuable complementary data to more common methods to monitor flying insect populations, such as mosquitoes or pollinators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Topu Saha
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Adrien P Genoud
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut Lumière Matière, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5306, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gregory M Williams
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Gareth J Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Benjamin P Thomas
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saha T, Genoud AP, Park JH, Thomas BP. Temperature Dependency of Insect's Wingbeat Frequencies: An Empirical Approach to Temperature Correction. INSECTS 2024; 15:342. [PMID: 38786898 PMCID: PMC11121811 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between the wingbeat frequency of flying insects and ambient temperature, leveraging data from over 302,000 insect observations obtained using a near-infrared optical sensor during an eight-month field experiment. By measuring the wingbeat frequency as well as wing and body optical cross-sections of each insect in conjunction with the ambient temperature, we identified five clusters of insects and analyzed how their average wingbeat frequencies evolved over temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 38 °C. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between temperature and wingbeat frequency, with a more pronounced increase observed at higher wingbeat frequencies. Frequencies increased on average by 2.02 Hz/°C at 50 Hz, and up to 9.63 Hz/°C at 525 Hz, and a general model is proposed. This model offers a valuable tool for correcting wingbeat frequencies with temperature, enhancing the accuracy of insect clustering by optical and acoustic sensors. While this approach does not account for species-specific responses to temperature changes, our research provides a general insight, based on all species present during the field experiment, into the intricate dynamics of insect flight behavior in relation to environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Topu Saha
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Adrien P. Genoud
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Jung H. Park
- Department of Data Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Benjamin P. Thomas
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Seymoure B, Dell A, Hölker F, Kalinkat G. A framework for untangling the consequences of artificial light at night on species interactions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220356. [PMID: 37899016 PMCID: PMC10613547 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although much evidence exists showing organismal consequences from artificial light at night (ALAN), large knowledge gaps remain regarding ALAN affecting species interactions. Species interactions occur via shared spatio-temporal niches among species, which may be determined by natural light levels. We review how ALAN is altering these spatio-temporal niches through expanding twilight or full Moon conditions and constricting nocturnal conditions as well as creating patches of bright and dark. We review literature from a database to determine if ALAN is affecting species interactions via spatio-temporal dynamics. The literature indicates a growing interest in ALAN and species interactions: 58% of the studies we analysed have been published since 2020. Seventy-five of 79 studies found ALAN altered species interactions. Enhancements and reductions of species interactions were equally documented. Many studies revealed ALAN affecting species interactions spatially, but few revealed temporal alterations. There are biases regarding species interactions and ALAN-most studies investigated predator-prey interactions with vertebrates as predators and invertebrates as prey. Following this literature review, we suggest avenues, such as remote sensing and animal tracking, that can guide future research on the consequences of ALAN on species interactions across spatial and temporal axes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Light pollution in complex ecological systems'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Seymoure
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Anthony Dell
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, Alton, IL 62024, USA
- Department of Biology, WashingtonUniversity in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Franz Hölker
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gregor Kalinkat
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li M, Runemark A, Hernandez J, Rota J, Bygebjerg R, Brydegaard M. Discrimination of Hover Fly Species and Sexes by Wing Interference Signals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304657. [PMID: 37847885 PMCID: PMC10700183 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Remote automated surveillance of insect abundance and diversity is poised to revolutionize insect decline studies. The study reveals spectral analysis of thin-film wing interference signals (WISs) can discriminate free-flying insects beyond what can be accomplished by machine vision. Detectable by photonic sensors, WISs are robust indicators enabling species and sex identification. The first quantitative survey of insect wing thickness and modulation through shortwave-infrared hyperspectral imaging of 600 wings from 30 hover fly species is presented. Fringy spectral reflectance of WIS can be explained by four optical parameters, including membrane thickness. Using a Naïve Bayes Classifier with five parameters that can be retrieved remotely, 91% is achieved accuracy in identification of species and sexes. WIS-based surveillance is therefore a potent tool for remote insect identification and surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of PhysicsLund UniversitySölvegatan 14cLund22363Sweden
| | - Anna Runemark
- Department of BiologyLund UniversitySölvegatan 35Lund22362Sweden
| | | | - Jadranka Rota
- Biological Museum, Department of BiologyLund UniversitySölvegatan 37Lund22362Sweden
| | - Rune Bygebjerg
- Biological Museum, Department of BiologyLund UniversitySölvegatan 37Lund22362Sweden
| | - Mikkel Brydegaard
- Department of PhysicsLund UniversitySölvegatan 14cLund22363Sweden
- Department of BiologyLund UniversitySölvegatan 35Lund22362Sweden
- Norsk Elektro OptikkØstensjøveien 34Oslo0667Norway
- FaunaPhotonicsStøberigade 14Copenhagen2450Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Müller L, Li M, Månefjord H, Salvador J, Reistad N, Hernandez J, Kirkeby C, Runemark A, Brydegaard M. Remote Nanoscopy with Infrared Elastic Hyperspectral Lidar. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207110. [PMID: 36965063 PMCID: PMC10214245 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring insects of different species to understand the factors affecting their diversity and decline is a major challenge. Laser remote sensing and spectroscopy offer promising novel solutions to this. Coherent scattering from thin wing membranes also known as wing interference patterns (WIPs) have recently been demonstrated to be species specific. The colors of WIPs arise due to unique fringy spectra, which can be retrieved over long distances. To demonstrate this, a new concept of infrared (950-1650 nm) hyperspectral lidar with 64 spectral bands based on a supercontinuum light source using ray-tracing and 3D printing is developed. A lidar with an unprecedented number of spectral channels, high signal-to-noise ratio, and spatio-temporal resolution enabling detection of free-flying insects and their wingbeats. As proof of principle, coherent scatter from a damselfly wing at 87 m distance without averaging (4 ms recording) is retrieved. The fringed signal properties are used to determine an effective wing membrane thickness of 1412 nm with ±4 nm precision matching laboratory recordings of the same wing. Similar signals from free flying insects (2 ms recording) are later recorded. The accuracy and the method's potential are discussed to discriminate species by capturing coherent features from free-flying insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Müller
- Department of PhysicsLund UniversitySölvegatan 14cLund22363Sweden
| | - Meng Li
- Department of PhysicsLund UniversitySölvegatan 14cLund22363Sweden
| | - Hampus Månefjord
- Department of PhysicsLund UniversitySölvegatan 14cLund22363Sweden
| | - Jacobo Salvador
- Department of PhysicsLund UniversitySölvegatan 14cLund22363Sweden
| | - Nina Reistad
- Department of PhysicsLund UniversitySölvegatan 14cLund22363Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate ScienceLund UniversitySölvegatan 37LundSE‐223 62Sweden
| | | | - Carsten Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesCopenhagen UniversityFrederiksberg1870Denmark
- FaunaPhotonicsStøberigade 14Copenhagen2450Denmark
| | - Anna Runemark
- Department of BiologyLund UniversitySölvegatan 35Lund22362Sweden
| | - Mikkel Brydegaard
- Department of PhysicsLund UniversitySölvegatan 14cLund22363Sweden
- Norsk Elektro Optikk A/SØstensjøveien 34Oslo0667Norway
- FaunaPhotonicsStøberigade 14Copenhagen2450Denmark
- Department of BiologyLund UniversitySölvegatan 35Lund22362Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Flórián N, Jósvai JK, Tóth Z, Gergócs V, Sipőcz L, Tóth M, Dombos M. Automatic Detection of Moths (Lepidoptera) with a Funnel Trap Prototype. INSECTS 2023; 14:381. [PMID: 37103196 PMCID: PMC10145081 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring insect populations is essential to optimise pest control with the correct protection timing and the avoidance of unnecessary insecticide use. Modern real-time monitoring practices use automatic insect traps, which are expected to be able to estimate the population sizes of pest animals with high species specificity. There are many solutions to overcome this challenge; however, there are only a few data that consider their accuracy under field conditions. This study presents an opto-electronic device prototype (ZooLog VARL) developed by us. A pilot field study evaluated the precision and accuracy of the data filtering using an artificial neural network(ANN) and the detection accuracy of the new probes. The prototype comprises a funnel trap, sensor-ring, and data communication system. The main modification of the trap was a blow-off device that prevented the escape of flying insects from the funnel. These new prototypes were tested in the field during the summer and autumn of 2018, detecting the daily and monthly flight of six moth species (Agrotis segetum, Autographa gamma, Helicoverpa armigera, Cameraria ohridella, Grapholita funebrana, Grapholita molesta). The accuracy of ANN was always higher than 60%. In the case of species with larger body sizes, it reached 90%. The detection accuracy ranged from 84% to 92% on average. These probes detected the real-time catches of the moth species. Therefore, weekly and daily patterns of moth flight activity periods could be compared and displayed for the different species. This device solved the problem of multiple counting and gained a high detection accuracy in target species cases. ZooLog VARL probes provide the real-time, time-series data sets of each monitored pest species. Further evaluation of the catching efficiency of the probes is needed. However, the prototype allows us to follow and model pest dynamics and may make more precise forecasts of population outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Flórián
- Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Júlia Katalin Jósvai
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Pf. 102, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Tóth
- Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Gergócs
- Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Sipőcz
- Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Tóth
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Pf. 102, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Dombos
- Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Herrera C, Williams M, Encarnação J, Roura‐Pascual N, Faulhaber B, Jurado‐Rivera JA, Leza M. Automated detection of the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina) using an optical sensor with machine learning. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1225-1233. [PMID: 36416795 PMCID: PMC10107170 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina) is native to Southeast Asia and is an invasive alien species of concern in many countries. More effective management of populations of V. velutina could be achieved through more widespread and intensive monitoring in the field, however current methods are labor intensive and costly. To address this issue, we have assessed the performance of an optical sensor combined with a machine learning model to classify V. velutina and native wasps/hornets and bees. Our aim is to use the results of the present work as a step towards the development of a monitoring solution for V. velutina in the field. RESULTS We recorded a total 935 flights from three bee species: Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and Osmia bicornis; and four wasp/hornet species: Polistes dominula, Vespula germanica, Vespa crabro and V. velutina. The machine learning model achieved an average accuracy for species classification of 80.1 ± 13.9% and 74.5 ± 7.0% for V. velutina. V. crabro had the highest level of misclassification, confused mainly with V. velutina and P. dominula. These results were obtained using a 14-value peak and valley feature derived from the wingbeat power spectral density. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the wingbeat recordings from a flying insect sensor can be used with machine learning methods to differentiate V. velutina from six other Hymenoptera species in the laboratory and this knowledge could be used to help develop a tool for use in integrated invasive alien species management programs. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cayetano Herrera
- Department of Biology (Zoology)University of the Balearic IslandsPalmaSpain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mar Leza
- Department of Biology (Zoology)University of the Balearic IslandsPalmaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Most current insect research techniques are ground-based and provide scarce information about flying insects in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), which remains a poorly studied ecological niche. To address this gap, we developed a new insect-sampling method consisting of a fixed-wing drone platform with net traps attached to the fuselage, a mobile design that has optimal aerodynamic characteristics for insect capture in the PBL. We tested the proposed device on 16 flights in Doñana National Park (Spain) with two different trap designs fitted on the fuselage nose and wing. We collected 34 insect specimens belonging to four orders with a representation of twelve families at mean altitudes below 23 m above ground level and sampling altitudes between 9 and 365 m. This drone insect-sampling design constitutes a low-cost and low-impact method for insect monitoring in the PBL, especially in combination with other remote sensing technologies that directly quantify aerial insect abundance but do not provide taxonomic information, opening interesting possibilities for ecology and entomological research, with the possibility of transfer to economically important sectors, such as agriculture and health.
Collapse
|
9
|
González-Pérez MI, Faulhaber B, Williams M, Brosa J, Aranda C, Pujol N, Verdún M, Villalonga P, Encarnação J, Busquets N, Talavera S. A novel optical sensor system for the automatic classification of mosquitoes by genus and sex with high levels of accuracy. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:190. [PMID: 35668486 PMCID: PMC9169302 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Every year, more than 700,000 people die from vector-borne diseases, mainly transmitted by mosquitoes. Vector surveillance plays a major role in the control of these diseases and requires accurate and rapid taxonomical identification. New approaches to mosquito surveillance include the use of acoustic and optical sensors in combination with machine learning techniques to provide an automatic classification of mosquitoes based on their flight characteristics, including wingbeat frequency. The development and application of these methods could enable the remote monitoring of mosquito populations in the field, which could lead to significant improvements in vector surveillance. Methods A novel optical sensor prototype coupled to a commercial mosquito trap was tested in laboratory conditions for the automatic classification of mosquitoes by genus and sex. Recordings of > 4300 laboratory-reared mosquitoes of Aedes and Culex genera were made using the sensor. The chosen genera include mosquito species that have a major impact on public health in many parts of the world. Five features were extracted from each recording to form balanced datasets and used for the training and evaluation of five different machine learning algorithms to achieve the best model for mosquito classification. Results The best accuracy results achieved using machine learning were: 94.2% for genus classification, 99.4% for sex classification of Aedes, and 100% for sex classification of Culex. The best algorithms and features were deep neural network with spectrogram for genus classification and gradient boosting with Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients among others for sex classification of either genus. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first time that a sensor coupled to a standard mosquito suction trap has provided automatic classification of mosquito genus and sex with high accuracy using a large number of unique samples with class balance. This system represents an improvement of the state of the art in mosquito surveillance and encourages future use of the sensor for remote, real-time characterization of mosquito populations. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05324-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María I González-Pérez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | | | - Josep Brosa
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Carles Aranda
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Servei de Control de Mosquits del Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Pujol
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marta Verdún
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | | | - Núria Busquets
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sandra Talavera
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Walter T, Degen J, Pfeiffer K, Stöckl A, Montenegro S, Degen T. A new innovative real-time tracking method for flying insects applicable under natural conditions. BMC ZOOL 2021; 6:35. [PMID: 37170312 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-021-00097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Sixty percent of all species are insects, yet despite global efforts to monitor animal movement patterns, insects are continuously underrepresented. This striking difference between species richness and the number of species monitored is not due to a lack of interest but rather to the lack of technical solutions. Often the accuracy and speed of established tracking methods is not high enough to record behavior and react to it experimentally in real-time, which applies in particular to small flying animals.
Results
Our new method of real-time tracking relates to frequencies of solar radiation which are almost completely absorbed by traveling through the atmosphere. For tracking, photoluminescent tags with a peak emission (1400 nm), which lays in such a region of strong absorption through the atmosphere, were attached to the animals. The photoluminescent properties of passivated lead sulphide quantum dots were responsible for the emission of light by the tags and provide a superb signal-to noise ratio. We developed prototype markers with a weight of 12.5 mg and a diameter of 5 mm. Furthermore, we developed a short wave infrared detection system which can record and determine the position of an animal in a heterogeneous environment with a delay smaller than 10 ms. With this method we were able to track tagged bumblebees as well as hawk moths in a flight arena that was placed outside on a natural meadow.
Conclusion
Our new method eliminates the necessity of a constant or predictable environment for many experimental setups. Furthermore, we postulate that the developed matrix-detector mounted to a multicopter will enable tracking of small flying insects, over medium range distances (>1000m) in the near future because: a) the matrix-detector equipped with an 70 mm interchangeable lens weighs less than 380 g, b) it evaluates the position of an animal in real-time and c) it can directly control and communicate with electronic devices.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rhodes MW, Bennie JJ, Spalding A, Ffrench-Constant RH, Maclean IMD. Recent advances in the remote sensing of insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:343-360. [PMID: 34609062 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Remote sensing has revolutionised many aspects of ecological research, enabling spatiotemporal data to be collected in an efficient and highly automated manner. The last two decades have seen phenomenal growth in capabilities for high-resolution remote sensing that increasingly offers opportunities to study small, but ecologically important organisms, such as insects. Here we review current applications for using remote sensing within entomological research, highlighting the emerging opportunities that now arise through advances in spatial, temporal and spectral resolution. Remote sensing can be used to map environmental variables, such as habitat, microclimate and light pollution, capturing data on topography, vegetation structure and composition, and luminosity at spatial scales appropriate to insects. Such data can also be used to detect insects indirectly from the influences that they have on the environment, such as feeding damage or nest structures, whilst opportunities for directly detecting insects are also increasingly available. Entomological radar and light detection and ranging (LiDAR), for example, are transforming our understanding of aerial insect abundance and movement ecology, whilst ultra-high spatial resolution drone imagery presents tantalising new opportunities for direct observation. Remote sensing is rapidly developing into a powerful toolkit for entomologists, that we envisage will soon become an integral part of insect science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus W Rhodes
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Jonathan J Bennie
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Adrian Spalding
- Spalding Associates (Environmental) Ltd, 10 Walsingham Place, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 2RP, U.K
| | - Richard H Ffrench-Constant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Ilya M D Maclean
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Small Angle Scattering Intensity Measurement by an Improved Ocean Scheimpflug Lidar System. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13122390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of the horizontal patterns of phytoplankton and the distribution of suspended particles across the sea’s surface has been greatly improved by traditional passive oceanic color remote sensing technology. Lidar technology has already been proven to be effective positive remote sensing technology to construct high-resolution bathymetry models. Lidar technology significantly improves our ability to model biogeochemical processes in the upper ocean and provides advanced concepts regarding the vertical distribution of suspended particles and oceanic optical properties. In this paper, we present a novel optical approach to measuring the scattering intensity and characteristics of suspended particles within small angles backwards and distinguish water medium with different attenuation coefficients by a laboratory demonstration of the ocean Scheimpflug lidar system. The approach allows the direct determination of the scattering intensity over a small angle at the backward direction (175.8~178.8°) with an angular resolution of 0.38. Corrections for the effects of refraction at the air-glass-water interface were demonstrated. The data production (initial width and width attenuation rate of the laser beam) of the ocean Scheimpflug lidar system were utilized to distinguish water with different algae concentrations. Application for the measurement of backward scattering intensity and laser beam width were explored in distances up to several meters with spatial resolutions of millimeter precision.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bieganowski A, Dammer KH, Siedliska A, Bzowska-Bakalarz M, Bereś PK, Dąbrowska-Zielińska K, Pflanz M, Schirrmann M, Garz A. Sensor-based outdoor monitoring of insects in arable crops for their precise control. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1109-1114. [PMID: 32964689 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of precision farming technologies into agricultural practice requires, among other things, precise determination of the extent and intensity of insect infestation in the farmer' fields. Manual insect identification is time-consuming and has low efficiency, especially for large fields. Therefore, scientists and practitioners devote much effort to the automatization of this process. There are two complementary approaches to insect identification: (i) direct, in which the insect (ultimately the species) is determined, and (ii) indirect, in which the damage caused by the insects is monitored and forms the basis on which to formulate the information about insect infestation. A mini-review of both approaches is presented in this work. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of each are briefly described. Methods of insect identification are still characterized by relatively small selectivity and efficiency, therefore it is necessary to keep searching for new methods and improve the development of existing ones. The goal of such systems should be to work in real time and be inexpensive to run, enabling widespread use amongst farmers. A possible solution seems to be integrating various techniques (sensor fusion) into a single measurement system. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl-Heinz Dammer
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Paweł K Bereś
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Regional Experimental Station in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | | | - Michael Pflanz
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Schirrmann
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Garz
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Genoud AP, Torsiello J, Belson M, Thomas BP. Entomological photonic sensors: Estimating insect population density, its uncertainty and temporal resolution from transit data. ECOL INFORM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
A Review of Insect Monitoring Approaches with Special Reference to Radar Techniques. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041474. [PMID: 33672508 PMCID: PMC7923785 DOI: 10.3390/s21041474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Drastic declines in insect populations are a vital concern worldwide. Despite widespread insect monitoring, the significant gaps in the literature must be addressed. Future monitoring techniques must be systematic and global. Advanced technologies and computer solutions are needed. We provide here a review of relevant works to show the high potential for solving the aforementioned problems. Major historical and modern methods of insect monitoring are considered. All major radar solutions are carefully reviewed. Insect monitoring with radar is a well established technique, but it is still a fast-growing topic. The paper provides an updated classification of insect radar sets. Three main groups of insect radar solutions are distinguished: scanning, vertical-looking, and harmonic. Pulsed radar sets are utilized for all three groups, while frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) systems are applied only for vertical-looking and harmonic insect radar solutions. This work proves the high potential of radar entomology based on the growing research interest, along with the emerging novel setups, compact devices, and data processing approaches. The review exposes promising insect monitoring solutions using compact radar instruments. The proposed compact and resource-effective setups can be very beneficial for systematic insect monitoring.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kirkeby C, Rydhmer K, Cook SM, Strand A, Torrance MT, Swain JL, Prangsma J, Johnen A, Jensen M, Brydegaard M, Græsbøll K. Advances in automatic identification of flying insects using optical sensors and machine learning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1555. [PMID: 33452353 PMCID: PMC7810676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, farmers use insecticides to prevent crop damage caused by insect pests, while they also rely on insect pollinators to enhance crop yield and other insect as natural enemies of pests. In order to target pesticides to pests only, farmers must know exactly where and when pests and beneficial insects are present in the field. A promising solution to this problem could be optical sensors combined with machine learning. We obtained around 10,000 records of flying insects found in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) crops, using an optical remote sensor and evaluated three different classification methods for the obtained signals, reaching over 80% accuracy. We demonstrate that it is possible to classify insects in flight, making it possible to optimize the application of insecticides in space and time. This will enable a technological leap in precision agriculture, where focus on prudent and environmentally-sensitive use of pesticides is a top priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Kirkeby
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. .,FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Klas Rydhmer
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Samantha M Cook
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Alfred Strand
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martin T Torrance
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Jennifer L Swain
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Jord Prangsma
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Andreas Johnen
- Xarvio Digital Farming Solutions, BASF Digital Farming GmbH, Albrecht-Thaer-Strasse 34, Münster, Germany
| | - Mikkel Jensen
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Brydegaard
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaare Græsbøll
- DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dietz S, Beazley KF, Lemieux CJ, St. Clair C, Coristine L, Higgs E, Smith R, Pellatt M, Beaty C, Cheskey E, Cooke SJ, Crawford L, Davis R, Forbes G, Gadallah F(Z, Kendall P, Mandrak N, Moola F, Parker S, Quayle J, Ray JC, Richardson K, Smith K, Snider J, Smol JP, Sutherland WJ, Vallillee A, White L, Woodley A. Emerging issues for protected and conserved areas in Canada. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizon scanning is increasingly used in conservation to systematically explore emerging policy and management issues. We present the results of a horizon scan of issues likely to impact management of Canadian protected and conserved areas over the next 5–10 years. Eighty-eight individuals participated, representing a broad community of academics, government and nongovernment organizations, and foundations, including policymakers and managers of protected and conserved areas. This community initially identified 187 issues, which were subsequently triaged to 15 horizon issues by a group of 33 experts using a modified Delphi technique. Results were organized under four broad categories: ( i) emerging effects of climate change in protected and conserved areas design, planning, and management (i.e., large-scale ecosystem changes, species translocation, fire regimes, ecological integrity, and snow patterns); ( ii) Indigenous governance and knowledge systems (i.e., Indigenous governance and Indigenous knowledge and Western science); ( iii) integrated conservation approaches across landscapes and seascapes (i.e., connectivity conservation, integrating ecosystem values and services, freshwater planning); and ( iv) early responses to emerging cumulative, underestimated, and novel threats (i.e., management of cumulative impacts, declining insect biomass, increasing anthropogenic noise, synthetic biology). Overall, the scan identified several emerging issues that require immediate attention to effectively reduce threats, respond to opportunities, and enhance preparedness and capacity to react.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Dietz
- Ecosystem Science Laboratory, Office of the Chief Ecosystem Scientist, Protected Areas Establishment and Conservation Directorate, Parks Canada Agency, Gatineau QC J8X 0B3, Canada
| | - Karen F. Beazley
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Lemieux
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Colleen St. Clair
- Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Laura Coristine
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Gatineau, QC, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Eric Higgs
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Risa Smith
- International Union for the Conservation of Nature/World Commission on Protected Areas
| | - Marlow Pellatt
- Ecosystem Science Laboratory, Office of the Chief Ecosystem Scientist, Protected Areas Establishment and Conservation Directorate, Parks Canada Agency, Gatineau QC J8X 0B3, Canada
| | | | | | - Steven J. Cooke
- Institute for Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Lindsay Crawford
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Rob Davis
- Ontario Parks, Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Peterborough, ON K9J 8M5, Canada
| | - Graham Forbes
- University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Fawziah (ZuZu) Gadallah
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Gatineau, QC, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | | | - Nick Mandrak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Faisal Moola
- Geography, Environment & Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Scott Parker
- Protected Areas Establishment and Conservation Directorate, Parks Canada Agency, Gatineau QC J8X 0B3, Canada
| | | | - Justina C. Ray
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Toronto, ON M5S 3A7, Canada
| | - Karen Richardson
- Ecosystem Science Laboratory, Office of the Chief Ecosystem Scientist, Protected Areas Establishment and Conservation Directorate, Parks Canada Agency, Gatineau QC J8X 0B3, Canada
| | - Kevin Smith
- Ducks Unlimited Canada, Edmonton, AB T5S 0A2, Canada
| | - James Snider
- World Wildlife Fund Canada, Toronto, ON M5V 1S8, Canada
| | - John P. Smol
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - William J Sutherland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine’s, St Catharine’s College, Cambridge CB2 1RL, UK
| | | | - Lori White
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Alison Woodley
- Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, Ottawa, ON K2P 0A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
A comparison of supervised machine learning algorithms for mosquito identification from backscattered optical signals. ECOL INFORM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Barlow SE, O'Neill MA. Technological advances in field studies of pollinator ecology and the future of e-ecology. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 38:15-25. [PMID: 32086017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Our review looks at recent advances in technologies applied to studying pollinators in the field. These include RFID, radar and lidar for detecting and tracking pollinators; wireless sensor networks (e.g. 'smart' hives); automated visual and audio monitoring systems including vision motion software for monitoring fine-scale pollinator behaviours over extended periods; and automated species identification systems based on machine learning that can vastly reduce the bottleneck in (big) data analysis. An improved e-ecology platform that leverages these tools is needed for ecologists to acquire and understand large spatiotemporal datasets, and thus inform knowledge gaps in environmental policy-making. Developing the next generation of e-ecology tools will require synergistic partnerships between academia and industry and significant investment in a cross-disciplinary scientific consortia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Barlow
- Red Butte Garden, Conservation Dept., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Genoud AP, Gao Y, Williams GM, Thomas BP. Identification of gravid mosquitoes from changes in spectral and polarimetric backscatter cross sections. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900123. [PMID: 31211902 PMCID: PMC6774905 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Improving the survey of mosquito populations is of the utmost importance to further enhance mitigation techniques that protect human populations from mosquito-borne diseases. While mosquito populations are generally studied using physical traps, stand-off optical sensors allow to study insect ecosystems with potentially better spatial and temporal resolution. This can be greatly beneficial to eco-epidemiological models and various mosquito control programs. In this contribution, we demonstrate that the gravidity of female mosquitoes can be identified from changes in their spectral and polarimetric backscatter cross sections. Among other predictive variables, the wing beat frequency and the depolarization ratio of the mosquito body allows for the identification of gravid females with a precision and recall of 86% and 87%, respectively. Since female mosquitoes need a blood meal to become gravid, statistics on gravidity is of prime importance as only females that have been gravid might carry infectious diseases. In addition, it allows to detect possible breeding habitat, predict a potential increase in the mosquito population and provide a better overall understanding of the ecosystem dynamics. As a result, targeted and localized mitigation techniques can be used, reducing the cost and improving the efficiency of mosquito population control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien P. Genoud
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNew Jersey
| | - Yunpeng Gao
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNew Jersey
| | | | - Benjamin P. Thomas
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNew Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gao F, Lin H, Chen K, Chen X, He S. Light-sheet based two-dimensional Scheimpflug lidar system for profile measurements. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:27179-27188. [PMID: 30469791 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.027179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a novel concept for 2D Scheimpflug lidar. A light-sheet based 2D Scheimpflug lidar system is developed and realized for surface profile measurements. The theory of a geometrical relationship underlying the system is developed, and the possibility of 3D profile measurements for a plastic bowl, a rhombic carton box and a manikin are presented. The sizes of reconstructed images are consistent with respective physical objects with small (~mm) errors at close range. Experimental results show that the 2D Scheimpflug lidar system performs well for 3D surface profiling and has great potential for close-range applications in other fields.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gebru A, Jansson S, Ignell R, Kirkeby C, Prangsma JC, Brydegaard M. Multiband modulation spectroscopy for the determination of sex and species of mosquitoes in flight. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800014. [PMID: 29508537 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a dual-wavelength polarimetric measurement method to distinguish species and sexes of disease transmitting mosquitoes in flight. By measuring co- and de-polarized backscattered light at 808 and 1550 nm, the degree of linear polarization, wingbeat frequency, reflectance, spectral ratio and glossiness of mosquitoes can be retrieved. Body and wing contributions to these signals can be separated. Whereas the optical cross section is sensitive to the aspect of observation, thus the heading direction of the insect in flight, we demonstrate that polarimetric- and spectral-band ratios are largely invariant to the aspect of observation. We show that wing glossiness, as well as wing- and body-spectral ratios are particularly efficient in distinguishing Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles arabiensis, 2 closely related species of malaria vectors. Spectral and polarimetric ratios relate to microstructural and melanization features of the wing and body of these species. We conclude that multiband modulation spectroscopy is a useful expansion of the parameter space that can be used to improve the specificity of entomological lidars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alem Gebru
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Lund Laser Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Centre for Animal Movement, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel Jansson
- Department of Physics, Lund Laser Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Centre for Animal Movement, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Chemical Ecology Unit, Department of Plant Protection Biology, SLU, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Carsten Kirkeby
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Mikkel Brydegaard
- FaunaPhotonics APS, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Lund Laser Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Centre for Animal Movement, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Norsk Elektro Optikk AS, Skedsmokorset, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dominoni DM, Åkesson S, Klaassen R, Spoelstra K, Bulla M. Methods in field chronobiology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0247. [PMID: 28993491 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronobiological research has seen a continuous development of novel approaches and techniques to measure rhythmicity at different levels of biological organization from locomotor activity (e.g. migratory restlessness) to physiology (e.g. temperature and hormone rhythms, and relatively recently also in genes, proteins and metabolites). However, the methodological advancements in this field have been mostly and sometimes exclusively used only in indoor laboratory settings. In parallel, there has been an unprecedented and rapid improvement in our ability to track animals and their behaviour in the wild. However, while the spatial analysis of tracking data is widespread, its temporal aspect is largely unexplored. Here, we review the tools that are available or have potential to record rhythms in the wild animals with emphasis on currently overlooked approaches and monitoring systems. We then demonstrate, in three question-driven case studies, how the integration of traditional and newer approaches can help answer novel chronobiological questions in free-living animals. Finally, we highlight unresolved issues in field chronobiology that may benefit from technological development in the future. As most of the studies in the field are descriptive, the future challenge lies in applying the diverse technologies to experimental set-ups in the wild.This article is part of the themed issue 'Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide M Dominoni
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands .,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Susanne Åkesson
- Centre for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden
| | - Raymond Klaassen
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Kamiel Spoelstra
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Bulla
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen 82319, Germany.,NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, Utrecht University, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 16521, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Malmqvist E, Jansson S, Zhu S, Li W, Svanberg K, Svanberg S, Rydell J, Song Z, Bood J, Brydegaard M, Åkesson S. The bat-bird-bug battle: daily flight activity of insects and their predators over a rice field revealed by high-resolution Scheimpflug Lidar. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172303. [PMID: 29765679 PMCID: PMC5936944 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of, to our knowledge, the first Lidar study applied to continuous and simultaneous monitoring of aerial insects, bats and birds. It illustrates how common patterns of flight activity, e.g. insect swarming around twilight, depend on predation risk and other constraints acting on the faunal components. Flight activity was monitored over a rice field in China during one week in July 2016, using a high-resolution Scheimpflug Lidar system. The monitored Lidar transect was about 520 m long and covered approximately 2.5 m3. The observed biomass spectrum was bimodal, and targets were separated into insects and vertebrates in a categorization supported by visual observations. Peak flight activity occurred at dusk and dawn, with a 37 min time difference between the bat and insect peaks. Hence, bats started to feed in declining insect activity after dusk and stopped before the rise in activity before dawn. A similar time difference between insects and birds may have occurred, but it was not obvious, perhaps because birds were relatively scarce. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that flight activity of bats is constrained by predation in bright light, and that crepuscular insects exploit this constraint by swarming near to sunset/sunrise to minimize predation from bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Malmqvist
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Author for correspondence: Elin Malmqvist e-mail:
| | - Samuel Jansson
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Shiming Zhu
- Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wansha Li
- Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Katarina Svanberg
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Sune Svanberg
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jens Rydell
- Centre for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ziwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection/Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 7, Jinying Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Joakim Bood
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikkel Brydegaard
- Lund Laser Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Susanne Åkesson
- Centre for Animal Movement Research, Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Du B, Pang C, Wu D, Li Z, Peng H, Tao Y, Wu E, Wu G. High-speed photon-counting laser ranging for broad range of distances. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29520022 PMCID: PMC5843641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a high-speed photon-counting laser ranging system with laser pulses of multiple repetition rates to extend the unambiguous range. In the experiment, the laser pulses of three different repetition rates around 10 MHz were employed to enlarge the maximum unambiguous range from 15 m to 165 km. Moreover, the range of distances was increased as well, enabling the measurement on different targets of large separation distance with high depth resolution. An outdoor photon-counting laser ranging up to 21 km was realized with high repetition rate, which is beneficial for the airborne and satellite-based topographic mapping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Chengkai Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Huan Peng
- Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yuliang Tao
- Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - E Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Guang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Genoud AP, Basistyy R, Williams GM, Thomas BP. Optical remote sensing for monitoring flying mosquitoes, gender identification and discussion on species identification. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2018; 124:46. [PMID: 30505073 PMCID: PMC6269144 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-018-6917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases are a major challenge for Human health as they affect nearly 700 million people every year and result in over 1 million deaths. Reliable information on the evolution of population and spatial distribution of key insects species is of major importance in the development of eco-epidemiologic models. This paper reports on the remote characterization of flying mosquitoes using a continuous-wave infrared optical remote sensing system. The system is setup in a controlled environment to mimic long-range lidars, mosquitoes are free flying at a distance of ~ 4 m from the collecting optics. The wing beat frequency is retrieved from the backscattered light from mosquitoes transiting through the laser beam. A total of 427 transit signals have been recorded from three mosquito species, males and females. Since the mosquito species and gender are known a priori, we investigate the use of wing beat frequency as the sole predictor variable for two Bayesian classifications: gender alone (two classes) and species/gender (six classes). The gender of each mosquito is retrieved with a 96.5% accuracy while the species/gender of mosquitoes is retrieved with a 62.3% accuracy. Known to be an efficient mean to identify insect family, we discuss the limitations of using wing beat frequency alone to identify insect species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien P Genoud
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Roman Basistyy
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Gregory M Williams
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Ave., New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Benjamin P Thomas
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|