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Liang K, Zhang M, Liang J, Zuo X, Jia X, Shan J, Li Z, Yu J, Xuan Z, Luo L, Zhao H, Gan S, Liu D, Qin Q, Wang Q. M1-type polarized macrophage contributes to brain damage through CXCR3.2/CXCL11 pathways after RGNNV infection in grouper. Virulence 2024; 15:2355971. [PMID: 38745468 PMCID: PMC11123556 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2355971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) is the most complex system of the body. The CNS, especially the brain, is generally regarded as immune-privileged. However, the specialized immune strategies in the brain and how immune cells, specifically macrophages in the brain, respond to virus invasion remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the potential immune response of macrophages in the brain of orange-spotted groupers (Epinephelus coioides) following red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection. We observed that RGNNV induced macrophages to produce an inflammatory response in the brain of orange-spotted grouper, and the macrophages exhibited M1-type polarization after RGNNV infection. In addition, we found RGNNV-induced macrophage M1 polarization via the CXCR3.2- CXCL11 pathway. Furthermore, we observed that RGNNV triggered M1 polarization in macrophages, resulting in substantial proinflammatory cytokine production and subsequent damage to brain tissue. These findings reveal a unique mechanism for brain macrophage polarization, emphasizing their role in contributing to nervous tissue damage following viral infection in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaishan Liang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minlin Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiantao Liang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Zuo
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianze Jia
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhong Shan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyang Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijie Xuan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Luo
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihong Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songyong Gan
- Guangdong Marine Fishery Experiment Center, Agro-tech Extension Center of Guangdong Province, Huizhou, China
| | - Ding Liu
- Guangdong Havwii Agricultural Group Co. Ltd, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Fishery Institute of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Fishery Institute of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Bohannon DG, Zablocki-Thomas LD, Leung ES, Dupont JK, Hattler JB, Kowalewska J, Zhao M, Luo J, Salemi M, Amedee AM, Li Q, Kuroda MJ, Kim WK. CSF1R inhibition depletes brain macrophages and reduces brain virus burden in SIV-infected macaques. Brain 2024:awae153. [PMID: 39049445 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Perivascular macrophages (PVMs) and, to a lesser degree, microglia are targets and reservoirs of HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in the brain. Previously, we demonstrated that colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) in PVMs was upregulated and activated in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques with encephalitis, correlating with SIV infection of PVMs. Herein, we investigated the role of CSF1R in the brain during acute SIV infection using BLZ945, a brain-penetrant CSF1R kinase inhibitor. Apart from three uninfected historic controls, nine Indian rhesus macaques were infected acutely with SIVmac251 and divided into three groups (n = 3 each): an untreated control and two groups treated for 20-30 days with low- (10 mg/kg/day) or high- (30 mg/kg/day) dose BLZ945. With the high-dose BLZ945 treatment, there was a significant reduction in cells expressing CD163 and CD206 across all four brain areas examined, compared with the low-dose treatment and control groups. In 9 of 11 tested regions, tissue viral DNA (vDNA) loads were reduced by 95%-99% following at least one of the two doses, and even to undetectable levels in some instances. Decreased numbers of CD163+ and CD206+ cells correlated significantly with lower levels of vDNA in all four corresponding brain areas. In contrast, BLZ945 treatment did not significantly affect the number of microglia. Our results indicate that doses as low as 10 mg/kg/day of BLZ945 are sufficient to reduce the tissue vDNA loads in the brain with no apparent adverse effect. This study provides evidence that infected PVMs are highly sensitive to CSF1R inhibition, opening new possibilities to achieve viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Laurent D Zablocki-Thomas
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Evan S Leung
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Jinbum K Dupont
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Julian B Hattler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Jolanta Kowalewska
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Miaoyun Zhao
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jiangtao Luo
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health Sciences, the Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Angela M Amedee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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3
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Wen W, Cheng J, Tang Y. Brain perivascular macrophages: current understanding and future prospects. Brain 2024; 147:39-55. [PMID: 37691438 PMCID: PMC10766266 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain perivascular macrophages are specialized populations of macrophages that reside in the space around cerebral vessels, such as penetrating arteries and venules. With the help of cutting-edge technologies, such as cell fate mapping and single-cell multi-omics, their multifaceted, pivotal roles in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, vascular integrity maintenance and metabolic regulation have more recently been further revealed under physiological conditions. Accumulating evidence also implies that perivascular macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease, cerebrovascular dysfunction, autoimmune disease, traumatic brain injury and epilepsy. They can act in either protective or detrimental ways depending on the disease course and stage. However, the underlying mechanisms of perivascular macrophages remain largely unknown. Therefore, we highlight potential future directions in research on perivascular macrophages, including the utilization of genetic mice and novel therapeutic strategies that target these unique immune cells for neuroprotective purposes. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive update on the current knowledge of brain perivascular macrophages, shedding light on their pivotal roles in central nervous system health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wen
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, China
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4
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Pang J, Koh TJ. Proliferation of monocytes and macrophages in homeostasis, infection, injury, and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:532-546. [PMID: 37555460 PMCID: PMC10673715 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes (Mo) and macrophages (Mφ) play important roles in the function of tissues, organs, and systems of all animals during homeostasis, infection, injury, and disease. For decades, conventional wisdom has dictated that Mo and Mφ are end-stage cells that do not proliferate and that Mφ accumulation in tissues is the result of infiltration of Mo from the blood and subsequent differentiation to Mφ. However, reports from the early 1900s to the present describe evidence of Mo and Mφ proliferation in different tissues and contexts. The purpose of this review is to summarize both historical and current evidence for the contribution of Mφ proliferation to their accumulation in different tissues during homeostasis, infection, injury, and disease. Mφ proliferate in different organs and tissues, including skin, peritoneum, lung, heart, aorta, kidney, liver, pancreas, brain, spinal cord, eye, adipose tissue, and uterus, and in different species including mouse, rat, rabbit, and human. Mφ can proliferate at different stages of differentiation with infiltrating Mo-like cells proliferating in certain inflammatory contexts (e.g. skin wounding, kidney injury, bladder and liver infection) and mature resident Mφ proliferating in other inflammatory contexts (e.g. nematode infection, acetaminophen liver injury) and during homeostasis. The pathways involved in stimulating Mφ proliferation also may be context dependent, with different cytokines and transcription factors implicated in different studies. Although Mφ are known to proliferate in health, injury, and disease, much remains to be learned about the regulation of Mφ proliferation in different contexts and its impact on the homeostasis, injury, and repair of different organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Pang
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7246, United States
| | - Timothy J Koh
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7246, United States
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5
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White KS, Walker JA, Wang J, Autissier P, Miller AD, Abuelezan NN, Burrack R, Li Q, Kim WK, Williams KC. Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques with AIDS co-develop cardiovascular pathology and encephalitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240946. [PMID: 37965349 PMCID: PMC10641955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV co-morbidities remain where central nervous system (CNS) neurocognitive disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-pathology that are linked with myeloid activation are most prevalent. Comorbidities such as neurocogntive dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain prevalent among people living with HIV. We sought to investigate if cardiac pathology (inflammation, fibrosis, cardiomyocyte damage) and CNS pathology (encephalitis) develop together during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and if their co-development is linked with monocyte/macrophage activation. We used a cohort of SIV-infected rhesus macaques with rapid AIDS and demonstrated that SIV encephalitis (SIVE) and CVD pathology occur together more frequently than SIVE or CVD pathology alone. Their co-development correlated more strongly with activated myeloid cells, increased numbers of CD14+CD16+ monocytes, plasma CD163 and interleukin-18 (IL-18) than did SIVE or CVD pathology alone, or no pathology. Animals with both SIVE and CVD pathology had greater numbers of cardiac macrophages and increased collagen and monocyte/macrophage accumulation, which were better correlates of CVD-pathology than SIV-RNA. Animals with SIVE alone had higher levels of activated macrophage biomarkers and cardiac macrophage accumulation than SIVnoE animals. These observations were confirmed in HIV infected individuals with HIV encephalitis (HIVE) that had greater numbers of cardiac macrophages and fibrosis than HIV-infected controls without HIVE. These results underscore the notion that CNS and CVD pathologies frequently occur together in HIV and SIV infection, and demonstrate an unmet need for adjunctive therapies targeting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. White
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Joshua A. Walker
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - John Wang
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Patrick Autissier
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Physiology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nadia N. Abuelezan
- Connel School of Nursing, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Rachel Burrack
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
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6
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Zondo S. The cognitive remediation of attention in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): A meta-analysis and systematic review. F1000Res 2023; 12:1133. [PMID: 38778812 PMCID: PMC11109681 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132166.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite medical advances in Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), patients living with HIV continue to be at risk for developing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The optimization of non-HAART interventions, including cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT), shows promise in reversing the impact of HAND. No data exist indicating the efficacy of CRT in remediating attention skills following neuroHIV. This paper presents a meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to remediate attention skills following HIV CRT. Methods: The database search included literature from Google Scholar, ERIC, Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, PsycINFO, and grey literature published between 2013 and 2022. Inclusion criteria included studies with participants living with HIV who had undergone CRT intervention to remediate attention skills following neuroHIV. Exclusion criteria included case studies, non-human studies, and literature reviews. To assess study quality, including, randomisation, allocation concealment, participant and personnel blinding, the Cochrane Collaboration ratings system was applied. Results: A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 532). There were significant pre- to post-intervention between-group benefits due to CRT in the experimental group relative to control conditions for the remediation of attention skills following HIV acquisition (Hedges g = 0.251, 95% CI = 0.005 to 0.497; p < 0.05). No significant effects (p > 0.05) were demonstrated for subgroup analysis. Conclusions: To the author's knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis that exclusively analyses the remediation of attention skills in the era of HAART and neuroHIV, where all studies included participants diagnosed with HIV. The overall meta-analysis effect indicates the efficacy of CRT in remediating attention skills in HIV and HAND. It is recommended that future cognitive rehabilitation protocols to remediate attention skills should be context and population-specific and that they be supplemented by objective biomarkers indicating the efficacy of the CRT. Registration: Protocols.io (01/03/2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizwe Zondo
- Department of Psychology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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7
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Hattler JB, Irons DL, Luo J, Kim W. Downregulation of CCR5 on brain perivascular macrophages in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3126. [PMID: 37366075 PMCID: PMC10454275 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is a major coreceptor for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) cell entry; however, its role in brain pathogenesis is largely understudied. Thus, we sought to examine cell type-specific protein expression of CCR5 during SIV infection of the brain. METHODS We examined occipital cortical tissue from uninfected rhesus macaques and SIV-infected animals with or without encephalitis using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence microscopy to determine the number and distribution of CCR5-positive cells. RESULTS An increase in the number of CCR5+ cells in the brain of SIV-infected animals with encephalitis was accounted for by increased CD3+CD8+ cells expressing CCR5, but not by increased CCR5+ microglia or perivascular macrophages (PVMs), and a concurrent decrease in the percentage of CCR5+ PVMs was observed. Levels of CCR5 and SIV Gag p28 protein expression were examined on a per-cell basis, and a significant, negative relationship was established indicating decreased CCR5 expression in productively infected cells. While investigating the endocytosis-mediated CCR5 internalization as a mechanism for CCR5 downregulation, we found that phospho-ERK1/2, an indicator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, was colocalized with infected PVMs and that macrophages from infected animals showed significantly increased expression of clathrin heavy chain 1. CONCLUSIONS These findings show a shift in CCR5-positive cell types in the brain during SIV pathogenesis with an increase in the number of CCR5+ CD8 T cells, and downregulated CCR5 expression on infected PVMs, likely through ERK1/2-driven, clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian B. Hattler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell BiologyEastern Virginia Medical SchoolNorfolkVirginiaUSA
| | - Derek L. Irons
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell BiologyEastern Virginia Medical SchoolNorfolkVirginiaUSA
| | - Jiangtao Luo
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health SciencesTilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Woong‐Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell BiologyEastern Virginia Medical SchoolNorfolkVirginiaUSA
- Division of MicrobiologyTulane National Primate Research CenterCovingtonLouisianaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
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8
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Frosch M, Amann L, Prinz M. CNS-associated macrophages shape the inflammatory response in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3753. [PMID: 37365158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Frosch
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Amann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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9
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Chen S, Li J, Meng S, He T, Shi Z, Wang C, Wang Y, Cao H, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Gao Y. Microglia and macrophages in the neuro-glia-vascular unit: From identity to functions. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106066. [PMID: 36889483 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although both are myeloid cells located surrounding cerebral vasculature, vessel-associated microglia (VAM) and perivascular macrophages (PVMs) can be distinguished by their distinct morphologies, signatures and microscopic location. As key component of neuro-glia-vascular unit (NGVU), they play prominent roles in neurovasculature development and pathological process of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including phagocytosis, angiogenesis, vessel damage/protection and blood flow regulation, therefore serving as potential targets for therapeutics of a broad array of CNS diseases. Herein, we will provide a comprehensive overview of heterogeneity of VAM/PVMs, highlight limitations of current understanding in this field, and discuss possible directions of future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingyu He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyu Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yana Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yanqin Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Schlachetzki JCM, Zhou Y, Glass CK. Human microglia phenotypes in the brain associated with HIV infection. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 77:102637. [PMID: 36194988 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment in individuals infected with HIV is highly prevalent despite life-long antiretroviral therapy. A growing line of evidence suggests that the human brain serves as a sanctuary for HIV persistence. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain parenchyma, may serve as a reservoir for HIV and drive the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Here, we highlight recent advances in understanding microglia diversity in HIV regarding their epigenome, transcriptome, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA.
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA. https://twitter.com/jojoyizhou_JOY
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA. https://twitter.com/UCSDGlassLab
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11
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Leibrand CR, Paris JJ, Jones AM, Ohene-Nyako M, Rademeyer KM, Nass SR, Kim WK, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, McRae M. Independent actions by HIV-1 Tat and morphine to increase recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages into the brain in a region-specific manner. Neurosci Lett 2022; 788:136852. [PMID: 36028004 PMCID: PMC9845733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), approximately one-half of people infected with HIV (PWH) experience neurocognitive impairment. Opioid use disorder (OUD) can exacerbate the cognitive and pathological changes seen in PWH. HIV increases inflammation and immune cell trafficking into the brain; however, less is known about how opioid use disorder affects the recruitment of immune cells. Accordingly, we examined the temporal consequences of HIV-1 Tat and/or morphine on the recruitment of endocytic cells (predominantly perivascular macrophages and microglia) in the dorsal striatum and hippocampus by infusing multi-colored, fluorescently labeled dextrans before and after exposure. To address this question, transgenic mice that conditionally expressed HIV-1 Tat (Tat+), or their control counterparts (Tat-), received three sequential intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusions of Cascade Blue-, Alexa Fluor 488-, and Alexa Fluor 594-labeled dextrans, respectively infused 1 day before, 1-day after, or 13-days after morphine and/or Tat exposure. At the end of the study, the number of cells labeled with each fluorescent dextran were counted. The data demonstrated a significantly higher influx of newly-labeled cells into the perivascular space than into the parenchyma. In the striatum, Tat or morphine exposure increased the number of endocytic cells in the perivascular space, while only morphine increased the recruitment of endocytic cells into the parenchyma. In the hippocampus, morphine (but not Tat) increased the influx of dextran-labeled cells into the perivascular space, but there were too few labeled cells within the hippocampal parenchyma to analyze. Collectively, these data suggest that HIV-1 Tat and morphine act independently to increase the recruitment of endocytic cells into the brain in a region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal R Leibrand
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Austin M Jones
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Kara M Rademeyer
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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12
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Byrnes SJ, Angelovich TA, Busman-Sahay K, Cochrane CR, Roche M, Estes JD, Churchill MJ. Non-Human Primate Models of HIV Brain Infection and Cognitive Disorders. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091997. [PMID: 36146803 PMCID: PMC9500831 DOI: 10.3390/v14091997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders are a major burden for people living with HIV whose viremia is stably suppressed with antiretroviral therapy. The pathogenesis of disease is likely multifaceted, with contributions from viral reservoirs including the brain, chronic and systemic inflammation, and traditional risk factors including drug use. Elucidating the effects of each element on disease pathogenesis is near impossible in human clinical or ex vivo studies, facilitating the need for robust and accurate non-human primate models. In this review, we describe the major non-human primate models of neuroHIV infection, their use to study the acute, chronic, and virally suppressed infection of the brain, and novel therapies targeting brain reservoirs and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Byrnes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Angelovich
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA
| | - Catherine R. Cochrane
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Centre, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA
| | - Melissa J. Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence:
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13
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Siddiqui A, He C, Lee G, Figueroa A, Slaughter A, Robinson-Papp J. Neuropathogenesis of HIV and emerging therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:603-615. [PMID: 35815686 PMCID: PMC9887458 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV infection causes a wide range of neurological complications, many of which are among the most common complications of chronic HIV infection in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy. These neurological conditions arise due to complex interactions between HIV viral proteins and neuronal and glial cells that lead to the activation of various inflammatory and neurotoxic pathways across the nervous system. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the current literature on the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of neurological injuries associated with HIV in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. Molecular pathways relevant for possible therapeutic targets or advancements are emphasized. Gaps in knowledge and current challenges in therapeutic design are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Several challenges exist in the development of therapeutic targets for HIV-associated cognitive impairments. However, recent developments in drug delivery systems and treatment strategies are encouraging. Treatments for HIV-associated pain and peripheral sensory neuropathies currently consist of symptomatic management, but a greater understanding of their pathogenesis can lead to the development of targeted molecular therapies and disease-modifying therapies. HIV-associated autonomic dysfunction may affect the course of systemic disease via disrupted neuro-immune interactions; however, more research is needed to facilitate our understanding of how these processes present clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Siddiqui
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th Street, New York City, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Celestine He
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th Street, New York City, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Gina Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th Street, New York City, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Alex Figueroa
- University of Texas at Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, 75390 USA
| | - Alexander Slaughter
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th Street, New York City, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Jessica Robinson-Papp
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th Street, New York City, NY, 10029 USA
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14
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Moretti S, Virtuoso S, Sernicola L, Farcomeni S, Maggiorella MT, Borsetti A. Advances in SIV/SHIV Non-Human Primate Models of NeuroAIDS. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081018. [PMID: 34451482 PMCID: PMC8398602 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) are the most relevant model of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and neuroAIDS, being of great importance in explaining the pathogenesis of HIV-induced nervous system damage. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)/ Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV)-infected monkeys have provided evidence of complex interactions between the virus and host that include host immune response, viral genetic diversity, and genetic susceptibility, which may explain virus-associated central nervous system (CNS) pathology and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In this article, we review the recent progress contributions obtained using monkey models of HIV infection of the CNS, neuropathogenesis and SIV encephalitis (SIVE), with an emphasis on pharmacologic therapies and dependable markers that predict development of CNS AIDS.
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15
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Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Petiz LL, Andrejew R, Turrini N, Silva JB, Sack U, Ulrich H. Role of P2X7 Receptors in Immune Responses During Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:662935. [PMID: 34122013 PMCID: PMC8187565 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.662935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors are ion-gated channels activated by ATP. Under pathological conditions, the extensive release of ATP induces sustained P2X7 receptor activation, culminating in induction of proinflammatory pathways with inflammasome assembly and cytokine release. These inflammatory conditions, whether occurring peripherally or in the central nervous system (CNS), increase blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability. Besides its well-known involvement in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, the P2X7 receptor may induce BBB disruption and chemotaxis of peripheral immune cells to the CNS, resulting in brain parenchyma infiltration. For instance, despite common effects on cytokine release, P2X7 receptor signaling is also associated with metalloproteinase secretion and activation, as well as migration and differentiation of T lymphocytes, monocytes and dendritic cells. Here we highlight that peripheral immune cells mediate the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, mainly through T lymphocyte, neutrophil and monocyte infiltration. We propose that P2X7 receptor activation contributes to neurodegenerative disease progression beyond its known effects on the CNS. This review discusses how P2X7 receptor activation mediates responses of peripheral immune cells within the inflamed CNS, as occurring in the aforementioned diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lyvia Lintzmaier Petiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Andrejew
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Turrini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Bezerra Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Vincenti I, Merkler D. New advances in immune components mediating viral control in the CNS. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 47:68-78. [PMID: 33636592 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protective immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS) must act efficiently but need to be tightly controlled to avoid excessive damage to this vital organ. Under homeostatic conditions, the immune surveillance of the CNS is mediated by innate immune cells together with subsets of memory lymphocytes accumulating over lifetime. Accordingly, a wide range of immune responses can be triggered upon pathogen infection that can be associated with devastating clinical outcomes, and which most frequently are due to neurotropic viruses. Here, we discuss recent advances about our understanding of anti-viral immune responses with special emphasis on mechanisms operating in the various anatomical compartments of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilena Vincenti
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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17
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Lee CA, Beasley E, Sundar K, Smelkinson M, Vinton C, Deleage C, Matsuda K, Wu F, Estes JD, Lafont BAP, Brenchley JM, Hirsch VM. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Memory CD4 + T Cells Infiltrate to the Site of Infected Macrophages in the Neuroparenchyma of a Chronic Macaque Model of Neurological Complications of AIDS. mBio 2020; 11:e00602-20. [PMID: 32317323 PMCID: PMC7175093 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00602-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected nonhuman primates can serve as a relevant model for AIDS neuropathogenesis. Current SIV-induced encephalitis (SIVE)/neurological complications of AIDS (neuroAIDS) models are generally associated with rapid progression to neuroAIDS, which does not reflect the tempo of neuroAIDS progression in humans. Recently, we isolated a neuropathogenic clone, SIVsm804E-CL757 (CL757), obtained from an SIV-infected rhesus macaque (RM). CL757 causes a more protracted progression to disease, inducing SIVE in 50% of inoculated animals, with high cerebral spinal fluid viral loads, multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), and perivascular lymphocytic cuffing in the central nervous system (CNS). This latter finding is reminiscent of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis in humans but not generally observed in rapid progressor animals with neuroAIDS. Here, we studied which subsets of cells within the CNS were targeted by CL757 in animals with neurological symptoms of SIVE. Immunohistochemistry of brain sections demonstrated infiltration of CD4+ T cells (CD4) and macrophages (MΦs) to the site of MNGCs. Moreover, an increase in mononuclear cells isolated from the brain tissues of RMs with SIVE correlated with increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral load. Subset analysis showed a specific increase in brain CD4+ memory T cells (Br-mCD4), brain-MΦs (Br-MΦs), and brain B cells (Br-B cells). Both Br-mCD4s and Br-MΦs harbored replication-competent viral DNA, as demonstrated by virus isolation by coculture. However, only in animals exhibiting SIVE/neuroAIDS was virus isolated from Br-MΦs. These findings support the use of CL757 to study the pathogenesis of AIDS viruses in the central nervous system and indicate a previously unanticipated role of CD4s cells as a potential reservoir in the brain.IMPORTANCE While the use of combination antiretroviral therapy effectively suppresses systemic viral replication in the body, neurocognitive disorders as a result of HIV infection of the central nervous system (CNS) remain a clinical problem. Therefore, the use of nonhuman primate models is necessary to study mechanisms of neuropathogenesis. The neurotropic, molecular clone SIVsm804E-CL757 (CL757) results in neuroAIDS in 50% of infected rhesus macaques approximately 1 year postinfection. Using CL757-infected macaques, we investigate disease progression by examining subsets of cells within the CNS that were targeted by CL757 and could potentially serve as viral reservoirs. By isolating mononuclear cells from the brains of SIV-infected rhesus macaques with and without encephalitis, we show that immune cells invade the neuroparenchyma and increase in number in the CNS in animals with SIV-induced encephalitis (SIVE). Of these cells, both brain macrophages and brain memory CD4+ T cells harbor replication-competent SIV DNA; however, only brain CD4+ T cells harbored SIV DNA in animals without SIVE. These findings support use of CL757 as an important model to investigate disease progression in the CNS and as a model to study virus reservoirs in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri A Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin Beasley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Sundar
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Margery Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging, Research Technology Branch, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carol Vinton
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenta Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fan Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jake D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Bernard A P Lafont
- Viral Immunology Section, Office of the Scientific Director, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Gonzalez H, Podany A, Al-Harthi L, Wallace J. The far-reaching HAND of cART: cART effects on astrocytes. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 16:144-158. [PMID: 32147775 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Following the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the morbidity and mortality from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been drastically curtailed and HIV has now become a chronic manageable disease. Persons living with HIV (PLWH) are living longer and experiencing significant co-morbidities and conditions of aging. NeuroHIV, clinically defined as HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) and pathologically manifested by persistent inflammation in the CNS despite cART, is a significant co-morbid condition for PLWH. In the pre-cART era, HIV mediated much of the pathogenesis in the Central Nervous System (CNS); in the cART era, with low to undetectable viremia, other mechanisms may be contributing to persistent neuroinflammation. Emerging data point to the adverse effects at the cellular level of cART, independent of HIV. Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the CNS, playing vital roles in maintaining CNS homeostasis (e.g. metabolic support to neurons, clearance of neurotransmitters, ion balance, modulation of synaptic functions and maintaining the structural integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, any disruption of their function will have wide repercussions in the CNS. In this review, we will address current knowledge and gaps on the impact of antiretrovirals (ARVs) on astrocytes and physiologic consequences in the CNS. Understanding the status of this field, will provide a practical framework to elucidate the potential role of cART-mediated dysregulation of astrocytes in neuroHIV pathogenesis and inform therapeutic strategies that are "neuro-friendly". Graphical abstract CNS-penetrating cART have the potential to cause resting astrocytes to become activated into an A1 or neurotoxic phenotype. These cells can in turn secrete inflammatory cytokines that affect surrounding microglia macrophages, as well as neurotoxic factors that impact nearby neurons. In addition, impairment in the physiologic functions of astrocytes will result in altered BBB permeability and disrupted metabolic homeostasis. CNS=Central Nervous System; cART=combined antiretroviral therapy; BBB=blood brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemil Gonzalez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony Podany
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science; College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennillee Wallace
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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19
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Defining molecular identity and fates of CNS-border associated macrophages after ischemic stroke in rodents and humans. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104722. [PMID: 31926295 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS)-border associated macrophages (BAMs) maintain their steady-state population during adulthood and are not replaced by circulating monocytes under physiological conditions. Their roles in CNS integrity and functions under pathological conditions remain largely unknown. Until recently, BAMs and microglia could not be unequivocally distinguished due to expression of common macrophage markers. We investigated the transcriptional profiles of immunosorted BAMs from rat sham-operated and ischemic brains using RNA sequencing. We found that BAMs express the distinct transcriptional signature than microglia and infiltrating macrophages. The enrichment of functional groups associated with the cell cycle in CD163+ cells isolated 3 days after the ischemic injury indicates the proliferative capacity of these cells. The increased number of CD163+ cells 3 days post-ischemia was corroborated by flow cytometry and detecting the increased number of CD163+ cells positive for a proliferation marker Ki67 at perivascular spaces. CD163+ cells in the ischemic brains up-regulated many inflammatory genes and parenchymal CD163+ cells expressed iNOS, which indicates acquisition of a pro-inflammatory phenotype. In mice, BAMs typically express CD206 and we found a subset of these cells expressing CD169. Chimeric mice generated by transplanting bone marrow of donor Cx3cr1gfpCCR2rfp mice to wild type hosts showed an increased number of CX3CR1+CD169+ perivascular macrophages 3 days post-ischemia. Furthermore, these cells accumulated in the brain parenchyma and we detected replacement of perivascular macrophages by peripheral monocytic cells in the sub-acute phase of stroke. In line with the animal results, post-mortem brain samples from human ischemic stroke cases showed time-dependent accumulation of CD163+ cells in the ischemic parenchyma. Our findings indicate a unique transcriptional signature of BAMs, their local proliferation and migration of inflammatory BAMs to the brain parenchyma after stroke in animal models and humans.
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20
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Bohannon DG, Wang Y, Reinhart CH, Hattler JB, Luo J, Okhravi HR, Zhang J, Li Q, Kuroda MJ, Kim J, Kim WK. Perivascular macrophages in the neonatal macaque brain undergo massive necroptosis after simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:603-613. [PMID: 31834964 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that rhesus macaques neonatally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) do not develop SIV encephalitis (SIVE) and maintain low brain viral loads despite having similar plasma viral loads compared to SIV-infected adults. We hypothesize that differences in myeloid cell populations that are the known target of SIV and HIV in the brain contribute to the lack of neonatal susceptibility to lentivirus-induced encephalitis. Using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence microscopy, we examined the frontal cortices from uninfected and SIV-infected infant and adult macaques (n = 8/ea) as well as adults with SIVE (n = 4) to determine differences in myeloid cell populations. The number of CD206+ brain perivascular macrophages (PVMs) was significantly greater in uninfected infants than in uninfected adults and was markedly lower in SIV-infected infants while microglia numbers were unchanged across groups. CD206+ PVMs, which proliferate after infection in SIV-infected adults, did not undergo proliferation in infants. While virtually all CD206+ cells in adults are also CD163+, infants have a distinct CD206 single-positive population in addition to the double-positive population commonly seen in adults. Notably, we found that more than 60% of these unique CD206+CD163- PVMs in SIV-infected infants were positive for cleaved caspase-3, an indicator of apoptosis, and that nearly 100% of this subset were concomitantly positive for the necroptosis marker receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3). These findings show that distinct subpopulations of PVMs found in infants undergo programmed cell death instead of proliferation following SIV infection, which may lead to the absence of PVM-dependent SIVE and the limited size of the virus reservoir in the infant brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Yueying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Colin H Reinhart
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Julian B Hattler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Jiangtao Luo
- EVMS-Sentara Healthcare Analytics and Delivery Science Institute, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Hamid R Okhravi
- Glennan Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Jianshui Zhang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
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21
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Yang T, Guo R, Zhang F. Brain perivascular macrophages: Recent advances and implications in health and diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1318-1328. [PMID: 31749316 PMCID: PMC7154594 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain perivascular macrophages (PVMs) belong to a distinct population of brain‐resident myeloid cells located within the perivascular space surrounding arterioles and venules. Their characterization depends on the combination of anatomical localization, phagocytic capacity, and molecular markers. Under physiological status, they provide structural and functional support for maintaining brain homeostasis, including facilitation of blood‐brain barrier integrity and lymphatic drainage, and exertion of immune functions such as phagocytosis and antigen presentation. Increasing evidence also implicates their specific roles in diseased brain, ranging from cerebrovascular diseases, Aβ pathologies, infections, and autoimmunity. Collectively, PVMs are key components of the brain‐resident immune system, actively participate in a broad‐spectrum of processes in normal and diseased status. Details of the processes are largely underexplored. Targeting PVMs would lead to new insights and be a promising strategy for a broad array of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruiming Guo
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous group of cells that are capable of carrying out distinct functions in different tissues, as well as in different locations within a given tissue. Some of these tissue macrophages lie on, or close to, the outer (abluminal) surface of blood vessels and perform several crucial activities at this interface between the tissue and the blood. In steady-state tissues, these perivascular macrophages maintain tight junctions between endothelial cells and limit vessel permeability, phagocytose potential pathogens before they enter tissues from the blood and restrict inappropriate inflammation. They also have a multifaceted role in diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Here, we examine the important functions of perivascular macrophages in various adult tissues and describe how these functions are perturbed in a broad array of pathological conditions.
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23
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Abreu CM, Veenhuis RT, Avalos CR, Graham S, Parrilla DR, Ferreira EA, Queen SE, Shirk EN, Bullock BT, Li M, Metcalf Pate KA, Beck SE, Mangus LM, Mankowski JL, Mac Gabhann F, O'Connor SL, Gama L, Clements JE. Myeloid and CD4 T Cells Comprise the Latent Reservoir in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed SIVmac251-Infected Macaques. mBio 2019; 10:e01659-19. [PMID: 31431552 PMCID: PMC6703426 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01659-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication or long-term suppression in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) requires an understanding of all viral reservoirs that could contribute to viral rebound after ART interruption. CD4 T cells (CD4s) are recognized as the predominant reservoir in HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals. However, macrophages are also infected by HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) during acute infection and may persist throughout ART, contributing to the size of the latent reservoir. We sought to determine whether tissue macrophages contribute to the SIVmac251 reservoir in suppressed macaques. Using cell-specific quantitative viral outgrowth assays (CD4-QVOA and MΦ-QVOA), we measured functional latent reservoirs in CD4s and macrophages in ART-suppressed SIVmac251-infected macaques. Spleen, lung, and brain in all suppressed animals contained latently infected macrophages, undetectable or low-level SIV RNA, and detectable SIV DNA. Silent viral genomes with potential for reactivation and viral spread were also identified in blood monocytes, although these cells might not be considered reservoirs due to their short life span. Additionally, virus produced in the MΦ-QVOA was capable of infecting healthy activated CD4s. Our results strongly suggest that functional latent reservoirs in CD4s and macrophages can contribute to viral rebound and reestablishment of productive infection after ART interruption. These findings should be considered in the design and implementation of future HIV cure strategies.IMPORTANCE This study provides further evidence that the latent reservoir is comprised of both CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells. The data presented here suggest that CD4+ T cells and macrophages found throughout tissues in the body can contain replication-competent SIV and contribute to rebound of the virus after treatment interruption. Additionally, we have shown that monocytes in blood contain latent virus and, though not considered a reservoir themselves due to their short life span, could contribute to the size of the latent reservoir upon entering the tissue and differentiating into long-lived macrophages. These new insights into the size and location of the SIV reservoir using a model that is heavily studied in the HIV field could have great implications for HIV-infected individuals and should be taken into consideration with the development of future HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina M Abreu
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia R Avalos
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shelby Graham
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daymond R Parrilla
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edna A Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin N Shirk
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon T Bullock
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah E Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Feilim Mac Gabhann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shelby L O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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24
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Kierdorf K, Masuda T, Jordão MJC, Prinz M. Macrophages at CNS interfaces: ontogeny and function in health and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:547-562. [PMID: 31358892 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The segregation and limited regenerative capacity of the CNS necessitate a specialized and tightly regulated resident immune system that continuously guards the CNS against invading pathogens and injury. Immunity in the CNS has generally been attributed to neuron-associated microglia in the parenchyma, whose origin and functions have recently been elucidated. However, there are several other specialized macrophage populations at the CNS borders, including dural, leptomeningeal, perivascular and choroid plexus macrophages (collectively known as CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs)), whose origins and roles in health and disease have remained largely uncharted. CAMs are thought to be involved in regulating the fine balance between the proper segregation of the CNS, on the one hand, and the essential exchange between the CNS parenchyma and the periphery, on the other. Recent studies that have been empowered by major technological advances have shed new light on these cells and suggest central roles for CAMs in CNS physiology and in the pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kierdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Takahiro Masuda
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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25
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Irons DL, Meinhardt T, Allers C, Kuroda MJ, Kim WK. Overexpression and activation of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor in the SIV/macaque model of HIV infection and neuroHIV. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:826-836. [PMID: 31033097 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is expressed on brain macrophages and microglia in the human and macaque brain and whether it is upregulated and activated after lentivirus infection in vivo and contributes to development of encephalitic lesions. We examined, using multi-label and semi-quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy, the protein expression level and cellular localization of CSF1R in brain tissues from uninfected controls and SIV-infected adult macaques with or without encephalitis and also from uninfected controls, HIV-infected encephalitic subjects and virally suppressed subjects. In the normal uninfected brain, CSF1R protein was detected only on microglia and brain macrophages but not on neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Microglia constitutively expressed CSF1R at low levels, and its expression was largely unchanged in non-encephalitic and encephalitic animals. Brain macrophages, including perivascular macrophages (PVMs), expressed higher levels of CSF1R compared to microglia. Interestingly, we found significantly increased expression of CSF1R on the infected PVMs and lesional macrophages in the brains of encephalitic macaques. Moreover, the per cell expression of CSF1R determined by its mean pixel intensity (MPI) correlated positively with the MPI of SIV Gag p28 in SIV-infected PVMs. Using phosphorylated CSF1R at tyrosine residue 723 and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 at tyrosine reside 694 as markers for CSF1R activation, we found selective activation of CSF1R signaling in infected brain macrophages in encephalitis. We also found colocalization of CSF1R and its ligand CSF1 in PVMs and lesional macrophages in the brains of encephalitic macaques and humans. Notably, elevated brain CSF1R expression was found in virally suppressed subjects. These findings point to opportunities for developing a specific approach targeting infected brain macrophages, with several brain-penetrant CSF1R inhibitors that are available now, in order to eliminate central nervous system macrophage reservoirs, while not affecting resting uninfected microglia and PVMs that show no CSF1R activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Irons
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Timothy Meinhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Carolina Allers
- The Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- The Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
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26
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Bohannon DG, Ko A, Filipowicz AR, Kuroda MJ, Kim WK. Dysregulation of sonic hedgehog pathway and pericytes in the brain after lentiviral infection. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:86. [PMID: 30981282 PMCID: PMC6461821 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been associated with cognitive decline in many CNS diseases, including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Recent research suggests an important role for the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway in the maintenance of BBB integrity under both physiological and pathological conditions. METHODS In the present study, we sought to examine the expression of Shh and its downstream effectors in relation to brain pericytes and BBB integrity in HIV-infected humans and rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), an animal model of HIV infection and CNS disease. Cortical brain tissues from uninfected (n = 4) and SIV-infected macaques with (SIVE, n = 6) or without encephalitis (SIVnoE, n = 4) were examined using multi-label, semi-quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy of Shh, netrin-1, tight junction protein zona occludens 1 (ZO1), glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD163, platelet-derived growth factor receptor b (PDGFRB), glucose transporter 1, fibrinogen, and SIV Gag p28. RESULTS While Shh presence in the brain persisted during HIV/SIV infection, both netrin-1 immunoreactivity and the size of PDGFRB+ pericytes, a cellular source of netrin-1, were increased around non-lesion-associated vessels in encephalitis compared to uninfected brain or brain without encephalitis, but were completely absent in encephalitic lesions. Hypertrophied pericytes were strongly localized in areas of fibrinogen extravasation and showed the presence of intracellular SIVp28 and HIVp24 by immunofluorescence in all SIV and HIV encephalitis cases examined, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The lack of pericytes and netrin-1 in encephalitic lesions, in line with downregulation of ZO1 on the fenestrated endothelium, suggests that pericyte loss, despite the strong presence of Shh, contributes to HIV/SIV-induced BBB disruption and neuropathogenesis in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G. Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall 3174, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA
| | - Allen Ko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall 3174, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA
| | - Adam R. Filipowicz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall 3174, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA
| | - Marcelo J. Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall 3174, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA
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27
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Abstract
Viral infection in the brain can be acute or chronic, with the responses often producing foci of increasingly cytotoxic inflammation. This can lead to effects beyond the central nervous system (CNS). To stimulate discussion, this commentary addresses four questions: What drives the development of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders, does the phenotype of macrophages in the CNS spur development of HIV encephalitis (HIVE), does continual activation of astrocytes drive the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders/subclinical disease, and neuroinflammation: friend or foe? A unifying theory that connects each question is the issue of continued activation of glial cells, even in the apparent absence of simian immunodeficiency virus/HIV in the CNS. As the CNS innate immune system is distinct from the rest of the body, it is likely there could be a number of activation profiles not observed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Delery
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Tulane Program in Biomedical Sciences, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Andrew G. MacLean
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Tulane Program in Biomedical Sciences, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Center for Aging, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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28
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Lentiviral infection of proliferating brain macrophages in HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis despite sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 expression. AIDS 2018; 32:965-974. [PMID: 29698322 PMCID: PMC5943146 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: HIV-1 infection of the brain and related cognitive impairment remain prevalent in HIV-1-infected individuals despite combination antiretroviral therapy. Sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a newly identified host restriction factor that blocks the replication of HIV-1 and other retroviruses in myeloid cells. Cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation at residue Thr592 and viral protein X (Vpx)-mediated degradation of SAMHD1 have been shown to bypass SAMHD1 restriction in vitro. Herein, we investigated expression and phosphorylation of SAMHD1 in vivo in relation to macrophage infection and proliferation during the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) encephalitis. Methods: Using brain and other tissues from uninfected and SIV-infected macaques with or without encephalitis, we performed immunohistochemistry, multilabel fluorescence microscopy and western blot to examine the expression, localization and phosphorylation of SAMHD1. Results: The number of SAMHD1+ nuclei increased in encephalitic brains despite the presence of Vpx. Many of these cells were perivascular macrophages, although subsets of SAMHD1+ microglia and endothelial cells were also observed. The SAMHD1+ macrophages were shown to be both infected and proliferating. Moreover, the presence of cycling SAMHD1+ brain macrophages was confirmed in the tissue of HIV-1-infected patients with encephalitis. Finally, western blot analysis of brain-protein extracts from SIV-infected macaques showed that SAMHD1 protein exists in the brain mainly as an inactive Thr592-phosphorylated form. Conclusion: The ability of SAMHD1 to act as a restriction factor for SIV/HIV in the brain is likely bypassed in proliferating brain macrophages through the phosphorylation-mediated inactivation, not Vpx-mediated degradation of SAMHD1.
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29
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Estes JD, LeGrand R, Petrovas C. Visualizing the Immune System: Providing Key Insights into HIV/SIV Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:423. [PMID: 29552017 PMCID: PMC5840205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological inductive tissues, such as secondary lymphoid organs, are composed of distinct anatomical microenvironments for the generation of immune responses to pathogens and immunogens. These microenvironments are characterized by the compartmentalization of highly specialized immune and stromal cell populations, as well as the presence of a complex network of soluble factors and chemokines that direct the intra-tissue trafficking of naïve and effector cell populations. Imaging platforms have provided critical contextual information regarding the molecular and cellular interactions that orchestrate the spatial microanatomy of relevant cells and the development of immune responses against pathogens. Particularly in HIV/SIV disease, imaging technologies are of great importance in the investigation of the local interplay between the virus and host cells, with respect to understanding viral dynamics and persistence, immune responses (i.e., adaptive and innate inflammatory responses), tissue structure and pathologies, and changes to the surrounding milieu and function of immune cells. Merging imaging platforms with other cutting-edge technologies could lead to novel findings regarding the phenotype, function, and molecular signatures of particular immune cell targets, further promoting the development of new antiviral treatments and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Roger LeGrand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud 11, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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30
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Mallard J, Williams KC. Animal models of HIV-associated disease of the central nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 152:41-53. [PMID: 29604983 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63849-6.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to study the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in living patients because central nervous system (CNS) tissues are only available post mortem. Rodent and nonhuman primate (NHP) models of HAND allow for longitudinal analysis of HIV-associated CNS pathology and efficacy studies of novel therapeutics. Rodent models of HAND allow for studies with large sample sizes, short duration, and relatively low cost. These models include humanized mice used to study HIV-associated neuropathogenesis and transgenic mice used to study neurotoxic effects of viral proteins without infection. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected NHP are the premier model of neuroAIDS; SIV-associated CNS pathology is similar to HIV-associated CNS pathology with HAND. Additionally, the size, lifespan of NHP, and time to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression make SIV-infected NHP models optimal for studies of viral latency and reservoirs, and assessing novel therapeutics for neuroAIDS. NHP models of neuroAIDS generally include conventional progressors (AIDS within 2-3 years) and those that have rapid disease (AIDS within 150 days). Rapid AIDS models are achieved by immune modulation and/or infection with neurovirulent and neurosuppressive viral strains and result in a high incidence of SIV-associated encephalitis. In this chapter, we briefly review rodent and NHP models of neuroAIDS, including contributions made using these models to our understanding of HIV-associated CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Mallard
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Kenneth C Williams
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States.
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31
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Merino KM, Allers C, Didier ES, Kuroda MJ. Role of Monocyte/Macrophages during HIV/SIV Infection in Adult and Pediatric Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1693. [PMID: 29259605 PMCID: PMC5723290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are a diverse group of cells that act as first responders in innate immunity and then as mediators for adaptive immunity to help clear infections. In performing these functions, however, the macrophage inflammatory responses can also contribute to pathogenesis. Various monocyte and tissue macrophage subsets have been associated with inflammatory disorders and tissue pathogeneses such as occur during HIV infection. Non-human primate research of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been invaluable in better understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection. The question of HIV/SIV-infected macrophages serving as a viral reservoir has become significant for achieving a cure. In the rhesus macaque model, SIV-infected macrophages have been shown to promote pathogenesis in several tissues resulting in cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Results from human studies illustrated that alveolar macrophages could be an important HIV reservoir and humanized myeloid-only mice supported productive HIV infection and viral persistence in macrophages during ART treatment. Depletion of CD4+ T cells is considered the primary cause for terminal progression, but it was reported that increasing monocyte turnover was a significantly better predictor in SIV-infected adult macaques. Notably, pediatric cases of HIV/SIV exhibit faster and more severe disease progression than adults, yet neonates have fewer target T cells and generally lack the hallmark CD4+ T cell depletion typical of adult infections. Current data show that the baseline blood monocyte turnover rate was significantly higher in neonatal macaques compared to adults and this remained high with disease progression. In this review, we discuss recent data exploring the contribution of monocytes and macrophages to HIV/SIV infection and progression. Furthermore, we highlight the need to further investigate their role in pediatric cases of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Merino
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington LA, United States
| | - Carolina Allers
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington LA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington LA, United States
| | - Marcelo J. Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington LA, United States
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32
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Abstract
There is an increasing recognition that inflammation plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS, including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and the prototypic neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Differential immune responses involving the adaptive versus the innate immune system are observed at various stages of neurodegenerative diseases, and may not only drive disease processes but could serve as therapeutic targets. Ongoing investigations into the specific inflammatory mechanisms that play roles in disease causation and progression have revealed lessons about inflammation-driven neurodegeneration that can be applied to other neurodegenerative diseases. An increasing number of immunotherapeutic strategies that have been successful in MS are now being applied to other neurodegenerative diseases. Some approaches suppress CNS immune mechanisms, while others harness the immune system to clear deleterious products and cells. This Review focuses on the mechanisms by which inflammation, mediated either by the peripheral immune response or by endogenous CNS immune mechanisms, can affect CNS neurodegeneration.
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33
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Faraco G, Park L, Anrather J, Iadecola C. Brain perivascular macrophages: characterization and functional roles in health and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1143-1152. [PMID: 28782084 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular macrophages (PVM) are a distinct population of resident brain macrophages characterized by a close association with the cerebral vasculature. PVM migrate from the yolk sac into the brain early in development and, like microglia, are likely to be a self-renewing cell population that, in the normal state, is not replenished by circulating monocytes. Increasing evidence implicates PVM in several disease processes, ranging from brain infections and immune activation to regulation of the hypothalamic-adrenal axis and neurovascular-neurocognitive dysfunction in the setting of hypertension, Alzheimer disease pathology, or obesity. These effects involve crosstalk between PVM and cerebral endothelial cells, interaction with circulating immune cells, and/or production of reactive oxygen species. Overall, the available evidence supports the idea that PVM are a key component of the brain-resident immune system with broad implications for the pathogenesis of major brain diseases. A better understanding of the biology and pathobiology of PVM may lead to new insights and therapeutic strategies for a wide variety of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Faraco
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 E61st Street, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Laibaik Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 E61st Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 E61st Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 E61st Street, New York, NY, USA.
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34
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Swan ZD, Bouwer AL, Wonderlich ER, Barratt-Boyes SM. Persistent accumulation of gut macrophages with impaired phagocytic function correlates with SIV disease progression in macaques. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1925-1935. [PMID: 28667761 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of macrophages in the gastrointestinal tract to disease control or progression in HIV infection remains unclear. To address this question, we analyzed CD163+ macrophages in ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes (LN) from SIV-infected rhesus macaques with dichotomous expression of controlling MHC class I alleles predicted to be SIV controllers or progressors. Infection induced accumulation of macrophages into gut mucosa in the acute phase that persisted in progressors but was resolved in controllers. In contrast, macrophage recruitment to mesenteric LNs occurred only transiently in acute infection irrespective of disease outcome. Persistent gut macrophage accumulation was associated with CD163 expression on α4β7+ CD16+ blood monocytes and correlated with epithelial damage. Macrophages isolated from intestine of progressors had reduced phagocytic function relative to controllers and uninfected macaques, and the proportion of phagocytic macrophages negatively correlated with mucosal epithelial breach, lamina propria Escherichia coli density, and plasma virus burden. Macrophages in intestine produced low levels of cytokines regardless of disease course, while mesenteric LN macrophages from progressors became increasingly responsive as infection advanced. These data indicate that noninflammatory CD163+ macrophages accumulate in gut mucosa in progressive SIV infection in response to intestinal damage but fail to adequately phagocytose debris, potentially perpetuating their recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Swan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthea L Bouwer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Wonderlich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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DiNapoli SR, Ortiz AM, Wu F, Matsuda K, Twigg HL, Hirsch VM, Knox K, Brenchley JM. Tissue-resident macrophages can contain replication-competent virus in antiretroviral-naive, SIV-infected Asian macaques. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91214. [PMID: 28239657 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SIV DNA can be detected in lymphoid tissue-resident macrophages of chronically SIV-infected Asian macaques. These macrophages also contain evidence of recently phagocytosed SIV-infected CD4+ T cells. Here, we examine whether these macrophages contain replication-competent virus, whether viral DNA can be detected in tissue-resident macrophages from antiretroviral (ARV) therapy-treated animals and humans, and how the viral sequences amplified from macrophages and contemporaneous CD4+ T cells compare. In ARV-naive animals, we find that lymphoid tissue-resident macrophages contain replication-competent virus if they also contain viral DNA in ARV-naive Asian macaques. The genetic sequence of the virus within these macrophages is similar to those within CD4+ T cells from the same anatomic sites. In ARV-treated animals, we find that viral DNA can be amplified from lymphoid tissue-resident macrophages of SIV-infected Asian macaques that were treated with ARVs for at least 5 months, but we could not detect replication-competent virus from macrophages of animals treated with ARVs. Finally, we could not detect viral DNA in alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected individuals who received ARVs for 3 years and had undetectable viral loads. These data demonstrate that macrophages can contain replication-competent virus, but may not represent a significant reservoir for HIV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fan Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenta Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Homer L Twigg
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Knox
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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