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Haworth-Duff A, Smith BL, Sham TT, Boisdon C, Loughnane P, Burnley M, Hawcutt DB, Raval R, Maher S. Rapid differentiation of cystic fibrosis-related bacteria via reagentless atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17067. [PMID: 39048618 PMCID: PMC11269582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Breath analysis is an area of significant interest in medical research as it allows for non-invasive sampling with exceptional potential for disease monitoring and diagnosis. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in breath can offer critical insight into a person's lifestyle and/or disease/health state. To this end, the development of a rapid, sensitive, cost-effective and potentially portable method for the detection of key compounds in breath would mark a significant advancement. Herein, we have designed, built and tested a novel reagent-less atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) source, coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), utilising a bespoke bias electrode within a custom 3D printed sampling chamber for direct analysis of VOCs. Optimal APPI-MS conditions were identified, including bias voltage, cone voltage and vaporisation temperature. Calibration curves were produced for ethanol, acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate and eucalyptol, yielding R2 > 0.99 and limits of detection < 10 pg. As a pre-clinical proof of concept, this method was applied to bacterial headspace samples of Escherichia coli (EC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) collected in 1 L Tedlar bags. In particular, PSA and SA are commonly associated with lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients. The headspace samples were classified using principal component analysis with 86.9% of the total variance across the first three components and yielding 100% classification in a blind-sample study. All experiments conducted with the novel APPI arrangement were carried out directly in real-time with low-resolution MS, which opens up exciting possibilities in the future for on-site (e.g., in the clinic) analysis with a portable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Haworth-Duff
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry L Smith
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tung-Ting Sham
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cedric Boisdon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Loughnane
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark Burnley
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel B Hawcutt
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR Alder Hey Clinical Research Facility, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rasmita Raval
- Open Innovation Hub for Antimicrobial Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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2
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Lehner AF, Iannucci C, Puschner B, Buchweitz JP. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of metaldehyde and its metabolite acetaldehyde in initial assessment of hemodialysis abatement of toxicity in live animals. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:766-780. [PMID: 37496417 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2240401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Metaldehyde consumption by pets and other mammals constitute medical emergencies ideally requiring rapid poison removal. The purpose of this study was three-fold: 1) development of a sensitive method for metaldehyde quantitation in patient serum samples by gas chromatography combined with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS); 2) development of a sensitive method for quantitation of the volatile metaldehyde metabolite acetaldehyde by headspace analysis combined with GC/MS/MS; and 3) an initial assessment of the efficacy of combined dialysis and hemoperfusion treatments in diminishing toxin loads in canine victims of metaldehyde poisoning. Both mass spectrometric approaches relied on Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) methodologies. Metaldehyde extracted via liquid-liquid partitioning from serum was detected with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 7.3 ± 1.4 ng/mL with linearity in the range 1-250 ng/mL with accuracy improved by inclusion of a deuterated metaldehyde internal standard. Acetaldehyde was determined to have an LOQ of 0.39 μg/mL with linearity in the range 1-1000 μg/mL. The developed methodologies were applied to canine samples taken over various time points during dialysis treatment. Two of three canine patients showed significant abatement of metaldehyde levels by over 50-fold from initial concentrations while a third was shown to be negative with no measureable metaldehyde. The toxic metabolite acetaldehyde was found in one of the metaldehyde-poisoned patients and the detected acetaldehyde was also reduced by roughly 200-fold during the course of treatment. The designed mass spectrometric techniques were thus successful in demonstrating the efficacy of the applied dialysis-hemoperfusion methods which may find wider applicability against other potentially lethal toxins in poisoned patients in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Lehner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Claudia Iannucci
- Universität Zürich, Universitäres Tierspital, Kleintierklinik, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John P Buchweitz
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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3
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Zhou Y, Sham TT, Boisdon C, Smith BL, Blair JC, Hawcutt DB, Maher S. Emergency diagnosis made easy: matrix removal and analyte enrichment from raw saliva using paper-arrow mass spectrometry. Analyst 2023; 148:5366-5379. [PMID: 37702052 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol overdose is a leading cause of acute liver failure that can prove fatal. Establishing paracetamol concentration accurately and quickly is critical. Current detection methods are invasive, time-consuming and/or expensive. Non-invasive, rapid and cost-effective techniques are urgently required. To address this challenge, a novel approach, called Paper-Arrow Mass Spectrometry (PA-MS) has been developed. This technique combines sample collection, extraction, enrichment, separation and ionisation onto a single paper strip, and the entire analysis process, from sample to result, can be carried out in less than 10 min requiring only 2 μL of raw human saliva. PA-MS achieved a LOQ of 185 ng mL-1, mean recovery of 107 ± 7%, mean accuracy of 11 ± 8% and precision ≤5% using four concentrations, and had excellent linearity (r2 = 0.9988) in the range of 0.2-200 μg mL-1 covering the treatment concentration range, surpassing the best-in-class methods currently available for paracetamol analysis. Furthermore, from a panel of human saliva samples, inter-individual variability was found to be <10% using this approach. This technique represents a promising tool for rapid and accurate emergency diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Tung-Ting Sham
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Cedric Boisdon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Barry L Smith
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Joanne C Blair
- Department of Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel B Hawcutt
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, UK.
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Lin Q, Xue L, Sun J, Wang Y, Cheng H. Suzuki C-C Coupling in Paper Spray Ionization: Microsynthesis of Biaryls and High-Sensitivity MS Detection of Aryl Bromides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1921-1935. [PMID: 36074999 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling is one of the most powerful strategies for constructing biaryl compounds. However, classic Suzuki-Miyaura coupling suffers from hour-scale reaction time and competitive protodeboronation. To address these problems, a mild nonaqueous potassium trimethylsilanolate (TMSOK)-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura coupling strategy was designed for the microsynthesis of biaryls in paper spray ionization (PSI). Due to the acceleration power facilitated by microdroplet chemistry in reactive PSI, the microsynthesis of biaryls by reactive PSI was accomplished within minutes with comparable yields to the bulk, showing good substrate applicability from 32 Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of aryl bromides and aryl boronic acid/borates bearing different substituents. Based on the above TMSOK-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura coupling strategy, we further developed a high-sensitivity and selective PSI mass spectrometry (MS) method for quantitative analysis of aryl bromides, a class of environmentally persistent organic pollutants that cannot be directly detected by ambient mass spectrometry due to their low ionization efficiency. In situ derivatization of aryl bromides was achieved with aryl borates bearing quaternary ammonium groups in PSI. The proposed PSI-MS method shows good linearity over the 0.01-10 μmol L-1 range with low detection limits of 1.8-4.8 nmol L-1 as well as good applicability to the rapid determination of six aryl bromides in three environmental water samples. The proposed PSI-MS method also shows good applicability to brominated flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyls/diphenyl esters). Overall, this study provides a simple, rapid, low-cost, high-sensitivity, and high-selectivity strategy for trace aryl bromides and other brominated pollutants in real samples with minimal/no sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Lin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Sinopec Zhenhai Refining & Chemical Company, 226 Lianhua Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo 315207, China
| | - Luyun Xue
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jiannan Sun
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Heyong Cheng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
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5
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Assessment of creatinine concentration in whole blood spheroids using paper spray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14308. [PMID: 35995992 PMCID: PMC9395369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate quantification of blood creatinine is important to estimate the glomerular filtration rate. Existing techniques using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) have a high accuracy and eliminate most interferences encountered in routine enzymatic and Jaffé methods. However, they require laborious and time-consuming sample treatment and data acquisition. The aim of this study is to develop a fast and simple method to enable a direct analysis of whole blood creatinine with performance measures that are comparable to conventional LC–MS/MS. 5μL whole blood is formed as a three-dimensional spheroid on hydrophobic silanized paper substrates which then undergoes paper-spray ionization—tandem mass spectrometry (PSI–MS/MS). The method is validated using real human samples and compared with LC–MS/MS. PSI–MS/MS whole blood analysis exhibited a lower limit of quantification of 2.5 μg/mL, precision ≤ 6.3%, recovery in the range of 88–94% and excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99; 2.5—20 μg/mL) covering the normal range for creatinine levels. Creatinine levels were comparable to those measured by LC–MS/MS with small deviations of less than 0.3 μg/mL. This simple, fast and accurate microsampling technique for direct analysis of creatinine from whole blood shows promise for routine clinical screening and monitoring. This approach can be readily extended for other analytes of interest and, due to inherent advantages relating to cost, storability, speed, and simplicity, it can be especially advantageous for use in resource-limited settings.
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Zhao G, Chu F, Zhou J. A Novel Integrated APCI and MPT Ionization Technique as Online Sensor for Trace Pesticides Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1816. [PMID: 35270963 PMCID: PMC8914877 DOI: 10.3390/s22051816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The misuse of pesticides poses a tremendous threat to human health. Excessive pesticide residues have been shown to cause many diseases. Many sensor detection methods have been developed, but most of them suffer from problems such as slow detection speed or narrow detection range. So, the development of rapid, direct and sensitive means of detecting trace amounts of pesticide residues is always necessary. A novel online sensor technique was developed for direct analysis of pesticides in complex matrices with no sample pretreatment. The portable sensor ion source consists of an MPT (microwave plasma torch) with desolventizing capability and an APCI (atmosphere pressure chemical ionization), which provides abundant precursor ions and a strong electric field. The performance which improves the ionization efficiency and suppresses the background signal was verified by using pesticide standard solution and pesticide pear juice solution measurements with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantization (LOQ) of the method were measured by pear juice solutions that were obtained in the ranges of 0.034-0.79 μg/L and 0.14-1 μg/L. Quantitative curves were obtained ranging from 0.5 to 100 μg/L that showed excellent semi-quantitative ability with correlation coefficients of 0.985-0.997. The recoveries (%) of atrazine, imidacloprid, dimethoate, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, and dichlorvos were 96.6%, 112.7%, 88.1%, 85.5%, 89.2%, and 101.9% with the RSDs ranging from 5.89-14.87%, respectively. The results show that the method has excellent sensitivity and quantification capability for rapid and direct detection of trace pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaosheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Fengjian Chu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Jianguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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7
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Paper spray ionization mass spectrometry applied for quantification of pesticides and discrimination from tomato varieties (Solanum lycopersicum). J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Jackson S, Badu-Tawiah AK. Enhanced thread spray mass spectrometry: a general method for direct pesticide analysis in various complex matrices. Analyst 2021; 146:5592-5600. [PMID: 34369487 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00651g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Determination of pesticide residues in a wide variety of matrices is an ongoing challenge due to low concentration and substantial amounts of interfering endogenous compounds that can be coextracted with the analytes. Herein, we describe the use of cellulose thread both as a suitable sampling medium for various matrices and as a direct analysis platform through an improved thread spray mass spectrometry (MS) approach. Enhanced extraction and the subsequent generation of tiny nanodroplets, after the application of DC potential to the wet thread, enabled ultra-sensitive detection of pesticides without prior sample treatment. This methodology was applied to quantify glyphosate and its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid, in surface water at 12.2 μg mL-1 limit of detection (LOD) via standard addition calibration. The method was also used for an internal standard calibration for the analysis of atrazine, which resulted in a LOD of 0.74 ng mL-1. The enhanced thread spray MS platform also proved effective when applied for direct analysis of diphenylamine and thiabendazole, which enabled the evaluation of post-harvest pesticide treatment of fruits (surface and interior) without complete destruction of the fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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9
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Brown HM, Fedick PW. Rapid, low-cost, and in-situ analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soils and sediments by ambient 3D-printed cone spray ionization mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129708. [PMID: 35534952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A rapid method to empirically determine the presence of trace per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in solid media, such as soils, sands, and sediments, without any sample preparation, through ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS), is described. 3D-printed cone spray ionization (3D-PCSI) is an ambient ionization technique that employs a 3D-printed conductive plastic cone to perform both sampling and ionization. The 3D-PCSI sources are fabricated in the shape of a hollowed square pyramid to hold bulk matrices, and consist of rigid walls to aid in the uniformity and consistency of sampling and ionization. Solid samples are placed within the hollowed pyramid and a solvent is added to perform an in-situ extraction, followed by spray-based ionization when a voltage is applied. The low cost of 3D-printing, its reproducibility at scale, and lack of sample preparation, enables 3D-PCSI-MS to rapidly and efficiently screen for trace PFAS, in-situ, in bulk samples. Demonstrated here is the detection of trace PFAS that were doped into six different soil and sediment matrices, by 3D-PCSI-MS, to validate the universality of the method, irrespective of matrix composition. All PFAS were identified by their indicative MS3 spectra and ranged in detection limits from 100 ppt to 10 ppb depending on the compound and soil classification. Legacy aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) were analyzed in soil by 3D-PCSI-MS, as were soil samples collected around an AFFF testing facility. The sampling rate for 3D-PCSI-MS was less than 2 min per sample, demonstrating the applicability to high-throughput mapping of a contaminated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Research Department, Chemistry Division, United States Navy - Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR). Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), 1900 N. Knox Road, China Lake, California, 93555, United States
| | - Patrick W Fedick
- Research Department, Chemistry Division, United States Navy - Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR). Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), 1900 N. Knox Road, China Lake, California, 93555, United States.
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Sarih NM, Romero-Perez D, Bastani B, Rauytanapanit M, Boisdon C, Praneenararat T, Tajuddin HA, Abdullah Z, Badu-Tawiah AK, Maher S. Accelerated nucleophilic substitution reactions of dansyl chloride with aniline under ambient conditions via dual-tip reactive paper spray. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21504. [PMID: 33299034 PMCID: PMC7725966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper spray ionization (PSI) mass spectrometry (MS) is an emerging tool for ambient reaction monitoring via microdroplet reaction acceleration. PSI-MS was used to accelerate and monitor the time course of the reaction of dansyl chloride with aniline, in acetonitrile, to produce dansyl aniline. Three distinct PSI arrangements were explored in this study representing alternative approaches for sample loading and interaction; conventional single tip as well as two novel setups, a dual-tip and a co-axial arrangement were designed so as to limit any on-paper interaction between reagents. The effect on product abundance was investigated using these different paper configurations as it relates to the time course and distance of microdroplet travel. It was observed that product yield increases at a given distance and then decreases thereafter for all PSI configurations. The fluorescent property of the product (dansyl aniline) was used to visually inspect the reaction progress on the paper substrate during the spraying process. Amongst the variety of sample loading methods the novel dual-tip arrangement showed an increased product yield and microdroplet density, whilst avoiding any on-paper interaction between the reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfatirah Muhamad Sarih
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - David Romero-Perez
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Behnam Bastani
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Monrawat Rauytanapanit
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Cedric Boisdon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Thanit Praneenararat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hairul Anuar Tajuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zanariah Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK.
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Beneito-Cambra M, Gilbert-López B, Moreno-González D, Bouza M, Franzke J, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Ambient (desorption/ionization) mass spectrometry methods for pesticide testing in food: a review. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4831-4852. [PMID: 33000770 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01474e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry refers to the family of techniques that allows ions to be generated from condensed phase samples under ambient conditions and then, collected and analysed by mass spectrometry. One of their key advantages relies on their ability to allow the analysis of samples with minimal to no sample workup. This feature maps well to the requirements of food safety testing, in particular, those related to the fast determination of pesticide residues in foods. This review discusses the application of different ambient ionization methods for the qualitative and (semi)quantitative determination of pesticides in foods, with the focus on different specific methods used and their ionization mechanisms. More popular techniques used are those commercially available including desorption electrospray ionization (DESI-MS), direct analysis on real time (DART-MS), paper spray (PS-MS) and low-temperature plasma (LTP-MS). Several applications described with ambient MS have reported limits of quantitation approaching those of reference methods, typically based on LC-MS and generic sample extraction procedures. Some of them have been combined with portable mass spectrometers thus allowing "in situ" analysis. In addition, these techniques have the ability to map surfaces (ambient MS imaging) to unravel the distribution of agrochemicals on crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Beneito-Cambra
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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12
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Frey BS, Damon DE, Badu-Tawiah AK. Emerging trends in paper spray mass spectrometry: Microsampling, storage, direct analysis, and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:336-370. [PMID: 31491055 PMCID: PMC7875099 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the sensitivity of chemical instrumentation have led to increased interest in the use of microsamples for translational and biomedical research. Paper substrates are by far the most widely used media for biofluid collection, and mass spectrometry is the preferred method of analysis of the resultant dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Although there have been a variety of review papers published on DBS, there has been no attempt to unify the century old DBS methodology with modern applications utilizing modified paper and paper-based microfluidics for sampling, storage, processing, and analysis. This critical review will discuss how mass spectrometry has expanded the utility of paper substrates from sample collection and storage, to direct complex mixture analysis to on-surface reaction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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13
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Sarih NM, Ciupa A, Moss S, Myers P, Slater AG, Abdullah Z, Tajuddin HA, Maher S. Furo[3,2-c]coumarin-derived Fe 3+ Selective Fluorescence Sensor: Synthesis, Fluorescence Study and Application to Water Analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7421. [PMID: 32366859 PMCID: PMC7198544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Furocoumarin (furo[3,2-c]coumarin) derivatives have been synthesized from single step, high yielding (82-92%) chemistry involving a 4-hydroxycoumarin 4 + 1 cycloaddition reaction. They are characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and, for the first time, a comprehensive UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy study has been carried out to determine if these compounds can serve as useful sensors. Based on the fluorescence data, the most promising furocoumarin derivative (2-(cyclohexylamino)-3-phenyl-4H-furo[3,2-c]chromen-4-one, FH), exhibits strong fluorescence (ФF = 0.48) with long fluorescence lifetime (5.6 ns) and large Stokes' shift, suggesting FH could be used as a novel fluorescent chemosensor. FH exhibits a highly selective, sensitive and instant turn-off fluorescence response to Fe3+ over other metal ions which was attributed to a charge transfer mechanism. Selectivity was demonstrated against 13 other competing metal ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Al3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Pb2+ and Ru3+) and aqueous compatibility was demonstrated in 10% MeOH-H2O solution. The FH sensor coordinates Fe3+ in a 1:2 stoichiometry with a binding constant, Ka = 5.25 × 103 M-1. This novel sensor has a limit of detection of 1.93 µM, below that of the US environmental protection agency guidelines (5.37 µM), with a linear dynamic range of ~28 (~2-30 µM) and an R2 value of 0.9975. As an exemplar application we demonstrate the potential of this sensor for the rapid measurement of Fe3+ in mineral and tap water samples demonstrating the real-world application of FH as a "turn off" fluorescence sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfatirah Muhamad Sarih
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 GJ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Ciupa
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford St, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Stephen Moss
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford St, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Peter Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Anna Grace Slater
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford St, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Zanariah Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hairul Anuar Tajuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 GJ, UK.
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14
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Brandon B, Nicholas M. Using Sesame Seed Oil to Preserve and Preconcentrate Cannabinoids for Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:675-684. [PMID: 32013413 PMCID: PMC7322731 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids present a unique set of analytical challenges. An increasing number of states have voted to decriminalize recreational marijuana use, creating a need for new kinds of rapid testing. At the same time, synthetic compounds with activity similar to THC, termed synthetic cannabinoids, have become more prevalent and pose significant health risks. A rapid method capable of detecting both natural and synthetic cannabinoids would be useful in cases of driving under the influence of drugs, where it might not be obvious whether the suspect consumed marijuana, a synthetic cannabinoid, or both. Paper spray mass spectrometry is an ambient ionization technique which allows for the direct ionization of analyte from a biofluid spot on a piece of paper. Natural cannabinoids like THC, however, are labile and rapidly disappear from dried sample spots, making it difficult to detect them at clinically relevant levels. Presented here is a method to concentrate and preserve THC and synthetic cannabinoids in urine and oral fluid on paper for analysis by paper spray mass spectrometry. Sesame seed oil was investigated both as a means of preserving THC and as part of a technique, termed paper strip extraction, wherein urine or oral fluid is flowed through an oil spot on a strip of paper to preconcentrate cannabinoids. This technique preserved THC in dried biofluid samples for at least 27 days at room temperature; paper spray MS/MS analysis of these preserved dried spots was capable of detecting THC and synthetic cannabinoids at low ng/mL concentrations, making it suitable as a rapid screening technique. The technique was adapted to be used with a commercially available autosampler.
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15
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Dowling S, McBride EM, McKenna J, Glaros T, Manicke NE. Direct soil analysis by paper spray mass spectrometry: Detection of drugs and chemical warfare agent hydrolysis products. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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McBride EM, Mach PM, Dhummakupt ES, Dowling S, Carmany DO, Demond PS, Rizzo G, Manicke NE, Glaros T. Paper spray ionization: Applications and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Smith BL, Hughes DM, Badu-Tawiah AK, Eccles R, Goodall I, Maher S. Rapid Scotch Whisky Analysis and Authentication using Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7994. [PMID: 31142757 PMCID: PMC6541643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Whisky, as a high value product, is often adulterated, with adverse economic effects for both producers and consumers as well as potential public health impacts. Here we report the use of DAPCI-MS to analyse and chemically profile both genuine and counterfeit whisky samples employing a novel 'direct from the bottle' methodology with zero sample pre-treatment, zero solvent requirement and almost no sample usage. 25 samples have been analysed from a collection of blended Scotch whisky (n = 15) and known counterfeit whisky products (n = 10). Principal component analysis has been applied to dimensionally reduce the data and discriminate between sample groups. Additional chemometric modelling, a partial least squares regression, has correctly classified samples with 92% success rate. DAPCI-MS shows promise for simple, fast and accurate counterfeit detection with potential for generic aroma profiling and process quality monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry L Smith
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David M Hughes
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Eccles
- The Scotch Whisky Research Institute, The Robertson Trust Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Goodall
- The Scotch Whisky Research Institute, The Robertson Trust Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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18
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Bristow R, Young I, Pemberton A, Williams J, Maher S. An extensive review of the extraction techniques and detection methods for the taste and odour compound geosmin (trans-1, 10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol) in water. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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The impacts of paper properties on matrix effects during paper spray mass spectrometry analysis of prescription drugs, fentanyl and synthetic cannabinoids. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Damon DE, Yin M, Allen DM, Maher YS, Tanny CJ, Oyola-Reynoso S, Smith BL, Maher S, Thuo MM, Badu-Tawiah AK. Dried Blood Spheroids for Dry-State Room Temperature Stabilization of Microliter Blood Samples. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9353-9358. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deidre E. Damon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mengzhen Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Danyelle M. Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yosef S. Maher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christian J. Tanny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Stephanie Oyola-Reynoso
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Barry L. Smith
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, U.K. L69 3GJ
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, U.K. L69 3GJ
| | - Martin M. Thuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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21
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Szpot P, Buszewicz G, Jurek T, Teresiński G. Fragmentation patterns involving ammonium adduct fragment ions: A comparison of the determination of metaldehyde in human blood by HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS and UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1085:104-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Shelley JT, Badal SP, Engelhard C, Hayen H. Ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: evolution from rapid qualitative screening to accurate quantification tool. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4061-4076. [PMID: 29700557 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this article, some recent trends and developments in ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ADI-MS) are reviewed, with a special focus on quantitative analyses with direct, open-air sampling. Accurate quantification with ADI-MS is still not routinely performed, but this aspect is considered of utmost importance for the advancement of the field. In fact, several research groups are devoted to the development of novel and optimized ADI-MS approaches. Some key trends include novel sample introduction strategies for improved reproducibility, tailored sample preparation protocols for removing the matrix and matrix effects, and multimode ionization sources. In addition, there is significant interest in quantitative mass spectrometry imaging. Graphical abstract Conceptual diagram of the ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry approach with different desorption/ionization probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Shelley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Sunil P Badal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Carsten Engelhard
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076, Siegen, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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23
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McKenna J, Jett R, Shanks K, Manicke NE. Toxicological Drug Screening using Paper Spray High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HR-MS/MS). J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:300-310. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josiah McKenna
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Rachel Jett
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kevin Shanks
- AXIS Forensic Toxicology, 5780 W 71st St, Indianapolis, IN 46278
| | - Nicholas E Manicke
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, IUPUI, 402 N Blackford St, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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24
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Teunissen SF, Fedick PW, Berendsen BJA, Nielen MWF, Eberlin MN, Graham Cooks R, van Asten AC. Novel Selectivity-Based Forensic Toxicological Validation of a Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantitative Determination of Eight Amphetamines in Whole Blood. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2665-2676. [PMID: 28879579 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paper spray tandem mass spectrometry is used to identify and quantify eight individual amphetamines in whole blood in 1.3 min. The method has been optimized and fully validated according to forensic toxicology guidelines, for the quantification of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), para-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA), and 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA). Additionally, a new concept of intrinsic and application-based selectivity is discussed, featuring increased confidence in the power to discriminate the amphetamines from other chemically similar compounds when applying an ambient mass spectrometric method without chromatographic separation. Accuracy was within ±15% and average precision was better than 15%, and better than 20% at the LLOQ. Detection limits between 15 and 50 ng/mL were obtained using only 12 μL of whole blood. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan F Teunissen
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Patrick W Fedick
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- RIKILT, Wageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- RIKILT, Wageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Arian C van Asten
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA, The Hague, The Netherlands.
- Faculty of Science, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- CLHC, Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Dulay MT, Zare RN. Polymer-spray mass spectrometric detection and quantitation of hydrophilic compounds and some narcotics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1651-1658. [PMID: 28792093 PMCID: PMC5591076 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-throughput screening of biofluids is essential in monitoring concentration of a variety of drugs to determine their efficacy and toxicity. Organosiloxane polymers prepared by sol-gel chemistry as sample supports, and electrospray ionization emitters in a single material and as an alternative to paper substrates, is described in this study. METHODS Hydrophobic drugs and hydrophilic streptomycin were analyzed by polymer-spray mass spectrometry with an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Drug samples in urine (1-2 μL) were deposited on an OSX polymer, allowed to dry, then electrosprayed from the polymer tip into the mass spectrometer without sample pretreatment. The OSX polymers, whose polarity and porosity can be controlled, were prepared by sol-gel chemistry where methyl-substituted alkoxysilanes were hydrolyzed in the presence of a pore template and an acid catalyst. RESULTS Five nanograms each of seven narcotic drugs were detected in <1 min (relative standard deviation (RSD) of response <1% for each drug). Calibration curves of cocaine and streptomycin in urine were used to establish the performance of the polymer. For sample 1 (n = 2), the mean recovery for cocaine was 81% with paper and 90% with polymer. Streptomycin is detected with polymer, not with paper; for samples 1 and 2 (n = 3), mean recovery was 97% and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Organosiloxane polymers achieve more sensitive analysis than paper, allowing for more accurate quantitation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drug compounds. The ability to tailor the polymer polarity and porosity allows for the synthesis of a wide range of polymers, and thus opens many possibilities for further development and applications.
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26
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Karouia F, Peyvan K, Pohorille A. Toward biotechnology in space: High-throughput instruments for in situ biological research beyond Earth. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:905-932. [PMID: 28433608 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Space biotechnology is a nascent field aimed at applying tools of modern biology to advance our goals in space exploration. These advances rely on our ability to exploit in situ high throughput techniques for amplification and sequencing DNA, and measuring levels of RNA transcripts, proteins and metabolites in a cell. These techniques, collectively known as "omics" techniques have already revolutionized terrestrial biology. A number of on-going efforts are aimed at developing instruments to carry out "omics" research in space, in particular on board the International Space Station and small satellites. For space applications these instruments require substantial and creative reengineering that includes automation, miniaturization and ensuring that the device is resistant to conditions in space and works independently of the direction of the gravity vector. Different paths taken to meet these requirements for different "omics" instruments are the subjects of this review. The advantages and disadvantages of these instruments and technological solutions and their level of readiness for deployment in space are discussed. Considering that effects of space environments on terrestrial organisms appear to be global, it is argued that high throughput instruments are essential to advance (1) biomedical and physiological studies to control and reduce space-related stressors on living systems, (2) application of biology to life support and in situ resource utilization, (3) planetary protection, and (4) basic research about the limits on life in space. It is also argued that carrying out measurements in situ provides considerable advantages over the traditional space biology paradigm that relies on post-flight data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathi Karouia
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; NASA Ames Research Center, Exobiology Branch, MS239-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; NASA Ames Research Center, Flight Systems Implementation Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
| | | | - Andrew Pohorille
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; NASA Ames Research Center, Exobiology Branch, MS239-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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