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Lohitaksha K, Kumari D, Shukla M, Byagari L, Ashireddygari VR, Tammineni P, Reddanna P, Gorla M. Eicosanoid signaling in neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 976:176694. [PMID: 38821162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition affecting a substantial portion of the global population. It is marked by a complex interplay of factors, including the accumulation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles within the brain, leading to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. Recent studies have underscored the role of free lipids and their derivatives in the initiation and progression of AD. Eicosanoids, metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid (AA), emerge as key players in this scenario. Remarkably, eicosanoids can either promote or inhibit the development of AD, and this multifaceted role is determined by how eicosanoid signaling influences the immune responses within the brain. However, the precise molecular mechanisms dictating the dual role of eicosanoids in AD remain elusive. In this comprehensive review, we explore the intricate involvement of eicosanoids in neuronal function and dysfunction. Furthermore, we assess the therapeutic potential of targeting eicosanoid signaling pathways as a viable strategy for mitigating or halting the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepika Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manas Shukla
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lavanya Byagari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Prasad Tammineni
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pallu Reddanna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Brane Enterprises Private Limited, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Madhavi Gorla
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India.
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2
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Ai W, Casey CA, Mishra PK, Alnouti Y, Daria S, Saraswathi V. Blockade of thromboxane A2 signaling attenuates ethanol-induced myocardial inflammatory response in mice. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:1529-1540. [PMID: 39030742 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a cardiac muscle disease characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress. Thromboxane-prostanoid receptor (TP-R) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Herein, we hypothesize that TP-R mediates alcohol-induced early cardiac injury. METHODS Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 wild-type mice were fed a chronic ethanol (ET) or control diet (CON) for 10 days followed by a single binge of ethanol or maltose-dextrin through oral gavage. A cohort of ethanol-fed mice received SQ 29,548 (SQ), a TP-R antagonist. RNA sequencing, real-time PCR, and western blot analysis were performed on left ventricle to investigate alterations in genes and/or proteins mediating oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiac remodeling. Sirius Red staining was performed to measure myocardial fibrosis. RESULTS RNA-sequencing analysis of myocardium from CON and ET groups identified 142 genes that were significantly altered between the two groups. In particular, the gene expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), a component of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling, which mediates oxidative stress and inflammatory response, was upregulated in response to ethanol exposure. The myocardial protein levels of TP-R and thromboxane A2 synthase were increased upon alcohol exposure. Ethanol increased the levels of 4-hydroxynonenal, a marker of oxidative stress, with a concomitant increase in the protein levels of TXNIP and NLRP3, and administration of SQ attenuated these effects. Additionally, ethanol increased the protein levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and the NLRP3 downstream product, secretory interleukin 1 beta, and SQ blunted these effects. Finally, the Sirius red staining of the myocardium revealed an increase in collagen deposition in ethanol-fed mice which was attenuated by TP-R antagonism. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that ethanol promotes the NLRP3 signaling pathway within the myocardium, leading to a pro-inflammatory milieu that potentially initiates early myocardial remodeling, and TP-R antagonism attenuates this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilun Ai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Carol A Casey
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Paras Kumar Mishra
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sohel Daria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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3
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Chen HC, Chang WC, Chuang JY, Chang KY, Liou JP, Hsu TI. The complex role of eicosanoids in the brain: Implications for brain tumor development and therapeutic opportunities. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188957. [PMID: 37488051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are a family of bioactive lipids that play diverse roles in the normal physiology of the brain, including neuronal signaling, synaptic plasticity, and regulation of cerebral blood flow. In the brain, eicosanoids are primarily derived from arachidonic acid, which is released from membrane phospholipids in response to various stimuli. Prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) are the major classes of eicosanoids produced in the brain, and they act through specific receptors to modulate various physiological and pathological processes. Dysregulation of eicosanoids has been implicated in the development and progression of brain tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM), meningioma, and medulloblastoma. Eicosanoids have been shown to promote tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and resistance to therapy. Particularly, PGE2 promotes GBM cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy. Understanding the role of eicosanoids in brain tumors can inform the development of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic strategies that target eicosanoid pathways. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors have been shown to reduce the growth and invasiveness of GBM cells. Moreover, eicosanoids have immunomodulatory effects that can impact the immune response to brain tumors. Understanding the role of eicosanoids in the immune response to brain tumors can inform the development of immunotherapy approaches for these tumors. Overall, the complex role of eicosanoids in the brain underscores the importance of further research to elucidate their functions in normal physiology and disease, and highlights the potential for developing novel therapeutic approaches that target eicosanoid pathways in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Chung Chen
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 110, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; International Master Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yu Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center for Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 110, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; International Master Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
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4
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Alrouji M, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Saad HM, Batiha GES. A story of the potential effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Parkinson's disease: beneficial or detrimental effects. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:673-688. [PMID: 36961665 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an advanced neurodegenerative disease (NDD) caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DNs) in the substantia nigra (SN). As PD is an age-related disorder, the majority of PD patients are associated with musculoskeletal disorders with prolonged use of analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Therefore, NSAIDs can affect PD neuropathology in different ways. Thus, the objective of the present narrative review was to clarify the potential role of NSAIDs in PD according to the assorted view of preponderance. Inhibition of neuroinflammation and modulation of immune response by NSAIDs could be an effective way in preventing the development of NDD. NSAIDs affect PD neuropathology in different manners could be beneficial or detrimental effects. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) by NSAIDs may prevent the development of PD. NSAIDs afforded a neuroprotective role against the development and progression of PD neuropathology through the modulation of neuroinflammation. Though, NSAIDs may lead to neutral or harmful effects by inhibiting neuroprotective prostacyclin (PGI2) and accentuation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LTs). In conclusion, there is still a potential conflict regarding the effect of NSAIDs on PD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Professor in Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, M.B.Ch.B, FRCP, Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Professor in Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, M.B.Ch.B, FRCP, Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matrouh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, AlBeheira, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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5
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Mishra A, Malik R, Hachiya T, Jürgenson T, Namba S, Posner DC, Kamanu FK, Koido M, Le Grand Q, Shi M, He Y, Georgakis MK, Caro I, Krebs K, Liaw YC, Vaura FC, Lin K, Winsvold BS, Srinivasasainagendra V, Parodi L, Bae HJ, Chauhan G, Chong MR, Tomppo L, Akinyemi R, Roshchupkin GV, Habib N, Jee YH, Thomassen JQ, Abedi V, Cárcel-Márquez J, Nygaard M, Leonard HL, Yang C, Yonova-Doing E, Knol MJ, Lewis AJ, Judy RL, Ago T, Amouyel P, Armstrong ND, Bakker MK, Bartz TM, Bennett DA, Bis JC, Bordes C, Børte S, Cain A, Ridker PM, Cho K, Chen Z, Cruchaga C, Cole JW, de Jager PL, de Cid R, Endres M, Ferreira LE, Geerlings MI, Gasca NC, Gudnason V, Hata J, He J, Heath AK, Ho YL, Havulinna AS, Hopewell JC, Hyacinth HI, Inouye M, Jacob MA, Jeon CE, Jern C, Kamouchi M, Keene KL, Kitazono T, Kittner SJ, Konuma T, Kumar A, Lacaze P, Launer LJ, Lee KJ, Lepik K, Li J, Li L, Manichaikul A, Markus HS, Marston NA, Meitinger T, Mitchell BD, Montellano FA, Morisaki T, Mosley TH, Nalls MA, Nordestgaard BG, O'Donnell MJ, Okada Y, Onland-Moret NC, Ovbiagele B, Peters A, Psaty BM, Rich SS, Rosand J, Sabatine MS, Sacco RL, Saleheen D, Sandset EC, Salomaa V, Sargurupremraj M, Sasaki M, Satizabal CL, Schmidt CO, Shimizu A, Smith NL, Sloane KL, Sutoh Y, Sun YV, Tanno K, Tiedt S, Tatlisumak T, Torres-Aguila NP, Tiwari HK, Trégouët DA, Trompet S, Tuladhar AM, Tybjærg-Hansen A, van Vugt M, Vibo R, Verma SS, Wiggins KL, Wennberg P, Woo D, Wilson PWF, Xu H, Yang Q, Yoon K, Millwood IY, Gieger C, Ninomiya T, Grabe HJ, Jukema JW, Rissanen IL, Strbian D, Kim YJ, Chen PH, Mayerhofer E, Howson JMM, Irvin MR, Adams H, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Christensen K, Ikram MA, Rundek T, Worrall BB, Lathrop GM, Riaz M, Simonsick EM, Kõrv J, França PHC, Zand R, Prasad K, Frikke-Schmidt R, de Leeuw FE, Liman T, Haeusler KG, Ruigrok YM, Heuschmann PU, Longstreth WT, Jung KJ, Bastarache L, Paré G, Damrauer SM, Chasman DI, Rotter JI, Anderson CD, Zwart JA, Niiranen TJ, Fornage M, Liaw YP, Seshadri S, Fernández-Cadenas I, Walters RG, Ruff CT, Owolabi MO, Huffman JE, Milani L, Kamatani Y, Dichgans M, Debette S. Stroke genetics informs drug discovery and risk prediction across ancestries. Nature 2022; 611:115-123. [PMID: 36180795 PMCID: PMC9524349 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of stroke - the second leading cause of death worldwide - were conducted predominantly in populations of European ancestry1,2. Here, in cross-ancestry GWAS meta-analyses of 110,182 patients who have had a stroke (five ancestries, 33% non-European) and 1,503,898 control individuals, we identify association signals for stroke and its subtypes at 89 (61 new) independent loci: 60 in primary inverse-variance-weighted analyses and 29 in secondary meta-regression and multitrait analyses. On the basis of internal cross-ancestry validation and an independent follow-up in 89,084 additional cases of stroke (30% non-European) and 1,013,843 control individuals, 87% of the primary stroke risk loci and 60% of the secondary stroke risk loci were replicated (P < 0.05). Effect sizes were highly correlated across ancestries. Cross-ancestry fine-mapping, in silico mutagenesis analysis3, and transcriptome-wide and proteome-wide association analyses revealed putative causal genes (such as SH3PXD2A and FURIN) and variants (such as at GRK5 and NOS3). Using a three-pronged approach4, we provide genetic evidence for putative drug effects, highlighting F11, KLKB1, PROC, GP1BA, LAMC2 and VCAM1 as possible targets, with drugs already under investigation for stroke for F11 and PROC. A polygenic score integrating cross-ancestry and ancestry-specific stroke GWASs with vascular-risk factor GWASs (integrative polygenic scores) strongly predicted ischaemic stroke in populations of European, East Asian and African ancestry5. Stroke genetic risk scores were predictive of ischaemic stroke independent of clinical risk factors in 52,600 clinical-trial participants with cardiometabolic disease. Our results provide insights to inform biology, reveal potential drug targets and derive genetic risk prediction tools across ancestries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Mishra
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rainer Malik
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Hachiya
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tuuli Jürgenson
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Shinichi Namba
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Daniel C Posner
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frederick K Kamanu
- TIMI Study Group, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masaru Koido
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Quentin Le Grand
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mingyang Shi
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yunye He
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marios K Georgakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ilana Caro
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kristi Krebs
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yi-Ching Liaw
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Felix C Vaura
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Kuang Lin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bendik Slagsvold Winsvold
- Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vinodh Srinivasasainagendra
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Livia Parodi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Michael R Chong
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liisa Tomppo
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rufus Akinyemi
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Gennady V Roshchupkin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Habib
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yon Ho Jee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesper Qvist Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vida Abedi
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Jara Cárcel-Márquez
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marianne Nygaard
- The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hampton L Leonard
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Chaojie Yang
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ekaterina Yonova-Doing
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adam J Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Renae L Judy
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ago
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- University of Lille, INSERM U1167, RID-AGE, LabEx DISTALZ, Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Public Health Department, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicole D Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mark K Bakker
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Constance Bordes
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sigrid Børte
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research and Communication Unit for Musculoskeletal Health (FORMI), Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anael Cain
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - John W Cole
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Phil L de Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafael de Cid
- GenomesForLife-GCAT Lab Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Matthias Endres
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leslie E Ferreira
- Post-Graduation Program on Health and Environment, Department of Medicine and Joinville Stroke Biobank, University of the Region of Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mirjam I Geerlings
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie C Gasca
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jun Hata
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jing He
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alicia K Heath
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yuk-Lam Ho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM-HiLIFE, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jemma C Hopewell
- Clinical Trial Service and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hyacinth I Hyacinth
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Inouye
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Baker Systems Genomics Initiative, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Baker Systems Genomics Initiative, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mina A Jacob
- Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christina E Jeon
- Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christina Jern
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Masahiro Kamouchi
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keith L Keene
- Department of Biology, Brody School of Medicine Center for Health Disparities, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Steven J Kittner
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology and Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Takahiro Konuma
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Amit Kumar
- Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Paul Lacaze
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaido Lepik
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, VA, USA
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas A Marston
- TIMI Study Group, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Felipe A Montellano
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Takayuki Morisaki
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- The MIND Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin J O'Donnell
- College of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce Ovbiagele
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München,, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc S Sabatine
- TIMI Study Group, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Else Charlotte Sandset
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Research and Development, The Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muralidharan Sargurupremraj
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Carsten O Schmidt
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Community Medicine, SHIP/KEF, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly L Sloane
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yoichi Sutoh
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yan V Sun
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kozo Tanno
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Steffen Tiedt
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Unviersity Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nuria P Torres-Aguila
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David-Alexandre Trégouët
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anil Man Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marion van Vugt
- Division Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riina Vibo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Shefali S Verma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrik Wennberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel Woo
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Peter W F Wilson
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Huichun Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qiong Yang
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyungheon Yoon
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), site Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ina L Rissanen
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Strbian
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Pei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ernst Mayerhofer
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marguerite R Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hieab Adams
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mohammad A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bradford B Worrall
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Moeen Riaz
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janika Kõrv
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paulo H C França
- Post-Graduation Program on Health and Environment, Department of Medicine and Joinville Stroke Biobank, University of the Region of Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ramin Zand
- Geisinger Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | | | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Liman
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Klinik für Neurologie, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Ynte M Ruigrok
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ulrich Heuschmann
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keum Ji Jung
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lisa Bastarache
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery and Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John-Anker Zwart
- Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Teemu J Niiranen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yung-Po Liaw
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Israel Fernández-Cadenas
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robin G Walters
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian T Ruff
- TIMI Study Group, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mayowa O Owolabi
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Debette
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France.
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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Wan T, Huang Y, Gao X, Wu W, Guo W. Microglia Polarization: A Novel Target of Exosome for Stroke Treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:842320. [PMID: 35356292 PMCID: PMC8959940 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.842320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cells in the human body are capable of secreting exosomes. Exosomes have become an important vehicle for signaling between cells. Exosomes secreted by different cells have some of the structural and functional properties of that cell and thus have different regulatory functions. A large number of recent experimental studies have shown that exosomes from different sources have different regulatory effects on stroke, and the mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Microglia are core members of central intrinsic immune regulatory cells, which play an important regulatory role in the pathogenesis and progression of stroke. M1 microglia cause neuroinflammation and induce neurotoxic effects, while M2 microglia inhibit neuroinflammation and promote neurogenesis, thus exerting a series of neuroprotective effects. It was found that there is a close link between exosomes and microglia polarization, and that exosome inclusions such as microRNAs play a regulatory role in the M1/M2 polarization of microglia. This research reviews the role of exosomes in the regulation of microglia polarization and reveals their potential value in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wan
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Sports Medicine Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunling Huang
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wanpeng Wu
- Shenzhen Futian District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiming Guo
- Sports Medicine Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Yuui K, Kudo R, Kasuda S. Arterial thromboxane A2-induced transient contraction after IL-1β exposure. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x221077946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in systemic inflammation and infection is well recognized. However, there are few reports on the involvement of prostanoids in warm shock (the initial pathology of sepsis). Previous studies showed that interleukin (IL)-1β causes a rapid inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide (iNOS/NO)-mediated relaxation in peripheral blood vessels during warm shock. Furthermore, a transient contraction was seen before this relaxation occurred. The present study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of this transient contraction. We measured isometric tension changes in the superior mesenteric arteries from normal male Wistar rats by adding IL-1β at the point of maximum contraction by phenylephrine (Ph). The same study was performed for each vessel pretreated with various inhibitors, including SQ29548, a TXA2 receptor antagonist, 30 min before Ph contraction. In addition, the concentration of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in SMA was measured by probe electrospray ionization. Treatment of endothelial vessels with cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1)/2 inhibitors SC560/NS398 and TXA2 receptor antagonist SQ29548 suppressed IL-1β–induced transient contractions. This transient contraction reaction was derived from TXA2. Additionally, gene expression of COX2/TXA2 synthetase and the concentration of TXB2 were significantly increased in IL-1β-exposed vessels. It was demonstrated for the first time in inflamed blood vessels that endothelial cell-derived COX2/TXA2 is induced before iNOS and causes transient contractions. TXA2 may be considered an early sign of warm shock or as a biological defense mechanism in the early stages of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Yuui
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Risa Kudo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shogo Kasuda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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8
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The Role of Thromboxane in the Course and Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111644. [PMID: 34769074 PMCID: PMC8584264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are currently among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in many developed countries. They are distinguished by chronic and latent development, a course with stages of worsening of symptoms and a period of improvement, and a constant potential threat to life. One of the most important disorders in cardiovascular disease is ischemic stroke. The causes of ischemic stroke can be divided into non-modifiable and modifiable causes. One treatment modality from a neurological point of view is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), which blocks cyclooxygenase and, thus, thromboxane synthesis. The legitimacy of its administration does not raise any doubts in the case of the acute phase of stroke in patients in whom thrombolytic treatment cannot be initiated. The measurement of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) in serum (a stable metabolic product of TxA2) is the only test that measures the effect of aspirin on the activity of COX-1 in platelets. Measurement of thromboxane B2 may be a potential biomarker of vascular disease risk in patients treated with aspirin. The aim of this study is to present the role of thromboxane B2 in ischemic stroke and to present effective therapies for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Scientific articles from the PubMed database were used for the work, which were selected on the basis of a search for “thromboxane and stroke”. Subsequently, a restriction was introduced for works older than 10 years, those concerning animals, and those without full text access. Ultimately, 58 articles were selected. It was shown that a high concentration of TXB2 may be a risk factor for ischemic stroke or ischemic heart disease. However, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that thromboxane could be used in clinical practice as a marker of ischemic stroke. The inclusion of ASA in the prevention of stroke has a beneficial effect that is associated with the effect on thromboxane. However, its insufficient power in 25% or even 50% of the population should be taken into account. An alternative and/or additional therapy could be a selective antagonist of the thromboxane receptor. Thromboxane A2 production is inhibited by estrogen; therefore, the risk of CVD after the menopause and among men is higher. More research is needed in this area.
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Chen Q, Lu H, Duan C, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Li M, Zhang D. PDCD4 Simultaneously Promotes Microglia Activation via PDCD4-MAPK-NF-κB Positive Loop and Facilitates Neuron Apoptosis During Neuroinflammation. Inflammation 2021; 45:234-252. [PMID: 34613548 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and neuron injury are common features of the central nervous system (CNS) diseases. It is of great significance to identify their shared key regulatory molecules and thus explore the potential therapeutic targets. Programmed cell death factor 4 (PDCD4), an apoptosis-related molecule, extensively participates in tumorigenesis and inflammatory diseases, but its expression and biological function during CNS neuroinflammation remain unclear. In the present study, utilizing the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation model in mice, we reported an elevated expression of PDCD4 both in injured neurons and activated microglia of the inflamed brain. A similar change in PDCD4 expression was observed in vitro in the microglial activation model. Silencing PDCD4 by shRNA significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPKs (p38, ERK, and JNK), prevented the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, and thus attenuated the LPS-induced microglial inflammatory activation. Interestingly, LPS also required the MAPK/NF-κB signaling activation to boost PDCD4 expression in microglia, indicating the presence of a positive loop. Moreover, a persistent elevation of PDCD4 expression was detected in the H2O2-induced neuronal oxidative damage model. Knocking down PDCD4 significantly inhibited the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and Cleaved-PARP, suggesting the proapoptotic activity of PDCD4 in neurons. Taken together, our data indicated that PDCD4 may serve as a hub regulatory molecule that simultaneously promotes the microglial inflammatory activation and the oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis within CNS. The microglial PDCD4-MAPK-NF-κB positive feedback loop may act as pivotal signaling for neuroinflammation which subsequently exaggerates neuronal injury, and thus may become a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Chen
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengwei Duan
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Neurosurgery Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, People's Republic of China.
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Takata F, Nakagawa S, Matsumoto J, Dohgu S. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Amplifies the Development of Neuroinflammation: Understanding of Cellular Events in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells for Prevention and Treatment of BBB Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661838. [PMID: 34588955 PMCID: PMC8475767 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset or progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Initiation of neuroinflammation is triggered by endogenous substances (damage-associated molecular patterns) and/or exogenous pathogens. Activation of glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) is widely recognized as a hallmark of neuroinflammation and triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to neurotoxicity and neuronal dysfunction. Another feature associated with neuroinflammatory diseases is impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB, which is composed of brain endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, maintains brain homeostasis and protects neurons. Impairment of this barrier allows trafficking of immune cells or plasma proteins into the brain parenchyma and subsequent inflammatory processes in the brain. Besides neurons, activated glial cells also affect BBB integrity. Therefore, BBB dysfunction can amplify neuroinflammation and act as a key process in the development of neuroinflammation. BBB integrity is determined by the integration of multiple signaling pathways within brain endothelial cells through intercellular communication between brain endothelial cells and brain perivascular cells (pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes). For prevention of BBB disruption, both cellular components, such as signaling molecules in brain endothelial cells, and non-cellular components, such as inflammatory mediators released by perivascular cells, should be considered. Thus, understanding of intracellular signaling pathways that disrupt the BBB can provide novel treatments for neurological diseases associated with neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss current knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms involved in BBB impairment by inflammatory mediators released by perivascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuko Takata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Dohgu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Ischemic Stroke: a Focus on Molecular Function and Therapeutic Potential. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4588-4614. [PMID: 34120294 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In ischemic stroke, there is only one approved drug, tissue plasminogen activator, to be used in clinical conditions for thrombolysis. New neuroprotective therapies for ischemic stroke are desperately needed. Several targets and pathways have been shown to confer neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most frequently targeted receptors for developing novel therapeutics for central nervous system disorders. GPCRs are a large family of cell surface receptors that response to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli. GPCRs are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. More than 90% of the identified non-sensory GPCRs are expressed in the brain, where they play important roles in regulating mood, pain, vision, immune responses, cognition, and synaptic transmission. There is also good evidence that GPCRs are implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke. This review narrates the pathophysiological role and possible targeted therapy of GPCRs in ischemic stroke.
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Lv S, Wang Z, Wang J, Wang H. Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Plays an Important Role Through Regulating Autophagy in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:681676. [PMID: 34055892 PMCID: PMC8155623 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.681676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is characterized by limiting blood supply to organs, then restoring blood flow and reoxygenation. It leads to many diseases, including acute kidney injury, myocardial infarction, circulatory arrest, ischemic stroke, trauma, and sickle cell disease. Autophagy is an important and conserved cellular pathway, in which cells transfer the cytoplasmic contents to lysosomes for degradation. It plays an important role in maintaining the balance of cell synthesis, decomposition and reuse, and participates in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), along with carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO), is an important gas signal molecule and regulates various physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, there are many studies on the improvement of I/R injury by H2S through regulating autophagy, but the related mechanisms are not completely clear. Therefore, we summarize the related research in the above aspects to provide theoretical reference for future in-depth research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyu Lv
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Henan Technician College of Medicine and Health, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Honggang Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Bhatia P, Kaur G, Singh N. Ozagrel a thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor extenuates endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in rat model of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion induced vascular dementia. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 137:106827. [PMID: 33346090 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2020.106827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the potential of ozagrel, a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthase inhibitor, in bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo) induced vascular dementia (VaD). Wistar rats were subjected to BCCAo procedure under anesthesia to induce VaD. Morris water maze (MWM) test was employed on 7th day post-surgery to determine learning and memory. Endothelial dysfunction was assessed in isolated aorta by observing endothelial dependent vasorelaxation and levels of serum nitrite. A battery of biochemical and histopathological estimations was performed. Expression analysis of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 was carried out by RT-PCR. BCCAo produced significant impairment in endothelium dependent vasorelaxation and decrease in serum nitrite levels indicating endothelial dysfunction along with poor performance on MWM represents impairment of learning and memory. There was a significant rise in brain oxidative stress level (indicated by increase in brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species and decrease in reduced glutathione levels); increase in brain acetylcholinesterase activity; brain myeloperoxidase activity; brain TNF-α & IL-6 levels, brain TNF-α & IL-6 mRNA expression and brain neutrophil infiltration (as marker of inflammation) were also observed. Treatment of ozagrel (10 & 20 mg/kg, p. o.)/donepezil (0. 5 mg/kg, i.p., serving as standard) ameliorated BCCAo induced endothelial dysfunction; memory deficits; biochemical and histopathological changes in a significant manner. It may be concluded that ozagrel markedly improved endothelial dysfunction; learning and memory; biochemical and histopathological alteration associated with BCCAo induced VaD and that TXA2 can be considered as an important therapeutic target for the treatment of VaD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/enzymology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Carotid Artery, Common/surgery
- Carotid Stenosis/complications
- Dementia, Vascular/drug therapy
- Dementia, Vascular/enzymology
- Dementia, Vascular/etiology
- Dementia, Vascular/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Ligation
- Male
- Methacrylates/pharmacology
- Morris Water Maze Test/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Rats, Wistar
- Thromboxane-A Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thromboxane-A Synthase/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhatia
- CNS Research lab., Pharmacology division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- CNS Research lab., Pharmacology division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Pharmacology division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
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14
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李 丽, 李 江, 杨 泳, 刘 娜, 郭 欣, 邹 曦, 马 文, 刘 星, 朱 晓, 刘 睿. [Role of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 in pulmonary hyper-permeability induced by mechanical ventilation in rabbits]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:418-423. [PMID: 33849834 PMCID: PMC8075785 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.03.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in lung hyper-permeability induced by mechanical ventilation (MV) in rabbits. OBJECTIVE Forty-eight healthy Japanese white rabbits were randomly allocated to vehicle treatment group (group V), tranylcypromine (a PGI2 synthase inhibitor) treatment group (group T), dazoxiben (a TXA2 synthase inhibitor) treatment group (group D), vehicle-treated MV group (group VM), tranylcyprominetreated MV group (group TM) and dazoxiben-treated MV group (group DM). The contents of PGI2 and TXA2 in the lung tissues and TNF-α level in BALF and lung tissues were measured by ELISA. The lung wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio, lung permeability index and pulmonary expressions of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) protein and mRNA were detected to evaluate the pulmonary permeability. The severities of lung injury were assessed by lung histological scores. OBJECTIVE The measured parameters did not differ significantly among the rabbits receiving different treatments without MV. In rabbits in group VM, the contents of PGI2 and TXA2 in the lungs, TNF-α in BALF and lung tissues, PGI2/TXA2 ratio, lung W/D ratio, lung permeability index, pulmonary expressions of MLCK protein and mRNA and histological scores of the lungs all increased significantly (P < 0.05) as compared with those in group V, group T and group D. In rabbits undergoing MV, inhibition of PGI2 production by tranylcypromine significantly decreased the PGI2/TXA2 ratio (P < 0.05), further enhanced the production of TNF-α in the BALF and lung tissue (P < 0.05), and worsened lung hyper-permeability and lung injury (P < 0.05), while treatment with dazoxiben significantly reduced TXA2 production in the lung tissue (P < 0.05), increased the PGI2/TXA2 ratio (P < 0.05) and decreased TNF-α production in the BALF and lung tissue (P < 0.05), thus resulting in alleviated lung hyperpermeability and lung injury (P < 0.05). OBJECTIVE PGI2 plays a protective role against MV-induced lung hyper-permeability and lung injury by downregulating TNF-α/MLCK signaling pathway, while TXA2 can exacerbate MV-induced lung hyperpermeability in rabbits by up-regulating TNF-α/ MLCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- 丽莎 李
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 650032Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 江 李
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 650032Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 泳 杨
- 昆明医科大学医学机能实验中心,云南 昆明 650500Experimental Center of Medical Function, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - 娜 刘
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 650032Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 欣 郭
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 650032Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 曦 邹
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 650032Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 文婕 马
- 昆明 医科大学基础医学院,云南 昆明 650500School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - 星玲 刘
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 650032Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 晓燕 朱
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 650032Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 睿 刘
- 云南省第一人民医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 650032Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
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Gorica E, Calderone V. Arachidonic Acid Derivatives and Neuroinflammation. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:118-129. [PMID: 33557740 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210208130412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is characterized by dysregulated inflammatory responses localized within the brain and spinal cord. Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the onset of several neurodegenerative disorders and is considered a typical feature of these disorders. Microglia perform primary immune surveillance and macrophage-like activities within the central nervous system. Activated microglia are predominant players in the central nervous system response to damage related to stroke, trauma, and infection. Moreover, microglial activation per se leads to a proinflammatory response and oxidative stress. During the release of cytokines and chemokines, cyclooxygenases and phospholipase A2 are stimulated. Elevated levels of these compounds play a significant role in immune cell recruitment into the brain. Cyclic phospholipase A2 plays a fundamental role in the production of prostaglandins by releasing arachidonic acid. In turn, arachidonic acid is biotransformed through different routes into several mediators that are endowed with pivotal roles in the regulation of inflammatory processes. Some experimental models of neuroinflammation exhibit an increase in cyclic phospholipase A2, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins such as prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin D2, or prostacyclin. However, findings on the role of the prostacyclin receptors have revealed that their signalling suppresses Th2-mediated inflammatory responses. In addition, other in vitro evidence suggests that prostaglandin E2 may inhibit the production of some inflammatory cytokines, attenuating inflammatory events such as mast cell degranulation or inflammatory leukotriene production. Based on these conflicting experimental data, the role of arachidonic acid derivatives in neuroinflammation remains a challenging issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Gorica
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa. Italy
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16
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Zhang W, Tian T, Gong SX, Huang WQ, Zhou QY, Wang AP, Tian Y. Microglia-associated neuroinflammation is a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:6-11. [PMID: 32788440 PMCID: PMC7818879 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-associated neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Microglial activation and polarization, and the inflammatory response mediated by these cells play important roles in the development, progression and outcome of brain injury after ischemic stroke. Currently, there is no effective strategy for treating ischemic stroke in clinical practice. Therefore, it is clinically important to study the role and regulation of microglia in stroke. In this review, we discuss the involvement of microglia in the neuroinflammatory process in ischemic stroke, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the relationship between ischemic stroke and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shao-Xin Gong
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Qian Huang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qin-Yi Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
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Revealing the Pharmacological Mechanism of Acorus tatarinowii in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3236768. [PMID: 33178313 PMCID: PMC7648688 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3236768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim Stroke is the second significant cause for death, with ischemic stroke (IS) being the main type threatening human being's health. Acorus tatarinowii (AT) is widely used in the treatment of Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, depression, and stroke, which leads to disorders of consciousness disease. However, the systemic mechanism of AT treating IS is unexplicit. This article is supposed to explain why AT has an effect on the treatment of IS in a comprehensive and systematic way by network pharmacology. Methods and Materials ADME (absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted) is an important property for screening-related compounds in AT, which were screening out of TCMSP, TCMID, Chemistry Database, and literature from CNKI. Then, these targets related to screened compounds were predicted via Swiss Targets, when AT-related targets database was established. The gene targets related to IS were collected from DisGeNET and GeneCards. IS-AT is a common protein interactive network established by STRING Database. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were analysed by IS-AT common target genes. Cytoscape software was used to establish a visualized network for active compounds-core targets and core target proteins-proteins interactive network. Furthermore, we drew a signal pathway picture about its effect to reveal the basic mechanism of AT against IS systematically. Results There were 53 active compounds screened from AT, inferring the main therapeutic substances as follows: bisasaricin, 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol-α,α,4-trimethyl,acetate, cis,cis,cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienal, hydroxyacoronene, nerolidol, galgravin, veraguensin, 2′-o-methyl isoliquiritigenin, gamma-asarone, and alpha-asarone. We obtained 398 related targets, 63 of which were the same as the IS-related genes from targets prediction. Except for GRM2, remaining 62 target genes have an interactive relation, respectively. The top 10 degree core target genes were IL6, TNF, IL1B, TLR4, NOS3, MAPK1, PTGS2, VEGFA, JUN, and MMP9. There were more than 20 terms of biological process, 7 terms of cellular components, and 14 terms of molecular function through GO enrichment analysis and 13 terms of signal pathway from KEGG enrichment analysis based on P < 0.05. Conclusion AT had a therapeutic effect for ischemic via multicomponent, multitarget, and multisignal pathway, which provided a novel research aspect for AT against IS.
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Jiang J, Yu Y. Small molecules targeting cyclooxygenase/prostanoid cascade in experimental brain ischemia: Do they translate? Med Res Rev 2020; 41:828-857. [PMID: 33094540 DOI: 10.1002/med.21744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute brain ischemia accounts for most of stroke cases and constitutes a leading cause of deaths among adults and permanent disabilities in survivors. Currently, the intravenous thrombolysis is the only available medication for ischemic stroke; mechanical thrombectomy is an emerging alternative treatment for occlusion of large arteries and has shown some promise in selected subsets of patients. However, the overall narrow treatment window and potential risks largely limit the patient eligibility. New druggable targets are needed to innovate the treatment of brain ischemia. As the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosyntheses of prostanoids, cyclooxygenase (COX), particularly the inducible isoform COX-2, has long been implicated in mechanisms of acute stroke-induced brain injury and inflammation. However, the notion of therapeutically targeting COX has been diminished over the past two decades due to significant complications of the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems caused by long-term use of COX-2 inhibitor drugs. New treatment strategies targeting the downstream prostanoid signaling receptors regulating the deleterious effects of COX cascade have been proposed. As such, a large number of selective small molecules that negatively or positively modulate these important inflammatory regulators have been evaluated for neuroprotection and other beneficial effects in various animal models of brain ischemia. These timely preclinical studies, though not yet led to clinical innovation, provided new insights into the regulation of inflammatory reactions in the ischemic brain and could guide drug discovery efforts aiming for novel adjunctive strategies, along with current reperfusion therapy, to treat acute brain ischemia with higher specificity and longer therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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19
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Thromboxane A2 receptor contributes to the activation of rat pancreatic stellate cells induced by 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:1429-1435. [PMID: 32501828 PMCID: PMC7339349 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) activation plays a critical role in the development of chronic pancreatitis. Previous studies confirmed that thromboxane A2 receptor (TxA2r) was overexpressed in activated PSCs in rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TxA2r in the activation of PSCs induced by 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-epi-PGF2α). METHODS TxA2r expression in both quiescent and activated PSCs was detected by immunocytochemistry and immunoblot assay. Isolated PSCs were treated with 8-epi-PGF2α (10, 10, 10 mol/L) for 48 h, and SQ29548 (10, 10, and 10 mol/L), a TxA2r-specific antagonist for 48 h, respectively, to identify the drug concentration with the best biological effect and the least cytotoxicity. Then isolated PSCs were treated with SQ29548 (10 mol/L) for 2 h, followed by 10 mol/L 8-epi-PGF2α for 48 h. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I. Comparisons between the groups were performed using Student's t test. RESULTS TxA2r was up-regulated in activated PSCs in vitro compared with quiescent PSCs (all P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, different concentrations of 8-epi-PGF2α significantly increased mRNA levels of α-SMA (10 mol/L: 2.23 ± 0.18 vs. 1.00 ± 0.07, t = 10.70, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 2.91 ± 0.29 vs. 1.01 ± 0.08, t = 10.83, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L, 1.67 ± 0.07 vs. 1.00 ± 0.08, t = 11.40, P < 0.001) and collagen I (10 mol/L: 2.68 ± 0.09 vs. 1.00 ± 0.07, t = 24.94, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 2.12 ± 0.29 vs. 1.01 ± 0.12, t = 6.08, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 1.46 ± 0.15 vs. 1.00 ± 0.05, t = 4.93, P = 0.008). However, different concentrations of SQ29548 all significantly reduced the expression of collagen I (10 mol/L: 0.55 ± 0.07 vs. 1.00 ± 0.07, t = 10.47, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 0.56 ± 0.10 vs. 1.00 ± 0.07, t = 6.185, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 0.27 ± 0.04 vs. 1.00 ± 0.07, t = 15.41, P < 0.001) and α-SMA (10 mol/L: 0.06 ± 0.01 vs. 1.00 ± 0.11, t = 15.17, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 0.28 ± 0.03 vs. 1.00 ± 0.11, t = 11.29, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 0.14 ± 0.04 vs. 1.00 ± 0.11, t = 12.86, P < 0.001). After being treated with SQ29548 (10 mol/L) and then 8-epi-PGF2α (10 mol/L), the mRNA levels of α-SMA (0.20 ± 0.08 vs. 1.00 ± 0.00, t = 17.46, P < 0.001) and collagen I (0.69 ± 0.13 vs. 1.00 ± 0.00, t = 4.20, P = 0.014) in PSCs were significantly lower than those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results show that 8-epi-PGF2α promoted PSCs activation, while SQ29548 inhibited PSCs activation induced by 8-epi-PGF2α. The result indicated that TxA2r plays an important role during PSC activation and collagen synthesis induced by 8-epi-PGF2αin vitro. This receptor may provide a potential target for more effective antioxidant therapy for pancreatic fibrosis.
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20
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Sirt3 Protects Against Ischemic Stroke Injury by Regulating HIF-1α/VEGF Signaling and Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1203-1215. [PMID: 32500353 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) is a member of the Sirtuin family proteins and known to regulate multiple physiological processes such as metabolism and aging. As stroke is an aging-related disease, in this work, we attempt to examine the role and potential mechanism of Sirt3 in regulating ischemic stroke by using a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model in wild type (WT) and Sirt3 knockout (KO) mice, coupled with oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) experiments in cultured primary astrocytes. Sirt3 deficiency aggravated neuronal cell apoptosis and neurological deficits after brain ischemia. In addition, Sirt3 KO mice showed more severe blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and inflammatory responses compared with WT group in the acute phase. Furthermore, specific overexpression of Sirt3 in astrocytes by injecting glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)::Sirt3 virus in ischemic region showed protective effect against stroke-induced damage. Mechanistically, Sirt3 could regulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by inhibiting hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) signaling after ischemia (OGD). Our results have shown that Sirt3 plays a protective role in ischemic stroke via regulating HIF-1α/VEGF signaling in astrocytes, and reversal of the Sirt3 expression at the acute phase could be a worthy direction for stroke therapy.
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Jiang CT, Wu WF, Deng YH, Ge JW. Modulators of microglia activation and polarization in ischemic stroke (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2006-2018. [PMID: 32323760 PMCID: PMC7115206 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. However, there is a current lack of effective therapies available. As the resident macrophages of the brain, microglia can monitor the microenvironment and initiate immune responses. In response to various brain injuries, such as ischemic stroke, microglia are activated and polarized into the proinflammatory M1 phenotype or the anti‑inflammatory M2 phenotype. The immunomodulatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, generated by these microglia are closely associated with secondary brain damage or repair, respectively, following ischemic stroke. It has been shown that M1 microglia promote secondary brain damage, whilst M2 microglia facilitate recovery following stroke. In addition, autophagy is also reportedly involved in the pathology of ischemic stroke through regulating the activation and function of microglia. Therefore, this review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of microglia activation, their functions and changes, and the modulators of these processes, including transcription factors, membrane receptors, ion channel proteins and genes, in ischemic stroke. The effects of autophagy on microglia polarization in ischemic stroke were also reviewed. Finally, future research areas of ischemic stroke and the implications of the current knowledge for the development of novel therapeutics for ischemic stroke were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ting Jiang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Feng Wu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hui Deng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Wen Ge
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
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Mello FK, Freitas ML, Souto NS, Zorzi VN, Moreira MP, Neuberger B, Costa KG, Fighera MR, Royes LF, Furian AF, Oliveira MS. Neuroprotective effects of thromboxane receptor antagonist SQ 29,548 after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice. Epilepsy Res 2020; 160:106277. [PMID: 32036236 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is an important eicosanoid in the cardiovascular system, and increasing evidence suggests that TXA2 receptors (TPs) and their ligands may constitute valuable tools for the development of neuroprotective drugs. However, the role of TPs on seizure-induced damage has not been investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of SQ 29,548, a potent and selective TP antagonist-on neuromotor performance, neurodegeneration, reactive astrocytosis, and c-Fos protein immunoreactivity after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in mice. Adult C57BL/6 mice received intracerebroventricular SQ 29,548 injections 90 min and 24 h after pilocarpine-induced SE. We found that SQ 29,548 prevented the impairment of neuromotor performance (Neuroscore test) 48 h after pilocarpine-induced SE. Data analysis suggested the existence of two subgroups of SQ 29,548-treated post-SE animals. Eight out of 12 SQ 29,548-treated animals displayed Neuroscore values identical to those of vehicle-treated controls, and were considered SQ 29,548 responders. However, 4 out of 12 SQ 29,548-treated animals did not show any improvement in Neuroscore values, and were considered SQ 29,548 non-responders. Treatment with SQ 29,548 attenuated SE-induced increase in the number of FJC- or GFAP-positive cells in the hippocampus of SQ 29,548 responders. In addition, SQ 29,548 prevented the SE-elicited increase of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the hippocampus. In summary, our results suggest that the TP antagonist (SQ 29,548) improves neurological outcome after pilocarpine-induced SE in mice. The existence of SQ 29,548 responders and non-responders was suggested by results from the Neuroscore test. Additional studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying these findings, as well as the potential uses of TP antagonists in the treatment of seizure-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naieli Schiefelbein Souto
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Viviane Nogueira Zorzi
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Neuberger
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Karine Gabriela Costa
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Royes
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Pre- and Neonatal Exposure to Lead (Pb) Induces Neuroinflammation in the Forebrain Cortex, Hippocampus and Cerebellum of Rat Pups. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031083. [PMID: 32041252 PMCID: PMC7037720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal with a proven neurotoxic effect. Exposure is particularly dangerous to the developing brain in the pre- and neonatal periods. One postulated mechanism of its neurotoxicity is induction of inflammation. This study analyzed the effect of exposure of rat pups to Pb during periods of brain development on the concentrations of selected cytokines and prostanoids in the forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Methods: Administration of 0.1% lead acetate (PbAc) in drinking water ad libitum, from the first day of gestation to postnatal day 21, resulted in blood Pb in rat pups reaching levels below the threshold considered safe for humans by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (10 µg/dL). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to determine the levels of interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2). Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine the expression levels of cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2. Finally, Western blot was used to determine the level of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Results: In all studied brain structures (forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum), the administration of Pb caused a significant increase in all studied cytokines and prostanoids (IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, PGE2 and TXB2). The protein and mRNA expression of COX-1 and COX-2 increased in all studied brain structures, as did NF-κB expression. Conclusions: Chronic pre- and neonatal exposure to Pb induces neuroinflammation in the forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat pups.
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Sitagliptin-Dependent Differences in the Intensity of Oxidative Stress in Rat Livers Subjected to Ischemia and Reperfusion. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2738605. [PMID: 31781329 PMCID: PMC6875175 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2738605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) is the main cause of liver damage after transplantation. We evaluated the effect of sitagliptin (STG) on oxidative stress parameters in the rat liver under IR. Methods Rats were treated with STG (5 mg/kg) (S and SIR) or saline solution (C and CIR). Livers from CIR and SIR were subjected to ischemia (60 min) and reperfusion (24 h). During reperfusion, aminotransferases (ALT and AST) were determined in blood samples. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and the mRNA expression of SOD1 were determined in liver homogenates after reperfusion. Different regions of livers were also histologically evaluated. Results The PON1 activity was higher, and the TBARS level was lower in SIR than in CIR. There was an inverse relationship between TBARS and PON1 levels in the whole cohort. The GPx activity was lower in ischemic than in nonischemic groups regardless of the STG treatment. In SIR, the SOD1 activity was higher compared to that in CIR. In S, the expression of SOD1 mRNA was the highest of all examined groups and positively correlated with the SOD1 activity in the whole animal cohort. During IR aminotransferases, the activity in the drug-treated group was lower in all examined points of time. In drug-treated groups, the percentage of steatosis was higher than that in nontreated groups regardless of IR. Conclusions The protective effect of STG on the rat liver, especially its antioxidant properties, was revealed under IR conditions.
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Biringer RG. The Role of Eicosanoids in Alzheimer's Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142560. [PMID: 31323750 PMCID: PMC6678666 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders known. Estimates from the Alzheimer's Association suggest that there are currently 5.8 million Americans living with the disease and that this will rise to 14 million by 2050. Research over the decades has revealed that AD pathology is complex and involves a number of cellular processes. In addition to the well-studied amyloid-β and tau pathology, oxidative damage to lipids and inflammation are also intimately involved. One aspect all these processes share is eicosanoid signaling. Eicosanoids are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids by enzymatic or non-enzymatic means and serve as short-lived autocrine or paracrine agents. Some of these eicosanoids serve to exacerbate AD pathology while others serve to remediate AD pathology. A thorough understanding of eicosanoid signaling is paramount for understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing potential treatments for AD. In this review, eicosanoid metabolism is examined in terms of in vivo production, sites of production, receptor signaling, non-AD biological functions, and known participation in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd., Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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Wang J, Wu D, Wang H. Hydrogen sulfide plays an important protective role by influencing autophagy in diseases. Physiol Res 2019; 68:335-345. [PMID: 30904008 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy can regulate cell growth, proliferation, and stability of cell environment. Its dysfunction can be involved in a variety of diseases. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an important signaling molecule that regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies indicate that H(2)S plays an important protective role in many diseases through influencing autophagy, but its mechanism is not fully understood. This article reviewed the progress about the effect of H(2)S on autophagy in diseases in recent years in order to provide theoretical basis for the further research on the interaction of H(2)S and autophagy and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.
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Yan A, Liu Z, Song L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wu N, Lin J, Liu Y, Liu Z. Idebenone Alleviates Neuroinflammation and Modulates Microglial Polarization in LPS-Stimulated BV2 Cells and MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:529. [PMID: 30687016 PMCID: PMC6333870 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Idebenone is an antioxidant and a coenzyme Q10 analog that has been used to treat neurodegeneration disease. Some studies show idebenone exerts anti-inflammatory effects. However, whether idebenone can be used to reduce the neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been little studied. Methods: The study investigated the potential anti-inflammatory effects of idebenone in vitro and in vivo, using cell models of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-simulated BV2 cells and animal models of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD with or without idebenone. To verify how idebenone exerts its effects on the BV2 cell activation and PD model, we performed the mechanistic studies in vitro and in vivo. Results:In vitro study showed that pretreatment with idebenone could attenuate the production of pro-inflammatory factors in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells and promoted a phenotypic switch from the M1 state to the M2 state. Mechanistically, idebenone reduced the activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway upon LPS stimulation. Furthermore, in vivo experiments confirmed that pretreatment with idebenone could ameliorate MPTP-induced neurodegeneration and modulate microglia phenotypes through inhibition of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in the SN. Conclusion: These results suggest that idebenone ameliorates the neurological deficits related to PD and this effect is partly mediated by inhibiting the neuroinflammation and modulating microglia phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijuan Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingya Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zhao XP, Zhao Y, Qin XY, Wan LY, Fan XX. Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Promotes Microglial M2 Polarization Via Interleukin-17A Inhibition. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 67:217-226. [PMID: 30484061 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play an essential role during cerebral an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-related inflammatory process. Because the M2 phenotype of microglia exhibits anti-inflammation activity, it has become a promising target for anti-inflammatory therapy. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) reportedly has neuroprotective effects against cerebral I/R injuries via its anti-inflammatory action. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of non-invasive VNS (nVNS) to alleviate cerebral I/R in mice by promoting microglial M2 polarization. Neurological scoring and cerebral infarct volume assessments were performed 72 h after a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced stroke. M2 phenotype microglia were identified by immunohistochemistry staining using Arg-1 and Iba-1 antibodies. The protein expressions of Arg-1, IL-17A, IL-10, Bax, and Bcl-2 were detected by Western blot. Apoptotic cells were detected using TUNEL staining. According to our results, nVNS decreased infarct volume, improved neurological outcomes, reduced apoptotic neurons (TUNEL+NeuN+ cells), and promoted microglial M2 polarization as indicated by elevated Arg-1 protein expression and increased Arg-1+ cells after MCAO. Moreover, nVNS attenuated the increased levels of IL-17A protein expression after MCAO. To test the possible involvement of IL-17A in nVNS-induced neuroprotection and microglial M2 polarization, 1-μg recombinant IL-17A (rIL-17A) was intranasally administered once daily for three consecutive days after reperfusion. We found that the intranasal administration of rIL-17A nullified the nVNS-induced promotion of microglial M2 polarization. Furthermore, rIL-17A administration abolished the neuroprotective effect of nVNS. In conclusion, our study identifies microglial M2 polarization as an important mechanism underlying the nVNS-mediated neuroprotection against cerebral I/R. This effect of nVNS could be attributed to the inhibition of IL-17A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- College of foreign languages, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Qin
- First Clinical Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Li-Yuan Wan
- First Clinical Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, China.
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Anticonvulsant-like effect of thromboxane receptor agonist U-46619 against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Epilepsy Res 2018; 146:137-143. [PMID: 30153647 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that prostanoid receptors and their ligands may constitute valuable tools for development of new antiepileptic drugs. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is a major eicosanoid in cardiovascular homeostasis. TXA2 exerts its action through the specific G protein-coupled TXA2 receptor (TP). In addition to its crucial role in the cardiovascular system, TXA2 and TPs play a role in the brain. Nevertheless, previously identified roles have been limited to cell protection of neurotoxicity, and the role of TPs on seizure activity was not investigated. Here we evaluated the effect of potent and selective TP agonist U-46619 on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Adult C57BL/6 mice received increasing doses of U-46619 (0, 30, 100 or 300 μg/kg). After 30 min we measured the latencies to myoclonic and generalized seizures induced by PTZ (60 mg/kg). We found that U-46619 increased the latency to PTZ-induced myoclonic jerks and tonic-clonic seizures. Moreover, U-46619 increased the immunocontent of phosphorylated Ser657 at protein kinase C (PKC) alpha subunit, indicating PKC activation in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Levels of TPs were not altered by the agonist. Administration of a TP antagonist, SQ 29,548, did not alter seizures and did not blunt the anticonvulsant-like effect of the agonist. In summary, we showed that a potent and selective TP agonist, U-46619, increased seizure latency in mice. Activation of PKC signaling pathways may underlie the anticonvulsant-like effect. Further investigation is needed to understand the potential of TPs in seizure treatment.
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Yan A, Zhang Y, Lin J, Song L, Wang X, Liu Z. Partial Depletion of Peripheral M1 Macrophages Reverses Motor Deficits in MPTP-Treated Mouse by Suppressing Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:160. [PMID: 29922149 PMCID: PMC5996129 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral immune system can induce neuroinflammation in central nervous system (CNS). Whether the peripheral immune system is involved in PD is unclear. The present study investigated the contribution of the peripheral immune system to the neuronal loss in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP) model of PD. Methods: MPTP was intraperitoneally injected into mice to generate a PD model. Mice received clodronate liposomes every 3 days to deplete peripheral macrophages. The percentages of macrophages were measured by flow cytometry at 1, 3, and 7 days after MPTP injection. Neurobehavioral parameters, protein expression, inflammatory cytokines release, and microglia activation were measured by the open field test, western blotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunofluorescence staining, respectively at 7 days after MPTP injection. Results: Our study revealed that intraperitoneal injection of MPTP could increase peripheral M1 macrophages levels. It also can induce T cells infiltration and cytokine release. Depletion of M1 macrophages by clodronate liposomes suppressed these inflammatory effects and blunted the loss of TH+ nigral neurons and functional impairments caused by MPTP. Conclusion: Our results indicated the critical role of M1 macrophages in the pathogenesis of PD and proposed inhibition of M1 macrophages as a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijuan Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingya Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Accumulating research substantiates the statement that inflammation plays an important role in the development of stroke. Both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators are involved in the pathogenesis of stroke, an imbalance of which leads to inflammation. Anti-inflammation is a kind of hopeful strategy for the prevention and treatment of stroke. Substantial studies have demonstrated that minocycline, a second-generation semisynthetic antibiotic belonging to the tetracycline family, can inhibit neuroinflammation, inflammatory mediators and microglia activation, and improve neurological outcome. Experimental and clinical data have found the preclinical and clinical potential of minocycline in the treatment of stroke due to its anti-inflammation properties and anti-inflammation-induced pathogeneses, including antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis, inhibiting leukocyte migration and microglial activation, and decreasing matrix metalloproteinases activity. Hence, it suggests a great future for minocycline in the therapeutics of stroke that diminish the inflammatory progress of stroke.
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Cai G, Yan A, Fu N, Fu Y. Thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist SQ29548 attenuates SH‑SY5Y neuroblastoma cell impairments induced by oxidative stress. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:479-488. [PMID: 29620149 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thromboxane A2 receptor (TXA2R) serves a vital role in numerous neurological disorders. Our previous study indicated that SQ29548, an antagonist of TXA2R, attenuated the induced neuron damage in cerebral infarction animals; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Certain studies revealed a new role of TXA2R in the regulation of oxidative stress, which is one of the basic pathological processes in neurological disorders. Thus, the present study attempted to examine whether the inhibition of TXA2R with SQ29548 helped to protect the nerve cells against oxidative stress. SQ29548 was utilized as a TXA2R antagonist, and relevant assays were performed to detect the cell viability, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, cell apoptosis, expression levels of superoxide dismutase‑2 (SOD2), catalase and caspases, and activation of mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. It was observed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dose‑dependently reduced the viability of SH‑SY5Y cells. In addition, H2O2 raised the level of ROS in cells, inhibited the expression levels of SOD2 and catalase, and potentially enhanced cell apoptosis and the expression of caspases via activating the MAPK pathways. Pretreatment with SQ29548 not only rescued the viability of SH‑SY5Y cells, but also ameliorated the intracellular ROS level and the expression levels of SOD2 and catalase. Furthermore, it decreased the cell apoptosis and the expression of caspases, possibly via the inhibition of MAPK pathways. In conclusion, SQ29548, an antagonist of TXA2R, improved the antioxidant capacities of SH‑SY5Y cells and reduced the cell apoptosis through the inhibition of MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyu Cai
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Aijuan Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200082, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhen Fu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Rui Jin College of Clinical Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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Mugge L, Mansour TR, Krafcik B, Mazur T, Floyd-Bradstock T, Medhkour A. Immunological, vascular, metabolic, and autonomic changes seen with aging possible implications for poor outcomes in the elderly following decompressive hemicraniectomy for malignant MCA stroke: a critical review. J Neurosurg Sci 2018. [PMID: 29527887 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.18.04207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide and requires rapid and intensive treatment to prevent adverse outcomes. Decompressive hemicraniectomy stands as the gold standard for surgical resolution of the intracranial swelling which accompanies cerebral infarction; however, the benefits of this procedure are not as well achieved in the elderly (age >65 years) compared to the younger population. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This is a critical review performed on all available literature relating to middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke in the elderly with emphasis on articles examining causality of adverse outcomes in this group over younger populations. Utilizing PRISMA guidelines, we initially identified 1462 articles. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS After screening, four clear areas of physiological change associated with aging were identified and expounded upon as they relate to MCA stroke. These four areas include: immunological, autonomic, mitochondrial, and vascular changes. Elderly patients have a decreased and declining capacity to regulate the inflammation that develops postinfarction and this contributes to adverse outcomes from a neurological stand point. Additionally, aging decreases the ability of elderly patients to regulate their autonomic system resulting in aberrant blood pressures systemically post infarction. With age, the mitochondrial response to ischemia is exaggerated and causes greater local damage in elderly patients compared to younger populations. Finally, there are numerous vascular changes that occur with age including accumulation of homocysteine and atherosclerosis which together contributed to decreased structural integrity of the vasculature in the elderly and render decreased support to the recovery process post infarction. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that physiological changes inherent in the aging process serve to intensify adverse outcomes that are commonly associated with strokes in the elderly. Identification and subsequent minimization of these risk factors could allow for more effective management of elderly patients, post stroke, and promote better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Mugge
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Tarek R Mansour
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Brianna Krafcik
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Travis Mazur
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Tonya Floyd-Bradstock
- Interprofessional Immersive Simulation Center, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Azedine Medhkour
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA -
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Li X, Guo H, Zhao L, Wang B, Liu H, Yue L, Bai H, Jiang H, Gao L, Feng D, Qu Y. Adiponectin attenuates NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress and neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:3265-3276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Effect of Low-Dose Alcohol Consumption on Inflammation Following Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12547. [PMID: 28970514 PMCID: PMC5624984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggest that low-dose alcohol consumption (LAC) reduces the incidence and improves the functional outcome of ischemic stroke. We determined the influence of LAC on post-ischemic inflammation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups, an ethanol (13.5% alcohol) group, a red wine (Castle Rock Pinot Noir, 13.5% alcohol) group, and a control group. The amount of alcohol given to red wine and ethanol groups was 1.4 g/kg/day. After 8 weeks, the animals were subjected to a 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and sacrificed at 24 hours of reperfusion. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, expression of adhesion molecules and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, microglial activation and neutrophil infiltration were evaluated. The total infarct volume and neurological deficits were significantly reduced in red wine- and ethanol-fed rats compared to control rats. Both red wine and ethanol suppressed post-ischemic expression of adhesion molecules and microglial activation. In addition, both red wine and ethanol upregulated expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), downregulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and significantly alleviated post-ischemic expression of inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, red wine significantly reduced post-ischemic neutrophil infiltration. Our findings suggest that LAC may protect the brain against its I/R injury by suppressing post-ischemic inflammation.
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Jiang WW, Huang BS, Han Y, Deng LH, Wu LX. Sodium hydrosulfide attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing overactivated autophagy in rats. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1686-1695. [PMID: 29123977 PMCID: PMC5666398 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and autophagy may be involved in the pathological process of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter with protective effects against multiple diseases. Here, we tested the effect of H2S on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), an H2S donor, improved neurological function and reduced the size of the infarcts induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion in rats. NaHS treatment reduced the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the serum (a marker of cellular membrane integrity) and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 (a marker for apoptosis) in the brains of MCAO rats. We also found that autophagy was overactivated in the brains of MCAO rats, as indicated by an increased ratio of LC3 II to I, decreased expression of p62, and transmission electron microscope detection. NaHS treatment significantly inhibited the autophagic activity in the brains of MCAO rats. Furthermore, PC12 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to mimic MCAO in vitro. We found that NaHS treatment reduced cellular injury and suppressed overactivated autophagy induced by OGD/R in PC12 cells. An autophagy stimulator (rapamycin) eliminated the protective effect of NaHS against LDH release and caspase-3 activity induced by OGD/R in PC12 cells. An autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3-MA) also reduced the cellular injury induced by OGD/R in PC12 cells. In conclusion, the results indicate that overactivated autophagy accelerates cellular injury after MCAO in rats and that exogenous H2S attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via suppressing overactivated autophagy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wu Jiang
- Department of Physiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha China.,Department of Neurosurgery the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Bai-Sheng Huang
- Department of Physiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Physiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha China
| | - Lv-Hong Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Li-Xiang Wu
- Department of Physiology Xiangya School of Medicine Central South University Changsha China
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Hu Q, Manaenko A, Bian H, Guo Z, Huang JL, Guo ZN, Yang P, Tang J, Zhang JH. Hyperbaric Oxygen Reduces Infarction Volume and Hemorrhagic Transformation Through ATP/NAD +/Sirt1 Pathway in Hyperglycemic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rats. Stroke 2017; 48:1655-1664. [PMID: 28495827 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.015753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Energy depletion is a critical factor leading to cell death and brain dysfunction after ischemic stroke. In this study, we investigated whether energy depletion is involved in hyperglycemia-induced hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke and determined the pathway underlying the beneficial effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). METHODS After 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion, hyperglycemia was induced by injecting 50% dextrose (6 mL/kg) intraperitoneally at the onset of reperfusion. Immediately after it, rats were exposed to HBO at 2 atmospheres absolutes for 1 hour. ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin A, nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase inhibitor FK866, or silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 siRNA was administrated for interventions. Infarct volume, hemorrhagic volume, and neurobehavioral deficits were recorded; the level of blood glucose, ATP, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and the activity of nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase were monitored; the expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1, acetylated p53, acetylated nuclear factor-κB, and cleaved caspase 3 were detected by Western blots; and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 was assayed by zymography. RESULTS Hyperglycemia deteriorated energy metabolism and reduced the level of ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and exaggerated hemorrhagic transformation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neurological deficits after middle cerebral artery occlusion. HBO treatment increased the levels of the ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and consequently increased silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1, resulting in attenuation of hemorrhagic transformation, brain infarction, as well as improvement of neurological function in hyperglycemic middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. CONCLUSIONS HBO induced activation of ATP/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 pathway and protected blood-brain barrier in hyperglycemic middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. HBO might be promising approach for treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients, especially patients with diabetes mellitus or treated with r-tPA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- From the Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Q.H., J.-L.H.); Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Q.H., H.B., Z.G., Z.-N.G., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- From the Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Q.H., J.-L.H.); Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Q.H., H.B., Z.G., Z.-N.G., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - Hetao Bian
- From the Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Q.H., J.-L.H.); Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Q.H., H.B., Z.G., Z.-N.G., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - Zongduo Guo
- From the Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Q.H., J.-L.H.); Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Q.H., H.B., Z.G., Z.-N.G., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - Jun-Long Huang
- From the Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Q.H., J.-L.H.); Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Q.H., H.B., Z.G., Z.-N.G., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- From the Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Q.H., J.-L.H.); Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Q.H., H.B., Z.G., Z.-N.G., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - Peng Yang
- From the Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Q.H., J.-L.H.); Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Q.H., H.B., Z.G., Z.-N.G., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - Jiping Tang
- From the Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Q.H., J.-L.H.); Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Q.H., H.B., Z.G., Z.-N.G., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.)
| | - John H Zhang
- From the Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Q.H., J.-L.H.); Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (Q.H., H.B., Z.G., Z.-N.G., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.) and Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; and Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (A.M.).
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