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Machiraju P, Srinivas R, Kannan R, George R, Heymans S, Mukhopadhyay R, Ghosh A. Paired Transcriptomic Analyses of Atheromatous and Control Vessels Reveal Novel Autophagy and Immunoregulatory Genes in Peripheral Artery Disease. Cells 2024; 13:1269. [PMID: 39120300 PMCID: PMC11312159 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD), a significant health burden worldwide, affects lower extremities due to atherosclerosis in peripheral vessels. Although the mechanisms of PAD have been well studied, the molecular milieu of the plaques localized within peripheral arteries are not well understood. Thus, to identify PAD-lesion-specific gene expression profiles precluding genetic, environmental, and dietary biases, we studied the transcriptomic profile of nine plaque tissues normalized to non-plaque tissues from the same donors. A total of 296 upregulated genes, 274 downregulated genes, and 186 non-coding RNAs were identified. STAG1, SPCC3, FOXQ1, and E2F3 were key downregulated genes, and CD93 was the top upregulated gene. Autophagosome assembly, cellular response to UV, cytoskeletal organization, TCR signaling, and phosphatase activity were the key dysregulated pathways identified. Telomerase regulation and autophagy were identified as novel interacting pathways using network analysis. The plaque tissue was predominantly composed of immune cells and dedifferentiated cell populations indicated by cell-specific marker-imputed gene expression analysis. This study identifies novel genes, non-coding RNAs, associated regulatory pathways, and the cell composition of the plaque tissue in PAD patients. The autophagy and immunoregulatory genes may drive novel mechanisms, resulting in atheroma. These novel interacting networks and genes have potential for PAD-specific therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Machiraju
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, India; (P.M.); (R.K.)
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Rajesh Srinivas
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Ramaraj Kannan
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, India; (P.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Robbie George
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rupak Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, India
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, India; (P.M.); (R.K.)
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2
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Wu X, Pan X, Zhou Y, Pan J, Kang J, Yu JJJ, Cao Y, Quan C, Gong L, Li Y. Identification of key genes for atherosclerosis in different arterial beds. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6543. [PMID: 38503760 PMCID: PMC10951242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the pathologic basis of various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, with a high degree of heterogeneity among different arterial beds. However, mechanistic differences between arterial beds remain unexplored. The aim of this study was to explore key genes and potential mechanistic differences between AS in different arterial beds through bioinformatics analysis. Carotid atherosclerosis (CAS), femoral atherosclerosis (FAS), infrapopliteal atherosclerosis (IPAS), abdominal aortic atherosclerosis (AAS), and AS-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from the GSE100927 and GSE57691 datasets. Immune infiltration analysis was used to identify AS immune cell infiltration differences. Unsupervised cluster analysis of AS samples from different regions based on macrophage polarization gene expression profiles. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify the most relevant module genes with AS. Hub genes were then screened by LASSO regression, SVM-REF, and single-gene differential analysis, and a nomogram was constructed to predict the risk of AS development. The results showed that differential expression analysis identified 5, 4, 121, and 62 CAS, FAS, IPAS, AAS-specific DEGs, and 42 AS-common DEGs, respectively. Immune infiltration analysis demonstrated that the degree of macrophage and mast cell enrichment differed significantly in different regions of AS. The CAS, FAS, IPAS, and AAS could be distinguished into two different biologically functional and stable molecular clusters based on macrophage polarization gene expression profiles, especially for cardiomyopathy and glycolipid metabolic processes. Hub genes for 6 AS (ADAP2, CSF3R, FABP5, ITGAX, MYOC, and SPP1), 4 IPAS (CLECL1, DIO2, F2RL2, and GUCY1A2), and 3 AAS (RPL21, RPL26, and RPL10A) were obtained based on module gene, gender stratification, machine learning algorithms, and single-gene difference analysis, respectively, and these genes were effective in differentiating between different regions of AS. This study demonstrates that there are similarities and heterogeneities in the pathogenesis of AS between different arterial beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xize Wu
- Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 41 Jianshe Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226000, Jiangsu, China
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
- Dazhou Vocational College of Chinese Medicine, Dazhou, 635000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaxiang Pan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 33, Beiling Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
| | - J J Jiajia Yu
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingyue Cao
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
| | - Chao Quan
- Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 41 Jianshe Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lihong Gong
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China.
- The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 33, Beiling Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Geriatric Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yue Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 33, Beiling Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Geriatric Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China.
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3
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Liu JW, Zhang ZH, Lv XS, Xu MY, Ni B, He B, Wang F, Chen J, Zhang JB, Ye ZD, Liu P, Wen JY. Identification of key pyroptosis-related genes and microimmune environment among peripheral arterial beds in atherosclerotic arteries. Sci Rep 2024; 14:233. [PMID: 38167983 PMCID: PMC10761966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized with innate and adaptive immunity but also involves pyroptosis. Few studies have explored the role of pyroptosis in advanced atherosclerotic plaques from different vascular beds. Here we try to identify the different underlying function of pyroptosis in the progression of atherosclerosis between carotid arteries and femoral. arteries. We extracted gene expression levels from 55 advanced carotid or femoral atherosclerotic plaques. The pyroptosis score of each sample was calculated by single-sample-gene-set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). We then divided the samples into two clusters: high pyroptosis scores cluster (PyroptosisScoreH cluster) and low pyroptosis scores cluster (PyroptosisScoreL cluster), and assessed functional enrichment and immune cell infiltration in the two clusters. Key pyroptosis related genes were identified by the intersection between results of Cytoscape and LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) regression analysis. Finally, all key pyroptosis related genes were validated in vitro. We found all but one of the 29 carotid plaque samples belonged to the PyroptosisScoreH cluster and the majority (19 out of 26) of femoral plaques were part of the PyroptosisScoreL cluster. Atheromatous plaque samples in the PyroptosisScoreL cluster had higher proportions of gamma delta T cells, M2 macrophages, myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), and cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), but lower proportions of endothelial cells (ECs). Immune full-activation pathways (e.g., NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and NF-kappa B signaling pathway) were highly enriched in the PyroptosisScoreH cluster. The key pyroptosis related genes GSDMD, CASP1, NLRC4, AIM2, and IL18 were upregulated in advanced carotid atherosclerotic plaques. We concluded that compared to advanced femoral atheromatous plaques, advanced carotid atheromatous plaques were of higher grade of pyroptosis. GSDMD, CASP1, NLRC4, AIM2, and IL18 were the key pyroptosis related genes, which might provide a new sight in the prevention of fatal strokes in advanced carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Liu
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Zhao-Hua Zhang
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Xiao-Shuo Lv
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 10029, China
- Graduate School of Peking, Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Xu
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Bin Ni
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Graduate School of Peking, Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Jian-Bin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Zhi-Dong Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, China.
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 10029, China.
| | - Jian-Yan Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, NO. 2 Yinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 10029, China.
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4
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Diez Benavente E, Karnewar S, Buono M, Mili E, Hartman RJ, Kapteijn D, Slenders L, Daniels M, Aherrahrou R, Reinberger T, Mol BM, de Borst GJ, de Kleijn DP, Prange KH, Depuydt MA, de Winther MP, Kuiper J, Björkegren JL, Erdmann J, Civelek M, Mokry M, Owens GK, Pasterkamp G, den Ruijter HM. Female Gene Networks Are Expressed in Myofibroblast-Like Smooth Muscle Cells in Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1836-1850. [PMID: 37589136 PMCID: PMC10521798 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women presenting with coronary artery disease more often present with fibrous atherosclerotic plaques, which are currently understudied. Phenotypically modulated smooth muscle cells (SMCs) contribute to atherosclerosis in women. How these phenotypically modulated SMCs shape female versus male plaques is unknown. METHODS Gene regulatory networks were created using RNAseq gene expression data from human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. The networks were prioritized based on sex bias, relevance for smooth muscle biology, and coronary artery disease genetic enrichment. Network expression was linked to histologically determined plaque phenotypes. In addition, their expression in plaque cell types was studied at single-cell resolution using single-cell RNAseq. Finally, their relevance for disease progression was studied in female and male Apoe-/- mice fed a Western diet for 18 and 30 weeks. RESULTS Here, we identify multiple sex-stratified gene regulatory networks from human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Prioritization of the female networks identified 2 main SMC gene regulatory networks in late-stage atherosclerosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing mapped these female networks to 2 SMC phenotypes: a phenotypically modulated myofibroblast-like SMC network and a contractile SMC network. The myofibroblast-like network was mostly expressed in plaques that were vulnerable in women. Finally, the mice ortholog of key driver gene MFGE8 (milk fat globule EGF and factor V/VIII domain containing) showed retained expression in advanced plaques from female mice but was downregulated in male mice during atherosclerosis progression. CONCLUSIONS Female atherosclerosis is characterized by gene regulatory networks that are active in fibrous vulnerable plaques rich in myofibroblast-like SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Diez Benavente
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (E.D.B., M.B., E.M., R.J.G.H., D.K., M.D., H.M.d.R.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Santosh Karnewar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (S.K., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Michele Buono
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (E.D.B., M.B., E.M., R.J.G.H., D.K., M.D., H.M.d.R.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Eloi Mili
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (E.D.B., M.B., E.M., R.J.G.H., D.K., M.D., H.M.d.R.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Robin J.G. Hartman
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (E.D.B., M.B., E.M., R.J.G.H., D.K., M.D., H.M.d.R.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Daniek Kapteijn
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (E.D.B., M.B., E.M., R.J.G.H., D.K., M.D., H.M.d.R.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte Slenders
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory (L.S., M.M., G.P.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Daniels
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (E.D.B., M.B., E.M., R.J.G.H., D.K., M.D., H.M.d.R.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Redouane Aherrahrou
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany (R.A., T.R., J.E.)
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (R.A.)
| | - Tobias Reinberger
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany (R.A., T.R., J.E.)
| | - Barend M. Mol
- Department of Vascular Surgery (B.M.M., G.J.d.B., D.P.V.d.K.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Gert J. de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery (B.M.M., G.J.d.B., D.P.V.d.K.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique P.V. de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery (B.M.M., G.J.d.B., D.P.V.d.K.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Koen H.M. Prange
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers — location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands (K.H.M.P., M.P.J.d.W.)
| | - Marie A.C. Depuydt
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, the Netherlands (M.A.C.D., J.K.)
| | - Menno P.J. de Winther
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers — location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands (K.H.M.P., M.P.J.d.W.)
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, the Netherlands (M.A.C.D., J.K.)
| | - Johan L.M. Björkegren
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J.L.M.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden (J.L.M.B.)
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany (R.A., T.R., J.E.)
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics (R.A., M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (M.C.)
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.C.)
| | - Michal Mokry
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory (L.S., M.M., G.P.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Gary K. Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (S.K., G.K.O.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory (L.S., M.M., G.P.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (E.D.B., M.B., E.M., R.J.G.H., D.K., M.D., H.M.d.R.), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
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5
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Achim A, Péter OÁ, Cocoi M, Serban A, Mot S, Dadarlat-Pop A, Nemes A, Ruzsa Z. Correlation between Coronary Artery Disease with Other Arterial Systems: Similar, Albeit Separate, Underlying Pathophysiologic Mechanisms. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10050210. [PMID: 37233177 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10050210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial systemic disease that affects the entire arterial tree, although some areas are more prone to lipid deposits than others. Moreover, the histopathological composition of the plaques differs, and the clinical manifestations are also different, depending on the location and structure of the atherosclerotic plaque. Some arterial systems are correlated with each other more than in that they simply share a common atherosclerotic risk. The aim of this perspective review is to discuss this heterogeneity of atherosclerotic impairment in different arterial districts and to investigate the current evidence that resulted from studies of the topographical interrelations of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Achim
- Department of Cardiology, "Niculae Stancioiu" Heart Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Motilor 19-21, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Kantonsspital Baselland, Rheinstrasse 26, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Invasive Cardiology Division, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 8, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Mihai Cocoi
- Department of Cardiology, "Niculae Stancioiu" Heart Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Motilor 19-21, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adela Serban
- Department of Cardiology, "Niculae Stancioiu" Heart Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Motilor 19-21, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefan Mot
- Department of Cardiology, "Niculae Stancioiu" Heart Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Motilor 19-21, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Dadarlat-Pop
- Department of Cardiology, "Niculae Stancioiu" Heart Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Motilor 19-21, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Attila Nemes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Invasive Cardiology Division, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 8, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Ruzsa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Invasive Cardiology Division, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 8, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
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6
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Örd T, Lönnberg T, Nurminen V, Ravindran A, Niskanen H, Kiema M, Õunap K, Maria M, Moreau PR, Mishra PP, Palani S, Virta J, Liljenbäck H, Aavik E, Roivainen A, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laakkonen JP, Lehtimäki T, Kaikkonen MU. Dissecting the polygenic basis of atherosclerosis via disease-associated cell state signatures. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:722-740. [PMID: 37060905 PMCID: PMC10183377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a pandemic disease where up to half of the risk is explained by genetic factors. Advanced insights into the genetic basis of CAD require deeper understanding of the contributions of different cell types, molecular pathways, and genes to disease heritability. Here, we investigate the biological diversity of atherosclerosis-associated cell states and interrogate their contribution to the genetic risk of CAD by using single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of mouse and human lesions. We identified 12 disease-associated cell states that we characterized further by gene set functional profiling, ligand-receptor prediction, and transcription factor inference. Importantly, Vcam1+ smooth muscle cell state genes contributed most to SNP-based heritability of CAD. In line with this, genetic variants near smooth muscle cell state genes and regulatory elements explained the largest fraction of CAD-risk variance between individuals. Using this information for variant prioritization, we derived a hybrid polygenic risk score (PRS) that demonstrated improved performance over a classical PRS. Our results provide insights into the biological mechanisms associated with CAD risk, which could make a promising contribution to precision medicine and tailored therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Örd
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tapio Lönnberg
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku
| | - Valtteri Nurminen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aarthi Ravindran
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kiema
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kadri Õunap
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maleeha Maria
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pierre R Moreau
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pashupati P Mishra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Senthil Palani
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jenni Virta
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Einari Aavik
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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7
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Mohammadi-Shemirani P, Sood T, Paré G. From 'Omics to Multi-omics Technologies: the Discovery of Novel Causal Mediators. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:55-65. [PMID: 36595202 PMCID: PMC9807989 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW 'Omics studies provide a comprehensive characterisation of a biological entity, such as the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, or microbiome. This review covers the unique properties of these types of 'omics and their roles as causal mediators in cardiovascular disease. Moreover, applications and challenges of integrating multiple types of 'omics data to increase predictive power, improve causal inference, and elucidate biological mechanisms are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Multi-omics approaches are growing in adoption as they provide orthogonal evidence and overcome the limitations of individual types of 'omics data. Studies with multiple types of 'omics data have improved the diagnosis and prediction of disease states and afforded a deeper understanding of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, beyond any single type of 'omics data. For instance, disease-associated loci in the genome can be supplemented with other 'omics to prioritise causal genes and understand the function of non-coding variants. Alternatively, techniques, such as Mendelian randomisation, can leverage genetics to provide evidence supporting a causal role for disease-associated molecules, and elucidate their role in disease pathogenesis. As technologies improve, costs for 'omics studies will continue to fall and datasets will become increasingly accessible to researchers. The intrinsically unbiased nature of 'omics data is well-suited to exploratory analyses that discover causal mediators of disease, and multi-omics is an emerging discipline that leverages the strengths of each type of 'omics data to provide insights greater than the sum of its parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedrum Mohammadi-Shemirani
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Tushar Sood
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
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8
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Bi X, Stankov S, Lee PC, Wang Z, Wu X, Li L, Ko YA, Cheng L, Zhang H, Hand NJ, Rader DJ. ILRUN Promotes Atherosclerosis Through Lipid-Dependent and Lipid-Independent Factors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:1139-1151. [PMID: 35861973 PMCID: PMC9420832 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.317156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common genetic variation in close proximity to the ILRUN gene are significantly associated with coronary artery disease as well as with plasma lipid traits. We recently demonstrated that hepatic inflammation and lipid regulator with ubiquitin-associated domain-like and NBR1-like domains (ILRUN) regulates lipoprotein metabolism in vivo in mice. However, whether ILRUN, which is expressed in vascular cells, directly impacts atherogenesis remains unclear. We sought to determine the role of ILRUN in atherosclerosis development in mice. METHODS For our study, we generated global Ilrun-deficient (IlrunKO) male and female mice on 2 hyperlipidemic backgrounds: low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LdlrKO) and apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoeKO; double knockout [DKO]). RESULTS Compared with littermate control mice (single LdlrKO or ApoeKO), deletion of Ilrun in DKO mice resulted in significantly attenuated both early and advanced atherosclerotic lesion development, as well as reduced necrotic area. DKO mice also had significantly decreased plasma cholesterol levels, primarily attributable to non-HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol. Hepatic-specific reconstitution of ILRUN in DKO mice on the ApoeKO background normalized plasma lipids, but atherosclerotic lesion area and necrotic area remained reduced in DKO mice. Further analysis showed that loss of Ilrun increased efferocytosis receptor MerTK expression in macrophages, enhanced in vitro efferocytosis, and significantly improved in situ efferocytosis in advanced lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our results support ILRUN as an important novel regulator of atherogenesis that promotes lesion progression and necrosis. It influences atherosclerosis through both plasma lipid-dependent and lipid-independent mechanisms. These findings support ILRUN as the likely causal gene responsible for genetic association of variants with coronary artery disease at this locus and suggest that suppression of ILRUN activity might be expected to reduce atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Bi
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sylvia Stankov
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul C. Lee
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xun Wu
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Li
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lan Cheng
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Hand
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Park I, Goddard ME, Cole JE, Zanin N, Lyytikäinen LP, Lehtimäki T, Andreakos E, Feldmann M, Udalova I, Drozdov I, Monaco C. C-type lectin receptor CLEC4A2 promotes tissue adaptation of macrophages and protects against atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:215. [PMID: 35017526 PMCID: PMC8752790 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are integral to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but the contribution of distinct macrophage subsets to disease remains poorly defined. Using single cell technologies and conditional ablation via a LysMCre+Clec4a2flox/DTR mouse strain, we demonstrate that the expression of the C-type lectin receptor CLEC4A2 is a distinguishing feature of vascular resident macrophages endowed with athero-protective properties. Through genetic deletion and competitive bone marrow chimera experiments, we identify CLEC4A2 as an intrinsic regulator of macrophage tissue adaptation by promoting a bias in monocyte-to-macrophage in situ differentiation towards colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) in vascular health and disease. During atherogenesis, CLEC4A2 deficiency results in loss of resident vascular macrophages and their homeostatic properties causing dysfunctional cholesterol metabolism and enhanced toll-like receptor triggering, exacerbating disease. Our study demonstrates that CLEC4A2 licenses monocytes to join the vascular resident macrophage pool, and that CLEC4A2-mediated macrophage homeostasis is critical to combat cardiovascular disease. The contribution of distinct subsets of macrophages to atherosclerosis is poorly understood. Here the authors describe a protective subset of vascular macrophages expressing the C-type lectin receptor CLEC4A2, which licenses monocytes to join the resident vascular macrophage pool and ensures vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhye Park
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael E Goddard
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer E Cole
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natacha Zanin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Athens, Greece
| | - Marc Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Irina Udalova
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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10
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Zhang Y, Tang Y, Yan J. LncRNA-XIST Promotes Proliferation and Migration in ox-LDL Stimulated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through miR-539-5p/SPP1 Axis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9911982. [PMID: 35028010 PMCID: PMC8752241 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9911982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are untranslated transcripts greater than 200 nucleotides in length. Despite not being translated, they play a role in the regulation of transcription, translation, and other cellular processes and have been identified as key regulator in the progression of atherosclerosis. This study focused on the lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST), which participates in the regulation of X chromosome inactivation. XIST is produced by the XIST gene and is located on human chromosome Xql3.2. We also focused on discovering the possible role and mechanism of lncRNA XIST in oxidized low-density lipoprotein- (ox-LDL-) stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which could further help evalute its possible a role in the progression of atherosclerosis. XIST was overexpressed in ox-LDL-stimulated VSMCs, while the expression of miR-539-5p was decreased. XIST knockdown hindered the proliferation and migration of ox-LDL-treated VSMCs. XIST inhibits the miR-539-5p expression through direct interaction. Besides, miR-539-5p inhibitors can partially reverse the effect of XIST depletion on the proliferation and migration of VSMCs induced by ox-LDL stimulation. Further mechanistic analysis showed that secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) is the target of miR-539-5p, and XIST acts as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-539-5p to enhance the expression of SPP1. In addition, miR-539-5p inhibitor exerts its proliferation and migration effects by activating the miR-539-5p/SPP1 axis in VSMCs stimulated by ox-LDL. In conclusion, our study findings show that XIST inhibition can inhibit the proliferation and migration of atherosclerosis vascular smooth muscle cells, which provides a new theoretical basis for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Sanchez D, Ganfornina MD. The Lipocalin Apolipoprotein D Functional Portrait: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738991. [PMID: 34690812 PMCID: PMC8530192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D is a chordate gene early originated in the Lipocalin protein family. Among other features, regulation of its expression in a wide variety of disease conditions in humans, as apparently unrelated as neurodegeneration or breast cancer, have called for attention on this gene. Also, its presence in different tissues, from blood to brain, and different subcellular locations, from HDL lipoparticles to the interior of lysosomes or the surface of extracellular vesicles, poses an interesting challenge in deciphering its physiological function: Is ApoD a moonlighting protein, serving different roles in different cellular compartments, tissues, or organisms? Or does it have a unique biochemical mechanism of action that accounts for such apparently diverse roles in different physiological situations? To answer these questions, we have performed a systematic review of all primary publications where ApoD properties have been investigated in chordates. We conclude that ApoD ligand binding in the Lipocalin pocket, combined with an antioxidant activity performed at the rim of the pocket are properties sufficient to explain ApoD association with different lipid-based structures, where its physiological function is better described as lipid-management than by long-range lipid-transport. Controlling the redox state of these lipid structures in particular subcellular locations or extracellular structures, ApoD is able to modulate an enormous array of apparently diverse processes in the organism, both in health and disease. The new picture emerging from these data should help to put the physiological role of ApoD in new contexts and to inspire well-focused future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sanchez
- Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria D Ganfornina
- Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Valladolid, Spain
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12
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Jing Y, Gao B, Han Z, Xia L, Xin S. The protective effect of HOXA5 on carotid atherosclerosis occurs by modulating the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 534:111366. [PMID: 34126188 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic change of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a contractile to a synthetic form is a key player in atherogenic processes. Homeobox A5 (HOXA5), a transcription factor of the homeobox gene family, has been shown to regulate cell differentiation and morphogenesis. The present study was designed to clarify the involvement of HOXA5 in VSMC phenotypic transition in carotid atherosclerosis (CAS). Activated VSMCs in vitro and ApoE-/- mice in vivo were employed to determine HOXA5's function. Results showed that both the mRNA and protein expression levels of HOXA5 were decreased in platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced VSMCs. Overexpression of HOXA5 suppressed VSMC conversion from a contractile to a synthetic type in the presence of PDGF-BB, as evidenced by increased contractile markers (calponin, α-SMA and SM22α) along with decreased synthetic markers (vimentin, PCNA and thrombospondin). PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs were recovered by HOXA5. Knockdown of HOXA5 had the opposite effect on VSMCs. In vivo, a CAS model was established using ApoE-/- mice fed with a Western-type diet and placing a perivascular carotid collar. We observed a significant reduction in HOXA5 in the carotid arteries of CAS mice. Similar to the in vitro results, HOXA5 overexpression reduced neointimal hyperplasia and plaque formation and inhibited VSMC dedifferentiation and migration. Furthermore, PPARγ was also downregulated in vitro and in vivo, and its antagonist GW9662 reversed HOXA5-mediated inhibition of VSMC dedifferentiation and migration. In summary, we suggest that HOXA5 protects against CAS progression by inhibiting VSMC dedifferentiation through activation of PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Jing
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bai Gao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyang Han
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lifang Xia
- Department of Residency Training, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shijie Xin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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13
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Collura S, Ciavarella C, Morsiani C, Motta I, Valente S, Gallitto E, Abualhin M, Pini R, Vasuri F, Franceschi C, Capri M, Gargiulo M, Pasquinelli G. MicroRNA profiles of human peripheral arteries and abdominal aorta in normal conditions: MicroRNAs-27a-5p, -139-5p and -155-5p emerge and in atheroma too. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 198:111547. [PMID: 34329656 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis may starts early in life and each artery has peculiar characteristics likely affecting atherogenesis. The primary objective of the work was to underpin the microRNA (miR)-profiling differences in human normal femoral, abdominal aortic, and carotid arteries. The secondary aim was to investigate if those identified miRs, differently expressed in normal conditions, may also have a role in atherosclerotic arteries at adult ages. MiR-profiles were performed on normal tissues, revealing that aorta and carotid arteries are more similar than femoral arteries. MiRs emerging from profiling comparisons, i.e., miR-155-5p, -27a-5p, and -139-5p, were subjected to validation by RT-qPCR in normal arteries and also in pathological/atheroma counterparts, considering all the available 20 artery specimens. The three miRs were confirmed to be differentially expressed in normal femoral vs aorta/carotid arteries. Differential expression of those miRs was also observed in atherosclerotic arteries, together with some miR-target proteins, such as vimentin, CD44, E-cadherin and an additional marker SLUG. The different expression of miRs and targets/markers suggests that aorta/carotid and femoral arteries differently activate molecular drivers of pathological condition, thus conditioning the morphology of atheroma in adult life and likely suggesting the future use of artery-specific treatment to counteract atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Collura
- DIMES-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmen Ciavarella
- DIMES-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Morsiani
- DIMES-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilenia Motta
- DIMES-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Valente
- DIMES-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Gallitto
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS, Policlinico S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mohammad Abualhin
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS, Policlinico S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Pini
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS, Policlinico S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Vasuri
- Unit of Pathology, IRCCS, Policlinico S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- DIMES-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Applied Mathematics of the Institute of ITMM, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Miriam Capri
- DIMES-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Center - Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Gargiulo
- DIMES-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS, Policlinico S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Pasquinelli
- DIMES-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Subcellular Nephro-Vascular Diagnostic Program, Pathology Unit, IRCCS, Policlinico S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Larsson A, Helmersson-Karlqvist J, Lind L, Ärnlöv J, Feldreich TR. Strong Associations between Plasma Osteopontin and Several Inflammatory Chemokines, Cytokines, and Growth Factors. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080908. [PMID: 34440113 PMCID: PMC8389577 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin is a member of the proinflammatory cytokine network, a complex system that involves many chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. The aim of the present study was to study the associations between osteopontin and a large number of chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. We analyzed plasma and urine osteopontin in 652 men from the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM) study cohort and compared the levels with the levels of eighty-five chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. We found significant associations between plasma osteopontin and 37 plasma biomarkers in a model adjusted for age, and 28 of those plasma biomarkers were significant in a model also adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. There were no significant associations after Bonferroni adjustment between urine osteopontin and any of the studied plasma cytokine biomarkers. This study shows that circulating osteopontin participates in a protein–protein interaction network of chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. The network contains responses, pathways, and receptor binding interactions relating to cytokines, regulation of the immune system, and also regulation of apoptosis and intracellular signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.H.-K.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-(18)-6114271
| | | | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.H.-K.); (L.L.)
| | - Johan Ärnlöv
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
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15
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Holdsworth G, Staley JR, Hall P, van Koeverden I, Vangjeli C, Okoye R, Boyce RW, Turk JR, Armstrong M, Wolfreys A, Pasterkamp G. Sclerostin Downregulation Globally by Naturally Occurring Genetic Variants, or Locally in Atherosclerotic Plaques, Does Not Associate With Cardiovascular Events in Humans. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1326-1339. [PMID: 33784435 PMCID: PMC8360163 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of sclerostin increases bone formation and decreases bone resorption, leading to increased bone mass, bone mineral density, and bone strength and reduced fracture risk. In a clinical study of the sclerostin antibody romosozumab versus alendronate in postmenopausal women (ARCH), an imbalance in adjudicated serious cardiovascular (CV) adverse events driven by an increase in myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke was observed. To explore whether there was a potential mechanistic plausibility that sclerostin expression, or its inhibition, in atherosclerotic (AS) plaques may have contributed to this imbalance, sclerostin was immunostained in human plaques to determine whether it was detected in regions relevant to plaque stability in 94 carotid and 50 femoral AS plaques surgically collected from older female patients (mean age 69.6 ± 10.4 years). Sclerostin staining was absent in most plaques (67%), and when detected, it was of reduced intensity compared with normal aorta and was located in deeper regions of the plaque/wall but was not observed in areas considered relevant to plaque stability (fibrous cap and endothelium). Additionally, genetic variants associated with lifelong reduced sclerostin expression were explored for associations with phenotypes including those related to bone physiology and CV risk factors/events in a population-based phenomewide association study (PheWAS). Natural genetic modulation of sclerostin by variants with a significant positive effect on bone physiology showed no association with lifetime risk of MI or stroke. These data do not support a causal association between the presence of sclerostin, or its inhibition, in the vasculature and increased risk of serious cardiovascular events. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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16
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Jing Y, Gao B, Han Z, Xin S. HOXA5 induces M2 macrophage polarization to attenuate carotid atherosclerosis by activating MED1. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:1142-1152. [PMID: 34117711 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is of great importance in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Homeobox A5 (HOXA5), one of the homeobox transcription factors, has been revealed to be closely associated with macrophage phenotype switching. This study aims to investigate the role of HOXA5 in carotid atherosclerosis (CAS). Herein, the role of HOXA5 was explored in polarized RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro and ApoE-/- mice in vivo. Interestingly, compared with that in M0 macrophages, both the mRNA and protein expression levels of HOXA5 were decreased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-γ-induced M1 macrophages, while increased in IL-4-induced M2 macrophages. In addition, in the presence of IL-4, HOXA5-overexpressing RAW264.7 cells preferred to polarizing toward M2 phenotypes. Furthermore, we found that HOXA5 bound to the promoter region and activated the expression of mediator subunit 1 (MED1), a gene known to regulate macrophage differentiation. Knocking MED1 down inhibited HOXA5-enhanced M2 macrophage polarization. In vivo, the CAS model was induced in ApoE-/- mouse fed with a Western-type diet and placed a perivascular carotid collar. Decreased mRNA and protein expressions of HOXA5 were observed in carotid arteries of CAS mice. Forced overexpression of HOXA5 reduced intimal hyperplasia and lipid accumulation in carotid vessels, and it also promoted the polarization of macrophages to M2 subtypes. The expression of MED1 was decreased in atherosclerotic carotid vessels, while HOXA5 overexpression restored its change. Collectively, HOXA5 in carotid arteries is involved in the macrophage M1/M2 switching in atherosclerotic plaque, which may be associated with its transcriptional regulation of MED1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Jing
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bai Gao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyang Han
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shijie Xin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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17
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Shen Y, Xu LR, Tang X, Lin CP, Yan D, Xue S, Qian RZ, Guo DQ. Identification of potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis by analysing the gene signature related to different immune cells and immune regulators in atheromatous plaques. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:145. [PMID: 34082770 PMCID: PMC8176741 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects multiple arteries. Numerous studies have shown the inherent immune diversity in atheromatous plaques and suggest that the dysfunction of different immune cells plays an important role in atherosclerosis. However, few comprehensive bioinformatics analyses have investigated the potential coordinators that might orchestrate different immune cells to exacerbate atherosclerosis. METHODS Immune infiltration of 69 atheromatous plaques from different arterial beds in GSE100927 were explored by single-sample-gene-set enrichment analysis (presented as ssGSEA scores), ESTIMATE algorithm (presented as immune scores) and CIBERSORT algorithm (presented as relative fractions of 22 types of immune cells) to divide these plaques into ImmuneScoreL cluster (of low immune infiltration) and ImmuneScoreH cluster (of high immune infiltration). Subsequently, comprehensive bioinformatics analyses including differentially-expressed-genes (DEGs) analysis, protein-protein interaction networks analysis, hub genes analysis, Gene-Ontology-terms and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, analysis of expression profiles of immune-related genes, correlation analysis between DEGs and hub genes and immune cells were conducted. GSE28829 was analysed to cross-validate the results in GSE100927. RESULTS Immune-related pathways, including interferon-related pathways and PD-1 signalling, were highly enriched in the ImmuneScoreH cluster. HLA-related (except for HLA-DRB6) and immune checkpoint genes (IDO1, PDCD-1, CD274(PD-L1), CD47), RORC, IFNGR1, STAT1 and JAK2 were upregulated in the ImmuneScoreH cluster, whereas FTO, CRY1, RORB, and PER1 were downregulated. Atheromatous plaques in the ImmuneScoreH cluster had higher proportions of M0 macrophages and gamma delta T cells but lower proportions of plasma cells and monocytes (p < 0.05). CAPG, CECR1, IL18, IGSF6, FBP1, HLA-DPA1 and MMP7 were commonly related to these immune cells. In addition, the advanced-stage carotid plaques in GSE28829 exhibited higher immune infiltration than early-stage carotid plaques. CONCLUSIONS Atheromatous plaques with higher immune scores were likely at a more clinically advanced stage. The progression of atherosclerosis might be related to CAPG, IGSF6, IL18, CECR1, FBP1, MMP7, FTO, CRY1, RORB, RORC, PER1, HLA-DPA1 and immune-related pathways (IFN-γ pathway and PD-1 signalling pathway). These genes and pathways might play important roles in regulating immune cells such as M0 macrophages, gamma delta T cells, plasma cells and monocytes and might serve as potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li-Rong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130 Dongan Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chang-Po Lin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rui-Zhe Qian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130 Dongan Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Da-Qiao Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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18
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Kalinin RE, Suchkov IA, Shumskaia EI, Mzhavanadze ND, Uporov MM, Nekliudov MS. [Study of gene expression in patients with peripheral artery disease]. ANGIOLOGIIA I SOSUDISTAIA KHIRURGIIA = ANGIOLOGY AND VASCULAR SURGERY 2021; 27:11-16. [PMID: 35050244 DOI: 10.33529/angio2021410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are no widely used available techniques for reliable prognosis of the onset and course of peripheral artery disease. Working out of optimal test systems including genetic ones for assessment of risks for the development of the disease, its progression or development of complications in patients with peripheral atherosclerosis is an important mission of modern medicine. This article deals with a promising technique of genetic studies in patients with peripheral artery disease, i. e., study of gene expression. Also provided herein is a literature review devoted to the main techniques used for the analysis of the profile of gene expression. This is followed by evaluating the possibility of using DNA chips, as well as describing the state of the art and unsolved problems of studying gene expression in patients with peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Kalinin
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Ryazan, Russia
| | - I A Suchkov
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Ryazan, Russia
| | - E I Shumskaia
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Ryazan, Russia
| | - N D Mzhavanadze
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Ryazan, Russia
| | - M M Uporov
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Ryazan, Russia
| | - M S Nekliudov
- I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Ryazan, Russia
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19
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Bjørnholm KD, Skovsted GF, Mitgaard-Thomsen A, Rakipovski G, Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J, Povlsen GK. Liraglutide treatment improves endothelial function in the Ldlr-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis and affects genes involved in vascular remodelling and inflammation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 128:103-114. [PMID: 32896073 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical intervention studies have shown that the GLP1 analogue liraglutide lowers cardiovascular risk, but the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. This study investigated the effects of liraglutide on endothelial function in the Ldlr-/- mouse model. Mice (n = 12/group) were fed Western diet (WD) or chow for 12 weeks followed by 4 weeks of treatment with liraglutide (1 mg/kg/day) or vehicle subcutaneously. Weight loss, blood lipid content, plaque burden, vasomotor function of the aorta and gene expression pattern in aorta and brachiocephalic artery were monitored. Liraglutide treatment significantly induced weight loss (P < .0001), decreased blood triglycerides (P < .0001) and total cholesterol (P < .0001) in WD-fed mice but did not decrease plaque burden. Liraglutide also improved endothelium-mediated dilation of the distal thoracis aorta (P = .0067), but it did not affect phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside responses. Fluidigm analyses of 96 genes showed significantly altered expression of seven genes related to inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix composition in liraglutide-treated animals. We conclude that treatment with liraglutide decreased endothelial dysfunction and that this could be linked to decreased inflammation or regulation of vascular remodelling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Liraglutide/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Dahl Bjørnholm
- Department of Experimental Animal Models, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Gry Freja Skovsted
- Department of Experimental Animal Models, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Günaj Rakipovski
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Department of Experimental Animal Models, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Experimental Animal Models, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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20
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Reinhold S, Blankesteijn WM, Foulquier S. The Interplay of WNT and PPARγ Signaling in Vascular Calcification. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122658. [PMID: 33322009 PMCID: PMC7763279 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), the ectopic deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in the vessel wall, is one of the primary contributors to cardiovascular death. The pathology of VC is determined by vascular topography, pre-existing diseases, and our genetic heritage. VC evolves from inflammation, mediated by macrophages, and from the osteochondrogenic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in the atherosclerotic plaque. This pathologic transition partly resembles endochondral ossification, involving the chronologically ordered activation of the β-catenin-independent and -dependent Wingless and Int-1 (WNT) pathways and the termination of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signal transduction. Several atherosclerotic plaque studies confirmed the differential activity of PPARγ and the WNT signaling pathways in VC. Notably, the actively regulated β-catenin-dependent and -independent WNT signals increase the osteochondrogenic transformation of VSMC through the up-regulation of the osteochondrogenic transcription factors SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). In addition, we have reported studies showing that WNT signaling pathways may be antagonized by PPARγ activation via the expression of different families of WNT inhibitors and through its direct interaction with β-catenin. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge on WNT and PPARγ signaling and their interplay during the osteochondrogenic differentiation of VSMC in VC. Finally, we discuss knowledge gaps on this interplay and its possible clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reinhold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (W.M.B.)
| | - W. Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (W.M.B.)
| | - Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (W.M.B.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-433881409
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21
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Timmerman N, Galyfos G, Sigala F, Thanopoulou K, de Borst GJ, Davidovic L, Eckstein HH, Filipovic N, Grugni R, Kallmayer M, de Kleijn DPV, Koncar I, Mantzaris MD, Marchal E, Matsagkas M, Mutavdzic P, Palombo D, Pasterkamp G, Potsika VT, Andreakos E, Fotiadis DI. The TAXINOMISIS Project: A multidisciplinary approach for the development of a new risk stratification model for patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13411. [PMID: 32954520 PMCID: PMC7757200 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (ACAS) may cause future stroke and therefore patients with ACAS require best medical treatment. Patients at high risk for stroke may opt for additional revascularization (either surgery or stenting) but the future stroke risk should outweigh the risk for peri/post-operative stroke/death. Current risk stratification for patients with ACAS is largely based on outdated randomized-controlled trials that lack the integration of improved medical therapies and risk factor control. Furthermore, recent circulating and imaging biomarkers for stroke have never been included in a risk stratification model. The TAXINOMISIS Project aims to develop a new risk stratification model for cerebrovascular complications in patients with ACAS and this will be tested through a prospective observational multicentre clinical trial performed in six major European vascular surgery centres. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The risk stratification model will compromise clinical, circulating, plaque and imaging biomarkers. The prospective multicentre observational study will include 300 patients with 50%-99% ACAS. The primary endpoint is the three-year incidence of cerebrovascular complications. Biomarkers will be retrieved from plasma samples, brain MRI, carotid MRA and duplex ultrasound. The TAXINOMISIS Project will serve as a platform for the development of new computer tools that assess plaque progression based on radiology images and a lab-on-chip with genetic variants that could predict medication response in individual patients. CONCLUSION Results from the TAXINOMISIS study could potentially improve future risk stratification in patients with ACAS to assist personalized evidence-based treatment decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Timmerman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Galyfos
- First Propedeutic Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Fragiska Sigala
- First Propedeutic Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Thanopoulou
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lazar Davidovic
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Serbian Clinical Center, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Hans-Henning Eckstein
- Clinic and Policlinik for vascular and endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nenad Filipovic
- BioIRC, Research and Development Center for Bioengieering, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Michael Kallmayer
- Clinic and Policlinik for vascular and endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominique P V de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Koncar
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Serbian Clinical Center, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michalis D Mantzaris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Miltiadis Matsagkas
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Perica Mutavdzic
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Serbian Clinical Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Domenico Palombo
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Division Laboratories and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vassiliki T Potsika
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I Fotiadis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Ioannina, Greece
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22
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Juarez PD, Hood DB, Song MA, Ramesh A. Use of an Exposome Approach to Understand the Effects of Exposures From the Natural, Built, and Social Environments on Cardio-Vascular Disease Onset, Progression, and Outcomes. Front Public Health 2020; 8:379. [PMID: 32903514 PMCID: PMC7437454 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes, and hypertension have increased by epidemic proportions in recent years among African Americans in comparison to Whites resulting in significant adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) disparities. Today, African Americans are 30% more likely to die of heart disease than Whites and twice as likely to have a stroke. The causes of these disparities are not yet well-understood. Improved methods for identifying underlying risk factors is a critical first step toward reducing Black:White CVD disparities. This article will focus on environmental exposures in the external environment and how they can lead to changes at the cellular, molecular, and organ level to increase the personal risk for CVD and lead to population level CVD racial disparities. The external environment is defined in three broad domains: natural (air, water, land), built (places you live, work, and play) and social (social, demographic, economic, and political). We will describe how environmental exposures in the natural, built, and social environments "get under the skin" to affect gene expression though epigenetic, pan-omics, and related mechanisms that lead to increased risk for adverse CVD health outcomes and population level disparities. We also will examine the important role of metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, genomics, and epigenomics in understanding how exposures in the natural, built, and social environments lead to CVD disparities with implications for clinical, public health, and policy interventions. In this review, we apply an exposome approach to Black:White CVD racial disparities. The exposome is a measure of all the exposures of an individual across the life course and the relationship of those exposures to health effects. The exposome represents the totality of exogenous (external) and endogenous (internal) exposures from conception onwards, simultaneously distinguishing, characterizing, and quantifying etiologic, mediating, moderating, and co-occurring risk and protective factors and their relationship to disease. Specifically, it assesses the biological mechanisms and underlying pathways through which chemical and non-chemical environmental exposures are associated with CVD onset, progression and outcomes. The exposome is a promising approach for understanding the complex relationships among environment, behavior, biology, genetics, and disease phenotypes that underlie population level, Black: White CVD disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Juarez
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Darryl B Hood
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Min-Ae Song
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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23
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Narula N, Olin JW, Narula N. Pathologic Disparities Between Peripheral Artery Disease and Coronary Artery Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1982-1989. [PMID: 32673526 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease that involves multiple vascular beds. The pathological characteristics and clinical presentation, however, vary among the different vascular territories. Acute coronary syndrome is a relatively common manifestation of coronary atherosclerotic disease, wherein the thrombosis occurs secondary to disruption (65%-75%) and erosion (25%-35%) of the fibrous caps of atheromatous plaques. The plaques associated with plaque rupture have large necrotic cores and thin and inflamed fibrous caps. However, the pathological manifestations of peripheral artery disease result from thrombosis regardless of the extent of atherosclerosis. Approximately 75% of peripheral arteries with significant stenosis demonstrate presence of thrombi, of which two-thirds have thrombi associated with insignificant atherosclerosis. The presence of obliterative thrombi in peripheral arteries of patients with critical limb ischemia in the absence of coronary artery-like lesions suggests a locally thrombogenic or remotely embolic basis of disease. Extensive calcification of the medial vascular layer is commonly observed. In this review, we have described and compared the pathological basis of coronary and peripheral artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome and critical limb ischemia. It is expected that pathogenetic characterization would allow for definition of strategic targets for superior management of peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupoor Narula
- From the Division of Cardiology/Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine (Nupoor Narula)
| | - Jeffrey W Olin
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (J.W.O.)
| | - Navneet Narula
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (Navneet Narula)
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24
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Bondareva O, Tsaryk R, Bojovic V, Odenthal-Schnittler M, Siekmann AF, Schnittler HJ. Identification of atheroprone shear stress responsive regulatory elements in endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1487-1499. [PMID: 30785199 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Oscillatory shear stress (OSS) is an atheroprone haemodynamic force that occurs in areas of vessel irregularities and is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Changes in signalling and transcriptional programme in response to OSS have been vigorously studied; however, the underlying changes in the chromatin landscape controlling transcription remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the changes in the regulatory element (RE) landscape of endothelial cells under atheroprone OSS conditions in an in vitro model. METHODS AND RESULTS Analyses of H3K27ac chromatin immunoprecipitation-Seq enrichment and RNA-Seq in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells 6 h after onset of OSS identified 2806 differential responsive REs and 33 differentially expressed genes compared with control cells kept under static conditions. Furthermore, gene ontology analyses of putative RE-associated genes uncovered enrichment of WNT/HIPPO pathway and cytoskeleton reorganization signatures. Transcription factor (TF) binding motif analysis within RE sequences identified over-representation of ETS, Zinc finger, and activator protein 1 TF families that regulate cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis, implicating them in the development of atherosclerosis. Importantly, we confirmed the activation of EGR1 as well as the YAP/TAZ complex early (6 h) after onset of OSS in both cultured human vein and artery endothelial cells and, by undertaking luciferase assays, functionally verified their role in RE activation in response to OSS. CONCLUSIONS Based on the identification and verification of specific responsive REs early upon OSS exposure, we propose an expanded mechanism of how OSS might contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bondareva
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, Germany
| | - Roman Tsaryk
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Vesna Bojovic
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Odenthal-Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, Münster, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Domagkstrasse 15, Muenster, Germany
| | - Arndt F Siekmann
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hans-J Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, Germany
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25
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Glickman JW, Dubin C, Renert-Yuval Y, Dahabreh D, Kimmel GW, Auyeung K, Estrada YD, Singer G, Krueger JG, Pavel AB, Guttman-Yassky E. Cross-sectional study of blood biomarkers of patients with moderate to severe alopecia areata reveals systemic immune and cardiovascular biomarker dysregulation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 84:370-380. [PMID: 32376430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is increased understanding of the alopecia areata (AA) pathogenesis based on studies in scalp tissues, little is known about its systemic profile. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the blood proteomic signature of AA and determine biomarkers associated with increased disease severity. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we assessed 350 inflammatory and cardiovascular proteins using OLINK high-throughput proteomics in patients with moderate to severe AA (n = 35), as compared with healthy individuals (n = 36), patients with moderate to severe psoriasis (n = 19), and those with atopic dermatitis (n = 49). RESULTS Seventy-four proteins were significantly differentially expressed between AA and control individuals (false discovery rate, <.05) including innate immunity (interleukin [IL] 6/IL-8), T helper (Th) type 1 (interferon [IFN] γ/CXCL9/CXCL10/CXCL11), Th2 (CCL13/CCL17/CCL7), Th17 (CCL20/PI3/S100A12), and cardiovascular-risk proteins (OLR1/OSM/MPO/PRTN3). Eighty-six biomarkers correlated with AA clinical severity (P < .05), including Th1/Th2, and cardiovascular/atherosclerosis-related proteins, including SELP/PGLYRP1/MPO/IL-18/OSM (P < .05). Patients with AA totalis/universalis showed the highest systemic inflammatory tone, including cardiovascular risk biomarkers, compared to control individuals and even to patients with atopic dermatitis and those with psoriasis. The AA profile showed some Th1/Th2 differences in the setting of concomitant atopy. LIMITATIONS Our analysis was limited to 350 proteins. CONCLUSION This study defined the abnormalities of moderate to severe AA and associated circulatory biomarkers. It shows that AA has systemic immune, cardiovascular, and atherosclerosis biomarker dysregulation, suggesting the need for systemic treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Glickman
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Celina Dubin
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yael Renert-Yuval
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Dante Dahabreh
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Grace W Kimmel
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kelsey Auyeung
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yeriel D Estrada
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Giselle Singer
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Ana B Pavel
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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26
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Zhang J, Hu C, Jiao X, Yang Y, Li J, Yu H, Qin Y, Wei Y. Potential Role of mRNAs and LncRNAs in Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Exposure-Aggravated Atherosclerosis. Front Genet 2020; 11:290. [PMID: 32328084 PMCID: PMC7160761 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of cardiovascular disease. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) aggravates atherosclerosis, and chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) as a prominent feature of OSA plays an important role during the process of atherosclerosis. The mechanisms of CIH in the development of atherosclerosis remain unclear. In the current study, we used microarray to investigate differentially expressed mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in aorta from five groups of ApoE–/– mice fed with a high-fat diet and exposed to various conditions: normoxia for 8 weeks, CIH for 8 weeks, normoxia for 12 weeks, CIH for 12 weeks, or CIH for 8 weeks followed by normoxia for 4 weeks. Selected transcripts were validated in aorta tissues and RT-qPCR analysis showed correlation with the microarray data. Gene Ontology analysis and pathway enrichment analysis were performed to explore the mRNA function. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that short-term CIH induced up-regulated mRNAs involved in inflammatory response. Pathway enrichment analysis of lncRNA co-localized mRNAs and lncRNA co-expressed mRNAs were performed to explore lncRNA functions. The up-regulated mRNAs, lncRNA co-localized mRNAs and lncRNA co-expressed mRNAs were significantly associated with protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathway in atherosclerotic vascular tissue with long-term CIH exposure, suggesting that differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs play important roles in this pathway. Moreover, a mRNA-lncRNA co-expression network with 380 lncRNAs, 508 mRNAs and 3238 relationships was constructed based on the correlation analysis between the differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs. In summary, our study provided a systematic perspective on the potential function of mRNAs and lncRNAs in CIH-aggravated atherosclerosis, and may provide novel molecular candidates for future investigation on atherosclerosis exposed to CIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Jiao
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Huahui Yu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Qin
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Upper Airway Dysfunction-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
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27
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Ulleryd MA, Mjörnstedt F, Panagaki D, Yang LJ, Engevall K, Gutierrez S, Wang Y, Gan LM, Nilsson H, Michaëlsson E, Johansson ME. RNA sequencing data describing transcriptional changes in aorta of ApoE-/- mice after alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) stimulation. Data Brief 2020; 30:105415. [PMID: 32258279 PMCID: PMC7115097 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript is a companion paper to Ulleryd M.U. et al., “Stimulation of alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) inhibits atherosclerosis via immunomodulatory effects on myeloid cells” Atherosclerosis, 2019 [1]. Data shown here include RNA sequencing data from whole aorta of ApoE-/- mice fed high fat diet and treated with the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) agonist AZ6983 for 8 weeks using subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps. Here we present the top gene networks affected by treatment with AZ6983, as well as the up- and down-regulated genes in aorta after treatment. Further, a URL link to the RNA sequencing datasets submitted to GEO is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Ulleryd
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Filip Mjörnstedt
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Panagaki
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Li Jin Yang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Engevall
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Saray Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Li-Ming Gan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Holger Nilsson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Michaëlsson
- Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria E Johansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Pelclova D, Talacko P, Navratil T, Zamostna B, Fenclova Z, Vlckova S, Zakharov S. Can proteomics predict the prognosis in chronic dioxin intoxication? MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Smoking Cessation and Cardiovascular Disease: It's Never Too Early or Too Late for Action. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74:508-511. [PMID: 31345424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Alebrahim D, Nayak M, Ward A, Ursomanno P, Shams R, Corsica A, Sleiman R, Fils KH, Silvestro M, Boytard L, Hadi T, Gelb B, Ramkhelawon B. Mapping Semaphorins and Netrins in the Pathogenesis of Human Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092100. [PMID: 31035427 PMCID: PMC6539328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is a complex life-threatening disease characterized by extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) fragmentation and persistent inflammation, culminating in a weakened aorta. Although evidence suggests defective canonical signaling pathways in TAA, the full spectrum of mechanisms contributing to TAA is poorly understood, therefore limiting the scope of drug-based treatment. Here, we used a sensitive RNA sequencing approach to profile the transcriptomic atlas of human TAA. Pathway analysis revealed upregulation of key matrix-degrading enzymes and inflammation coincident with the axonal guidance pathway. We uncovered their novel association with TAA and focused on the expression of Semaphorins and Netrins. Comprehensive analysis of this pathway showed that several members were differentially expressed in TAA compared to controls. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Semaphorin4D and its receptor PlexinB1, similar to Netrin-1 proteins were highly expressed in damaged areas of TAA tissues but faintly detected in the vessel wall of non-diseased sections. It should be considered that the current study is limited by its sample size and the use of internal thoracic artery as control for TAA for the sequencing dataset. Our data determines important neuronal regulators of vascular inflammatory events and suggest Netrins and Semaphorins as potential key contributors of ECM degradation in TAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dornazsadat Alebrahim
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Mangala Nayak
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Alison Ward
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Patricia Ursomanno
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Rebecca Shams
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Annanina Corsica
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Rayan Sleiman
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Kissinger Hyppolite Fils
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Michele Silvestro
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ludovic Boytard
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Tarik Hadi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Bruce Gelb
- Transplant Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Bhama Ramkhelawon
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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31
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Nazarenko MS, Markov AV, Sleptsov AA, Koroleva IA, Sharysh DV, Zarubin AA, Valiahmetov NR, Goncharova IA, Muslimova EF, Kuznecov MS, Kozlov BN, Afanasiev SA, Puzyrev VP. [Comparative analysis of gene expression in vascular cells of patients with advanced atherosclerosis]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2018; 64:416-422. [PMID: 30378557 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20186405416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study we performed a comparative gene expression analysis of carotid arteries in the area of atherosclerotic plaques and healthy internal mammary arteries of patients with advanced atherosclerosis by using microarray HumanHT-12 BeadChip ("Illumina"). The most down-regulated genes were APOD, FABP4, CIDEC and FOSB, and up-regulated gene was SPP1 (|FC|>64; pFDR<0.05). The majority of differentially expressed genes were down-regulated in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Unexpectedly, genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses were down-regulated in advanced atherosclerotic plaques to compare with the healthy arteries (arachidonic acid metabolism, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway). "Cellular response to metal ion" (metallothioneins) and "Extracellular matrix organization" were the most significant Gene ontology terms among the down- and up-regulated genes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Nazarenko
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, RAS, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A V Markov
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A A Sleptsov
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | - I A Koroleva
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | - D V Sharysh
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A A Zarubin
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - I A Goncharova
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E F Muslimova
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M S Kuznecov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | - B N Kozlov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | - S A Afanasiev
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, RAS, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V P Puzyrev
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, RAS, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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32
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Steenman M, Espitia O, Maurel B, Guyomarch B, Heymann MF, Pistorius MA, Ory B, Heymann D, Houlgatte R, Gouëffic Y, Quillard T. Identification of genomic differences among peripheral arterial beds in atherosclerotic and healthy arteries. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3940. [PMID: 29500419 PMCID: PMC5834518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcification is independently associated with cardiovascular events and morbidity. The calcification burden in atherosclerotic lesions quantitatively and qualitatively differs between arterial beds. Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) differentially affect plaque development between arterial beds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of CVRF on atherosclerotic plaque calcification and to further study the molecular arterial heterogeneity that could account for these differences. Histological analysis was performed on atherosclerotic plaques from 153 carotid, 97 femoral and 28 infrapopliteal arteries. CVRF showed minor associations with plaque calcification: age and hypertension affected only the overall presence of calcification but not the type of the calcification, which significantly differed between arterial beds. Transcriptome analysis revealed distinct gene expression profiles associated with each territory in atherosclerotic and healthy arteries. Canonical pathway analysis showed the preferential involvement of immune system-related processes in both atherosclerotic and healthy carotid arteries. Bone development-related genes were among those mostly enriched in atherosclerotic and healthy femoral arteries, which are more prone to developing endochondral calcification. This study highlights the heterogeneous nature of arteries from different peripheral vascular beds and contributes to a better understanding of atherosclerosis formation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Steenman
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Espitia
- UMR1238 INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Blandine Maurel
- UMR1238 INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Vascular Surgery, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin Ory
- UMR1238 INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, INSERM, European Associated Laboratory "Sarcoma Research Unit", Sheffield, UK.,Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, INSERM, U1232, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Rémi Houlgatte
- INSERM U1256, NGERE, University of Nancy, Nancy, France.,DRCI, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Yann Gouëffic
- UMR1238 INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Vascular Surgery, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Thibaut Quillard
- UMR1238 INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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33
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Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer EMMPRIN (CD147) in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020507. [PMID: 29419744 PMCID: PMC5855729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor EMMPRIN is involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases and in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. There are several binding partners of EMMPRIN mediating the effects of EMMPRIN in cardiovascular diseases. EMMPRIN interaction with most binding partners leads to disease progression by mediating cytokine or chemokine release, the activation of platelets and monocytes, as well as the formation of monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPAs). EMMPRIN is also involved in atherosclerosis by mediating the infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells. There is also evidence that EMMPRIN controls energy metabolism of cells and that EMMPRIN binding partners modulate intracellular glycosylation and trafficking of EMMPRIN towards the cell membrane. In this review, we systematically discuss these multifaceted roles of EMMPRIN and its interaction partners, such as Cyclophilins, in cardiovascular disease.
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34
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Espitia O, Chatelais M, Steenman M, Charrier C, Maurel B, Georges S, Houlgatte R, Verrecchia F, Ory B, Lamoureux F, Heymann D, Gouëffic Y, Quillard T. Implication of molecular vascular smooth muscle cell heterogeneity among arterial beds in arterial calcification. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191976. [PMID: 29373585 PMCID: PMC5786328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a strong and independent predictive factor for cardiovascular complications and mortality. Our previous work identified important discrepancies in plaque composition and calcification types between carotid and femoral arteries. The objective of this study is to further characterize and understand the heterogeneity in vascular calcification among vascular beds, and to identify molecular mechanisms underlying this process. We established ECLAGEN biocollection that encompasses human atherosclerotic lesions and healthy arteries from different locations (abdominal, thoracic aorta, carotid, femoral, and infrapopliteal arteries) for histological, cell isolation, and transcriptomic analysis. Our results show that lesion composition differs between these locations. Femoral arteries are the most calcified arteries overall. They develop denser calcifications (sheet-like, nodule), and are highly susceptible to osteoid metaplasia. These discrepancies may derive from intrinsic differences between SMCs originating from these locations, as microarray analysis showed specific transcriptomic profiles between primary SMCs isolated from each arterial bed. These molecular differences translated into functional disparities. SMC from femoral arteries showed the highest propensity to mineralize due to an increase in basal TGFβ signaling. Our results suggest that biological heterogeneity of resident vascular cells between arterial beds, reflected by our transcriptomic analysis, is critical in understanding plaque biology and calcification, and may have strong implications in vascular therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Espitia
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire « Sarcome osseux et remodelage des tissus osseux calcifiés », Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- CHU Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Mathias Chatelais
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire « Sarcome osseux et remodelage des tissus osseux calcifiés », Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Marja Steenman
- Institut du Thorax, Inserm UMR1087, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Charrier
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire « Sarcome osseux et remodelage des tissus osseux calcifiés », Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Blandine Maurel
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire « Sarcome osseux et remodelage des tissus osseux calcifiés », Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- CHU Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Steven Georges
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire « Sarcome osseux et remodelage des tissus osseux calcifiés », Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Rémi Houlgatte
- Inserm U954, Faculty of Medicine, Nancy, France, DRCI, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Franck Verrecchia
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire « Sarcome osseux et remodelage des tissus osseux calcifiés », Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Ory
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire « Sarcome osseux et remodelage des tissus osseux calcifiés », Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - François Lamoureux
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire « Sarcome osseux et remodelage des tissus osseux calcifiés », Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, site René Gauducheau, Boulevard Professeur Jacques Monod, Saint-Herblain, France
- University of Sheffield, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, INSERM, European Associated Laboratory “Sarcoma Research Unit”, Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- University of Nantes, Faculty of Medicine, Nantes, France
| | - Yann Gouëffic
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire « Sarcome osseux et remodelage des tissus osseux calcifiés », Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- CHU Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Thibaut Quillard
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire « Sarcome osseux et remodelage des tissus osseux calcifiés », Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- CHU Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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35
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Panayiotou AG, Kouis P, Kousios A. Matrix Metalloproteinases as Markers of Atherosclerosis in Renal Patients: Are we there Yet? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2017; 17:50-51. [PMID: 29210658 DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666171205104140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrie G Panayiotou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Panayiotis Kouis
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kousios
- West London Renal and Transplant Center, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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36
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Differentially expressed genes and canonical pathways in the ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm - The Tampere Vascular Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12127. [PMID: 28935963 PMCID: PMC5608723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA) is a multifactorial disease with a strong inflammatory component. Surgery is often required to prevent aortic rupture and dissection. We performed gene expression analysis (Illumina HumanHT-12 version 3 Expression BeadChip) for 32 samples from ATAA (26 without/6 with dissection), and 28 left internal thoracic arteries (controls) collected in Tampere Vascular study. We compared expression profiles and conducted pathway analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to reveal differences between ATAA and a healthy artery wall. Almost 5000 genes were differentially expressed in ATAA samples compared to controls. The most downregulated gene was homeobox (HOX) A5 (fold change, FC = -25.3) and upregulated cadherin-2 (FC = 12.6). Several other HOX genes were also found downregulated (FCs between -25.3 and -1.5, FDR < 0.05). 43, mostly inflammatory, canonical pathways in ATAA were found to be significantly (p < 0.05, FDR < 0.05) differentially expressed. The results remained essentially the same when the 6 dissected ATAA samples were excluded from the analysis. We show for the first time on genome level that ATAA is an inflammatory process, revealing a more detailed molecular pathway level pathogenesis. We propose HOX genes as potentially important players in maintaining aortic integrity, altered expression of which might be important in the pathobiology of ATAA.
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