1
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Xie Z, Abumaria N. Effect of truncation on TRPM7 channel activity. Channels (Austin) 2023; 17:2200874. [PMID: 37040321 PMCID: PMC10761173 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2023.2200874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin-like 7 (TRPM7) is a key player in various physiological and pathological processes. TRPM7 channel activity is regulated by different factors. The effects of cleavage of different domains on channel activity remain unknown. Here, we constructed several TRPM7 clones and explored the effects of truncating the mouse TRPM7 at different locations on the ion channel activity in two cell lines. We compared the clones' activity with the full-length TRPM7 and the native TRPM7 in transfected and untransfected cells. We also expressed fluorescently tagged truncated clones to examine their protein stability and membrane targeting. We found that truncating the kinase domain induced reduction in TRPM7 channel activity. Further truncations beyond the kinase (serine/threonine rich domain and/or coiled-coil domain) did not result in further reductions in channel activity. Two truncated clones lacking the TRP domain or the melastatin homology domain had a completely nonfunctional channel apparently due to disruption of protein stability. We identified the shortest structure of TRPM7 with measurable channel activity. We found that the truncated TRPM7 containing only S5 and S6 domains retained some channel activity. Adding the TRP domain to the S5-S6 resulted in a significant increase in channel activity. Finally, our analysis showed that TRPM7 outward currents are more sensitive to truncations than inward currents. Our data provide insights on the effects of truncating TRPM7 at different locations on the channel functions, highlighting the importance of different domains in impacting channel activity, protein stability, and/or membrane targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nashat Abumaria
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Piciu F, Balas M, Badea MA, Cucu D. TRP Channels in Tumoral Processes Mediated by Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1327. [PMID: 37507867 PMCID: PMC10376197 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The channels from the superfamily of transient receptor potential (TRP) activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be defined as redox channels. Those with the best exposure of the cysteine residues and, hence, the most sensitive to oxidative stress are TRPC4, TRPC5, TRPV1, TRPV4, and TRPA1, while others, such as TRPC3, TRPM2, and TRPM7, are indirectly activated by ROS. Furthermore, activation by ROS has different effects on the tumorigenic process: some TRP channels may, upon activation, stimulate proliferation, apoptosis, or migration of cancer cells, while others inhibit these processes, depending on the cancer type, tumoral microenvironment, and, finally, on the methods used for evaluation. Therefore, using these polymodal proteins as therapeutic targets is still an unmet need, despite their draggability and modulation by simple and mostly unharmful compounds. This review intended to create some cellular models of the interaction between oxidative stress, TRP channels, and inflammation. Although somewhat crosstalk between the three actors was rather theoretical, we intended to gather the recently published data and proposed pathways of cancer inhibition using modulators of TRP proteins, hoping that the experimental data corroborated clinical information may finally bring the results from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Piciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics (DAFAB), Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Balas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Andreea Badea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 90-92 Sos. Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Cucu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics (DAFAB), Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Ciaglia T, Vestuto V, Bertamino A, González-Muñiz R, Gómez-Monterrey I. On the modulation of TRPM channels: Current perspectives and anticancer therapeutic implications. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1065935. [PMID: 36844925 PMCID: PMC9948629 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1065935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient melastatin receptor potential (TRPM) ion channel subfamily functions as cellular sensors and transducers of critical biological signal pathways by regulating ion homeostasis. Some members of TRPM have been cloned from cancerous tissues, and their abnormal expressions in various solid malignancies have been correlated with cancer cell growth, survival, or death. Recent evidence also highlights the mechanisms underlying the role of TRPMs in tumor epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, and cancer metabolic reprogramming. These implications support TRPM channels as potential molecular targets and their modulation as an innovative therapeutic approach against cancer. Here, we discuss the general characteristics of the different TRPMs, focusing on current knowledge about the connection between TRPM channels and critical features of cancer. We also cover TRPM modulators used as pharmaceutical tools in biological trials and an indication of the only clinical trial with a TRPM modulator about cancer. To conclude, the authors describe the prospects for TRPM channels in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ciaglia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia (DIFARMA), Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vestuto
- Dipartimento di Farmacia (DIFARMA), Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Alessia Bertamino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia (DIFARMA), Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Rosario González-Muñiz
- Departamento de Biomiméticos, Instituto de Química Médica, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Isabel Gómez-Monterrey, ; Rosario González-Muñiz,
| | - Isabel Gómez-Monterrey
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy,*Correspondence: Isabel Gómez-Monterrey, ; Rosario González-Muñiz,
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4
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Liu Q, Li S, Qiu Y, Zhang J, Rios FJ, Zou Z, Touyz RM. Cardiovascular toxicity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors during cancer treatment: Potential involvement of TRPM7. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1002438. [PMID: 36818331 PMCID: PMC9936099 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1002438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a class of membrane spanning cell-surface receptors that transmit extracellular signals through the membrane to trigger diverse intracellular signaling through tyrosine kinases (TKs), and play important role in cancer development. Therapeutic approaches targeting RTKs such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and TKs, such as c-Src, ABL, JAK, are widely used to treat human cancers. Despite favorable benefits in cancer treatment that prolong survival, these tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and monoclonal antibodies targeting RTKs are also accompanied by adverse effects, including cardiovascular toxicity. Mechanisms underlying TKI-induced cardiovascular toxicity remain unclear. The transient receptor potential melastatin-subfamily member 7 (TRPM7) is a ubiquitously expressed chanzyme consisting of a membrane-based ion channel and intracellular α-kinase. TRPM7 is a cation channel that regulates transmembrane Mg2+ and Ca2+ and is involved in a variety of (patho)physiological processes in the cardiovascular system, contributing to hypertension, cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, and atrial arrhythmias. Of importance, we and others demonstrated significant cross-talk between TRPM7, RTKs, and TK signaling in different cell types including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which might be a link between TKIs and their cardiovascular effects. In this review, we summarize the implications of RTK inhibitors (RTKIs) and TKIs in cardiovascular toxicities during anti-cancer treatment, with a focus on the potential role of TRPM7/Mg2+ as a mediator of RTKI/TKI-induced cardiovascular toxicity. We also describe the important role of TRPM7 in cancer development and cardiovascular diseases, and the interaction between TRPM7 and RTKs, providing insights for possible mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease in cancer patients treated with RTKI/TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suyao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuran Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Francisco J. Rios
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhiguo Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Zhiguo Zou ✉
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Rhian M. Touyz ✉
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5
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Kazandzhieva K, Mammadova-Bach E, Dietrich A, Gudermann T, Braun A. TRP channel function in platelets and megakaryocytes: basic mechanisms and pathophysiological impact. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108164. [PMID: 35247518 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins form a superfamily of cation channels that are expressed in a wide range of tissues and cell types. During the last years, great progress has been made in understanding the molecular complexity and the functions of TRP channels in diverse cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and activation. The diversity of functions depends on multiple regulatory mechanisms by which TRP channels regulate Ca2+ entry mechanisms and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, either through membrane depolarization involving cation influx or store- and receptor-operated mechanisms. Abnormal function or expression of TRP channels results in vascular pathologies, including hypertension, ischemic stroke and inflammatory disorders through effects on vascular cells, including the components of blood vessels and platelets. Moreover, some TRP family members also regulate megakaryopoiesis and platelet production, indicating a complex role of TRP channels in pathophysiological conditions. In this review, we describe potential roles of TRP channels in megakaryocytes and platelets, as well as their contribution to diseases such as thrombocytopenia, thrombosis and stroke. We also critically discuss the potential of TRP channels as possible targets for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Kazandzhieva
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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6
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Cheng XY, Li SF, Chen Y, Zhao YJ, Hu W, Lu C, Zhou RP. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 and their modulators. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Bai Z, Feng J, Franken GAC, Al’Saadi N, Cai N, Yu AS, Lou L, Komiya Y, Hoenderop JGJ, de Baaij JHF, Yue L, Runnels LW. CNNM proteins selectively bind to the TRPM7 channel to stimulate divalent cation entry into cells. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001496. [PMID: 34928937 PMCID: PMC8726484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium is essential for cellular life, but how it is homeostatically controlled still remains poorly understood. Here, we report that members of CNNM family, which have been controversially implicated in both cellular Mg2+ influx and efflux, selectively bind to the TRPM7 channel to stimulate divalent cation entry into cells. Coexpression of CNNMs with the channel markedly increased uptake of divalent cations, which is prevented by an inactivating mutation to the channel’s pore. Knockout (KO) of TRPM7 in cells or application of the TRPM7 channel inhibitor NS8593 also interfered with CNNM-stimulated divalent cation uptake. Conversely, KO of CNNM3 and CNNM4 in HEK-293 cells significantly reduced TRPM7-mediated divalent cation entry, without affecting TRPM7 protein expression or its cell surface levels. Furthermore, we found that cellular overexpression of phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs), known CNNMs binding partners, stimulated TRPM7-dependent divalent cation entry and that CNNMs were required for this activity. Whole-cell electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that deletion of CNNM3 and CNNM4 from HEK-293 cells interfered with heterologously expressed and native TRPM7 channel function. We conclude that CNNMs employ the TRPM7 channel to mediate divalent cation influx and that CNNMs also possess separate TRPM7-independent Mg2+ efflux activities that contribute to CNNMs’ control of cellular Mg2+ homeostasis. Magnesium is essential for cellular life, but how is it homeostatically controlled? This study shows that proteins of the CNNM family bind to the TRPM7 channel to stimulate divalent cation entry into cells, independent of their function in regulating magnesium ion efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Bai
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jianlin Feng
- UCONN Health Center, Farmington, New Mexico, United States of America
| | | | - Namariq Al’Saadi
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- University of Misan, Amarah, Iraq
| | - Na Cai
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Albert S. Yu
- UCONN Health Center, Farmington, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Liping Lou
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yuko Komiya
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | | | - Lixia Yue
- UCONN Health Center, Farmington, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Loren W. Runnels
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Kollewe A, Chubanov V, Tseung FT, Correia L, Schmidt E, Rössig A, Zierler S, Haupt A, Müller CS, Bildl W, Schulte U, Nicke A, Fakler B, Gudermann T. The molecular appearance of native TRPM7 channel complexes identified by high-resolution proteomics. eLife 2021; 10:68544. [PMID: 34766907 PMCID: PMC8616561 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential melastatin-subfamily member 7 (TRPM7) is a ubiquitously expressed membrane protein consisting of ion channel and protein kinase domains. TRPM7 plays a fundamental role in the cellular uptake of divalent cations such as Zn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, and thus shapes cellular excitability, plasticity, and metabolic activity. The molecular appearance and operation of TRPM7 channels in native tissues have remained unresolved. Here, we investigated the subunit composition of endogenous TRPM7 channels in rodent brain by multi-epitope affinity purification and high-resolution quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. We found that native TRPM7 channels are high-molecular-weight multi-protein complexes that contain the putative metal transporter proteins CNNM1-4 and a small G-protein ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 15 (ARL15). Heterologous reconstitution experiments confirmed the formation of TRPM7/CNNM/ARL15 ternary complexes and indicated that complex formation effectively and specifically impacts TRPM7 activity. These results open up new avenues towards a mechanistic understanding of the cellular regulation and function of TRPM7 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Kollewe
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Chubanov
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fong Tsuen Tseung
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonor Correia
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Schmidt
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Rössig
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna Zierler
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Alexander Haupt
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Catrin Swantje Müller
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bildl
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Schulte
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Fakler
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
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9
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Mapping TRPM7 Function by NS8593. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197017. [PMID: 32977698 PMCID: PMC7582524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7) is a ubiquitously expressed membrane protein, which forms a channel linked to a cytosolic protein kinase. Genetic inactivation of TRPM7 in animal models uncovered the critical role of TRPM7 in early embryonic development, immune responses, and the organismal balance of Zn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. TRPM7 emerged as a new therapeutic target because malfunctions of TRPM7 have been associated with anoxic neuronal death, tissue fibrosis, tumour progression, and giant platelet disorder. Recently, several laboratories have identified pharmacological compounds allowing to modulate either channel or kinase activity of TRPM7. Among other small molecules, NS8593 has been defined as a potent negative gating regulator of the TRPM7 channel. Consequently, several groups applied NS8593 to investigate cellular pathways regulated by TRPM7. Here, we summarize the progress in this research area. In particular, two notable milestones have been reached in the assessment of TRPM7 druggability. Firstly, several laboratories demonstrated that NS8593 treatment reliably mirrors prominent phenotypes of cells manipulated by genetic inactivation of TRPM7. Secondly, it has been shown that NS8593 allows us to probe the therapeutic potential of TRPM7 in animal models of human diseases. Collectively, these studies employing NS8593 may serve as a blueprint for the preclinical assessment of TRPM7-targeting drugs.
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10
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Kaelber JT, Yost SA, Webber KA, Firlar E, Liu Y, Danos O, Mercer AC. Structure of the AAVhu.37 capsid by cryoelectron microscopy. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:58-64. [PMID: 32039886 PMCID: PMC7010358 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are used as in vivo gene-delivery vectors in gene-therapy products and have been heavily investigated for numerous indications. Over 100 naturally occurring AAV serotypes and variants have been isolated from primate samples. Many reports have described unique properties of these variants (for instance, differences in potency, target cell or evasion of the immune response), despite high amino-acid sequence conservation. AAVhu.37 is of interest for clinical applications owing to its proficient transduction of the liver and central nervous system. The sequence identity of the AAVhu.37 VP1 to the well characterized AAVrh.10 serotype, for which no structure is available, is greater than 98%. Here, the structure of the AAVhu.37 capsid at 2.56 Å resolution obtained via single-particle cryo-electron microscopy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Kaelber
- Institute of Quantitative Biomedicine and Rutgers New Jersey CryoEM/CryoET Core Facility, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Samantha A. Yost
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Keith A. Webber
- Technical Operations, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Emre Firlar
- Institute of Quantitative Biomedicine and Rutgers New Jersey CryoEM/CryoET Core Facility, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ye Liu
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Olivier Danos
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Andrew C. Mercer
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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11
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Nguyen TTA, Li W, Park TJ, Gong LW, Cologna SM. Investigating Phosphorylation Patterns of the Ion Channel TRPM7 Using Multiple Extraction and Enrichment Techniques Reveals New Phosphosites. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1359-1367. [PMID: 31140077 PMCID: PMC10026262 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of membrane proteins, and in particular ion channels, is crucial to understanding cellular function. Mass spectrometry-based approaches including bottom-up strategies to study membrane proteins have been successful yet still can remain challenging. In this study, we sought to evaluate the phosphorylation patterns of the ion channel TRPM7 which is involved in a range of critical physiological functions. To overcome extraction obstacles associated with analyzing membrane proteins, we incorporated the use of 5% SDS solubilization coupled with SCAD and S-Trap digestion methods to eliminate detergent interference in downstream LC-MS/MS analysis. We found that the SCAD method was more efficient, yielding 84% of the overall identified proteins; however, the variability was greater than the S-Trap method. Using both methods together with TiO2 and Fe-NTA phospho-enrichment protocols, we successfully observed the phosphorylation pattern of TRPM7 in a transfected cell line. An average of 22 ± 6% of the TRPM7 amino acid sequence was observed. In addition to several previously reported phosphorylation sites, we identified six new phosphosites (S5, S233, S554, S824, T1265, and S1401), providing new targets for further functional analyses of TRPM7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu T A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Wenping Li
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Thomas J Park
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Liang-Wei Gong
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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12
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Zou ZG, Rios FJ, Montezano AC, Touyz RM. TRPM7, Magnesium, and Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1877. [PMID: 30995736 PMCID: PMC6515203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential melastatin-subfamily member 7 (TRPM7) is a ubiquitously expressed chanzyme that possesses an ion channel permeable to the divalent cations Mg2+, Ca2+, and Zn2+, and an α-kinase that phosphorylates downstream substrates. TRPM7 and its homologue TRPM6 have been implicated in a variety of cellular functions and is critically associated with intracellular signaling, including receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated pathways. Emerging evidence indicates that growth factors, such as EGF and VEGF, signal through their RTKs, which regulate activity of TRPM6 and TRPM7. TRPM6 is primarily an epithelial-associated channel, while TRPM7 is more ubiquitous. In this review we focus on TRPM7 and its association with growth factors, RTKs, and downstream kinase signaling. We also highlight how interplay between TRPM7, Mg2+ and signaling kinases influences cell function in physiological and pathological conditions, such as cancer and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Guo Zou
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Francisco J Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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13
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Li YH, Liu X, Vanselow JT, Zheng H, Schlosser A, Chiu JC. O-GlcNAcylation of PERIOD regulates its interaction with CLOCK and timing of circadian transcriptional repression. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007953. [PMID: 30703153 PMCID: PMC6372208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks coordinate time-of-day-specific metabolic and physiological processes to maximize organismal performance and fitness. In addition to light and temperature, which are regarded as strong zeitgebers for circadian clock entrainment, metabolic input has now emerged as an important signal for clock entrainment and modulation. Circadian clock proteins have been identified to be substrates of O-GlcNAcylation, a nutrient sensitive post-translational modification (PTM), and the interplay between clock protein O-GlcNAcylation and other PTMs is now recognized as an important mechanism by which metabolic input regulates circadian physiology. To better understand the role of O-GlcNAcylation in modulating clock protein function within the molecular oscillator, we used mass spectrometry proteomics to identify O-GlcNAcylation sites of PERIOD (PER), a repressor of the circadian transcriptome and a critical biochemical timer of the Drosophila clock. In vivo functional characterization of PER O-GlcNAcylation sites indicates that O-GlcNAcylation at PER(S942) reduces interactions between PER and CLOCK (CLK), the key transcriptional activator of clock-controlled genes. Since we observe a correlation between clock-controlled daytime feeding activity and higher level of PER O-GlcNAcylation, we propose that PER(S942) O-GlcNAcylation during the day functions to prevent premature initiation of circadian repression phase. This is consistent with the period-shortening behavioral phenotype of per(S942A) flies. Taken together, our results support that clock-controlled feeding activity provides metabolic signals to reinforce light entrainment to regulate circadian physiology at the post-translational level. The interplay between O-GlcNAcylation and other PTMs to regulate circadian physiology is expected to be complex and extensive, and reach far beyond the molecular oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying H. Li
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Xianhui Liu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Jens T. Vanselow
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joanna C. Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Broertjes J, Klarenbeek J, Habani Y, Langeslag M, Jalink K. TRPM7 residue S1269 mediates cAMP dependence of Ca2+ influx. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209563. [PMID: 30615643 PMCID: PMC6322742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonspecific divalent cation channel TRPM7 (transient receptor potential-melastatin-like 7) is involved in many Ca2+ and Mg2+-dependent cellular processes, including survival, proliferation and migration. TRPM7 expression predicts metastasis and recurrence in breast cancer and several other cancers. In cultured cells, it can induce an invasive phenotype by promoting Ca2+-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We previously showed that in neuroblastoma cells that overexpress TRPM7 moderately, stimulation with Ca2+-mobilizing agonists leads to a characteristic sustained influx of Ca2+. Here we report that sustained influx through TRPM7 is abruptly abrogated by elevating intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Using pharmacological inhibitors and overexpression studies we show that this blockage is mediated by the cAMP effector Protein Kinase A (PKA). Mutational analysis demonstrates that the Serine residue S1269, which is present proximal to the coiled-coil domain within the protein c-terminus, is responsible for sensitivity to cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit Broertjes
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Klarenbeek
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yasmin Habani
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Langeslag
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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15
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Zhelay T, Wieczerzak KB, Beesetty P, Alter GM, Matsushita M, Kozak JA. Depletion of plasma membrane-associated phosphoinositides mimics inhibition of TRPM7 channels by cytosolic Mg 2+, spermine, and pH. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18151-18167. [PMID: 30305398 PMCID: PMC6254349 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7) is an ion channel/protein kinase belonging to the TRP melastatin and eEF2 kinase families. Under physiological conditions, most native TRPM7 channels are inhibited by cytoplasmic Mg2+, protons, and polyamines. Currents through these channels (ITRPM7) are robustly potentiated when the cell interior is exchanged with low Mg2+-containing buffers. ITRPM7 is also potentiated by phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and suppressed by its hydrolysis. Here we characterized internal Mg2+- and pH-mediated inhibition of TRPM7 channels in HEK293 cells overexpressing WT voltage-sensing phospholipid phosphatase (VSP) or its catalytically inactive variant VSP-C363S. VSP-mediated depletion of membrane phosphoinositides significantly increased channel sensitivity to Mg2+ and pH. Proton concentrations that were too low to inhibit ITRPM7 when the VSP-C363S variant was expressed (pH 8.2) became inhibitory in WT VSP-expressing cells. At pH 6.5, protons inhibited ITRPM7 both in WT and VSP C363S-expressing cells but with a faster time course in the WT VSP-expressing cells. Inhibition by 150 μm Mg2+ was also significantly faster in the WT VSP-expressing cells. Cellular PI(4,5)P2 depletion increased the sensitivity of TRPM7 channels to the inhibitor 2-aminoethyl diphenyl borinate, which acidifies the cytosol. Single substitutions at Ser-1107 of TRPM7, reducing its sensitivity to Mg2+, also decreased its inhibition by spermine and acidic pH. Furthermore, these channel variants were markedly less sensitive to VSP-mediated PI(4,5)P2 depletion than the WT. We conclude that the internal Mg2+-, polyamine-, and pH-mediated inhibition of TRPM7 channels is not direct but, rather, reflects electrostatic screening and resultant disruption of PI(4,5)P2-channel interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Zhelay
- From the Departments of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology and
| | | | - Pavani Beesetty
- From the Departments of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology and
| | - Gerald M Alter
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435 and
| | - Masayuki Matsushita
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - J Ashot Kozak
- From the Departments of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology and.
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16
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Nadolni W, Zierler S. The Channel-Kinase TRPM7 as Novel Regulator of Immune System Homeostasis. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080109. [PMID: 30126133 PMCID: PMC6115979 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme-coupled transient receptor potential channel subfamily M member 7, TRPM7, has been associated with immunity and immune cell signalling. Here, we review the role of this remarkable signalling protein in lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation, activation and survival. We also discuss its role in mast cell, neutrophil and macrophage function and highlight the potential of TRPM7 to regulate immune system homeostasis. Further, we shed light on how the cellular signalling cascades involving TRPM7 channel and/or kinase activity culminate in pathologies as diverse as allergic hypersensitivity, arterial thrombosis and graft versus host disease (GVHD), stressing the need for TRPM7 specific pharmacological modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Nadolni
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Goethestr. 33, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Susanna Zierler
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Goethestr. 33, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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17
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Cai N, Lou L, Al-Saadi N, Tetteh S, Runnels LW. The kinase activity of the channel-kinase protein TRPM7 regulates stability and localization of the TRPM7 channel in polarized epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11491-11504. [PMID: 29866880 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The channel-kinase transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is a bifunctional protein with ion channel and kinase domains. The kinase activity of TRPM7 has been linked to the regulation of a broad range of cellular activities, but little is understood as to how the channel itself is regulated by its own kinase activity. Here, using several mammalian cell lines expressing WT TRPM7 or kinase-inactive variants, we discovered that compared with the cells expressing WT TRPM7, cells in which TRPM7's kinase activity was inactivated had faster degradation, elevated ubiquitination, and increased intracellular retention of the channel. Mutational analysis of TRPM7 autophosphorylation sites further revealed a role for Ser-1360 of TRPM7 as a key residue mediating both TRPM7 stability and intracellular trafficking. Additional trafficking roles were uncovered for Ser-1403 and Ser-1567, whose phosphorylation by TRPM7's kinase activity mediated the interaction of the channel with the signaling protein 14-3-3θ. In summary, our results point to a critical role for TRPM7's kinase activity in regulating proteasome-mediated turnover of the TRPM7 channel and controlling its cellular localization in polarized epithelial cells. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of the significance of TRPM7's kinase activity for functional regulation of its channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Liping Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Namariq Al-Saadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; University of Misan, Amarah 62001, Iraq
| | - Sandra Tetteh
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Loren W Runnels
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.
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18
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19
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Assessment of TRPM7 functions by drug-like small molecules. Cell Calcium 2017; 67:166-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Kühn F, Kühn C, Lückhoff A. Different Principles of ADP-Ribose-Mediated Activation and Opposite Roles of the NUDT9 Homology Domain in the TRPM2 Orthologs of Man and Sea Anemone. Front Physiol 2017; 8:879. [PMID: 29163217 PMCID: PMC5671594 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A decisive element in the human cation channel TRPM2 is a region in its cytosolic C-terminus named NUDT9H because of its homology to the NUDT9 enzyme, a pyrophosphatase degrading ADP-ribose (ADPR). In hTRPM2, however, the NUDT9H domain has lost its enzymatic activity but serves as a binding domain for ADPR. As consequence of binding, gating of the channel is initiated. Since ADPR is produced after oxidative DNA damage, hTRPM2 mediates Ca2+ influx in response to oxidative stress which may lead to cell death. In the genome of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (nv), a preferred model organism for the evolution of key bilaterian features, a TRPM2 ortholog has been identified that contains a NUDT9H domain as well. Heterologous expression of nvTRPM2 in HEK-293 cells reveals a cation channel with many close similarities to the human counterpart. Most notably, nvTRPM2 is activated by ADPR, and Ca2+ is a co-agonist. However, the intramolecular mechanisms of ADPR gating as well as the role of NUDT9H are strikingly different in the two species. Whereas already subtle changes of NUDT9H abolish ADPR gating in hTRPM2, the region can be completely removed from nvTRPM2 without loss of responses to ADPR. An alternative ADPR binding site seems to be present but has not yet been characterized. The ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase (ADPRase) function of nvNUDT9H has been preserved but can be abolished by numerous genetic manipulations. All these manipulations create channels that are sensitive to hydrogen peroxide which fails to induce channel activity in wild-type nvTRPM2. Therefore, the function of NUDT9H in nvTRPM2 is the degradation of ADPR, thereby reducing agonist concentration in the presence of oxidative stress. Thus, the two TRPM2 orthologs have evolved divergently but nevertheless gained analogous functional properties, i.e., gating by ADPR with Ca2+ as co-factor. Opposite roles are played by the respective NUDT9H domains, either binding of ADPR and mediating channel activity, or controlling the availability of ADPR at the binding site located in a different domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Kühn
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kühn
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Lückhoff
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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21
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Krapivinsky G, Krapivinsky L, Renthal NE, Santa-Cruz A, Manasian Y, Clapham DE. Histone phosphorylation by TRPM6's cleaved kinase attenuates adjacent arginine methylation to regulate gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7092-E7100. [PMID: 28784805 PMCID: PMC5576826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708427114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPM6 and TRPM7 are members of the melastatin-related transient receptor potential (TRPM) subfamily of ion channels. Deletion of either gene in mice is embryonically lethal. TRPM6/7 are the only known examples of single polypeptides containing both an ion channel pore and a serine/threonine kinase (chanzyme). Here we show that the C-terminal kinase domain of TRPM6 is cleaved from the channel domain in a cell type-specific fashion and is active. Cleavage requires that the channel conductance is functional. The cleaved kinase translocates to the nucleus, where it is strictly localized and phosphorylates specific histone serine and threonine (S/T) residues. TRPM6-cleaved kinases (M6CKs) bind subunits of the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) molecular complex that make important epigenetic modifications by methylating histone arginine residues. Histone phosphorylation by M6CK results in a dramatic decrease in methylation of arginines adjacent to M6CK-phosphorylated amino acids. Knockout of TRPM6 or inactivation of its kinase results in global changes in histone S/T phosphorylation and changes the transcription of hundreds of genes. We hypothesize that M6CK associates with the PRMT5 molecular complex in the nucleus, directing M6CK to a specific genomic location and providing site-specific histone phosphorylation. M6CK histone phosphorylation, in turn, regulates transcription by attenuating the effect of local arginine methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Krapivinsky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Luba Krapivinsky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nora E Renthal
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ana Santa-Cruz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yunona Manasian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David E Clapham
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Department of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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