1
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Tseng CC, Wang KC, Lin PS, Chang C, Yeh LL, Tung SH, Liu CL, Cheng YJ. Intrinsically Stretchable Organic Thermoelectric Polymers Enabled by Incorporating Fused-Ring Conjugated Breakers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401966. [PMID: 38733223 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
While research on organic thermoelectric polymers is making significant progress in recent years, realization of a single polymer material possessing both thermoelectric properties and stretchability for the next generation of self-powered wearable electronics is a challenging task and remains an area yet to be explored. A new molecular engineering concept of "conjugated breaker" is employed to impart stretchability to a highly crystalline diketopyrrolepyrrole (DPP)-based polymer. A hexacyclic diindenothieno[2,3-b]thiophene (DITT) unit, with two 4-octyloxyphenyl groups substituted at the tetrahedral sp3-carbon bridges, is selected to function as the conjugated breaker that can sterically hinder intermolecular packing to reduce polymers' crystallinity. A series of donor-acceptor random copolymers is thus developed via polymerizing the crystalline DPP units with the DITT conjugated breakers. By controlling the monomeric DPP/DITT ratios, DITT30 reaches the optimal balance of crystalline/amorphous regions, exhibiting an exceptional power factor (PF) value up to 12.5 µW m-1 K-2 after FeCl3-doping; while, simultaneously displaying the capability to withstand strains exceeding 100%. More significantly, the doped DITT30 film possesses excellent mechanical endurance, retaining 80% of its initial PF value after 200 cycles of stretching/releasing at a strain of 50%. This research marks a pioneering achievement in creating intrinsically stretchable polymers with exceptional thermoelectric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chun Tseng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chieh Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Po-Shen Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Li-Lun Yeh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Tung
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center of Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
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2
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Baustert KN, Bombile JH, Rahman MT, Yusuf AO, Li R, Huckaba AJ, Risko C, Graham KR. Combination of Counterion Size and Doping Concentration Determines the Electronic and Thermoelectric Properties of Semiconducting Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313863. [PMID: 38687901 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In both chemical and electrochemical doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs), a counterion, either from the electrolyte or ionized dopant, balances the charge introduced to the OSC. Despite the large influence of this counterion on OSC optical and electronic response, there remains substantial debate on how a fundamental parameter, ion size, impacts these properties. This work resolves much of this debate by accounting for two doping regimes. In the low-doping regime, the Coulomb binding energies between charge carriers on the OSC and the counterions are significant, and larger counterions lead to decreased Coulomb interactions, more delocalized charge carriers, and higher electrical conductivities. In the high-doping regime, the Coulomb binding energies become negligible due to the increased dielectric constant of the films and a smoothing of the energy landscape; thereby, the electrical conductivities depend primarily on the extent of morphological disorder in the OSC. Moreover, in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), rr-P3HT, smaller counterions lead to greater bipolaron concentrations in the low-doping regime due to the increased Coulomb interactions. Emphasizing the impact of the counterion size, it is shown that larger counterions can lead to increased thermoelectric power factors for rr-P3HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle N Baustert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Joel H Bombile
- Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Md Tawabur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Augustine O Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11937, USA
| | - Aron J Huckaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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3
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Blankevoort N, Bastante P, Davidson RJ, Salthouse RJ, Daaoub AHS, Cea P, Solans SM, Batsanov AS, Sangtarash S, Bryce MR, Agrait N, Sadeghi H. Exploring the Impact of the HOMO-LUMO Gap on Molecular Thermoelectric Properties: A Comparative Study of Conjugated Aromatic, Quinoidal, and Donor-Acceptor Core Systems. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8471-8477. [PMID: 38405513 PMCID: PMC10882689 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Thermoelectric materials have garnered significant interest for their potential to efficiently convert waste heat into electrical energy at room temperature without moving parts or harmful emissions. This study investigated the impact of the HOMO-LUMO (H-L) gap on the thermoelectric properties of three distinct classes of organic compounds: conjugated aromatics (isoindigos (IIGs)), quinoidal molecules (benzodipyrrolidones (BDPs)), and donor-acceptor systems (bis(pyrrol-2-yl)squaraines (BPSs)). These compounds were chosen for their structural simplicity and linear π-conjugated conductance paths, which promote high electrical conductance and minimize complications from quantum interference. Single-molecule thermoelectric measurements revealed that despite their low H-L gaps, the Seebeck coefficients of these compounds remain low. The alignment of the frontier orbitals relative to the Fermi energy was found to play a crucial role in determining the Seebeck coefficients, as exemplified by the BDP compounds. Theoretical calculations support these findings and suggest that anchor group selection could further enhance the thermoelectric behavior of these types of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickel Blankevoort
- Device
Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Pablo Bastante
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada C-III, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ross J. Davidson
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | | | - Abdalghani H. S. Daaoub
- Device
Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Pilar Cea
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC−Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad
de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Santiago Martin Solans
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC−Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad
de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Sara Sangtarash
- Device
Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Martin R. Bryce
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Nicolas Agrait
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada C-III, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Universitario de Ciencia
de Materiales “Nicolás Cabrera”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Device
Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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4
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Hyun Suh E, Beom Kim S, Jung J, Jang J. Extremely Electron-Withdrawing Lewis-Paired CN Groups for Organic p-Dopants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304245. [PMID: 37271729 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
P-type chemical doping (p-doping) is a key technique to modulate the optical, electrical, and electronic properties of organic semiconductors. However, typical functional groups in organic p-dopants have insufficient electron-withdrawing strength, and the inevitable diffusion of dopants in host matrices degrades doping stabilities. Herein, we utilize extremely electron-withdrawing Lewis-paired CN groups as a new class of building blocks for designing unprecedentedly strong organic p-dopants with excellent doping stability. Various Lewis acids are paired with CN-functionalized conjugated molecules in the solution state, which strengthens the electron-withdrawing properties of CN groups almost twofold. The large dopants afford outstanding doping stability against continuous heating and long-term atmospheric exposure, which is promising for practical applications in devices. Given the broad applicability of this simple combinatorial approach, it may impact many fields of (opto)electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Hyun Suh
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Beom Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Jang
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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5
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Trueman RP, Finn PG, Westwood MM, Dey A, Palgrave R, Tabor A, Phillips JB, Schroeder BC. Improving the biological interfacing capability of diketopyrrolopyrrole polymers via p-type doping. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2023; 11:6943-6950. [PMID: 37274026 PMCID: PMC10233798 DOI: 10.1039/d3tc01148h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polydiketopyrrolopyrrole terthiophene (DPP3T) is an organic semiconducting polymer that has been widely investigated as the active layer within organic electronic devices, such as photovoltaics and bioelectronic sensors. To facilitate interfacing between biological systems and organic semiconductors it is crucial to tune the material properties to support not only cell adhesion, but also proliferation and growth. Herein, we highlight the potential of molecular doping to judiciously modulate the surface properties of DPP3T and investigate the effects on Schwann cell behaviour on the surface. By using p-type dopants FeCl3 and Magic Blue, we successfully alter the topography of DPP3T thin films, which in turn alters cell behaviour of a Schwann cell line on the surfaces of the films over the course of 48 hours. Cell numbers are significantly increased within both DPP3T doped films, as well as cells possessing larger, more spread out morphology indicated by cell size and shape analysis. Furthermore, the viability of the Schwann cells seeded on the surfaces of the films was not significantly lowered. The use of dopants for influencing cell behaviour on semiconducting polymers holds great promise for improving the cell-device interface, potentially allowing better integration of cells and devices at the initial time of introduction to a biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Trueman
- Center for Nerve Engineering, UCL London UK
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London London UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London London UK
| | | | | | - Avishek Dey
- Department of Chemistry, University College London London UK
| | - Robert Palgrave
- Department of Chemistry, University College London London UK
| | - Alethea Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, University College London London UK
| | - James B Phillips
- Center for Nerve Engineering, UCL London UK
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London London UK
| | - Bob C Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University College London London UK
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6
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Perry S, Arumugam S, Beeby S, Nandhakumar I. Template-free nanostructured poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) films via single pulse-nucleated electrodeposition. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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7
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Haseena S, Ravva MK. Theoretical studies on donor-acceptor based macrocycles for organic solar cell applications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15043. [PMID: 36057668 PMCID: PMC9440932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed a series of new conjugated donor-acceptor-based macrocyclic molecules using state-of-the-art computational methods. An alternating array of donors and acceptor moieties in these macrocycle molecules are considered to tune the electronic and optical properties. The geometrical, electronic, and optical properties of newly designed macrocyclic molecules are fully explored using various DFT methods. Five conjugated macrocycles of different sizes are designed considering various donor and acceptor units. The selected donor and acceptors, viz., thiophene (PT), benzodithiophene (BDT), dithienobenzodithiophene (DTBDT), diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), and benzothiazole (BT), are frequently found in high performing conjugated polymer for different organic electronic applications. To fully assess the potential of these designed macrocyclic derivatives, analyses of frontier molecular orbital energies, excited state energies, energy difference between singlet-triplet states, exciton binding energies, rate constants related to charge transfer at the donor-acceptor interfaces, and electron mobilities have been carried out. We found significant structural and electronic properties changes between cyclic compounds and their linear counterparts. Overall, the cyclic conjugated D-A macrocycles' promising electronic and optical properties suggest that these molecules can be used to replace linear polymer molecules with cyclic conjugated oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheik Haseena
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522240, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar Ravva
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522240, India.
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8
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Liu Y, Wang W, Dong X, Chen J, Qin F, Sun L, Zhou X, Zhou Y. Producing p-Doped Surface for Hole Transporting Layer-free Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200201. [PMID: 35363402 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hole transporting layer-free organic solar cells with simplified device structure are desirable for their mass production. In this work, we adopted a p-dopant of organic molybdenum peroxide (OMP) to dope nonfullerene active layers to produce p-doped surface on the active layer. The OMP can effectively dope widely used polymer donors of nonfullerene organic solar cells, i.e., PTB7-Th, PBDB-T, and, even PBDB-T-2F that has a very deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of -5.47 eV. The doping mechanism lies in the strong oxidizing property of peroxide groups of the OMP leading to superior doping properties. In the end, we fabricated hole transporting layer-free nonfullerene organic solar cells with the device structure of ITO/PEI-Zn/PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F/Ag. The cells showed a power conversion efficiency of 12.2% and good thermal stability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinyun Dong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xianmin Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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9
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Wang S, Zuo G, Kim J, Sirringhaus H. Progress of Conjugated Polymers as Emerging Thermoelectric Materials. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Li H, Zong Y, He J, Ding Q, Jiang Y, Li X, Han W. Wood-inspired high strength and lightweight aerogel based on carbon nanotube and nanocellulose fiber for heat collection. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 280:119036. [PMID: 35027119 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wood is one of the most abundant materials in nature, with excellent mechanical properties and anisotropy. Its main component, cellulose has excellent dispersion properties and biocompatibility after nano-treatment, which has aroused the interest of researchers. Therefore, this study prepared a thermoelectric aerogel based on carboxylated nanocellulose fiber and carbon nanotube, and made it have a wood-like anisotropic structure through directional freezing technology. The aerogel exhibited excellent mechanical properties and had the stress of up to 152 kPa when compressed at 90%. It also exhibited low thermal conductivity (0.03-0.08 W/mK) and density (7.5 mg/cm3). When the device was at a temperature difference of 30 K, the single output power was 0.23 nW. This work confirmed the dispersion effect of carboxylated nanocellulose fiber on carbon nanotube, and the enhancement of the wood-like structure on thermoelectric generators. It provided new ideas and solutions for the construction of thermoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yudong Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jia He
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Qijun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yifei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Wenjia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
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11
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Tang J, Ji J, Chen R, Yan Y, Zhao Y, Liang Z. Achieving Efficient p-Type Organic Thermoelectrics by Modulation of Acceptor Unit in Photovoltaic π-Conjugated Copolymers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103646. [PMID: 34854572 PMCID: PMC8811840 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
π-Conjugated donor (D)-acceptor (A) copolymers have been extensively studied as organic photovoltaic (OPV) donors yet remain largely unexplored in organic thermoelectrics (OTEs) despite their outstanding mechanical bendability, solution processability and flexible molecular design. Importantly, they feature high Seebeck coefficient (S) that are desirable in room-temperature wearable application scenarios under small temperature gradients. In this work, the authors have systematically investigated a series of D-A semiconducting copolymers possessing various electron-deficient A-units (e.g., BDD, TT, DPP) towards efficient OTEs. Upon p-type ferric chloride (FeCl3 ) doping, the relationship between the thermoelectric characteristics and the electron-withdrawing ability of A-unit is largely elucidated. It is revealed that a strong D-A nature tends to induce an energetic disorder along the π-backbone, leading to an enlarged separation of the transport and Fermi levels, and consequently an increase of S. Meanwhile, the highly electron-deficient A-unit would impair electron transfer from D-unit to p-type dopants, thus decreasing the doping efficiency and electrical conductivity (σ). Ultimately, the peak power factor (PF) at room-temperature is obtained as high as 105.5 µW m-1 K-2 with an outstanding S of 247 µV K-1 in a paradigm OPV donor PBDB-T, which holds great potential in wearable electronics driven by a small temperature gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Tang
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Jingjing Ji
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Ruisi Chen
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yongkun Yan
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
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12
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Wang J, Wang Y, Li K, Dai X, Zhang L, Wang H. Lateral Fully Organic P-N Diodes Created in a Single Donor-Acceptor Copolymer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106624. [PMID: 34717015 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
P-N junctions exist in many solid-state organic devices, such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and thermoelectric devices. Creating P-N junctions by bulk chemical doping in a single organic material (like silicon doped by boron and phosphorus) may capitalize the vast scientific and technological groundwork established in the inorganic semiconducting field. However, high-performance single-organic-material P-N junctions are seldom reported, because the diffusion of the dopant counterions often leads to transient rectification properties. Herein, a new type of lateral fully organic diodes created in single donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymer films with only one P-type dopant is reported. The achieved lateral devices exhibit high current densities of ≈3.83 A cm-2 and a high rectification ratio of ≈2100, which are beyond the requirements for high-frequency identification tags. The P- to N-type polarity switching mechanism is proposed after spectroscopic and structural tests. Decent stability of the organic diode is obtained, which is due to the long channel length and low diffusion speed of the large size of dopants. This work opens the opportunities to create P-N junctions in ways of silicon-based inorganic semiconductors and promises new opportunities for integrating organic materials for flexible and printable organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Kuncai Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xu Dai
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Liuyang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
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13
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Doping and Thermoelectric Behaviors of Donor-Acceptor Polymers with Extended Planar Backbone. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Mombrú D, Romero M, Faccio R, Mombrú ÁW. Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Assessment on the Mixed Ionic–Electronic Transport for Crystalline Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) Using Full Explicit Lithium-Based Dopants and Additives. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo C.P. 11800, Uruguay
| | - Mariano Romero
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo C.P. 11800, Uruguay
| | - Ricardo Faccio
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo C.P. 11800, Uruguay
| | - Álvaro W. Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo C.P. 11800, Uruguay
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15
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Mao X, Li X, Zheng D, Nie X, Yin X, Li B, Wu J, Gao C, Gao Y, Wang L. Crystalline Domain Formation to Enable High-Performance Polymer Thermoelectrics Inspired by Thermocleavable Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49348-49357. [PMID: 34617435 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Improving the electrical conductivity is an important role in realizing high thermoelectric performance of solution-processable polymers. Herein, a simple and robust approach to boost the mobility and doping efficiency of a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based copolymer with the introduction of thermocleavable side chains (PDPPS-X, where X is the molar ratio of the thermocleavable side chains and alkyl chains) is first provided. Notably, the incorporated thermocleavable groups can be effectively removed after thermal treatment and therefore contribute to the crystalline domain formation via hydrogen-bonded networks, which is critical for conductivity enhancements. Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) patterns give a clear indication that the thermal treatment of PDPPS-5 can greatly improve the structural arrangement, resulting in a significantly enhanced hole mobility (5.4 times that of PDPPS-0 without thermocleavable chains). Compared to PDPPS-0, a larger Fermi level shift is observed after doping PDPPS-5 with FeCl3, reflecting a better doping efficiency. Consequently, remarkably improved conductivity and power factor are achieved by PDPPS-5 after doping with 0.03 M FeCl3 at room temperature, which are about 2.2 and 3.5 times higher than that of PDPPS-0 at the same testing condition, respectively. Moreover, PDPPS-5 achieved a maximum power factor of 57.5 μW m-1 K-2 at 404 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Mao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dinglei Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiuxiu Nie
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaojun Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Benzhang Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiatao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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16
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Krauss G, Hochgesang A, Mohanraj J, Thelakkat M. Highly Efficient Doping of Conjugated Polymers Using Multielectron Acceptor Salts. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100443. [PMID: 34599788 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemical doping is a vital tool for tuning electronic properties of conjugated polymers. Most single electron acceptors used for p-doping necessitate high dopant concentrations to achieve good electrical conductivity. However, high-molar doping ratios hamper doping efficiency. Here a new concept of using multielectron acceptor (MEA) salts as dopants for conjugated polymers is presented. Two novel MEA salts are synthesized and their doping efficiency towards two polymers differing in their dielectric properties are compared with two single electron acceptors such as NOPF6 and magic blue. Cutting-edge methods such as ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), impedance spectroscopy, and density of states analysis in addition to UV-vis-NIR absorption, spectroelectrochemistry, and Raman spectroscopy methods are used to characterize the doped systems. The tetracation salt improves the conductivity by two orders of magnitude and quadruples the charge carrier concentration compared to single electron acceptors for the same molar ratio. The differences in charge carrier density and activation energy on doping are delineated. Further, a strong dependency of the carrier release on the polymer polarity is observed. High carrier densities at reduced dopant loadings and improved doping efficacies using MEA dopants offer a highly efficient doping strategy for conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Krauss
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Adrian Hochgesang
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - John Mohanraj
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
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17
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Chua MH, Png ZM, Zhu Q, Xu J. Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers via Transition Metal Catalysed C-H Bond Activation. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2896-2919. [PMID: 34390547 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry has emerged as an exciting and promising approach in organic synthesis. This allows us to synthesize a wider range of functional molecules and conjugated polymers in a more convenient and more atom economical way. The formation of C-C bonds in the construction of pi-conjugated systems, particularly for conjugated polymers, has benefited much from the advances in C-H bond activation chemistry. Compared to conventional transition-metal catalysed cross-coupling polymerization such as Suzuki and Stille cross-coupling, pre-functionalization of aromatic monomers, such as halogenation, borylation and stannylation, is no longer required for direct arylation polymerization (DArP), which involve C-H/C-X cross-coupling, and oxidative direct arylation polymerization (Ox-DArP), which involves C-H/C-H cross-coupling protocols driven by the activation of monomers' C(sp2 )-H bonds. Furthermore, poly(annulation) via C-H bond activation chemistry leads to the formation of unique pi-conjugated moieties as part of the polymeric backbone. This review thus summarises advances to date in the synthesis of conjugated polymers utilizing transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry. A variety of conjugated polymers via DArP including poly(thiophene), thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione)-containing, fluorenyl-containing, benzothiadiazole-containing and diketopyrrolopyrrole-containing copolymers, were summarized. Conjugated polymers obtained through Ox-DArP were outlined and compared. Furthermore, poly(annulation) using transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry was also reviewed. In the last part of this review, difficulties and perspective to make use of transition metal catalysed C-H activation polymerization to prepare conjugated polymers were discussed and commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhuang Mao Png
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Alesadi A, Fatima F, Xia W, Kilin D. First-Principles Study on the Electronic Properties of PDPP-Based Conjugated Polymer via Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8953-8964. [PMID: 34324337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we focus on computational predictions of the electronic and optical properties of a one-dimensional periodic model of a single chain of a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based conjugated polymer (PDPP3T) as a function of electronic configuration changes due to charge injection. We employ density functional theory (DFT) to explore the ground-state and excited-state electronic properties as well as optical properties influenced by charge injection. We utilize both the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE06) and Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functionals to predict the band gap and compute the absorption spectrum. Our DFT results point out that utilizing the HSE06 functional in conjunction with momentum sampling over the Brillouin zone can appropriately predict the band gap and absorption spectrum in good agreement with experimental data. Moreover, we explore the influence of charge-carrier injection on the electronic configuration of the PDPP3T polymer. Our results indicate that the injection of charge carriers into the PDPP3T semiconducting polymer model greatly affects the electrical properties and ends in a low band gap and high mobility of charge carriers in PDPP3T polymers, offering the potential to tailor the material electronic performance for organic photovoltaic and optoelectronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhadi Alesadi
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - F Fatima
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Materials and Nanotechnology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Dmitri Kilin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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19
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Li J, Wang Z, Sun Z, Xu L, Wong WY. Effect of the Linking Group on the Thermoelectric Properties of Poly(Schiff Base)s and Their Metallopolymers. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1911-1917. [PMID: 34081844 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As polymer-based thermoelectric (TE) materials possess attractive features such as light weight, flexibility, low toxicity and ease of processibility, an increasing number of conducting polymers and their composites with high TE performances have been developed in recent years. Up to date, however, the research focusing on the structure-performance relationship remains rare. In this paper, two series of poly(Schiff base)s with either C=C or C≡C linker and their metallopolymers were synthesized and doped with single-walled carbon nanotubes to evaluate how the linking groups affected the TE properties of the resulting composites. Apart from the effect exerted by the morphology, experimental results suggested that the linkers played a key role in determining the band gaps, preferred molecular conformation and extent of conjugation of the polymers, which became key factors that influenced the TE properties of the resulting materials. Additionally, upon coordination with transition metal ions, the TE properties could be tuned readily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Li
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Zitong Wang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zelin Sun
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Linli Xu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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20
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Park W, Hwang H, Kim S, Park S, Jang KS. Optimized Thermoelectric Performance of Carbon Nanoparticle-Carbon Nanotube Heterostructures by Tuning Interface Barrier Energy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:7208-7215. [PMID: 33528990 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, thermoelectric carbon nanoparticle (CNP)-carbon nanotube (CNT) heterostructures are introduced as a promising flexible thermoelectric material. The optimal barrier energy between the CNP and CNT increases the Seebeck coefficient (S) of the heterostructures through the energy filtering effect. For optimized thermoelectric performance, the CNP-CNT barrier energy can be effectively tuned by controlling the work function of the CNPs. The optimized p-type CNP-CNT heterostructures exhibited S and power factor (PF) of 50.6 ± 1.4 μV K-1 and 400 ± 26 μW m-1 K-2, respectively. The n-type CNP-CNT heterostructures, optimized for another work function of the CNPs, exhibited S and PF of up to -37.5 ± 3.4 μV K-1 and 214 ± 42 μW m-1 K-2, respectively. The energy harvesting capability of a thermoelectric generator prepared using p- and n-type CNP-CNT heterostructures with optimized barrier energies is demonstrated. The thermoelectric generator with 10 p-type and 9 n-type thermoelectric elements exhibited a maximum output power of 0.12 μW from a ΔT of 5 K. This work shows a facile strategy for synthesizing thermoelectric CNP-CNT heterostructures with optimized energy filtering effects. Application to the thermoelectric device on a paper substrate is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woomin Park
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research and Department of Applied Chemistry (Major in Bionano Convergence), Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Hwang
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research and Department of Applied Chemistry (Major in Bionano Convergence), Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Kim
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research and Department of Applied Chemistry (Major in Bionano Convergence), Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbin Park
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research and Department of Applied Chemistry (Major in Bionano Convergence), Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Suk Jang
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research and Department of Applied Chemistry (Major in Bionano Convergence), Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
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21
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Xie DX, Liu TC, Xiao J, Fang JK, Pan CJ, Shao G. Effect of Side Chain Substituent Volume on Thermoelectric Properties of IDT-Based Conjugated Polymers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040963. [PMID: 33670379 PMCID: PMC7918053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A p-type thermoelectric conjugated polymer based on indacenodithiophene and benzothiadiazole is designed and synthesized by replacing normal aliphatic side chains (P1) with conjugated aromatic benzene substituents (P2). The introduced bulky substituent on P2 is detrimental to form the intensified packing of polymers, therefore, it hinders the efficient transporting of the charge carriers, eventually resulting in a lower conductivity compared to that of the polymers bearing aliphatic side chains (P1). These results reveal that the modification of side chains on conjugated polymers is crucial to rationally designed thermoelectric polymers with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xun Xie
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (D.-X.X.); (J.X.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Tong-Chao Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (T.-C.L.); (C.-J.P.)
| | - Jing Xiao
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (D.-X.X.); (J.X.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jing-Kun Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Correspondence: (J.-K.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Cheng-Jun Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (T.-C.L.); (C.-J.P.)
| | - Guang Shao
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (D.-X.X.); (J.X.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (J.-K.F.); (G.S.)
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22
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Kim S, Mo JH, Jang KS. High-Performance n-Type Carbon Nanotubes Doped by Oxidation of Neighboring Sb 2Te 3 for a Flexible Thermoelectric Generator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:43778-43784. [PMID: 32870650 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible thermoelectric devices can be potentially used for flexible cooling and energy harvesting from various heat sources such as the human body. However, the development of flexible thermoelectric materials with excellent thermoelectric performance is still very challenging. In this study, a simple solution process is proposed for the preparation of flexible inorganic/carbon nanotube hybrid films with record power factors among those of the reported flexible n-type thermoelectric materials. The hybrid films fabricated by bar-coating a carbon nanotube-dispersed Sb2Te3 solution exhibit n-type power factors of up to 2440 ± 267 μV m-1 K-2 at room temperature. The dissolved Sb2Te3 recrystallizes on the carbon nanotube surfaces and form hybrid solids. The ultrahigh power factor may be originated from the effective n-doping of carbon nanotubes by the oxidation of neighboring Sb2Te3. Using the thermoelectric hybrid film, a multilayer stacked thermoelectric generator is fabricated. The flexible device with a thermal contact area of 3.8 cm2 exhibits an output power of up to 11.3 μW at a vertical ΔT of 7.5 K. This study paves the way for the realization of flexible thermoelectric devices with various device geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyun Mo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Suk Jang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
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23
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Untilova V, Hynynen J, Hofmann AI, Scheunemann D, Zhang Y, Barlow S, Kemerink M, Marder SR, Biniek L, Müller C, Brinkmann M. High Thermoelectric Power Factor of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) through In-Plane Alignment and Doping with a Molybdenum Dithiolene Complex. Macromolecules 2020; 53:6314-6321. [PMID: 32913375 PMCID: PMC7472519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a record thermoelectric power factor of up to 160 μW m-1 K-2 for the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). This result is achieved through the combination of high-temperature rubbing of thin films together with the use of a large molybdenum dithiolene p-dopant with a high electron affinity. Comparison of the UV-vis-NIR spectra of the chemically doped samples to electrochemically oxidized material reveals an oxidation level of 10%, i.e., one polaron for every 10 repeat units. The high power factor arises due to an increase in the charge-carrier mobility and hence electrical conductivity along the rubbing direction. We conclude that P3HT, with its facile synthesis and outstanding processability, should not be ruled out as a potential thermoelectric material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonna Hynynen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna I. Hofmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dorothea Scheunemann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Laure Biniek
- CNRS,
ICS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- CNRS,
ICS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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24
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Romero M, Mombrú D, Pignanelli F, Faccio R, Mombrú AW. Mini-Review: Mixed Ionic-Electronic Charge Carrier Localization and Transport in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanomaterials. Front Chem 2020; 8:537. [PMID: 32760697 PMCID: PMC7372086 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this mini-review, a comprehensive discussion on the state of the art of hybrid organic–inorganic mixed ionic–electronic conductors (hOI-MIECs) is given, focusing on conducting polymer nanocomposites comprising inorganic nanoparticles ranging from ceramic-in-polymer to polymer-in-ceramic concentration regimes. First, a brief discussion on fundamental aspects of mixed ionic–electronic transport phenomena considering the charge carrier transport at bulk regions together with the effect of the organic–inorganic interphase of hybrid nanocomposites is presented. We also make a recount of updated instrumentation techniques to characterize structure, microstructure, chemical composition, and mixed ionic–electronic transport with special focus on those relevant for hOI-MIECs. Raman imaging and impedance spectroscopy instrumentation techniques are particularly discussed as relatively simple and versatile tools to study the charge carrier localization and transport at different regions of hOI-MIECs including both bulk and interphase regions to shed some light on the mixed ionic–electronic transport mechanism. In addition, we will also refer to different device assembly configurations and in situ/operando measurements experiments to analyze mixed ionic–electronic conduction phenomena for different specific applications. Finally, we will also review the broad range of promising applications of hOI-MIECs, mainly in the field of energy storage and conversion, but also in the emerging field of electronics and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Romero
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones - DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Dominique Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones - DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Pignanelli
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones - DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ricardo Faccio
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones - DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alvaro W Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones - DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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25
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26
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Zhong F, Yin X, Chen Z, Gao C, Wang L. Significantly Reduced Thermal-Activation Energy for Hole Transport via Simple Donor Engineering: Understanding the Role of Molecular Parameters for Thermoelectric Behaviors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26276-26285. [PMID: 32421324 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal activation energy for charge transfer (Eact,σ) plays a crucial role in determining the electrical properties of organic semiconductors, which are largely dominated by the Coulomb binding energy (Ecoul,ICTC) or static energy disorder (σICTC) of the formed integer charge transfer complexes at low or high doping concentration, respectively. Herein, we provide two typical donor-acceptor type polymers with distinct donors to disclose the role of molecular parameters in response for their corresponding thermoelectric (TE) behaviors. Noticeably, both the Ecoul,ICTC and σICTC of the polymers can be effectively restrained by varying the initial carbazole (CZ) donor to the dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrrole (DTP) moiety, which contributes to the remarkably decreased Eact,σ values of the PDTP-DPP than that of PCZ-DPP. Accordingly, the optimized power factors (PF) for PDTP-DPP (10.8 μW m-1 K-2) is almost 5 times higher than the primary PCZ-DPP (1.8 μW m-1 K-2) at ambient condition. In addition, a further improved PF over 85.5 μW m-1 K-2 can be achieved by PDTP-DPP at 488 K due to the synergy of thermal-induced dedoping and thermal-activated semiconducting behavior. Ultraviolet photoelectron and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements confirm the lower thermal activation energy for efficient p-doping of PDTP-DPP than that of PCZ-DPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaojun Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhanxiang Chen
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Park S, Mo JH, Kim S, Hwang H, Jang KS. Shape-Deformable Thermoelectric Carbon Nanotube Doughs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19415-19422. [PMID: 32271000 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, shape-deformable thermoelectric p- and n-type doughs are fabricated by blending single-walled carbon nanotubes with excess amounts of nonvolatile liquid surfactants for efficient energy harvesting from diverse heat sources. The shape-deformable thermoelectric doughs exhibit touch-healing properties and can be easily molded into arbitrary shapes by simple shaping methods, such as those commonly used for rubber play dough. We used cube-shaped thermoelectric doughs to fabricate a vertical thermoelectric generator. Considering the shape-deformable properties of the thermoelectric doughs, a contraction strain of ∼2% in the through-plane direction of the thermoelectric generator can be applied for an effective application of ΔT. We show that the thermoelectric generator we built with eight p-n pairs exhibits a maximum output power of 2.2 μW at a vertical ΔT of 15 K. Our results demonstrate the energy harvesting capability of thermoelectric generators with shape-deformable p- and n-type doughs. Owing to the properties of this material, thermoelectric generators with various device geometries can be fabricated for energy harvesting from a diverse range of nonflat heat sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungbin Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyun Mo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Hwang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Suk Jang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
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28
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Polymer additive-combusted thermoelectric buckypapers for three-dimensional stacked paper thermoelectric generator. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Yoon SE, Kang Y, Noh SY, Park J, Lee SY, Park J, Lee DW, Whang DR, Kim T, Kim GH, Seo H, Kim BG, Kim JH. High Efficiency Doping of Conjugated Polymer for Investigation of Intercorrelation of Thermoelectric Effects with Electrical and Morphological Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:1151-1158. [PMID: 31808674 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intercorrelation of thermoelectric properties of a doped conjugated semiconducting polymer (PIDF-BT) with charge carrier density, conductive morphology, and crystallinity are systematically investigated. Upon being doped with F4-TCNQ by the sequential doping method, PIDF-BT exhibited a high electrical conductivity over 210 S cm-1. The significant enhancement of electrical conductivity resulted from a high charge carrier density, which is attributed to the effective charge-transfer-based integer doping between PIDF-BT and dopant molecules. Based on the systemic characterization on the optical, electrical, and structural properties of doped PIDF-BT annealed at different temperatures, we investigated the characteristic correlations between thermoelectric properties of PIDF-BT films and their four-probe electrical conductivity, charge carrier density, and charge carrier mobility obtained from AC Hall effect measurements. This study revealed that exercising fine control over the crystallinity and conductive migration of the conjugated polymer films can be a strategic approach to suppressing the degradation of the Seebeck coefficient at high charge carrier density and ultimately to maximizing the power factors of organic thermoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yeongkwon Kang
- Division of Chemical Engineering , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Noh
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering , UNIST , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Park
- Department of Physics , Hankuk University of Foreign Studies , Yongin 17035 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jaehong Park
- Division of Chemical Engineering , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dong Ryeol Whang
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS)/Institute of Physical Chemistry , Johannes Kepler University Linz , 4040 Linz , Austria
| | - Taekyeong Kim
- Department of Physics , Hankuk University of Foreign Studies , Yongin 17035 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Ho Kim
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering , UNIST , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Bong-Gi Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
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30
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Liu Q, Bottle SE, Sonar P. Developments of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Dye-Based Organic Semiconductors for a Wide Range of Applications in Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903882. [PMID: 31797456 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, fused aromatic diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based functional semiconductors have attracted considerable attention in the developing field of organic electronics. Over the past few years, DPP-based semiconductors have demonstrated remarkable improvements in the performance of both organic field-effect transistor (OFET) and organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices due to the favorable features of the DPP unit, such as excellent planarity and better electron-withdrawing ability. Driven by this success, DPP-based materials are now being exploited in various other electronic devices including complementary circuits, memory devices, chemical sensors, photodetectors, perovskite solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, and more. Recent developments in the use of DPP-based materials for a wide range of electronic devices are summarized, focusing on OFET, OPV, and newly developed devices with a discussion of device performance in terms of molecular engineering. Useful guidance for the design of future DPP-based materials and the exploration of more advanced applications is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Steven E Bottle
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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31
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Li H, DeCoster ME, Ming C, Wang M, Chen Y, Hopkins PE, Chen L, Katz HE. Enhanced Molecular Doping for High Conductivity in Polymers with Volume Freed for Dopants. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Mallory E. DeCoster
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Chen Ming
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Mengdi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Patrick E. Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Lidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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32
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Kim S, Mo JH, Jang KS. Solution-Processed Carbon Nanotube Buckypapers for Foldable Thermoelectric Generators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:35675-35682. [PMID: 31490652 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Freestanding single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) buckypapers with thicknesses of ∼30 μm are fabricated using a simple bar-coating process. The Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of the SWCNT buckypapers are affected by the composition of the dispersion solvent mixture. The maximum p-type power factor of a SWCNT buckypaper is 411 ± 13 μW m-1 K-2. The inverse relationship between the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of the SWCNT buckypapers may be explained by the number density of junctions between the SWCNT bundles. Using the SWCNT buckypapers, which can be cut, folded, and pasted, a foldable thermoelectric generator is fabricated. The thermoelectric generator folded to an area of 2.25 cm2 exhibits a maximum power of 10.3 μW at a vertical temperature difference of 30 K.
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33
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Boyle CJ, Upadhyaya M, Wang P, Renna LA, Lu-Díaz M, Pyo Jeong S, Hight-Huf N, Korugic-Karasz L, Barnes MD, Aksamija Z, Venkataraman D. Tuning charge transport dynamics via clustering of doping in organic semiconductor thin films. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2827. [PMID: 31270313 PMCID: PMC6610129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant challenge in the rational design of organic thermoelectric materials is to realize simultaneously high electrical conductivity and high induced-voltage in response to a thermal gradient, which is represented by the Seebeck coefficient. Conventional wisdom posits that the polymer alone dictates thermoelectric efficiency. Herein, we show that doping - in particular, clustering of dopants within conjugated polymer films - has a profound and predictable influence on their thermoelectric properties. We correlate Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of iodine-doped poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly[2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-3,6-diyl)-alt-(2,2';5',2'';5'',2'''-quaterthiophen-5,5'''-diyl)] films with Kelvin probe force microscopy to highlight the role of the spatial distribution of dopants in determining overall charge transport. We fit the experimental data to a phonon-assisted hopping model and found that the distribution of dopants alters the distribution of the density of states and the Kang-Snyder transport parameter. These results highlight the importance of controlling dopant distribution within conjugated polymer films for thermoelectric and other electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 690 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Meenakshi Upadhyaya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 100 Natural Resources Road, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Peijian Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Lawrence A Renna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 690 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Michael Lu-Díaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 690 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Seung Pyo Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 690 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Nicholas Hight-Huf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 690 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ljiljana Korugic-Karasz
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Michael D Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 690 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Zlatan Aksamija
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 100 Natural Resources Road, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - D Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 690 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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34
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Upadhyaya M, Boyle CJ, Venkataraman D, Aksamija Z. Effects of Disorder on Thermoelectric Properties of Semiconducting Polymers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5820. [PMID: 30967596 PMCID: PMC6456616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic materials have attracted recent interest as thermoelectric (TE) converters due to their low cost and ease of fabrication. We examine the effects of disorder on the TE properties of semiconducting polymers based on the Gaussian disorder model (GDM) for site energies while employing Pauli's master equation approach to model hopping between localized sites. Our model is in good agreement with experimental results and a useful tool to study hopping transport. We show that stronger overlap between sites can improve the electrical conductivity without adversely affecting the Seebeck coefficient. We find that positional disorder aids the formation of new conduction paths with an increased probability of carriers in high energy sites, leading to an increase in electrical conductivity while leaving the Seebeck unchanged. On the other hand, energetic disorder leads to increased energy gaps between sites, hindering transport. This adversely affects conductivity while only slightly increasing Seebeck and results in lower TE power factors. Furthermore, positional correlation primarily affects conductivity, while correlation in site energies has no effect on TE properties of polymers. Our results also show that the Lorenz number increases with Seebeck coefficient, largely deviating from the Sommerfeld value, in agreement with experiments and in contrast to band conductors. We conclude that reducing energetic disorder and positional correlation, while increasing positional disorder can lead to higher TE power factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Upadhyaya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003-9292, USA
| | - Connor J Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003-9292, USA
| | | | - Zlatan Aksamija
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003-9292, USA.
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35
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Goel M, Heinrich CD, Krauss G, Thelakkat M. Principles of Structural Design of Conjugated Polymers Showing Excellent Charge Transport toward Thermoelectrics and Bioelectronics Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1800915. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Goel
- Applied Functional PolymersMacromolecular Chemistry IUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstr. 30 Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - C. David Heinrich
- Applied Functional PolymersMacromolecular Chemistry IUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstr. 30 Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Gert Krauss
- Applied Functional PolymersMacromolecular Chemistry IUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstr. 30 Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional PolymersMacromolecular Chemistry IUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstr. 30 Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)University of Bayreuth Universitätsstr. 30 Bayreuth 95440 Germany
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36
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Petsagkourakis I, Tybrandt K, Crispin X, Ohkubo I, Satoh N, Mori T. Thermoelectric materials and applications for energy harvesting power generation. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2018; 19:836-862. [PMID: 31001364 PMCID: PMC6454408 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1530938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectrics, in particular solid-state conversion of heat to electricity, is expected to be a key energy harvesting technology to power ubiquitous sensors and wearable devices in the future. A comprehensive review is given on the principles and advances in the development of thermoelectric materials suitable for energy harvesting power generation, ranging from organic and hybrid organic-inorganic to inorganic materials. Examples of design and applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Isao Ohkubo
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Norifusa Satoh
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takao Mori
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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37
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Kim JY, Mo JH, Kang YH, Cho SY, Jang KS. Thermoelectric fibers from well-dispersed carbon nanotube/poly(vinyliedene fluoride) pastes for fiber-based thermoelectric generators. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:19766-19773. [PMID: 30327816 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06415f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-performance thermoelectric composite fibers were prepared via simple wet-spinning of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) pastes using a common solvent/coagulation system. By improving the content and dispersion state of SWCNTs in the composite fibers, the thermoelectric performance could be effectively enhanced. With n-type doping of SWCNTs using polyethylenimine, high-performance n-type SWCNT/PVDF composite fibers could be prepared. The power factors of the p- and n-type SWCNT/PVDF composite fibers with the SWCNT content of 50 wt% were 378 ± 56 and 289 ± 98 μW m-1 K-2, respectively. The electric power generation capability of an organic thermoelectric generator with the p- and n-type composite fibers was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yeop Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Yang CY, Jin WL, Wang J, Ding YF, Nong S, Shi K, Lu Y, Dai YZ, Zhuang FD, Lei T, Di CA, Zhu D, Wang JY, Pei J. Enhancing the n-Type Conductivity and Thermoelectric Performance of Donor-Acceptor Copolymers through Donor Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802850. [PMID: 30252162 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with high thermoelectric performance enable the fabrication of low-cost, large-area, low-toxicity, and highly flexible thermoelectric devices. However, compared to their p-type counterparts, n-type polymer thermoelectric materials show much lower performance, which is largely due to inefficient doping and a much lower conductivity. Herein, it is reported that the development of a donor-acceptor (D-A) polymer with enhanced n-doping efficiency through donor engineering of the polymer backbone. Both a high n-type electrical conductivity of 1.30 S cm-1 and an excellent power factor (PF) of 4.65 µW mK-2 are obtained, which are the highest reported values among D-A polymers. The results of multiple characterization techniques indicate that electron-withdrawing modification of the donor units enhances the electron affinity of the polymer and changes the polymer packing orientation, leading to substantially improved miscibility and n-doping efficiency. Unlike previous studies in which improving the polymer-dopant miscibility typically resulted in lower mobilities, the strategy maintains the mobility of the polymer. All these factors lead to prominent enhancement of three orders magnitude in both the electrical conductivity and the PF compared to those of the non-engineered polymer. The results demonstrate that proper donor engineering can enhance the n-doping efficiency, electrical conductivity, and thermoelectric performance of D-A copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wen-Long Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuying Nong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ya-Zhong Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fang-Dong Zhuang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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39
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Yao H, Fan Z, Cheng H, Guan X, Wang C, Sun K, Ouyang J. Recent Development of Thermoelectric Polymers and Composites. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700727. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117574 Singapore
| | - Zeng Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117574 Singapore
| | - Hanlin Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117574 Singapore
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117574 Singapore
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems; Ministry of Education; School of Power Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Kuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems; Ministry of Education; School of Power Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Jianyong Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117574 Singapore
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40
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Kim SK, Mo JH, Kim JY, Jang KS. Improving the thermoelectric power factor of PEDOT:PSS films by a simple two-step post-treatment method. E-POLYMERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2017-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study demonstrates a simple two-step post-treatment method for improving the thermoelectric power factor of low-cost poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films. The dry re-dispersible PEDOT:PSS pellets are cost-effective, however, they exhibit extremely low thermoelectric performance. On treating with ethylene glycol followed by hydrazine, the power factor of the PEDOT:PSS films increased from 0.0632±0.0097 μW m−1K−2 to 13.3±1.5 μW m−1K−2. The enhancement might be attributed to the effective removal of the free, non-complexed PSS chains and fine control of the oxidation level of PEDOT by the two-step post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Kwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Research Center of Chemical Technology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyun Mo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Research Center of Chemical Technology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeop Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Research Center of Chemical Technology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Suk Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Research Center of Chemical Technology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
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