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Friedman S, Nielsen J, Jølving LR, Nøhr EA, Nørgård BM. Long-term Motor and Cognitive Function in the Children of Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:1709-1716. [PMID: 32497181 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research on long-term outcomes of children exposed to inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] in utero is lacking. Maternal inflammation, IBD medications, or other factors may increase the risk of developmental disabilities in the offspring. METHODS We used the Danish National Birth Cohort, an ongoing prospective study that includes 100 419 pregnancies of 92 274 women, in conjunction with the Danish National Registries, to evaluate cognitive and motor development of the children of women with and without IBD. We analysed basic measures of childhood development at 6-month and 18-month interviews with the mother and with validated questionnaires filled out by the parents when the child was 7 years old. We adjusted for multiple confounders, including preterm birth. RESULTS At 6 months, we included 484 children of women with IBD and 69 571 unexposed children; at 18 months, 471 exposed and 66 018 unexposed; at 7 years, 391 exposed and 54 356 unexposed. At 18 months, exposed children were significantly less likely to 'use word-like sounds' but there was no difference between use of 'sentences of 2 words'. At 6 and 18 months, there were no other obvious differences in language and motor development. At 7 years, cognitive scores [emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, peer, and social scores] and motor development [gross/fine motor skills and general coordination] were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Children exposed to IBD in utero and unexposed children scored similarly on survey-based tools assessing basic measures of neurodevelopment over 7 years. These results are reassuring for current and future parents with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Friedman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Nielsen
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Line Riis Jølving
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ellen A Nøhr
- Research Unit for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Mertz Nørgård
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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2
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Safa A, Noroozi R, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. Association Analysis of ANRIL Polymorphisms and Haplotypes with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:187-192. [PMID: 32623644 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been shown to have a complex inheritance. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been shown to be associated with risk of this neurodevelopmental disorder. In the current study, we genotyped four SNPs in a genomic hotspot for human disorders. The selected SNPs were located in adjacency of the antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) and have been shown to be associated with a number of human disorders. Genotyping was performed in 420 ASD cases and 420 normally developed children. After correction of P values for multiple comparisons, there was no significant difference in frequencies of rs1333045, rs1333048, rs4977574, and rs10757278 alleles, genotypes, or haplotypes between ASD children and children with normal development. However, one estimated haplotype (T A A A haplotype corresponding to rs1333045, rs1333048, rs4977574, and rs10757278 SNPs, respectively) tended to be more prevalent among cases compared with controls (OR (95% CI) = 1.77 (1.19-2.64), adjusted P value = 0.07). Besides, the T A G G tended to be less common among ASD cases compared with controls (OR (95% CI) = 0.64 (0.47-0.87), adjusted P value = 0.07). Although we could not detect significant difference in alleles, genotypes, or haplotypes frequencies between cases and controls, the trend toward association between two haplotypes and ASD risk implies that there might be a putative causative variant in the mentioned haplotypes whose association with ASD could be determined in larger cohorts of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Safa
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rezvan Noroozi
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Sala R, Amet L, Blagojevic-Stokic N, Shattock P, Whiteley P. Bridging the Gap Between Physical Health and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1605-1618. [PMID: 32636630 PMCID: PMC7335278 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s251394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly complex and heterogeneous developmental disorder that affects how individuals communicate with other people and relate to the world around them. Research and clinical focus on the behavioural and cognitive manifestations of ASD, whilst important, have obscured the recognition that ASD is also commonly associated with a range of physical and mental health conditions. Many physical conditions appear with greater frequency in individuals with ASD compared to non-ASD populations. These can contribute to a worsening of social communication and behaviour, lower quality of life, higher morbidity and premature mortality. We highlight some of the key physical comorbidities affecting the immune and the gastrointestinal systems, metabolism and brain function in ASD. We discuss how healthcare professionals working with individuals with ASD and parents/carers have a duty to recognise their needs in order to improve their overall health and wellbeing, deliver equality in their healthcare experiences and reduce the likelihood of morbidity and early mortality associated with the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Sala
- Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Shattock
- Education & Services for People with Autism, Sunderland, UK
| | - Paul Whiteley
- Education & Services for People with Autism Research, Sunderland, UK
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4
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Nørgård BM, Jølving LR, Larsen MD, Friedman S. Parental IBD and Long-term Health Outcomes in the Offspring. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1339-1348. [PMID: 30624631 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For decades, the research on reproductive consequences in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has focused on short-term outcomes, including adverse pregnancy outcomes (eg, abruptio placenta, placenta previa, preeclampsia/eclampsia) and adverse birth outcomes (eg, small for gestational age, preterm birth, and congenital malformations). The long-term health outcomes of the children of parents with IBD have been studied to a much lesser extent, and there is a critical research gap in understanding the influence of parental IBD on long-term outcomes. In this review, we propose the reasons for this lack of evidence and highlight the weakest areas of the research on the impact of parental IBD on offspring health. We will focus on health outcomes in children of parents with IBD from an age of 1 year through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Mertz Nørgård
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Odense Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense Denmark.,Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Line Riis Jølving
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Odense Denmark
| | - Michael Due Larsen
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Odense Denmark
| | - Sonia Friedman
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Odense Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense Denmark.,Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Hosseinzadeh N, Mehrabi Y, Daneshpour MS, Zayeri F, Guity K, Azizi F. Identifying new associated pleiotropic SNPs with lipids by simultaneous test of multiple longitudinal traits: An Iranian family-based study. Gene 2019; 692:156-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Tylee DS, Sun J, Hess JL, Tahir MA, Sharma E, Malik R, Worrall BB, Levine AJ, Martinson JJ, Nejentsev S, Speed D, Fischer A, Mick E, Walker BR, Crawford A, Grant SF, Polychronakos C, Bradfield JP, Sleiman PMA, Hakonarson H, Ellinghaus E, Elder JT, Tsoi LC, Trembath RC, Barker JN, Franke A, Dehghan A, Faraone SV, Glatt. SJ. Genetic correlations among psychiatric and immune-related phenotypes based on genome-wide association data. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:641-657. [PMID: 30325587 PMCID: PMC6230304 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with psychiatric disorders have elevated rates of autoimmune comorbidity and altered immune signaling. It is unclear whether these altered immunological states have a shared genetic basis with those psychiatric disorders. The present study sought to use existing summary-level data from previous genome-wide association studies to determine if commonly varying single nucleotide polymorphisms are shared between psychiatric and immune-related phenotypes. We estimated heritability and examined pair-wise genetic correlations using the linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and heritability estimation from summary statistics methods. Using LDSC, we observed significant genetic correlations between immune-related disorders and several psychiatric disorders, including anorexia nervosa, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, smoking behavior, and Tourette syndrome. Loci significantly mediating genetic correlations were identified for schizophrenia when analytically paired with Crohn's disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and ulcerative colitis. We report significantly correlated loci and highlight those containing genome-wide associations and candidate genes for respective disorders. We also used the LDSC method to characterize genetic correlations among the immune-related phenotypes. We discuss our findings in the context of relevant genetic and epidemiological literature, as well as the limitations and caveats of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Tylee
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab); Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY, U.S.A
| | - Jiayin Sun
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab); Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan L. Hess
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab); Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY, U.S.A
| | - Muhammad A. Tahir
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab); Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY, U.S.A
| | - Esha Sharma
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab); Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY, U.S.A
| | - Rainer Malik
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Bradford B. Worrall
- Departments of Neurology and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
| | - Andrew J. Levine
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jeremy J. Martinson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | | | - Doug Speed
- Aarhus Institute for Advanced Studies and University College London, London, U.K
| | - Annegret Fischer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric Mick
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Brian R. Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Andrew Crawford
- School of Social and Community Medicine, MRC Integrated Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Struan F.A. Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Constantin Polychronakos
- Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and the Child Health Program of the Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan P. Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Quantinuum Research LLC, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Patrick M. A. Sleiman
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - James T. Elder
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Trembath
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan N. Barker
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London
| | | | | | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab); Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY, U.S.A
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stephen J. Glatt.
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab); Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY, U.S.A
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7
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Garvey M. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: A possible causative agent in human morbidity and risk to public health safety. Open Vet J 2018; 8:172-181. [PMID: 29911021 PMCID: PMC5987349 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a bacterial parasite and the causative agent of paratuberculosis, a disease predominately found in cattle and sheep. Infection with this microorganism results in substantial farming economic losses and animal morbidity. The link between infection with this pathogen and human disease has been theorised for many years with Crohn's disease being one of many suspected resultant conditions. Mycobacterium avium may be spread from animal to human hosts by water and foodborne transmission routes, where the foodborne route of exposure represents a significant risk for susceptible populations, namely children and the immune-compromised. Following colonisation of the host, the parasitic organism evades the host immune system by use of molecular mimicry, displaying peptide sequences similar to that of the host cells causing a disruption of self-verses non self-recognition. Theoretically, this failure to recognise the invading organism as distinct from host cells may result in numerous autoimmune conditions. Here, the author presents current information assessing the link between numerous diseases states in humans such inflammatory bowel disease, Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto\'s thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis and autism following infection with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. The possibility of zoonotic transmission of the organism and its significant risk to public health safety as a consequence is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Garvey
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group, Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland
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8
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Rom AL, Wu CS, Olsen J, Jawaheer D, Hetland ML, Mørch LS. Parental Rheumatoid Arthritis and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:28-32.e1. [PMID: 29301665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been associated with an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the offspring. We assessed the potential influence of both maternal and paternal RA on the risk of ASD in offspring to disentangle the influence of genetic inheritance from other conditions potentially leading to fetal programming. METHOD The nationwide cohort study included all children born alive from 1977 to 2008 in Denmark (N = 1,917,723). Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard rate ratios (HR) of ASD in offspring exposed to maternal or paternal RA, compared to unexposed children. RESULTS Maternal RA was associated with an approximately 30% increased risk of ASD in the offspring (HR = 1.31 and 95% CI = 1.06-1.63). Also, paternal RA seemed to increase the risk of ASD by approximately 30% (HR = 1.33, 95% CI = 0.97-1.82). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest maternal as well as paternal RA to be associated with an increased risk of ASD in the offspring, indicating that genetic factors associated with RA may also play a role in the etiology of ASD in children of parents with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Lilleøre Rom
- Research Unit Women's and Children's Health, The Juliane Marie Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Chun Sen Wu
- Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, and Odense University Hospital
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Section for Epidemiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, and Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Merete Lund Hetland
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lina Steinrud Mørch
- Gynaecological Clinic, The Juliane Marie Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, and Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Virus, Lifestyle and Genes Unit, Copenhagen
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9
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Lu Q, Li B, Ou D, Erlendsdottir M, Powles RL, Jiang T, Hu Y, Chang D, Jin C, Dai W, He Q, Liu Z, Mukherjee S, Crane PK, Zhao H. A Powerful Approach to Estimating Annotation-Stratified Genetic Covariance via GWAS Summary Statistics. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:939-964. [PMID: 29220677 PMCID: PMC5812911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on complex traits, our understanding of their genetic architecture is far from complete. Jointly modeling multiple traits' genetic profiles has provided insights into the shared genetic basis of many complex traits. However, large-scale inference sets a high bar for both statistical power and biological interpretability. Here we introduce a principled framework to estimate annotation-stratified genetic covariance between traits using GWAS summary statistics. Through theoretical and numerical analyses, we demonstrate that our method provides accurate covariance estimates, thereby enabling researchers to dissect both the shared and distinct genetic architecture across traits to better understand their etiologies. Among 50 complex traits with publicly accessible GWAS summary statistics (Ntotal≈ 4.5 million), we identified more than 170 pairs with statistically significant genetic covariance. In particular, we found strong genetic covariance between late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), two major neurodegenerative diseases, in single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with high minor allele frequencies and in SNPs located in the predicted functional genome. Joint analysis of LOAD, ALS, and other traits highlights LOAD's correlation with cognitive traits and hints at an autoimmune component for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Boyang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Derek Ou
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Ryan L Powles
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Yiming Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - David Chang
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Wei Dai
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Qidu He
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zefeng Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shubhabrata Mukherjee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paul K Crane
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; VA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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10
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Morris G, Puri BK, Frye RE. The putative role of environmental aluminium in the development of chronic neuropathology in adults and children. How strong is the evidence and what could be the mechanisms involved? Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1335-1355. [PMID: 28752219 PMCID: PMC5596046 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The conceptualisation of autistic spectrum disorder and Alzheimer's disease has undergone something of a paradigm shift in recent years and rather than being viewed as single illnesses with a unitary pathogenesis and pathophysiology they are increasingly considered to be heterogeneous syndromes with a complex multifactorial aetiopathogenesis, involving a highly complex and diverse combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. One such environmental factor implicated as a potential cause in both syndromes is aluminium, as an element or as part of a salt, received, for example, in oral form or as an adjuvant. Such administration has the potential to induce pathology via several routes such as provoking dysfunction and/or activation of glial cells which play an indispensable role in the regulation of central nervous system homeostasis and neurodevelopment. Other routes include the generation of oxidative stress, depletion of reduced glutathione, direct and indirect reductions in mitochondrial performance and integrity, and increasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines in both the brain and peripherally. The mechanisms whereby environmental aluminium could contribute to the development of the highly specific pattern of neuropathology seen in Alzheimer's disease are described. Also detailed are several mechanisms whereby significant quantities of aluminium introduced via immunisation could produce chronic neuropathology in genetically susceptible children. Accordingly, it is recommended that the use of aluminium salts in immunisations should be discontinued and that adults should take steps to minimise their exposure to environmental aluminium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, Wales, SA15 2LW, UK
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England, W12 0HS, UK.
| | - Richard E Frye
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
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11
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Edmiston E, Ashwood P, Van de Water J. Autoimmunity, Autoantibodies, and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:383-390. [PMID: 28340985 PMCID: PMC5373490 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Auism spectrum disorder (ASD) now affects one in 68 births in the United States and is the fastest growing neurodevelopmental disability worldwide. Alarmingly, for the majority of cases, the causes of ASD are largely unknown, but it is becoming increasingly accepted that ASD is no longer defined simply as a behavioral disorder, but rather as a highly complex and heterogeneous biological disorder. Although research has focused on the identification of genetic abnormalities, emerging studies increasingly suggest that immune dysfunction is a viable risk factor contributing to the neurodevelopmental deficits observed in ASD. This review summarizes the investigations implicating autoimmunity and autoantibodies in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Edmiston
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Paul Ashwood
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; NIEHS Center for Children's Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; NIEHS Center for Children's Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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Bagley SC, Sirota M, Chen R, Butte AJ, Altman RB. Constraints on Biological Mechanism from Disease Comorbidity Using Electronic Medical Records and Database of Genetic Variants. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004885. [PMID: 27115429 PMCID: PMC4846031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of disease co-occurrence that deviate from statistical independence may represent important constraints on biological mechanism, which sometimes can be explained by shared genetics. In this work we study the relationship between disease co-occurrence and commonly shared genetic architecture of disease. Records of pairs of diseases were combined from two different electronic medical systems (Columbia, Stanford), and compared to a large database of published disease-associated genetic variants (VARIMED); data on 35 disorders were available across all three sources, which include medical records for over 1.2 million patients and variants from over 17,000 publications. Based on the sources in which they appeared, disease pairs were categorized as having predominant clinical, genetic, or both kinds of manifestations. Confounding effects of age on disease incidence were controlled for by only comparing diseases when they fall in the same cluster of similarly shaped incidence patterns. We find that disease pairs that are overrepresented in both electronic medical record systems and in VARIMED come from two main disease classes, autoimmune and neuropsychiatric. We furthermore identify specific genes that are shared within these disease groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Bagley
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Sirota
- UCSF Institute for Computational Health Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Chen
- Personalis, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Atul J. Butte
- UCSF Institute for Computational Health Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Russ B. Altman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review. Nutrients 2016; 8:236. [PMID: 27110819 PMCID: PMC4848704 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin D status in early development has been hypothesised as an environmental risk factor for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), given the concurrent increase in the prevalence of these two conditions, and the association of vitamin D with many ASD-associated medical conditions. Identification of vitamin D-ASD factors may provide indications for primary and secondary prevention interventions. We systematically reviewed the literature for studies on vitamin D-ASD relationship, including potential mechanistic pathways. We identified seven specific areas, including: latitude, season of conception/birth, maternal migration/ethnicity, vitamin D status of mothers and ASD patients, and vitamin D intervention to prevent and treat ASD. Due to differences in the methodological procedures and inconsistent results, drawing conclusions from the first three areas is difficult. Using a more direct measure of vitamin D status—that is, serum 25(OH)D level during pregnancy or childhood—we found growing evidence for a relationship between vitamin D and ASD. These findings are supported by convincing evidence from experimental studies investigating the mechanistic pathways. However, with few primary and secondary prevention intervention trials, this relationship cannot be determined, unless randomised placebo-controlled trials of vitamin D as a preventive or disease-modifying measure in ASD patients are available.
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Gene expression analysis in Fmr1KO mice identifies an immunological signature in brain tissue and mGluR5-related signaling in primary neuronal cultures. Mol Autism 2015; 6:66. [PMID: 26697163 PMCID: PMC4687343 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose biochemical manifestations involve dysregulation of mGluR5-dependent pathways, which are widely modeled using cultured neurons. In vitro phenotypes in cultured neurons using standard morphological, functional, and chemical approaches have demonstrated considerable variability. Here, we study transcriptomes obtained in situ in the intact brain tissues of a murine model of FXS to see how they reflect the in vitro state. METHODS We used genome-wide mRNA expression profiling as a robust characterization tool for studying differentially expressed pathways in fragile X mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) murine primary neuronal cultures and in embryonic hippocampal and cortical murine tissue. To study the developmental trajectory and to relate mouse model data to human data, we used an expression map of human development to plot murine differentially expressed genes in KO/WT cultures and brain. RESULTS We found that transcriptomes from cell cultures showed a stronger signature of Fmr1KO than whole tissue transcriptomes. We observed an over-representation of immunological signaling pathways in embryonic Fmr1KO cortical and hippocampal tissues and over-represented mGluR5-downstream signaling pathways in Fmr1KO cortical and hippocampal primary cultures. Genes whose expression was up-regulated in Fmr1KO murine cultures tended to peak early in human development, whereas differentially expressed genes in embryonic cortical and hippocampal tissues clustered with genes expressed later in human development. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptional profile in brain tissues primarily centered on immunological mechanisms, whereas the profiles from cell cultures showed defects in neuronal activity. We speculate that the isolation and culturing of neurons caused a shift in neurological transcriptome towards a "juvenile" or "de-differentiated" state. Moreover, cultured neurons lack the close coupling with glia that might be responsible for the immunological phenotype in the intact brain. Our results suggest that cultured cells may recapitulate an early phase of the disease, which is also less obscured with a consequent "immunological" phenotype and in vivo compensatory mechanisms observed in the embryonic brain. Together, these results suggest that the transcriptome of cultured primary neuronal cells, in comparison to whole brain tissue, more robustly demonstrated the difference between Fmr1KO and WT mice and might reveal a molecular phenotype, which is typically hidden by compensatory mechanisms present in vivo. Moreover, cultures might be useful for investigating the perturbed pathways in early human brain development and genes previously implicated in autism.
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Walton E, Geisler D, Lee PH, Hass J, Turner JA, Liu J, Sponheim SR, White T, Wassink TH, Roessner V, Gollub RL, Calhoun VD, Ehrlich S. Prefrontal inefficiency is associated with polygenic risk for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1263-71. [PMID: 24327754 PMCID: PMC4193692 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Considering the diverse clinical presentation and likely polygenic etiology of schizophrenia, this investigation examined the effect of polygenic risk on a well-established intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia. We hypothesized that a measure of cumulative genetic risk based on additive effects of many genetic susceptibility loci for schizophrenia would predict prefrontal cortical inefficiency during working memory, a brain-based biomarker for the disorder. The present study combined imaging, genetic and behavioral data obtained by the Mind Clinical Imaging Consortium study of schizophrenia (n = 255). For each participant, we derived a polygenic risk score (PGRS), which was based on over 600 nominally significant single nucleotide polymorphisms, associated with schizophrenia in a separate discovery sample comprising 3322 schizophrenia patients and 3587 control participants. Increased polygenic risk for schizophrenia was associated with neural inefficiency in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex after covarying for the effects of acquisition site, diagnosis, and population stratification. We also provide additional supporting evidence for our original findings using scores based on results from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium study. Gene ontology analysis of the PGRS highlighted genetic loci involved in brain development and several other processes possibly contributing to disease etiology. Our study permits new insights into the additive effect of hundreds of genetic susceptibility loci on a brain-based intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia. The combined impact of many common genetic variants of small effect are likely to better reveal etiologic mechanisms of the disorder than the study of single common genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Walton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Geisler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Hass
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Jingyu Liu
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Randy L Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; MGH/MIT/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; MGH/MIT/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA;
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Scott O, Richer L, Forbes K, Sonnenberg L, Currie A, Eliyashevska M, Goez HR. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis: an unusual cause of autistic regression in a toddler. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:691-4. [PMID: 24092894 DOI: 10.1177/0883073813501875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Anti N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis in children is associated with psychiatric changes, seizures, and dyskinesias. We present the first report of autistic regression in a toddler caused by this entity. A 33-month-old boy presented with decreased appetite, irritability, and insomnia following an upper respiratory tract infection. Over the next few weeks he lost language and social skills, and abnormal movements of his hand developed. Within a month, this patient came to fit the diagnostic criteria for autistic spectrum disorder. Upon investigation, anti-NMDA receptor antibodies were found in the boy's cerebrospinal fluid. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulins and steroids, resulting in reacquisition of language and social skills and resolution of movements. Our case emphasizes the significance of suspecting anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis as the cause of autistic regression, even in an age group where the diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder is typically made, and especially when presentation follows a febrile illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Scott
- 1Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Herbert MR, Sage C. Autism and EMF? Plausibility of a pathophysiological link - Part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:191-209. [PMID: 24095003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are defined behaviorally, they also involve multileveled disturbances of underlying biology that find striking parallels in the physiological impacts of electromagnetic frequency and radiofrequency exposures (EMF/RFR). Part I of this paper will review the critical contributions pathophysiology may make to the etiology, pathogenesis and ongoing generation of core features of ASCs. We will review pathophysiological damage to core cellular processes that are associated both with ASCs and with biological effects of EMF/RFR exposures that contribute to chronically disrupted homeostasis. Many studies of people with ASCs have identified oxidative stress and evidence of free radical damage, cellular stress proteins, and deficiencies of antioxidants such as glutathione. Elevated intracellular calcium in ASCs may be due to genetics or may be downstream of inflammation or environmental exposures. Cell membrane lipids may be peroxidized, mitochondria may be dysfunctional, and various kinds of immune system disturbances are common. Brain oxidative stress and inflammation as well as measures consistent with blood-brain barrier and brain perfusion compromise have been documented. Part II of this paper will review how behaviors in ASCs may emerge from alterations of electrophysiological oscillatory synchronization, how EMF/RFR could contribute to these by de-tuning the organism, and policy implications of these vulnerabilities. Changes in brain and autonomic nervous system electrophysiological function and sensory processing predominate, seizures are common, and sleep disruption is close to universal. All of these phenomena also occur with EMF/RFR exposure that can add to system overload ('allostatic load') in ASCs by increasing risk, and worsening challenging biological problems and symptoms; conversely, reducing exposure might ameliorate symptoms of ASCs by reducing obstruction of physiological repair. Various vital but vulnerable mechanisms such as calcium channels may be disrupted by environmental agents, various genes associated with autism or the interaction of both. With dramatic increases in reported ASCs that are coincident in time with the deployment of wireless technologies, we need aggressive investigation of potential ASC - EMF/RFR links. The evidence is sufficient to warrant new public exposure standards benchmarked to low-intensity (non-thermal) exposure levels now known to be biologically disruptive, and strong, interim precautionary practices are advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha R Herbert
- TRANSCEND Research Program Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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