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Schwartz EKC, Palmisano AN, Gueorguieva R, DeVito EE, Sofuoglu M. Examining racial differences in smoking outcomes among smokers enrolled in an intravenous nicotine infusion study. Addict Behav 2023; 140:107615. [PMID: 36640662 PMCID: PMC9911383 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Large racial disparities exist in the prevention and treatment of smoking-related diseases, and minoritized populations carry a heavier burden of smoking-related morbidity and mortality. To date, most studies investigating smoking-related illnesses have been conducted in samples in which the majority, or totality, self-identified as White or Caucasian. While Black individuals who smoke tend to have a lower rate of nicotine clearance, in part due to the use of mentholated cigarettes, less is known about how slower clearance affects their acute subjective and physiologic responses in response to either overnight abstinence or subsequent nicotine administration. This study aimed to investigate differences between the experiences of Black and White individuals who smoke across these outcomes after a period of short-term abstinence and after IV nicotine infusion. METHODS The study included 206 smokers (N = 103 Black, N = 103 White, by self-report). The study investigated self-report, physiological, and biochemical smoking-related outcomes following confirmed overnight abstinence followed by IV nicotine infusion. The outcome measures were separately analyzed with repeated-measures mixed-models. RESULTS Black individuals had lower rates of nicotine clearance and were more likely to smoke mentholated cigarettes than White individuals. Despite these differences, no differences in withdrawal, cravings, or physiological outcomes were observed between the two groups. There were some trends toward differences in subjective experiences, in that an interaction with trend level significance between race and dose was observed for negative subjective drug effects, with White smokers trending towards endorsing higher levels of negative affect after abstinence and nicotine infusion. We also observed that Black individuals trended towards experiencing more negative drug effects in response to initial nicotine delivery than to saline, whereas White individuals had no differences in negative drug effects across saline or nicotine doses. CONCLUSIONS Despite slower nicotine clearance, Black participants exhibited withdrawal and urges to smoke as severe as White participants, and did not have blunted physiological responses to overnight abstinence or administration of nicotine, which were contrary to our hypotheses. Our findings suggest minimal differences across races in the acute pharmacologic effects of nicotine. We observed trend-level differences in subjective and affective responses to nicotine. Greater insight into these differences may lead to improved prevention and treatment strategies for smoking-related illnesses for Black individuals who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K C Schwartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Alexandra N Palmisano
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elise E DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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MacLean RR, Eid T, Parida S, Gueorguieva R, DeVito EE, Sofuoglu M. Threshold for the pleasurable effects of nicotine are lower than its reinforcing effects during self-administration. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:37-45. [PMID: 35254839 PMCID: PMC9448824 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A recent study demonstrated that during a single sampling period, 0.1 mg of intravenous (IV) nicotine (vs. placebo) was found to be the threshold for subjective and physiological drug effects. The present study is a secondary analysis evaluating whether the threshold for subjective and physiological effects is similar when the subject has repeated opportunities to choose blinded doses of nicotine versus placebo. We also examined whether cigarette craving, withdrawal, and rate of nicotine metabolism affected nicotine reinforcement, defined by a greater number of nicotine choices than placebo. Young adult (n = 34; 68% male), daily smokers had five laboratory sessions after overnight abstinence. After sampling an IV dose of nicotine (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg/70 kg) versus saline (placebo), participants completed a nicotine self-administration (NSA) procedure that included 10 opportunities to self-administer IV dose of nicotine or placebo. The threshold for subjective positive effects of nicotine during the NSA was equal to or lower than the sampling period, 0.05-0.1 mg versus 0.1 mg. The threshold for nicotine-induced heart rate increase was higher during the NSA than during the sampling period (0.2 mg vs. 0.1 mg). Higher baseline craving and nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) were associated with nicotine reinforcement at 0.2 mg and 0.1 mg doses, respectively (p < .05). The results suggest that subjective effects during NSA are reported at doses lower than the sampling period. Taken together, tobacco products thought to be subthreshold for reinforcement should be carefully evaluated for their subjective effects, including their discriminative stimulus effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ross MacLean
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University
| | - Suprit Parida
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health and School of Medicine
| | - Elise E. DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
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De Aquino JP, MacLean RR, Gueorguieva R, DeVito EE, Eid T, Sofuoglu M. Impact of delivery rate on the acute response to intravenous nicotine: A human laboratory study with implications for regulatory science. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13161. [PMID: 35229960 PMCID: PMC8903077 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Faster delivery rate enhances the abuse potential of drugs of abuse, yet systematic studies on the impact of delivery rate on the acute effects of nicotine in humans are lacking. Using an intravenous (IV) nicotine infusion procedure that allows precise control of rate of delivery, we examined the impact of nicotine delivery rate on the positive subjective drug effects, smoking urges, withdrawal, heart rate, blood pressure and attention function in smokers. Twenty-four male and female (ages 21-35) dependent smokers attended five experimental sessions, following overnight abstinence from smoking. Using a crossover design, participants attended five sessions, where they were assigned to a random sequence of saline infusion or 1 mg nicotine delivered over 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 min at rates of 1, 0.4, 0.2 or 0.1 mg/min, respectively. The positive subjective effects of nicotine were most robust under the two faster delivery rate conditions, 1- and 0.4-mg nicotine/min. In contrast, all nicotine delivery rates were equally more effective than saline in alleviating urges to smoke. Likewise, nicotine-induced heart rate increases did not vary with the rate of nicotine delivery. Lastly, the cognitive enhancing effects of nicotine were observed only under the two slowest delivery rate conditions-0.1- and 0.2-mg nicotine/min. Collectively, these findings support the critical role of delivery rate in optimizing nicotine's abuse potential versus potential therapeutic effects and have timely implications for developing novel therapeutics for nicotine dependence, as well as for tobacco regulatory science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao P. De Aquino
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - R. Ross MacLean
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Elise E. DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
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MacLean RR, DeVito EE, Eid T, Parida S, Gueorguieva R, Sofuoglu M. Threshold dose for intravenous nicotine self-administration in young adult non-dependent smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2083-2090. [PMID: 33796907 PMCID: PMC8715498 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Reducing nicotine content of inhaled tobacco products may prevent nicotine addiction, but the threshold for nicotine reinforcement has not been systematically evaluated in controlled human laboratory studies. OBJECTIVES The current study uses a novel double-blind placebo-controlled intravenous (IV) nicotine self-administration (NSA) model to determine threshold for subjective effects of nicotine and nicotine reinforcement using a forced choice self-administration procedure. METHODS Young adults (n = 34) had 5 laboratory sessions after overnight nicotine abstinence. In each session, participants sampled and rated the subjective effects of an IV dose of nicotine (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg nicotine/70 kg bodyweight) versus saline (placebo), then were given a total of 10 opportunities to self-administer either the IV dose of nicotine or placebo. RESULTS Mixed effect models revealed a significant effect of nicotine dose for positive (i.e., "stimulatory" and "pleasurable"; p < .0001) effects, but not "aversive" effects during sampling period. Post hoc comparisons showed that higher doses (i.e., 0.1 and 0.2 mg) were associated with greater stimulatory, pleasurable, and physiological effects than placebo and lower doses. Mixed effect models revealed that only the highest dose (i.e., 0.2 mg) was consistently preferred over placebo. Sex differences were generally weak (p = .03-.05). CONCLUSIONS Using our IV nicotine NSA model, the threshold for detecting positive effects of nicotine in young adult smokers is about 0.1 mg, but a higher dose of nicotine, 0.2 mg, is required to produce a consistent nicotine reinforcement. Regarding the regulatory impact, our findings further support the value of nicotine reinforcement threshold as a tobacco regulatory target.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ross MacLean
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave., Bldg. 36/116A4, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Elise E DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Suprit Parida
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave., Bldg. 36/116A4, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health and School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave., Bldg. 36/116A4, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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Differential effects of nicotine delivery rate on subjective drug effects, urges to smoke, heart rate and blood pressure in tobacco smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1359-1369. [PMID: 31996940 PMCID: PMC7386792 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The nicotine delivery rate is a key feature of tobacco product design, yet there have been limited human studies examining the effects of nicotine as a function of delivery rate. OBJECTIVE We developed an intravenous nicotine infusion protocol to evaluate differential effects of nicotine delivery rate on subjective drug effects, smoking urges, abstinence symptoms, heart rate, and blood pressure. METHODS Eighteen non-treatment seeking, overnight abstinent male and female smokers (18 to 30 years old), who smoked ≥ 5 cigarettes per day for the past year completed four sessions, in which they were randomly assigned to a saline infusion, or a 1 mg per 70-kg body weight dose of nicotine delivered over 1, 5, or 10 min at rates of 0.24, 0.048, or 0.024 μg/kg/s, respectively. RESULTS Smoking urges, as assessed by the Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges, were reduced relative to placebo for the 1- and 5-min infusion, but not the 10-min infusion. Although the 1- and 5-min infusions reduced smoking urges to a similar extent, the 1-min infusion induced a greater heart rate and blood pressure increase. Changes to subjective drug effects, heart rate, and blood pressure delineate the differential effects of nicotine delivery rate for these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We have characterized the delivery rate-response curve for a nicotine dose that is roughly the amount of nicotine (~ 1 mg) delivered by smoking a standard tobacco cigarette. Our findings reinforce the importance of nicotine delivery rate when evaluating the potential effects of nicotine from tobacco products.
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Schmitz LL, Gard AM, Ware EB. Examining sex differences in pleiotropic effects for depression and smoking using polygenic and gene-region aggregation techniques. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:448-468. [PMID: 31219244 PMCID: PMC6732217 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in rates of depression are thought to contribute to sex differences in smoking initiation (SI) and number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD). One hypothesis is that women smoke as a strategy to cope with anxiety and depression, and have difficulty quitting because of concomitant changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis function during nicotine withdrawal states. Despite evidence of biological ties, research has not examined whether genetic factors that contribute to depression-smoking comorbidity differ by sex. We utilized two statistical aggregation techniques-polygenic scores (PGSs) and sequence kernel association testing-to assess the degree of pleiotropy between these behaviors and moderation by sex in the Health and Retirement Study (N = 8,086). At the genome-wide level, we observed associations between PGSs for depressive symptoms and SI, and measured SI and depressive symptoms (all p < .01). At the gene level, we found evidence of pleiotropy in FKBP5 for SI (p = .028), and sex-specific pleiotropy in females in NR3C2 (p = .030) and CHRNA5 (p = .025) for SI and CPD, respectively. Results suggest bidirectional associations between depression and smoking may be partially accounted for by shared genetic factors, and genetic variation in genes related to HPA-axis functioning and nicotine dependence may contribute to sex differences in SI and CPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L. Schmitz
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
| | | | - Erin B. Ware
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
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7
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Jensen KP, Valentine G, Buta E, DeVito EE, Gelernter J, Sofuoglu M. Biochemical, demographic, and self-reported tobacco-related predictors of the acute heart rate response to nicotine in smokers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 173:36-43. [PMID: 30107183 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the stimulatory effects of nicotine on cardiovascular function in humans is of great interest given the wide-spread use of different forms of combustible and smokeless products that deliver nicotine. An intravenous nicotine infusion procedure was used to evaluate factors associated with the acute heart rate (HR) response to nicotine (0.5 mg per 70 kg bodyweight) in a sample of 213 smokers. We tested for differential response to nicotine based on demographic characteristics (race [European American vs African America], sex, body mass index and age); a set of blood-based biomarkers (baseline nicotine, cotinine and cortisol levels and nicotine metabolite ratio); and a set of self-reported measures related to tobacco use. Nicotine infusion was first noted to increase HR approximately 10 beats per minute (95% CI: 7.8-12.3) one minute post-infusion, and 13 beats per minute (95% CI: 11.0-15.2) two minutes post-infusion. Higher cortisol, lower nicotine levels, higher nicotine metabolite ratio, being female and greater withdrawal symptoms were independently associated with a potentiated increase in HR 1 or 2 min after nicotine infusion. Factors associated with the acute HR effects of nicotine warrant further investigation given their potential to inform the development of nicotine delivery systems as tobacco harm reduction approaches for smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States of America.
| | - Gerald Valentine
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Eugenia Buta
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Elise E DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States of America; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States of America
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Jensen KP, Smith AH, Herman AI, Farrer LA, Kranzler HR, Sofuoglu M, Gelernter J. A protocadherin gene cluster regulatory variant is associated with nicotine withdrawal and the urge to smoke. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:242-249. [PMID: 27067016 PMCID: PMC5390815 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine withdrawal symptoms contribute to relapse in smokers, thereby prolonging the harm caused by smoking. To investigate the molecular basis for this phenomenon, we conducted a genome-wide association study of DSM-IV nicotine withdrawal in a sample of African American (AA) and European American (EA) smokers. A combined AA and EA meta-analysis (n=8021) identified three highly correlated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the protocadherin (PCDH)-α, -β and -γ gene cluster on chromosome 5 that were associated with nicotine withdrawal (P<5 × 10-8). We then studied one of the SNPs, rs31746, in an independent sample of smokers who participated in an intravenous nicotine infusion study that followed overnight smoking abstinence. After nicotine infusion, abstinent smokers with the withdrawal risk allele experienced greater alleviation of their urges to smoke, as assessed by the Brief Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (BQSU). Prior work has shown that the PCDH-α, -β and -γ genes are expressed in neurons in a highly organized manner. We found that rs31746 mapped to a long-range neuron-specific enhancer element shown previously to regulate PCDH-α, -β and -γ gene expression. Using Braincloud mRNA expression data, we identified a robust and specific association between rs31746 and PCDH-β8 mRNA expression in frontal cortex tissue (P<1 × 10-5). We conclude that PCDH-α, -β and -γ gene cluster regulatory variation influences the severity of nicotine withdrawal. Further studies on the PCDH-α, -β and -γ genes and their role in nicotine withdrawal may inform the development of novel smoking cessation treatments and reduce the harm caused by tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew H. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aryeh I. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and the VISN4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Lieberman R, Kranzler HR, Levine ES, Covault J. Examining FKBP5 mRNA expression in human iPSC-derived neural cells. Psychiatry Res 2017; 247:172-181. [PMID: 27915167 PMCID: PMC5191911 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In peripheral blood leukocytes, FKBP5 mRNA expression is upregulated following glucocorticoid receptor activation. The single nucleotide polymorphism rs1360780 in FKBP5 is associated with psychiatric illness and has functional molecular effects. However, examination of FKBP5 regulation has largely been limited to peripheral cells, which may not reflect regulation in neural cells. We used 27 human induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSCs) derived from 20 subjects to examine FKBP5 mRNA expression following GR activation. Following differentiation into forebrain-lineage neural cultures, cells were exposed to 1μM dexamethasone and mRNA expression of FKBP5 and NR3C1 analyzed. Results from the iPSC-derived neural cells were compared with those from 15 donor matched fibroblast lines. Following dexamethasone treatment, there was a 670% increase in FKBP5 expression in fibroblasts, mimicking findings in peripheral blood-derived cells, but only a 23% increase in iPSC-derived neural cultures. FKBP5 rs1360780 genotype did not affect the induction of FKBP5 mRNA in either fibroblasts or neural cells. These results suggest that iPSC-derived forebrain-lineage neurons may not be an optimal neural cell type in which to examine relationships between GR activation, FKBP5 expression, and genetic variation in human subjects. Further, FKBP5 induction following GR activation may differ between cell types derived from the same individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lieberman
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030-1410, CT, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, PA, USA; VISN4 MIRECC, Crescenz Philadelphia VAMC, Philadelphia 19104, PA, USA
| | - Eric S Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Covault
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030-1410, CT, USA.
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Lieberman R, Armeli S, Scott DM, Kranzler HR, Tennen H, Covault J. FKBP5 genotype interacts with early life trauma to predict heavy drinking in college students. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:879-87. [PMID: 27196697 PMCID: PMC5045724 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is debilitating and costly. Identification and better understanding of risk factors influencing the development of AUD remain a research priority. Although early life exposure to trauma increases the risk of adulthood psychiatric disorders, including AUD, many individuals exposed to early life trauma do not develop psychopathology. Underlying genetic factors may contribute to differential sensitivity to trauma experienced in childhood. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is susceptible to long-lasting changes in function following childhood trauma. Functional genetic variation within FKBP5, a gene encoding a modulator of HPA axis function, is associated with the development of psychiatric symptoms in adulthood, particularly among individuals exposed to trauma early in life. In the current study, we examined interactions between self-reported early life trauma, past-year life stress, past-year trauma, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1360780) in FKBP5 on heavy alcohol consumption in a sample of 1,845 college students from two university settings. Although we found no effect of early life trauma on heavy drinking in rs1360780*T-allele carriers, rs1360780*C homozygotes exposed to early life trauma had a lower probability of heavy drinking compared to rs1360780*C homozygotes not exposed to early life trauma (P < 0.01). The absence of an interaction between either current life stress or past-year trauma, and FKBP5 genotype on heavy drinking suggests that there exists a developmental period of susceptibility to stress that is moderated by FKBP5 genotype. These findings implicate interactive effects of early life trauma and FKBP5 genetic variation on heavy drinking. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lieberman
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1410,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Stephen Armeli
- Department of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, New Jersey
| | - Denise M. Scott
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Genetics and Alcohol Research Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20059
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,VISN4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Howard Tennen
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1410,Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut,Correspondence may be sent to Howard Tennen or Jonathan Covault at the Department of Psychiatry, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1410, or via or
| | - Jonathan Covault
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1410,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269,Correspondence may be sent to Howard Tennen or Jonathan Covault at the Department of Psychiatry, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1410, or via or
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Rein T. FK506 binding protein 51 integrates pathways of adaptation: FKBP51 shapes the reactivity to environmental change. Bioessays 2016; 38:894-902. [PMID: 27374865 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This review portraits FK506 binding protein (FKBP) 51 as "reactivity protein" and collates recent publications to develop the concept of FKBP51 as contributor to different levels of adaptation. Adaptation is a fundamental process that enables unicellular and multicellular organisms to adjust their molecular circuits and structural conditions in reaction to environmental changes threatening their homeostasis. FKBP51 is known as chaperone and co-chaperone of heat shock protein (HSP) 90, thus involved in processes ensuring correct protein folding in response to proteotoxic stress. In mammals, FKBP51 both shapes the stress response and is calibrated by the stress levels through an ultrashort molecular feedback loop. More recently, it has been linked to several intracellular pathways related to the reactivity to drug exposure and stress. Through its role in autophagy and DNA methylation in particular it influences adaptive pathways, possibly also in a transgenerational fashion. Also see the video abstract here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Rein
- Department of Translational Science in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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Jensen KP, DeVito EE, Valentine G, Gueorguieva R, Sofuoglu M. Intravenous Nicotine Self-Administration in Smokers: Dose-Response Function and Sex Differences. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2034-40. [PMID: 26717881 PMCID: PMC4908640 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in the sensitivity to nicotine may influence vulnerability to tobacco dependence. The goal of this study was to investigate the dose-response function for the reinforcing and subjective effects of intravenous nicotine in male and female smokers. Tobacco-dependent subjects (12 male and 14 female) participated in four experimental sessions in which they received sample infusions of saline and nicotine (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 mg doses) in a randomized double-blind crossover design. During each session, subjects first received the sample infusions, and heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and subjective stimulatory, pleasurable and aversive responses were monitored. Immediately following the sample infusions, subjects self-administered either nicotine or saline in six double-blind forced-choice trials. A sex by dose interaction was observed in the nicotine choice paradigm. Nicotine self-administration rate was negatively correlated with nicotine dose in males (males displayed choice preference for low doses of nicotine over high doses of nicotine), but no significant relationship between dose and choice preference was evident in females. Relative to placebo, sample doses of nicotine increased heart rate and blood pressure, and induced stimulatory, pleasurable, and aversive subjective effects. Diastolic blood pressure increased dose dependently in males, but not in females. These findings, which demonstrate sex differences in nicotine self-administration for doses that are near to the reinforcement threshold, suggest that male and female smokers may respond differently to the changes in nicotine doses available for self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elise E DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald Valentine
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health and School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave., Bldg. 36/116A4, West Haven, CT 06516, USA, Tel: 203 937 4809, Fax: 203 937 3478, E-mail:
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Gene-Stress-Epigenetic Regulation of FKBP5: Clinical and Translational Implications. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:261-74. [PMID: 26250598 PMCID: PMC4677131 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses and related outcomes vary markedly across individuals. Elucidating the molecular underpinnings of this variability is of great relevance for developing individualized prevention strategies and treatments for stress-related disorders. An important modulator of stress responses is the FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5/FKBP51). FKBP5 acts as a co-chaperone that modulates not only glucocorticoid receptor activity in response to stressors but also a multitude of other cellular processes in both the brain and periphery. Notably, the FKBP5 gene is regulated via complex interactions among environmental stressors, FKBP5 genetic variants, and epigenetic modifications of glucocorticoid-responsive genomic sites. These interactions can result in FKBP5 disinhibition that has been shown to contribute to a number of aberrant phenotypes in both rodents and humans. Consequently, FKBP5 blockade may hold promise as treatment intervention for stress-related disorders, and recently developed selective FKBP5 blockers show encouraging results in vitro and in rodent models. Although risk for stress-related disorders is conferred by multiple environmental and genetic factors, the findings related to FKBP5 illustrate how a deeper understanding of the molecular and systemic mechanisms underlying specific gene-environment interactions may provide insights into the pathogenesis of stress-related disorders.
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Jensen KP, Sofuoglu M. Stress response genes and the severity of nicotine withdrawal. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 17:1-3. [PMID: 26652163 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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Kelly MM, Jensen KP, Sofuoglu M. Co-occurring tobacco use and posttraumatic stress disorder: Smoking cessation treatment implications. Am J Addict 2015; 24:695-704. [PMID: 26584242 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Kelly
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital; Bedford Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Kevin P. Jensen
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System; West Haven Connecticut
- Department of Psychiatry; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System; West Haven Connecticut
- Department of Psychiatry; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
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A CHRNA5 Smoking Risk Variant Decreases the Aversive Effects of Nicotine in Humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2813-21. [PMID: 25948103 PMCID: PMC4864657 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have implicated the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster in risk for heavy smoking and several smoking-related disorders. The heavy smoking risk allele might reduce the aversive effects of nicotine, but this hypothesis has not been tested in humans. We evaluated the effects of a candidate causal variant in CHRNA5, rs16969968, on the acute response to nicotine in European American (EA) and African American (AA) smokers (n=192; 50% AA; 73% male). Following overnight abstinence from nicotine, participants completed a protocol that included an intravenous (IV) dose of saline and two escalating IV doses of nicotine. The outcomes evaluated were the aversive, pleasurable, and stimulatory ratings of nicotine's effects, cardiovascular reactivity to nicotine, withdrawal severity, and cognitive performance before and after the nicotine administration session. The heavy smoking risk allele (rs16969968*A; frequency=28% (EA) and 6% (AA)) was associated with lower ratings of aversive effects (P<5 × 10(-8)) with marked specificity. This effect was evident in EA and AA subjects analyzed as separate groups and was most robust at the highest nicotine dose. Rs16969968*A was also associated with greater improvement on a measure of cognitive control (Stroop Task) following nicotine administration. These findings support differential aversive response to nicotine as one likely mechanism for the association of CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 with heavy smoking.
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