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Kostka M, Krug D, Herrmann J, Dickschat JS, Meyer J, Müller R, Schulz S. Identification by Synthesis: Imidacins, Urocanate-Derived Alkaloids from the Myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca. Org Lett 2024; 26:6359-6363. [PMID: 39037587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Innovative discovery approaches such as genome-mining and metabolomics-inspired methods have reshaped the natural product research field, complementing traditional bioactivity-based screens and allowing hitherto unseen compounds to be uncovered from previously investigated producers. In line with these trends, we report here imidacins, a novel class of secondary metabolites specific to the myxobacterial genus Stigmatella. A combination of secondary metabolome analysis, genome-mining techniques, spectroscopic analysis, and finally total synthesis was used to allow structure elucidation. Imidacins are urocanate-derived aliphatic acids with an adjacent cyclopropane moiety, structural features unprecedented in natural products to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kostka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel Krug
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Meyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Usmani SA, Kumar M, Arya K, Ali B, Bhardwaj N, Gaur NA, Prasad R, Singh A. Beyond membrane components: uncovering the intriguing world of fungal sphingolipid synthesis and regulation. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104087. [PMID: 37328042 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are essential to fungal survival and represent a major class of structural and signaling lipids. Unique SL structures and their biosynthetic enzymes in filamentous fungi make them an ideal drug target. Several studies have contributed towards the functional characterization of specific SL metabolism genes, which have been complemented by advanced lipidomics methods which allow accurate identification and quantification of lipid structures and pathway mapping. These studies have provided a better understanding of SL biosynthesis, degradation and regulation networks in filamentous fungi, which are discussed and elaborated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Akhtar Usmani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226024, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Khushboo Arya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226024, India
| | - Basharat Ali
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Bhardwaj
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404, India
| | - Naseem Akhtar Gaur
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226024, India.
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3
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Ota A, Morita H, Naganuma T, Miyamoto M, Jojima K, Nojiri K, Matsuda J, Kihara A. Bifunctional DEGS2 has higher hydroxylase activity toward substrates with very-long-chain fatty acids in the production of phytosphingosine ceramides. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104603. [PMID: 36907437 PMCID: PMC10140171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytosphingosine (PHS) is a sphingolipid component present mainly in epithelial tissues, including the epidermis and those lining the digestive tract. DEGS2 is a bifunctional enzyme that produces ceramides (CERs) containing PHS (PHS-CERs) via hydroxylation and sphingosine-CERs via desaturation, using dihydrosphingosine-CERs as substrates. Until now, the role of DEGS2 in permeability barrier functioning, its contribution to PHS-CER production, and the mechanism that differentiates between these two activities have been unknown. Here, we analyzed the barrier functioning of the epidermis, esophagus, and anterior stomach of Degs2 KO mice and found that there were no differences between Degs2 KO and WT mice, indicating normal permeability barriers in the KO mice. In the epidermis, esophagus, and anterior stomach of Degs2 KO mice, PHS-CER levels were greatly reduced relative to WT mice, but PHS-CERs were still present. We obtained similar results for DEGS2 KO human keratinocytes. These results indicate that although DEGS2 plays a major role in PHS-CER production, another synthesis pathway exists as well. Next, we examined the fatty acid (FA) composition of PHS-CERs in various mouse tissues and found that PHS-CER species containing very-long-chain FAs (≥C21) were more abundant than those containing long-chain FAs (C11-C20). A cell-based assay system revealed that the desaturase and hydroxylase activities of DEGS2 toward substrates with different FA chain lengths differed and that its hydroxylase activity was higher toward substrates containing very-long-chain FAs. Collectively, our findings contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of PHS-CER production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Morita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Naganuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Keisuke Jojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koki Nojiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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4
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Bruns H, Herrmann J, Müller R, Wang H, Wagner Döbler I, Schulz S. Oxygenated N-Acyl Alanine Methyl Esters (NAMEs) from the Marine Bacterium Roseovarius tolerans EL-164. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:131-139. [PMID: 29261310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The marine bacterium Roseovarius tolerans EL-164 (Rhodobacteraceae) can produce unique N-acylalanine methyl esters (NAMEs) besides strucutrally related N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs), bacterial signaling compounds widespread in the Rhodobacteraceae. The structures of two unprecedented NAMEs carrying a rare terminally oxidized acyl chain are reported here. The compounds (Z)-N-16-hydroxyhexadec-9-enoyl-l-alanine methyl ester (Z9-16-OH-C16:1-NAME, 3) and (Z)-N-15-carboxypentadec-9-enoyl-l-alanine methyl ester (16COOH-C16:1-NAME, 4) were isolated, and the structures were determined by NMR and MS experiments. Both compounds were synthesized to prove assignments and to test their biological activity. Finally, non-natural, structurally related Z9-3-OH-C16:1-NAME (18) was synthesized to investigate the mass spectroscopy of structurally related NAMEs. Compound 3 showed moderate antibacterial activity against microorganisms such as Bacillus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, or Mucor strains. In contrast to AHLs, quorum-sensing or quorum-quenching activity was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilke Bruns
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University , Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University , Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hui Wang
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Wagner Döbler
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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5
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Lethu S, Ano H, Murata M, Matsuoka S. Enantioselective Deuteration of β-Substituted α,β-Unsaturated Esters by Rhodium-1,2-Bis(2,5-diphenylphospholano)ethane. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lethu
- JST ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project and Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043 Osaka Japan
| | - Hikaru Ano
- JST ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project and Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043 Osaka Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- JST ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project and Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043 Osaka Japan
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6
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Rui Z, Harris NC, Zhu X, Huang W, Zhang W. Discovery of a Family of Desaturase-Like Enzymes for 1-Alkene Biosynthesis. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Rui
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, California 94704, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Harris
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94704, United States
| | - Xuejun Zhu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, California 94704, United States
| | - Wei Huang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, California 94704, United States
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, California 94704, United States
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7
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Derbyshire MC, Michaelson L, Parker J, Kelly S, Thacker U, Powers SJ, Bailey A, Hammond-Kosack K, Courbot M, Rudd J. Analysis of cytochrome b(5) reductase-mediated metabolism in the phytopathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici reveals novel functionalities implicated in virulence. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 82:69-84. [PMID: 26074495 PMCID: PMC4557397 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by the Ascomycete fungus Zymoseptoria tritici is one of the most economically damaging diseases of wheat worldwide. Z. tritici is currently a major target for agricultural fungicides, especially in temperate regions where it is most prevalent. Many fungicides target electron transfer enzymes because these are often important for cell function. Therefore characterisation of genes encoding such enzymes may be important for the development of novel disease intervention strategies. Microsomal cytochrome b5 reductases (CBRs) are an important family of electron transfer proteins which in eukaryotes are involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and complex lipids including sphingolipids and sterols. Unlike the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which possesses only one microsomal CBR, the fully sequenced genome of Z. tritici bears three possible microsomal CBRs. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that ZtCBR1 is the most highly expressed of these genes under all in vitro and in planta conditions tested, therefore ΔZtCBR1 mutant strains were generated through targeted gene disruption. These strains exhibited delayed disease symptoms on wheat leaves and severely limited asexual sporulation. ΔZtCBR1 strains also exhibited aberrant spore morphology and hyphal growth in vitro. These defects coincided with alterations in fatty acid, sphingolipid and sterol biosynthesis observed through GC-MS and HPLC analyses. Data is presented which suggests that Z. tritici may use ZtCBR1 as an additional electron donor for key steps in ergosterol biosynthesis, one of which is targeted by azole fungicides. Our study reports the first functional characterisation of CBR gene family members in a plant pathogenic filamentous fungus. This also represents the first direct observation of CBR functional ablation impacting upon fungal sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Derbyshire
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Louise Michaelson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Josie Parker
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Diversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Steven Kelly
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Diversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | | | - Stephen J Powers
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Andy Bailey
- Bristol University, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Kim Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Mikael Courbot
- Syngenta, Syngenta AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Jason Rudd
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
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8
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Casasampere M, Ordoñez YF, Pou A, Casas J. Inhibitors of dihydroceramide desaturase 1: Therapeutic agents and pharmacological tools to decipher the role of dihydroceramides in cell biology. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 197:33-44. [PMID: 26248324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide desaturase (Des1) is the last enzyme in the de novo synthesis of ceramides (Cer). It catalyzes the insertion of a double bond into dihydroceramides (dhCer) to convert them to Cer, both of which are further metabolized to more complex (dihydro) sphingolipids. For many years dhCer have received poor attention, mainly due to their supposed lack of biological activity. It was not until about ten years ago that the concept that dhCer might have regulatory roles in biology emerged for the first time. Since then, multiple publications have established that dhCer are implicated in a wide spectrum of biological processes. Physiological and pathophysiological functions of dhCer have been recently reviewed. In this review we will focus on the biochemical features of Des1 and on its inhibition by different compounds with presumably different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Casasampere
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yadira F Ordoñez
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Pou
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Liu J, Ma S. Iron-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of allylic alcohols: the issue of C═C bond isomerization. Org Lett 2013; 15:5150-3. [PMID: 24099324 DOI: 10.1021/ol402434x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An aerobic oxidation of allylic alcohols using Fe(NO3)3·9H2O/TEMPO/NaCl as catalysts under atmospheric pressure of oxygen at room temperature was developed. This eco-friendly and mild protocol provides a convenient pathway to the synthesis of stereodefined α,β-unsaturated enals or enones with the retention of the C-C double-bond configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Lu, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China , College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Longyan University , Longyan 364000, P. R. China , and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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10
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Vacchina P, Tripodi KEJ, Escalante AM, Uttaro AD. Characterization of bifunctional sphingolipid Δ4-desaturases/C4-hydroxylases of trypanosomatids by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 184:29-38. [PMID: 22542487 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Six genes encoding putative sphingolipid desaturases have been identified in trypanosomatid genomes: one in Trypanosoma brucei (TbSLdes protein), one in Trypanosoma cruzi (TcSLdes) and four in Leishmania major (LmSLdes1-4), tandemly arrayed on chromosome 26. The six amino acid sequences showed the three characteristic histidine boxes, with a long spacer between the first and second box, as in fungal desaturases and bifunctional desaturases/hydroxylases, to which they are phylogenetically related. We functionally characterized the trypanosomatid enzymes by their expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae sur2Δ mutant, which lacks C4-hydroxylase activity. The sphingoid base profile (dinitrophenyl derivatives) of each yeast mutant transformed with each one of the different parasite genes was analyzed by HPLC, using a sur2Δ mutant expressing the Schyzosaccharomyces pombe sphingolipid desaturase (SpSLdes) as positive control. TbSLdes was capable of desaturating endogenous sphingolipids at levels comparable to those found in SpSLdes. By contrast, L. major and T. cruzi enzymes showed either no or negligible activities. Using the HPLC system coupled to electrospray tandem quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry we were able to detect significant levels of desaturated and hydroxylated sphingoid bases in extracts of all transformed yeast mutants, except for those transformed with the empty vector. These results indicate that S. pombe, T. brucei, T. cruzi and L. major enzymes are all bifunctional. Using the same methodology, desaturated and hydroxylated sphingoid bases were detected in T. cruzi epimastigotes and L. major promastigote cells, as described previously, and in T. brucei procyclic and bloodstream forms for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vacchina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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11
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Börgel D, van den Berg M, Hüller T, Andrea H, Liebisch G, Boles E, Schorsch C, van der Pol R, Arink A, Boogers I, van der Hoeven R, Korevaar K, Farwick M, Köhler T, Schaffer S. Metabolic engineering of the non-conventional yeast Pichia ciferrii for production of rare sphingoid bases. Metab Eng 2012; 14:412-26. [PMID: 22449569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study describes the identification of sphingolipid biosynthesis genes in the non-conventional yeast Pichia ciferrii, the development of tools for its genetic modification as well as their application for metabolic engineering of P. ciferrii with the goal to generate strains capable of producing the rare sphingoid bases sphinganine and sphingosine. Several canonical genes encoding ceramide synthase (encoded by PcLAG1 and PcLAF1), alkaline ceramidase (PcYXC1) and sphingolipid C-4-hydroxylase(PcSYR2), as well as structural genes for dihydroceramide Δ(4)-desaturase (PcDES1) and sphingolipid Δ(8)-desaturase (PcSLD1) were identified, indicating that P. ciferrii would be capable of synthesizing desaturated sphingoid bases, a property not ubiquitously found in yeasts. In order to convert the phytosphingosine-producing P. ciferrii wildtype into a strain capable of producing predominantly sphinganine, Syringomycin E-resistant mutants were isolated. A stable mutant almost exclusively producing high levels of acetylated sphinganine was obtained and used as the base strain for further metabolic engineering. A metabolic pathway required for the three-step conversion of sphinganine to sphingosine was implemented in the sphinganine producing P. ciferrii strain and subsequently enhanced by screening for the appropriate heterologous enzymes, improvement of gene expression and codon optimization. These combined efforts led to a strain capable of producing 240mgL(-1) triacetyl sphingosine in shake flask, with tri- and diacetyl sphinganine being the main by-products. Lab-scale fermentation of this strain resulted in production of up to 890mgkg(-1) triacetyl sphingosine. A third by-product was unequivocally identified as triacetyl sphingadienine. It could be shown that inactivation of the SLD1 gene in P. ciferrii efficiently suppresses triacetyl sphingadienine formation. Further improvement of the described P. ciferrii strains will enable a biotechnological route to produce sphinganine and sphingosine for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Börgel
- Evonik Degussa, Project House ProFerm, Creavis Technologies & Innovation, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, D-63457 Hanau, Germany.
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12
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Dihydroceramide desaturase and dihydrosphingolipids: debutant players in the sphingolipid arena. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:82-94. [PMID: 22200621 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a wide family of lipids that share common sphingoid backbones, including (2S,3R)-2-amino-4-octadecane-1,3-diol (dihydrosphingosine) and (2S,3R,4E)-2-amino-4-octadecene-1,3-diol (sphingosine). The metabolism and biological functions of sphingolipids derived from sphingosine have been the subject of many reviews. In contrast, dihydrosphingolipids have received poor attention, mainly due to their supposed lack of biological activity. However, the reported biological effects of active site directed dihydroceramide desaturase inhibitors and the involvement of dihydrosphingolipids in the response of cells to known therapeutic agents support that dihydrosphingolipids are not inert but are in fact biologically active and underscore the importance of elucidating further the metabolic pathways and cell signaling networks involved in the biological activities of dihydrosphingolipids. Dihydroceramide desaturase is the enzyme involved in the conversion of dihydroceramide into ceramide and it is crucial in the regulation of the balance between sphingolipids and dihydrosphingolipids. Furthermore, given the enzyme requirement for O₂ and the NAD(P)H cofactor, the cellular redox balance and dihydroceramide desaturase activity may reciprocally influence each other. In this review both dihydroceramide desaturase and the biological functions of dihydrosphingolipids are addressed and perspectives on this field are discussed.
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13
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Applications of stereospecifically-labeled Fatty acids in oxygenase and desaturase biochemistry. Lipids 2011; 47:101-16. [PMID: 21971646 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenation and desaturation reactions are inherently associated with the abstraction of a hydrogen from the fatty acid substrate. Since the first published application in 1965, stereospecific placement of a labeled hydrogen isotope (deuterium or tritium) at the reacting carbons has proven a highly effective strategy for investigating the chemical mechanisms catalyzed by lipoxygenases, hemoprotein fatty acid dioxygenases including cyclooxygenases, cytochromes P450, and also the desaturases and isomerases. This review presents a synopsis of all published studies through 2010 on the synthesis and use of stereospecifically labeled fatty acids (71 references), and highlights some of the mechanistic insights gained by application of stereospecifically labeled fatty acids.
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Dihydroceramide desaturase inhibition by a cyclopropanated dihydroceramide analog in cultured keratinocytes. J Lipids 2010; 2011:724015. [PMID: 21490810 PMCID: PMC3066699 DOI: 10.1155/2011/724015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most mammalian sphingolipids contain a 4,5-(E)-double bond. We report on the chemical synthesis of a dihydroceramide derivative that prevents the introduction of the double bond into sphingolipids. Minimal alteration of the parent structure by formally replacing the hydrogen atoms in the 5- and in the 6-position of the sphinganine backbone by a methylene group leads to an inhibitor of dihydroceramide desaturase in cultured cells. In the presence of 10–50 μM of compound (1), levels of biosynthetically formed dihydroceramide and—surprisingly—also of phytoceramide are elevated at the expense of ceramide. The cells respond to the lack of unsaturated sphingolipids by an elevation of mRNAs of enzymes required for sphingosine formation. At the same time, the analysis of proliferation and differentiation markers indicates that the sphingolipid double bond is required to keep the cells in a differentiated state.
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Futerman AH, Riezman H. The ins and outs of sphingolipid synthesis. Trends Cell Biol 2006; 15:312-8. [PMID: 15953549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are ubiquitous components of eukaryotic cell membranes, where they play important roles in intracellular signaling and in membrane structure. Even though the biochemical pathway of sphingolipid synthesis and its compartmentalization between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus have been known for many years, the molecular identity of the enzymes in this pathway has only recently been elucidated. Here, we summarize progress in the identification and characterization of the enzymes, the transport of ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, and discuss how regulating the synthesis of sphingolipids might impact upon their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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16
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Enomoto A, Omae F, Miyazaki M, Kozutsumi Y, Yubisui T, Suzuki A. Dihydroceramide:sphinganine C-4-hydroxylation requires Des2 hydroxylase and the membrane form of cytochrome b5. Biochem J 2006; 397:289-95. [PMID: 16571104 PMCID: PMC1513285 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Des2 (degenerative spermatocyte 2) is a bifunctional enzyme that produces phytoceramide and ceramide from dihydroceramide. The molecular mechanism involved in C-4-hydroxylation has not been studied in detail. In the present paper, we report that C-4-hydroxylation requires an electron-transfer system that includes cytochrome b5 and that the hydroxylase activity is reconstituted in an in vitro assay with purified recombinant Des2. FLAG-tagged mouse Des2 was expressed in insect Sf9 cells and was purified by solubilization with digitonin and anti-FLAG antibody affinity column chromatography. The activity of dihydroceramide:sphinganine C-4-hydroxylase was reconstituted with the purified FLAG-Des2, mb5 (the membrane form of cytochrome b5) and bovine erythrocyte membrane. The apparent K(m) and V(max) of Des2 for the substrate N-octanoylsphinganine were 35 microM and 40 nmol x h(-1) x mg of protein(-1) respectively. The K(m) of the hydroxylase for mb5 was 0.8 microM. Interestingly, mb5 was not replaced with the soluble form of cytochrome b5, which lacks the C-terminal membrane-spanning domain. The erythrocyte membrane was separated into Triton X-100-soluble and -insoluble fractions, and the detergent-soluble fraction was replaced by the soluble or membrane form of b5R (NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase). The Triton-X-100-insoluble fraction contained trypsin-resistant factors. The Des2 protein is found in the endoplasmic reticulum and is assumed to have three membrane-spanning domains. The findings of the present study indicate that the hydroxylation requires complex formation between Des2 and mb5 via their membrane-spanning domains and electron transfer from NADH to the substrate via the reduction of mb5 by b5R.
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Key Words
- cytochrome b5
- degenerative spermatocyte 2 (des2)
- dihydroceramide:sphinganine c-4-hydroxylation
- microvillous membrane
- n-acyl-4-hydroxysphinganine
- phytoceramide
- b5r, nadh-cytochrome b5 reductase
- bca, bicinchoninic acid
- des1, degenerative spermatocyte 1
- des-1, dihydroceramide δ4-desaturase
- des2, degenerative spermatocyte 2
- er, endoplasmic reticulum
- hptlc, high performance thin layer chromatography
- mb5, membrane form of cytochrome b5
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- n-octanoyl-c18-phytosphingosine, n-octanoyl-d-ribo-1,3,4-trihydroxy-2-amino-octadecane
- sb5, soluble form of cytochrome b5
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Enomoto
- *Sphingolipid Expression Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fumio Omae
- *Sphingolipid Expression Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masao Miyazaki
- *Sphingolipid Expression Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kozutsumi
- †Glyco-chain Expression Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- ‡Department of Signal Transductions, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshitsugu Yubisui
- §Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- *Sphingolipid Expression Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
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Carvalho F, Gauthier LT, Hodgson DJ, Dawson B, Buist PH. Quantitation of hydroxylated byproduct formation in a Saccharomyces cerevisiaeΔ9 desaturating system. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:3979-83. [PMID: 16240017 DOI: 10.1039/b509612j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of products obtained from stearoyl CoA Delta9 desaturase-mediated oxidation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been measured directly for the first time using an omega-fluorinated fatty acid substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Carvalho
- Ottawa-Carleton Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
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18
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Omae F, Miyazaki M, Enomoto A, Suzuki A. Identification of an essential sequence for dihydroceramide C-4 hydroxylase activity of mouse DES2. FEBS Lett 2004; 576:63-7. [PMID: 15474011 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the amino acid sequences of mouse DES1 (MDES1) and DES2 (MDES2) have 63% sequence identity, their enzymatic characteristics are quite different. MDES1 exhibits high dihydroceramide delta4-desaturase activity and very low C-4 hydroxylase activity, while MDES2 is similarly active as both a dihydroceramide delta4-desaturase and a C-4 hydroxylase. We constructed several chimeras of MDES1 and MDES2 and identified a region important for C-4 hydroxylase activity in MDES2. This region contains the sequence XAFGY (X=T or A or V; Y=T or N) and occurs on the C-terminal side of the first His-box of MDES2. We confirmed the conservation of this region in DES2 family members sequenced from humans, pigs, rats, chickens, zebrafish, and Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Omae
- Sphingolipid Expression Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2003; 20:1309-16. [PMID: 14664230 DOI: 10.1002/yea.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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