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Chen ZH, Yu DD, Li C, Su MZ, Wu Q, Zhang ZY, Wang JR, Li J, Guo YW. Guided Isolation of An Uncommon Cembranoid Orthoester, Sarcotortin A, and Three Skeletal Diverse Terpenoids from the Hainan Soft Coral Sarcophyton tortuosum Based on Molecular Networking Strategy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203487. [PMID: 36562597 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Applying the emerging molecular networking strategy, an uncommon cembranoid orthoester, sarcotortin A (1), featuring a 3/14/8/5-fused scaffold, an unusual eunicellane-type diterpenoid, sarcotorolide A (2), and two new biscembranoids, ximaolides M and N (7 and 8), along with nine known terpenoids 3-6 and 9-13 were isolated from the Hainan soft coral Sarcophyton tortuosum. The structure and absolute configuration of all new compounds were established by a combination of spectroscopic data, X-ray diffraction analysis, and/or quantum chemical computational approaches. The plausible biogenetic relationship among these skeletally different terpenoids was proposed and discussed. In in vitro bioassay, new compound 7 exhibited a remarkable inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatases 1B (PTP1B) with the IC50 value of 8.06 μM. In addition, compounds 4 and 10 displayed significant inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages cells with the IC50 values of 19.13 and 16.45 μM, respectively. Compound 9 showed interesting cytotoxicity against H1975, MDA-MB231, A549, and H1299 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 31.59, 34.96, 43.87, and 27.93 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Yu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, P.R. China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Zhi Su
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, P.R. China
| | - Qihao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zai-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China.,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, P.R. China
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Chao CH, Chen YJ, Huang CY, Chang FR, Dai CF, Sheu JH. Cembranolides and Related Constituents from the Soft Coral Sarcophyton cinereum. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061760. [PMID: 35335127 PMCID: PMC8956058 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to explore the bioactive metabolites of the soft coral Sarcophyton cinereum, three new cembranolides, cinerenolides A–C (1–3), and 16 known compounds were isolated and identified from the EtOAc extract. The structures of the new cembranolides were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, and the NOE analysis of cinerenolide A (1) was performed with the assistance of the calculated lowest-energy molecular model. The relative configuration of cinerenolide C (3) was determined by the quantum chemical NMR calculation, followed by applying DP4+ analysis. In addition, the cytotoxic assays disclosed that some compounds exhibited moderate to potent activities in the proliferation of P388, DLD-1, HuCCT-1, and CCD966SK cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hua Chao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chiung-Yao Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Feng Dai
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-5252000 (ext. 5030); Fax: +886-7-5255020
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Chen YJ, Chao CH, Huang CY, Hwang TL, Chang FR, Dai CF, Sheu JH. An Unprecedented Cembranoid with a Novel Tricyclo[9.3.0.02,12]tetradecane Skeleton and Related Diterpenes from the Soft Coral Sarcophyton cinereum. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hua Chao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yao Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, and Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Feng Dai
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
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Zhang C, Li H, Liu J, Liu M, Zhang H, Chen KX, Guo YW, Tang W, Li XW. Diversity-oriented synthesis of cembranoid derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104887. [PMID: 33865055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eleven novel cembranoid derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inflammation related activities on the basis of our isolated and previously reported anti-inflammatory marine cembranoids. In bioassay, compound 11 displayed the most promising inhibitory effects with IC50 value of 1.1 μM for the TNF-α inhibitory activity. The further mechanism study of 11 on the inflammatory signaling transduction of RAW264.7 cells was also performed. This research may give an insight for the discovery of marine cembranoid derived anti-inflammatory drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Heng Li
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Moting Liu
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kai-Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xu-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China; Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Huang TY, Huang CY, Chao CH, Lin CC, Dai CF, Su JH, Sung PJ, Wu SH, Sheu JH. New Biscembranoids Sardigitolides A-D and Known Cembranoid-Related Compounds from Sarcophyton digitatum: Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Bioactivities. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E452. [PMID: 32872418 PMCID: PMC7551163 DOI: 10.3390/md18090452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical examination from the cultured soft coral Sarcophyton digitatum resulted in the isolation and structural identification of four new biscembranoidal metabolites, sardigitolides A-D (1-4), along with three previously isolated biscembranoids, sarcophytolide L (5), glaucumolide A (6), glaucumolide B (7), and two known cembranoids (8 and 9). The chemical structures of all isolates were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. Additionally, in order to discover bioactivity of marine natural products, 1-8 were examined in terms of their inhibitory potential against the upregulation of inflammatory factor production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage J774A.1 cells and their cytotoxicities against a limited panel of cancer cells. The anti-inflammatory results showed that at a concentration of 10 µg/mL, 6 and 8 inhibited the production of IL-1β to 68 ± 1 and 56 ± 1%, respectively, in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages J774A.1. Furthermore, sardigitolide B (2) displayed cytotoxicities toward MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines with the IC50 values of 9.6 ± 3.0 and 14.8 ± 4.0 µg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yin Huang
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Chiung-Yao Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hua Chao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Feng Dai
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; (J.-H.S.); (P.-J.S.)
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; (J.-H.S.); (P.-J.S.)
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Elkhawas YA, Elissawy AM, Elnaggar MS, Mostafa NM, Al-Sayed E, Bishr MM, Singab ANB, Salama OM. Chemical Diversity in Species Belonging to Soft Coral Genus Sacrophyton and Its Impact on Biological Activity: A Review. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E41. [PMID: 31935862 PMCID: PMC7024209 DOI: 10.3390/md18010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most widely distributed soft coral species, found especially in shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific region, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and also the Arctic, is genus Sacrophyton. The total number of species belonging to it was estimated to be 40. Sarcophyton species are considered to be a reservoir of bioactive natural metabolites. Secondary metabolites isolated from members belonging to this genus show great chemical diversity. They are rich in terpenoids, in particular, cembranoids diterpenes, tetratepenoids, triterpenoids, and ceramide, in addition to steroids, sesquiterpenes, and fatty acids. They showed a broad range of potent biological activities, such as antitumor, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, antifouling, and anti-inflammatory activity. This review presents all isolated secondary metabolites from species of genera Sacrophyton, as well as their reported biological activities covering a period of about two decades (1998-2019). It deals with 481 metabolites, including 323 diterpenes, 39 biscembranoids, 11 sesquiterpenes, 53 polyoxygenated sterols, and 55 miscellaneous and their pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin A. Elkhawas
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal plants, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Elissawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (M.S.E.); (N.M.M.); (E.A.-S.); (A.N.B.S.)
- Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (M.S.E.); (N.M.M.); (E.A.-S.); (A.N.B.S.)
- Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Nada M. Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (M.S.E.); (N.M.M.); (E.A.-S.); (A.N.B.S.)
| | - Eman Al-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (M.S.E.); (N.M.M.); (E.A.-S.); (A.N.B.S.)
| | - Mokhtar M. Bishr
- Plant General Manager and Technical Director, Mepaco Co., Sharkeiya 11361, Egypt;
| | - Abdel Nasser B. Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (M.S.E.); (N.M.M.); (E.A.-S.); (A.N.B.S.)
- Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Osama M. Salama
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal plants, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
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Liang LF, Kurtán T, Mándi A, Yao LG, Li J, Lan LF, Guo YW. Structural, stereochemical, and bioactive studies of cembranoids from Chinese soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Bogdanov A, Hertzer C, Kehraus S, Nietzer S, Rohde S, Schupp PJ, Wägele H, König GM. Secondary metabolome and its defensive role in the aeolidoidean Phyllodesmium longicirrum, (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia). Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:502-519. [PMID: 28405231 PMCID: PMC5372768 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllodesmium longicirrum is the largest aeolidoidean species known to date, and extremely rich in terpenoid chemistry. Herein we report the isolation of a total of 19 secondary metabolites from a single specimen of this species, i.e., steroids 1-4, cembranoid diterpenes 5-13, complex biscembranoids 14 and 15, and the chatancin-type diterpenes 16-19. These compounds resemble those from soft corals of the genus Sarcophyton, of which to date, however, only S. trocheliophorum is described as a food source for P. longicirrum. Fish feeding deterrent activity was determined using the tropical puffer fish Canthigaster solandri, and showed activity for (2S)-isosarcophytoxide (10), cembranoid bisepoxide 12 and 4-oxochatancin (16). Determining the metabolome of P. longicirrum and its bioactivity, makes it evident that this seemingly vulnerable soft bodied animal is well protected from fish by its chemical arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bogdanov
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cora Hertzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Nietzer
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Peter J Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Heike Wägele
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Zhu JY, Li W, Bao JM, Zhang JS, Yin S, Tang GH. Diterpenoids from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton solidum. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Four new cembranoids, sarcophelegans A–D (1–4) and six known analogues (5–10) were isolated from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton elegans. Their structures were elucidated through detailed spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The antimigratory potential of compounds 1–10 were evaluated and compounds 2 and 6 were found to inhibit human breast tumor MDA-MB-231 cell migration at 10 μM.
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11
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Cheng SY, Wang SK, Hsieh MK, Duh CY. Polyoxygenated cembrane diterpenoids from the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6140-52. [PMID: 25789502 PMCID: PMC4394524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16036140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Five new polyoxygenated cembranoids, named (+)-1,15-epoxy-2-methoxy-12-methoxycarbonyl-11E-sarcophytoxide (1), (+)-2-epi-12-methoxycarbonyl-11E-sarcophine (2), 3,4-epoxyehrenberoxide A (3), ehrenbergol D (4) and ehrenbergol E (5), were obtained from the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi. The structures of 1–5 were established on the basis of comprehensive NMR and HR-ESI-MS analyses and by comparison with reported data in the literature. Compounds 4 and 5 showed moderate cytotoxicity against P-388 (mouse lymphocytic leukemia) cancer cell line with EC50 values of 2.0 and 3.0 μM, respectively. Compound 2 exhibited slight antiviral activity against HCMV (human cytomegalovirus) with IC50 values of 25.0 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yie Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Kwei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Mu-Keng Hsieh
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Yih Duh
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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12
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Liang LF, Guo YW. Terpenes from the soft corals of the genus Sarcophyton: chemistry and biological activities. Chem Biodivers 2014; 10:2161-96. [PMID: 24327439 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This review covers structural diversity and biological activities of terpenes from soft corals of the genus of Sarcophyton, reported from 1995 to July, 2011. During this period, besides undefined species, 16 species of the genus Sarcophyton, from different geographical areas, had been chemically examined. Two hundred and five terpenes had been isolated from this genus, including eleven sesquiterpenes, 165 diterpenes, 29 biscembranoids, some of which had novel skeletons. They exhibited various biological features, such as antifeedant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antifouling activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Fu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhang Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China, (phone: +86-21-50805813); Present address: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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New diterpenoids from soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4318-27. [PMID: 24177676 PMCID: PMC3853730 DOI: 10.3390/md11114318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuing chemical investigation on the acetone extracts of the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi collected off the coast of San-hsian-tai, Taitong County, Taiwan led to the isolation of two new diterpenoids, ehrenbergol C and acetyl ehrenberoxide B (1 and 2). The structures of these isolated metabolites were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses. Moreover, in vitro tests show that compounds 1 and 2 displayed antiviral activity towards human cytomegalovirus, with EC50 of 20 and 8.0 µg/mL, respectively.
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Liang LF, Gao LX, Li J, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Guo YW. Cembrane diterpenoids from the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller as a new class of PTP1B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5076-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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15
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Liang LF, Lan LF, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Guo YW. Sartrolides A–G and bissartrolide, new cembranolides from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Three new cembranoids from the Taiwanese soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1433-1444. [PMID: 22851917 PMCID: PMC3407922 DOI: 10.3390/md10071433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to search for new bioactive substances from marine organisms, we have investigated the acetone extracts of the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi collected at San-Hsian-Tai, Taitong County, Taiwan. Chromatographic fractionation of the extracts of the octocoral S. ehrenbergi led to the isolation of three new cembranoids, (+)-12-ethoxycarbonyl-11Z-sarcophine (1), ehrenbergol A and B (2 and 3). The structures of these isolated metabolites were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses. Moreover, metabolites 1-3 were evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxicity towards selected cancer cell lines and antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV).
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17
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Bioactive hydroperoxyl cembranoids from the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:209-222. [PMID: 22363231 PMCID: PMC3280536 DOI: 10.3390/md10010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemical investigation of an ethyl acetate extract of the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum has led to the isolation of two peroxide diterpenes, 11(S) hydroperoxylsarcoph-12(20)-ene (1), and 12(S)-hydroperoxylsarcoph-10-ene (2), as well as 8-epi-sarcophinone (3). In addition to these three new compounds, two known structures were identified including: ent-sarcophine (4) and sarcophine (5). Structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, with the relative configuration of 1 and 2 confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Isolated compounds were found to be inhibitors of cytochrome P₄₅₀ 1A activity as well as inducers of glutathione S-transferases (GST), quinone reductase (QR), and epoxide hydrolase (mEH) establishing chemo-preventive and tumor anti-initiating activity for these characterized metabolites.
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18
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Hegazy MEF, El-Beih AA, Moustafa AY, Hamdy AA, Alhammady MA, Selim RM, Abdel-Rehim M, Paré PW. Cytotoxic Cembranoids from the Red Sea Soft Coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100601205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One new cembrane diterpene, 2 R,7 R,8 R-dihydroxydeepoxysarcophine (1), together with three known compounds, 7α,8β-dihydroxy-deepoxysarcophine (2), 7β-acetoxy-8α-hydroxydeepoxysarcophine (3), and sarcophine (4), have been isolated from the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Their structures were determined using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. 7β-Acetoxy-8α-hydroxydeepoxysarcophine (3) exhibits cytotoxic activity against HepG2, HCT-116, and HeLa cells with IC50 values of 3.6, 2.3, and 6.7 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Elamir F. Hegazy
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El-Beih
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Abdelhamed A. Hamdy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Rehab M. Selim
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Rehim
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Technology and Science, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Astra Zeneca, R&D, Södertälje, 15185 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Paul W. Paré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
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Grkovic T, Whitson EL, Rabe DC, Gardella RS, Bottaro DP, Linehan WM, McMahon JB, Gustafson KR, McKee TC. Identification and evaluation of soft coral diterpenes as inhibitors of HIF-2α induced gene expression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2113-5. [PMID: 21353547 PMCID: PMC3061286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Kidney cancer was the cause of almost 13,000 deaths in the United States in 2009. Loss of function of the VHL tumor suppressor gene (von Hippel-Lindau disease) dramatically increases the risk of developing clear cell kidney cancer. The VHL protein is best understood for its regulation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). HIF responds to changes in oxygen levels in the cell and is responsible for mediating the transcriptional response to hypoxia. Of the three known HIFα gene products, HIF-2α appears to play a fundamental role in renal carcinoma. A high throughput screen was developed to identify small molecule inhibitors of HIF-2 gene expression. The screen was performed and yielded 153 confirmed active natural product extracts. Three of the active extracts were from marine soft corals of the order Alcyonacea: Sarcophyton sp., Lobophytum sarcophytoides and Asterospicularia laurae. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of two new cembrane diterpenes, (4Z,8S*,9R*,12E,14E)-9-hydroxy-1-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-8,12-dimethyl-oxabicyclo[9.3.2]-hexadeca-4,12,14-trien-18-one (1), and (1E,3E,7R*,8R*,11E)-1-(2-methoxypropan-2-yl)-4,8,12-trimethyloxabicyclo[12.1.0]-pentadeca-1,3,11-triene (7), as well as eight known compounds, 2-6 and 8-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Grkovic
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Emily L. Whitson
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Daniel C. Rabe
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Roberta S. Gardella
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
- SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Donald P. Bottaro
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - James B. McMahon
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | | | - Tawnya C. McKee
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
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20
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Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 28:196-268. [PMID: 21152619 DOI: 10.1039/c005001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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21
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Shaker K, Müller M, Ghani M, Dahse HM, Seifert K. Terpenes from the Soft Corals Litophyton arboreum and Sarcophyton ehrenbergi. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:2007-15. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Cheng SY, Wang SK, Chiou SF, Hsu CH, Dai CF, Chiang MY, Duh CY. Cembranoids from the octocoral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:197-203. [PMID: 20099902 DOI: 10.1021/np900693r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the octocoral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi led to the isolation of six new cembranoids, (+)-12-carboxy-11Z-sarcophytoxide (1), (+)-12-methoxycarbonyl-11Z-sarcophine (3), ehrenberoxides A-C (4-6), and lobophynin C (2), along with two known compounds, (+)-sarcophytoxide (7) and (+)-sarcophine (8). The structures of these isolated metabolites were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses, while the relative configuration of 1 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analyses. The chemical evidence combined with spectroscopic and physical data suggested that the locations of the epoxide and the methyl carboxylate for lobophynin C should be exchanged. Moreover, metabolites 1-6 were evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxicity against selected cancer and normal cells lines, antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus, and antibacterial activity against Salmonella enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yie Cheng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, Republic of China
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23
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Yao LG, Liu HL, Guo YW, Mollo E. New Cembranoids from the Hainan Soft CoralSarcophyton glaucum. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200800417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Cheng YB, Shen YC, Kuo YH, Khalil AT. Cembrane diterpenoids from the taiwanese soft coral Sarcophyton stolidotum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1141-1145. [PMID: 18537291 DOI: 10.1021/np0706668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of an EtOAc-soluble extract of the soft coral Sarcophyton stolidotum resulted in the isolation of seven new 14-membered carbocyclic cembranes, sarcostolides A-G (1-7), together with two known cembrane diterpenes, isosarcophytoxide and isosarcophine. The structural elucidation of these metabolites was determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, particularly 2D NMR techniques. Sarcostolide E (5) exhibited weak to moderate cytotoxic activity against human WiDr and Daoy tumor cell lines. A biogenetic pathway and relationship for compounds 1-7 was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Bin Cheng
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, Republic of China
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25
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Cuong NX, Tuan TA, Kiem PV, Minh CV, Choi EM, Kim YH. New Cembranoid Diterpenes from the Vietnamese Soft Coral Sarcophyton mililatensis Stimulate Osteoblastic Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cells. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:988-92. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Xuan Cuong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Tran Anh Tuan
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Chau Van Minh
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Eun Mi Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University
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26
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Sawant SS, Youssef DTA, Reiland J, Ferniz M, Marchetti D, El Sayed KA. Biocatalytic and antimetastatic studies of the marine cembranoids sarcophine and 2-epi-16-deoxysarcophine. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:1010-3. [PMID: 16872134 DOI: 10.1021/np050527v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum is a rich resource of several bioactive cembranoids. Sarcophytol A (1) and sarcophine (2) are cembranoid diterpenes reported from this soft coral and extensively investigated for their cancer chemopreventive properties. This study aimed at investigating the antimetastatic potential of the major cembranoids, sarcophine (2) and 2-epi-16-deoxysarcophine (3), from the Red Sea soft coral S. glaucum. Biocatalytic transformation of 3 using Rhizopus stolonifer ATCC 6227a and Absidia spinosa ATCC 6648 afforded four new metabolites, 5-7 and 9, along with the known 9alpha-hydroxysarcophine (8). Sarcophine, 2-epi-16-deoxysarcophine, and metabolites 5-9 revealed significant antimetastatic activity against the highly metastatic mouse melanoma cell line (B16B15b). Cembranoids demonstrate a great potential for further development as antimetastatic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnali S Sawant
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe, Louisiana 71209, USA
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2004 for marine natural products, with 693 citations (491 for the period January to December 2004) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (716 for 2004), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies (8), and syntheses (80), including those that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK
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29
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Sawant SS, Sylvester PW, Avery MA, Desai P, Youssef DTA, El Sayed KA. Bioactive rearranged and halogenated semisynthetic derivatives of the marine natural product sarcophine. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:2017-2023. [PMID: 15620244 DOI: 10.1021/np0497393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cembranoids are natural diterpenes with 14-membered macrocyclic rings. The simplest natural cembranoid, (+)-cembrene, was isolated from pine oleoresin. Sarcophytols A and B are known cembranoids that inhibit tumor promotion. Sarcophine is a related cembranoid isolated from the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Sarcophine and its bioconversion products and semisynthetic derivatives are reported to possess cancer chemopreventive activity. Oxymercuration-demercuration of sarcophine using Hg(OAc)2 and NaBH4 afforded four new rearranged and hydroxylated products. Bromination of sarcophine with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) furnished two new brominated and rearranged products. Reaction with iodine gave the known iso-sarcophinone and (+)-sarcophytoxin B. Structure elucidation was based on a combination of transition state modeling, molecular dynamics, mechanistic considerations, and 2D NMR data. The antiproliferative activity of the new products is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnali S Sawant
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe, Louisiana 71209, USA
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