1
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Weak Polyelectrolytes as Nanoarchitectonic Design Tools for Functional Materials: A Review of Recent Achievements. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103263. [PMID: 35630741 PMCID: PMC9145934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ionization degree, charge density, and conformation of weak polyelectrolytes can be adjusted through adjusting the pH and ionic strength stimuli. Such polymers thus offer a range of reversible interactions, including electrostatic complexation, H-bonding, and hydrophobic interactions, which position weak polyelectrolytes as key nano-units for the design of dynamic systems with precise structures, compositions, and responses to stimuli. The purpose of this review article is to discuss recent examples of nanoarchitectonic systems and applications that use weak polyelectrolytes as smart components. Surface platforms (electrodeposited films, brushes), multilayers (coatings and capsules), processed polyelectrolyte complexes (gels and membranes), and pharmaceutical vectors from both synthetic or natural-type weak polyelectrolytes are discussed. Finally, the increasing significance of block copolymers with weak polyion blocks is discussed with respect to the design of nanovectors by micellization and film/membrane nanopatterning via phase separation.
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2
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Abstract
I review experimental developments in the growth and application of surface-grafted weak polyelectrolytes (brushes), concentrating on their surface, tribological, and adhesive and bioadhesive properties, and their role as actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Geoghegan
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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3
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Hancox E, Liarou E, Town JS, Jones GR, Layton SA, Huband S, Greenall MJ, Topham PD, Haddleton DM. Microphase separation of highly amphiphilic, low N polymers by photoinduced copper-mediated polymerization, achieving sub-2 nm domains at half-pitch. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluoro-polyacrylic acid block copolymers with vary narrow dispersity are shown to have sub-2 nm domain sizes on phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Hancox
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | - James S. Town
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - Glen R. Jones
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - Siân A. Layton
- Aston Institute of Materials Research
- Aston University
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Steven Huband
- Department of Physics
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | - Paul D. Topham
- Aston Institute of Materials Research
- Aston University
- Birmingham
- UK
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4
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Yang X, Zhou Y, Ji L, Ding Y, Wang J, Liang X. Experimental Evidence of Large Amplitude pH Mediated Autonomous Chemomechanical Oscillation. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E554. [PMID: 30965854 PMCID: PMC6418536 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Large amplitude autonomous chemomechanical oscillations were observed in a coupled system consisting of a porous pH-responsive hydrogel and a bromate-sulfite-manganese (II) pH oscillatory reaction. The porous structure effectively improves the chemomechanical response speed, and the negative feedback species of the bulk oscillation Mn2+ takes part in the coupling by forming complex and physical crosslinks with the responsive group in the gel. It strengthens the porous gel by forming additional networks, which may contribute to sustaining the long-lasting chemomechanical oscillation. Additionally, the interaction between Mn2+ and the hydrogel alters the period of the oscillatory reaction due to its binding competition with H⁺, the positive feedback species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Lin Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yanhui Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Jianquan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xin Liang
- Xi'an Satellite Control Center, Xi'an 710043, China.
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5
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Wassel E, Es-Souni M, Berger N, Schopf D, Dietze M, Solterbeck CH, Es-Souni M. Nanocomposite Films of Laponite/PEG-Grafted Polymers and Polymer Brushes with Nonfouling Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:6739-6750. [PMID: 28605897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We explore the suitability of nanocomposite thin films based on laponite nanomaterial and grafted antiadhesive polymers as transparent nonfouling surfaces. For this purpose, two polymers were chosen: a linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) silane, 2-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-trimethoxysilane), and thermoresponsive poly(oligo ethylene glycol)-methyl ether-methacrylate (POEGMA) brushes. PEG silane was grafted on the laponite nanoparticles in solution yielding homogeneous and transparent thin films via a dip coating procedure on glass and silicon substrates. POEGMA was grafted on laponite-(3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) nanocomposite films that were processed similarly to PEG-silane using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Film characterization with, among others, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) attests to successful grafting of the polymers to the laponite nanoparticles. In particular, evidence of basal plane expansion of laponite with increasing silane concentration are obtained using XRD, while patent morphological changes are revealed with AFM. The results are discussed in terms of the different grafting sites on laponite and compared with literature. While LP-PEG-silane is easily applied to a surface from a precursor solution via a dip coating procedure LP-APTMS-OEGMA requires lots more chemicals, a thorough control of reaction parameters, and longer reaction time in order to generate films with the desirable properties. We therefore also addressed the antifouling properties of the films. These were tested together with control samples of bare glass and laponite thin films for 30 days in an algae container. More tests were conducted with fibroblast cell cultures. Our preliminary results show that grafting of PEG containing polymers and polymer brushes alters the properties of the laponite films from fouling to nonfouling surfaces. As a first estimate, the adhesion of particles (diatoms, algae, etc.) to surfaces is reduced by approximately 85% in the case of LP-PEG-silane and up to 92% in the case of LP-APTMS-POEGMA, in comparison to the control surfaces. Furthermore, practically no cell adhesion on such surfaces could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekram Wassel
- Institute for Materials & Surface Technology, University of Applied Sciences , 24149 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martha Es-Souni
- Institute for Materials & Surface Technology, University of Applied Sciences , 24149 Kiel, Germany
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Clinic of Dentistry, University of Kiel , 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nele Berger
- Institute for Materials & Surface Technology, University of Applied Sciences , 24149 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dimitri Schopf
- Institute for Materials & Surface Technology, University of Applied Sciences , 24149 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Dietze
- Institute for Materials & Surface Technology, University of Applied Sciences , 24149 Kiel, Germany
| | - Claus-Henning Solterbeck
- Institute for Materials & Surface Technology, University of Applied Sciences , 24149 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mohammed Es-Souni
- Institute for Materials & Surface Technology, University of Applied Sciences , 24149 Kiel, Germany
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6
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Mirabedini A, Aziz S, Spinks GM, Foroughi J. Wet-Spun Biofiber for Torsional Artificial Muscles. Soft Robot 2017; 4:421-430. [PMID: 29251569 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2016.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The demands for new types of artificial muscles continue to grow and novel approaches are being enabled by the advent of new materials and novel fabrication strategies. Self-powered actuators have attracted significant attention due to their ability to be driven by elements in the ambient environment such as moisture. In this study, we demonstrate the use of twisted and coiled wet-spun hygroscopic chitosan fibers to achieve a novel torsional artificial muscle. The coiled fibers exhibited significant torsional actuation where the free end of the coiled fiber rotated up to 1155 degrees per mm of coil length when hydrated. This value is 96%, 362%, and 2210% higher than twisted graphene fiber, carbon nanotube torsional actuators, and coiled nylon muscles, respectively. A model based on a single helix was used to evaluate the torsional actuation behavior of these coiled chitosan fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Mirabedini
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong , Fairy Meadow, Australia
| | - Shazed Aziz
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong , Fairy Meadow, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong , Fairy Meadow, Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong , Fairy Meadow, Australia
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7
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Wassel E, Wesner D, Schönherr H. Colloidal force probe study of poly(di(ethylene glycol)methylether methacrylate) homopolymer brush layers in aqueous media at different temperatures. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Willott JD, Murdoch TJ, Webber GB, Wanless EJ. Physicochemical behaviour of cationic polyelectrolyte brushes. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Voß Y, Wassel E, Jiang S, Song Q, Druzhinin SI, Schönherr H. Thin Poly(Di(Ethylene Glycol)Methyl Ether Methacrylate) Homopolymer Brushes Allow Controlled Adsorption and Desorption of PaTu 8988t Cells. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Voß
- University of Siegen; Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ); Physical Chemistry I; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 57076 Siegen Germany
| | - Ekram Wassel
- University of Siegen; Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ); Physical Chemistry I; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 57076 Siegen Germany
| | - Siyu Jiang
- University of Siegen; Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ); Physical Chemistry I; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 57076 Siegen Germany
| | - Qimeng Song
- University of Siegen; Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ); Physical Chemistry I; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 57076 Siegen Germany
| | - Sergey I. Druzhinin
- University of Siegen; Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ); Physical Chemistry I; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 57076 Siegen Germany
| | - Holger Schönherr
- University of Siegen; Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ); Physical Chemistry I; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 57076 Siegen Germany
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10
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Goponenko AV, Dzenis YA. Role of Mechanical Factors in Applications of Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Gels - Status and Prospects. POLYMER 2016; 101:415-449. [PMID: 28348443 PMCID: PMC5365095 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique characteristics such as multifold change of volume in response to minute change in the environment, resemblance of soft biological tissues, ability to operate in wet environments, and chemical tailorability, stimuli responsive gels represent a versatile and very promising class of materials for sensors, muscle-type actuators, biomedical applications, and autonomous intelligent structures. Success of these materials in practical applications largely depends on their ability to fulfill application-specific mechanical requirements. This article provides an overview of recent application-driven development of covalent polymer gels with special emphasis on the relevant mechanical factors and properties. A short account of mechanisms of gel swelling and mechanical characteristics of importance to stimuli-responsive gels is presented. The review highlights major barriers for wider application of these materials and discusses latest advances and potential future directions toward overcoming these barriers, including interpenetrating networks, homogeneous networks, nanocomposites, and nanofilamentary gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Goponenko
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Yuris A. Dzenis
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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11
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Cevik O, Gidon D, Kizilel S. Visible-light-induced synthesis of pH-responsive composite hydrogels for controlled delivery of the anticonvulsant drug pregabalin. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:151-61. [PMID: 25242648 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report here a novel method for the synthesis of a pH-responsive composite using visible light. Formation of the pH-responsive layer is based on poly(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene glycol) as the macromer, eosin Y as the photoinitiator and triethanolamine as the co-initiator. The hydrogel was functionalized with hydrophobic domains through incorporation of crosslinked styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymer into the pH-responsive prepolymer. Swelling ratios were decreased with the addition of SBS, and resulted in high hydrogel crosslink density. The composite allowed for controlled release of an anticonvulsant model drug, pregabalin, under neutral pH condition and the release was analyzed to describe the mode of transport through the network. In vitro human fibroblast survival assay and in vivo rabbit implantation experiments demonstrated that this hybrid network is not toxic and has desirable biocompatibility properties. This is the first report about the synthesis of a pH-responsive network incorporating crosslinked SBS synthesized under visible light. The approach for multifunctional membranes could allow the incorporation of molecules with specific functionalities so that sequential molecule delivery in response to specific stimuli could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Cevik
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, 34450 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dogan Gidon
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, 34450 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seda Kizilel
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, 34450 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Bhalla AS, Siegel RA. Mechanistic studies of an autonomously pulsing hydrogel/enzyme system for rhythmic hormone delivery. J Control Release 2014; 196:261-71. [PMID: 25450402 PMCID: PMC4268432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous hormones are known to be endogenously secreted in a pulsatile manner. In particular, gonadotropin replacing hormone (GnRH) is released in rhythmic pulses, and disruption of this rhythm is associated with pathologies of reproduction and sexual development. In an effort to develop an implantable, rhythmic delivery system, a scheme has been demonstrated involving a negative feedback instability between a pH-sensitive membrane and enzymes that convert endogenous glucose to hydrogen ion. A bench prototype system based on this scheme was previously shown to produce near rhythmic oscillations in internal pH and in GnRH delivery over a period of one week. In the present work, a systematic study of conditions permitting such oscillations is presented, along with a study of factors causing period of oscillations to increase with time and ultimately cease. Membrane composition, glucose concentration, and surface area of marble (CaCO3), which is incorporated as a reactant, were found to affect the capacity of the system to oscillate, and the pH range over which oscillations occur. Accumulation of gluconate- and Ca2+ in the system over time correlated with lengthening of oscillation period, and possibly with cessation of oscillations. Enzyme degradation may also be a factor. These studies provide the groundwork for future improvements in device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amardeep S Bhalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ronald A Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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13
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Cuellar JL, Llarena I, Iturri JJ, Donath E, Moya SE. A novel approach for measuring the intrinsic nanoscale thickness of polymer brushes by means of atomic force microscopy: application of a compressible fluid model. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11679-11685. [PMID: 24101034 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02929h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The thickness of a poly(sulfo propyl methacrylate) (PSPM) brush is determined by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) imaging as a function of the loading force at different ionic strengths, ranging from Milli-Q water to 1 M NaCl. Imaging is performed both with a sharp tip and a colloidal probe. The brush thickness strongly depends both on the applied load and on the ionic strength. A brush thickness of 150 nm is measured in Millipore water when applying the minimal loading force. Imaging with an 8 μm silica particle as a colloidal probe results in a thickness of 30 nm larger than that measured with the tip. Increasing the ionic strength causes the well known reduction of the thickness of the brush. The apparent thickness of the brush decreases with increasing loading forces. An empirical model analogous to that of a compressible fluid is applied to describe the dependence of the apparent thickness of the brush with loading force. The model comprises three ionic strength dependent parameters for the brush: thickness at infinite compression, energy, and cohesive force. The meaning and significance of these parameters are discussed. A particular advantage of the model is that it allows for determination of the brush thickness at zero loading force.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Cuellar
- Institute of Biophysics and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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Topham PD, Glidle A, Toolan DTW, Weir MP, Skoda MWA, Barker R, Howse JR. The relationship between charge density and polyelectrolyte brush profile using simultaneous neutron reflectivity and in situ attenuated total internal reflection FTIR. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6068-6076. [PMID: 23607484 DOI: 10.1021/la4005592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel experimental study of a pH-responsive polyelectrolyte brush at the silicon/D2O interface. A poly[2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] brush was grown on a large silicon crystal which acted as both a substrate for a neutron reflectivity solid/liquid experiment but also as an FTIR-ATR spectroscopy crystal. This arrangement has allowed for both neutron reflectivities and FTIR spectroscopic information to be measured in parallel. The chosen polybase brush shows strong IR bands which can be assigned to the N-D(+) stretch, D2O, and a carbonyl group. From such FTIR data, we are able to closely monitor the degree of protonation along the polymer chain as well as revealing information concerning the D2O concentration at the interface. The neutron reflectivity data allows us to determine the physical brush profile normal to the solid/liquid interface along with the corresponding degree of hydration. This combined approach makes it possible to quantify the charge on a polymer brush alongside the morphology adopted by the polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Topham
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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15
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Cuellar JL, Llarena I, Moya SE, Donath E. Indentation of Highly Charged PSPM Brushes Measured by Force Spectroscopy: Application of a Compressible Fluid Model. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302562v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Cuellar
- Institute of Biophysics and
Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Irantzu Llarena
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 C, 20009 San
Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sergio Enrique Moya
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 C, 20009 San
Sebastian, Spain
- Department
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310027, China
| | - Edwin Donath
- Institute of Biophysics and
Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Kuksenok O, Dayal P, Bhattacharya A, Yashin VV, Deb D, Chen IC, Van Vliet KJ, Balazs AC. Chemo-responsive, self-oscillating gels that undergo biomimetic communication. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7257-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35497k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Dunderdale G, Howse J, Fairclough P. pH-dependent control of particle motion through surface interactions with patterned polymer brush surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:12955-12961. [PMID: 22891947 DOI: 10.1021/la302384j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this Article, we show that inclined silicon surfaces patterned with poly(methacrylic acid) brushes are able to control the position and movement of 20 μm silica particles, which are propelled across the patterned surface by sedimentation forces. Three different types of behavior were observed depending on the angle between the direction in which a particle sedimented and the orientation of the polymer-brush silicon interface. At small angles, particles were found to sediment to the brush interface and then sediment following the direction of the brush interface. At larger angles, particles sedimented to the interface and then followed the direction of the brush interface, but then after a certain distance changed direction to pass over the interface. At the largest angles where the brush interface was approximately perpendicular to the motion of the particle, particles were found to travel over the interface unperturbed. This behavior was also found to be pH dependent, allowing the formation of pH responsive "gates", which allow particles to pass at low pH but not at high pH. It was also found that if patterned polymer brush surfaces were oriented in the correct way, they were able to control the number of particles present at specific locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Dunderdale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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18
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Yashin VV, Kuksenok O, Dayal P, Balazs AC. Mechano-chemical oscillations and waves in reactive gels. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:066601. [PMID: 22790650 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/6/066601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We review advances in a new area of interdisciplinary research that concerns phenomena arising from inherent coupling between non-linear chemical dynamics and mechanics. This coupling provides a route for chemical-to-mechanical energy transduction, which enables materials to exhibit self-sustained oscillations and/or waves in both concentration and deformation fields. We focus on synthetic polymer gels, where the chemo-mechanical behavior can be engineered into the material. We provide a brief review of experimental observations on several types of chemo-mechanical oscillations in gels. Then, we discuss methods used to theoretically and computationally model self-oscillating polymer gels. The rest of the paper is devoted to describing results of theoretical and computational modeling of gels that undergo the oscillatory Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. We discuss a remarkable form of mechano-chemical transduction in these materials, where the application of an applied force or mechanical contact can drive the system to switch between different dynamical behavior, or alter the mechanical properties of the material. Finally, we discuss ways in which photosensitive BZ gels could be used to fabricate biomimetic self-propelled objects. In particular, we describe how non-uniform illumination can be used to direct the movement of BZ gel 'worms' along complex paths, guiding them to bend, reorient and turn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Yashin
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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19
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Radji S, Alem H, Demoustier-Champagne S, Jonas AM, Cuenot S. Investigation of Thermoresponsive Nano-Confined Polymer Brushes by AFM-Based Force Spectroscopy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Wang X, Ye Q, Gao T, Liu J, Zhou F. Self-assembly of catecholic macroinitiator on various substrates and surface-initiated polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:2574-2581. [PMID: 22204660 DOI: 10.1021/la204568d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A catechol-containing macroinitiator has been designed for the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) from various substrates at ambient temperature. Temperature-sensitive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes were successfully grafted from a range of substrates surfaces, including metals and polyimides, via SI-ATRP using the resulting macroinitiator, which were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle measurements, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Effects of the temperature response behavior of PNIPAM brushes on the water contact angles and the impedance of the modified surfaces were also exhibited. The self-assembled film of macroinitiator and the resulting polymer brushes were both stable to soaking of basic solvents, and the brushes did not show any exfoliation or delamination even after 2 h of ultrasonic test. The advantages of the macroinitiator in strong interactions with surfaces and high stability and convenience make it possible to modify the native materials with polymer brushes in a convenient and nondestructive way. Importantly, the macroinitiator is compatible with microcontact printing, and patterned polymer brushes on Ti plate were demonstrated by microcontact printing of BrDOPAMA and the following SI-ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Abstract
There is an increasing demand on the development of "smart" switchable interfaces since controlling surface topography and chemical functionality on a nanometer scale is crucial for numerous biomedical applications. Those surfaces, which are based on stimuli responsive polymers (SRPs), are able to modify their interactions with cells, biomolecules responding to different physical (e.g., temperature) or chemical (e.g., pH) stimuli. Such behavior may partially mimic complex dynamic properties of natural systems that are regulated by many biological stimuli. This paper reviews major studies and applications of SRPs as biointerfaces in a form of thin polymeric films (gels) and surface tethered polymers (brushes).
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Weir MP, Heriot SY, Martin SJ, Parnell AJ, Holt SA, Webster JRP, Jones RAL. Voltage-induced swelling and deswelling of weak polybase brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11000-7. [PMID: 21793596 DOI: 10.1021/la201343w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated a novel method of remotely switching the conformation of a weak polybase brush using an applied voltage. Surface-grafted polyelectrolyte brushes exhibit rich responsive behavior and show great promise as "smart surfaces", but existing switching methods involve physically or chemically changing the solution in contact with the brush. In this study, high grafting density poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) brushes were grown from silicon surfaces using atom transfer radical polymerization. Optical ellipsometry and neutron reflectivity were used to measure changes in the profiles of the brushes in response to DC voltages applied between the brush substrate and a parallel electrode some distance away in the surrounding liquid (water or D(2)O). Positive voltages were shown to cause swelling, while negative voltages in some cases caused deswelling. Neutron reflectometry experiments were carried out on the INTER reflectometer (ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK) allowing time-resolved measurements of polymer brush structure. The PDMAEMA brushes were shown to have a polymer volume fraction profile described by a Gaussian-terminated parabola both in the equilibrium and in the partially swollen states. At very high positive voltages (in this study, positive bias means positive voltage to the brush-bearing substrate), the brush chains were shown to be stretched to an extent comparable to their contour length, before being physically removed from the interface. Voltage-induced swelling was shown to exhibit a wider range of brush swelling states in comparison to pH switching, with the additional advantages that the stimulus is remotely controlled and may be fully automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Weir
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom.
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24
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Fielding LA, Edmondson S, Armes SP. Synthesis of pH-responsive tertiary amine methacrylate polymer brushes and their response to acidic vapour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Wang Y, Hosta-Rigau L, Lomas H, Caruso F. Nanostructured polymer assemblies formed at interfaces: applications from immobilization and encapsulation to stimuli-responsive release. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:4782-801. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02287j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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27
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Yoshida R. Self-oscillating gels driven by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction as novel smart materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:3463-83. [PMID: 20503208 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200904075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
So far stimuli-responsive polymer gels and their application to smart materials have been widely studied; this research has contributed to progress in gel science and engineering. For their development as a novel biomimetic polymer, studies of polymers with an autonomous self-oscillating function have been carried out since the first reports in 1996. The development of novel self-oscillating polymers and gels have been successful utilizing the oscillating reaction, called the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, which is recognized as a chemical model for understanding several autonomous phenomena in biological systems. The self-oscillating polymer is composed of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) network in which the catalyst for the BZ reaction is covalently immobilized. In the presence of the reactants, the polymer undergoes spontaneous cyclic soluble-insoluble changes or swelling-deswelling changes (in the case of gel) without any on-off switching of external stimuli. Potential applications of the self-socillating polymers and gels include several kinds of functional material systems, such as biomimetic actuators and mass transport surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
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28
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Swann JMG, Bras W, Topham PD, Howse JR, Ryan AJ. Effect of the Hofmeister anions upon the swelling of a self-assembled pH-responsive hydrogel. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:10191-7. [PMID: 20394380 DOI: 10.1021/la100339f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the effect of a range of monovalent sodium salts on the molecular equilibrium swelling of a simple synthetic microphase separated poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA(88)-b-PDEA(223)-b-PMMA(88)) pH-responsive hydrogel. Sodium acetate, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, sodium nitrate and sodium thiocyanate were selected for study at controlled ionic strength and pH; all salts are taken from the Hofmeister series (HS). The influence of the anions on the expansion of the hydrogel was found to follow the reverse order of the classical HS. The expansion ratio of the gel measured in solutions containing the simple sodium halide salts (NaCl, NaBr, and NaI) was found to be strongly related to parameters which describe the interaction of the ion with water; surface charge density, viscosity coefficient, and entropy of hydration. A global study which also included nonspherical ions (NaAce, NaNO(3) and NaSCN) showed the strongest correlation with the viscosity coefficient. Our results are interpreted in terms of the Collins model, where larger ions have more mobile water in the first hydration cage immediately surrounding the gel, therefore making them more adhesive to the surface of the stationary phase of the gel and ultimately reducing the level of expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M G Swann
- Department of Chemistry, University Of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
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29
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Barbey R, Lavanant L, Paripovic D, Schüwer N, Sugnaux C, Tugulu S, Klok HA. Polymer brushes via surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5437-527. [PMID: 19845393 DOI: 10.1021/cr900045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1218] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Barbey
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Flores-Merino MV, Chirasatitsin S, LoPresti C, Reilly GC, Battaglia G, Engler AJ. Nanoscopic mechanical anisotropy in hydrogel surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2010; 6:4466-4470. [PMID: 20953281 PMCID: PMC2954611 DOI: 10.1039/c0sm00339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The bulk mechanical properties of soft materials have been studied widely, but it is unclear to what extent macroscopic behavior is reflected in nanomechanics. Using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging method called force spectroscopy mapping (FSM), it is possible to map the nanoscopic spatial distribution of Young's modulus, i.e. "stiffness," and determine if soft or stiff polymer domains exist to correlate nano- and macro-mechanics. Two model hydrogel systems typically used in cell culture and polymerized by a free radical polymerization process, i.e. poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(acrylamide) (PAam) hydrogels, were found to have significantly different nanomechanical behavior despite relatively similar bulk stiffness and roughness. PVP gels contained a large number of soft and stiff nanodomains, and their size was inversely related to crosslinking density and changes in crosslinking efficiency within the hydrogel. In contrast, PAam gels displayed small nanodomains occuring at low frequency, indicating relatively uniform polymerization. Given the responsiveness of cells to changes in gel stiffness, inhomogeneities found in the PVP network indicate that careful nanomechanical characterization of polymer substrates is necessary to appreciate complex cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam V. Flores-Merino
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Addison Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Engineering Materials, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Somyot Chirasatitsin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Caterina LoPresti
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Addison Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Engineering Materials, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Engineering Materials, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Addison Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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31
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Lerum RV, Bermudez H. Controlled Interfacial Assembly and Transfer of Brushlike Copolymer Films. Chemphyschem 2009; 11:665-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Ding S, Floyd JA, Walters KB. Comparison of surface confined ATRP and SET‐LRP syntheses for a series of amino (meth)acrylate polymer brushes on silicon substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Ding
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, 323 President's Circle, Mississippi 39762‐9595
| | - J. Alaina Floyd
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 127 Earle Hall, Clemson, South Carolina 29634‐0909
| | - Keisha B. Walters
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, 323 President's Circle, Mississippi 39762‐9595
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33
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Tokarev I, Gopishetty V, Zhou J, Pita M, Motornov M, Katz E, Minko S. Stimuli-responsive hydrogel membranes coupled with biocatalytic processes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:532-536. [PMID: 20355971 DOI: 10.1021/am800251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A nanostructured signal-responsive thin hydrogel membrane was coupled with enzyme-based systems to yield "smart" multisignal-responsive hybrid systems with built-in "logic". The enzyme systems transduce biochemical input signals into structural changes of the membrane, thus resulting in the amplification of the biochemical signals and their transformation into the gated transport of molecules through the membrane. Coupling of the biocatalytic systems with a stimuli-responsive membrane is a promising approach for the development of materials that can regulate transport and release of chemicals/drugs by receiving and processing the biochemical information via biochemical reactions.
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34
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Edmondson S, Armes SP. Synthesis of surface-initiated polymer brushes using macro-initiators. POLYM INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Parnell AJ, Martin SJ, Dang CC, Geoghegan M, Jones RA, Crook CJ, Howse JR, Ryan AJ. Synthesis, characterization and swelling behaviour of poly(methacrylic acid) brushes synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tokarev I, Motornov M, Minko S. Molecular-engineered stimuli-responsive thin polymer film: a platform for the development of integrated multifunctional intelligent materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b906765e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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39
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Autonomous Rhythmic Drug Delivery Systems Based on Chemical and Biochemomechanical Oscillators. CHEMOMECHANICAL INSTABILITIES IN RESPONSIVE MATERIALS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2993-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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40
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Tang Y, Liu G, Yu C, Wei X, Zhang G. Chemical oscillation induced periodic swelling and shrinking of a polymeric multilayer investigated with a quartz crystal microbalance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:8929-8933. [PMID: 18642938 DOI: 10.1021/la800793e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly(acrylic acid- co-3-azidopropyl acrylate) and poly(acrylic acid- co-propargyl acrylate) have been alternately fabricated into a multilayer via the click reaction. The layer-by-layer deposition was monitored with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) in real time. The response of the multilayer under continuous flow of a bromate-sulfite-ferrocyanide solution with pH oscillation has also been investigated by use of QCM-D. As the pH oscillates between 3.1 and 6.6, either the frequency shift (Delta f) or the dissipation shift (Delta D) periodically varies with a constant amplitude, clearly indicating that the multilayer swells and shrinks oscillatedly. The changes of thickness, shear viscosity, and elastic shear modulus further indicate the oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yecang Tang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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41
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Nykänen A, Nuopponen M, Hiekkataipale P, Hirvonen SP, Soininen A, Tenhu H, Ikkala O, Mezzenga R, Ruokolainen J. Direct Imaging of Nanoscopic Plastic Deformation below Bulk Tg and Chain Stretching in Temperature-Responsive Block Copolymer Hydrogels by Cryo-TEM. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702496j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antti Nykänen
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Markus Nuopponen
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Panu Hiekkataipale
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Sami-Pekka Hirvonen
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Antti Soininen
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Heikki Tenhu
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Engineering Physics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O Box 5100, FI-02015 TKK, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Perolles Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland; and Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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42
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Fratzl P, Elbaum R, Burgert I. Cellulose fibrils direct plant organ movements. Faraday Discuss 2008; 139:275-82; discussion 309-25, 419-20. [DOI: 10.1039/b716663j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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ITO Y. Creation of Functional Surfaces by Nano Interface Technology. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2008. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.65.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Topham PD, Howse JR, Fernyhough CM, Ryan AJ. The performance of poly(styrene)-block-poly(2-vinyl pyridine)-block-poly(styrene) triblock copolymers as pH-driven actuators. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:1506-1512. [PMID: 32900105 DOI: 10.1039/b711125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Poly(styrene)--poly(2-vinyl pyridine)--poly(styrene) (PS--P2VP--PS) triblock copolymers were synthesised by anionic polymerisation. Thick films were cast from solution and their structure analysed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Longer annealing times led to more ordered structures whereas short evaporation times effectively "lock" the polymer chains in a disordered state by vitrification. Well-ordered structures not only provide an isotropic network, which reduces localised stress within the material, but are also essential for fundamental studies of soft matter because their activity on the molecular scale must be analysed and understood prior to their use in technological applications. Well-characterised PS--P2VP--PS materials have been coupled to a pH-oscillating reaction and their potential application as responsive actuators is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Topham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UKS3 7HF.
| | - Jonathan R Howse
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UKS1 3JD
| | | | - Anthony J Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UKS3 7HF.
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45
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Giannotti MI, Vancso GJ. Interrogation of Single Synthetic Polymer Chains and Polysaccharides by AFM-Based Force Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:2290-307. [PMID: 17847140 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This contribution reviews selected mechanical experiments on individual flexible macromolecules using single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) based on atomic force microscopy. Focus is placed on the analysis of elasticity and conformational changes in single polymer chains upon variation of the external environment, as well as on conformational changes induced by the mechanical stress applied to individual macromolecular chains. Various experimental strategies regarding single-molecule manipulation and SMFS testing are discussed, as is theoretical analysis through single-chain elasticity models derived from statistical mechanics. Moreover, a complete record, reported to date, of the parameters obtained when applying the models to fit experimental results on synthetic polymers and polysaccharides is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina I Giannotti
- Department of Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+Research Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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46
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La Spina R, Tomlinson MR, Ruiz-Pérez L, Chiche A, Langridge S, Geoghegan M. Controlling network-brush interactions to achieve switchable adhesion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6460-3. [PMID: 17645274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita La Spina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
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47
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Topham PD, Howse JR, Crook CJ, Gleeson AJ, Bras W, Armes SP, Jones RAL, Ryan AJ. Autonomous Volume Transitions of a Polybase Triblock Copolymer Gel in a Chemically Driven pH-Oscillator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200751011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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La Spina R, Tomlinson M, Ruiz-Pérez L, Chiche A, Langridge S, Geoghegan M. Controlling Network–Brush Interactions to Achieve Switchable Adhesion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Yeghiazarian L, Arora H, Nistor V, Montemagno C, Wiesner U. Teaching hydrogels how to move like an earthworm. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:939-944. [PMID: 32900042 DOI: 10.1039/b703774k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Breaking of symmetry is an important principle employed in nature to achieve directional movement in systems of various dimensional scales. The same principle can be utilized in engineered devices. Here we highlight recent work on directed motion and transport capacity of environmentally sensitive polymer gels. The directional motion of cylindrical hydrogels is driven by spatially and temporally controlled propagation of volume phase transitions along their length. This system could potentially be used in a wide variety of areas including biochemical test systems, targeted drug delivery and "soft" medical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hitesh Arora
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Vasile Nistor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UCLA, 420 Westwood Plaza, 32-135 Eng. IV, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carlo Montemagno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210040, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048, USA
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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50
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Edmondson S, Vo CD, Armes SP, Unali GF. Surface Polymerization from Planar Surfaces by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using Polyelectrolytic Macroinitiators. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070876r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Edmondson
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Cong-Duan Vo
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Gian-Franco Unali
- Unilever Research and Development, Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, Merseyside L63 3JW, UK
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