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Sankar K, Kuzmanović U, Schaus SE, Galagan JE, Grinstaff MW. Strategy, Design, and Fabrication of Electrochemical Biosensors: A Tutorial. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2254-2274. [PMID: 38636962 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Advanced healthcare requires novel technologies capable of real-time sensing to monitor acute and long-term health. The challenge relies on converting a real-time quantitative biological and chemical signal into a desired measurable output. Given the success in detecting glucose and the commercialization of glucometers, electrochemical biosensors continue to be a mainstay of academic and industrial research activities. Despite the wealth of literature on electrochemical biosensors, reports are often specific to a particular application (e.g., pathogens, cancer markers, glucose, etc.), and most fail to convey the underlying strategy and design, and if it is transferable to detection of a different analyte. Here we present a tutorial review for those entering this research area that summarizes the basic electrochemical techniques utilized as well as discusses the designs and optimization strategies employed to improve sensitivity and maximize signal output.
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2
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Rafi H, Zestos AG. Review-Recent Advances in FSCV Detection of Neurochemicals via Waveform and Carbon Microelectrode Modification. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 168:057520. [PMID: 34108735 PMCID: PMC8186302 DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an analytical technique that was first developed over 30 years ago. Since then, it has been extensively used to detect dopamine using carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs). More recently, electrode modifications and waveform refinement have enabled the detection of a wider variety of neurochemicals including nucleosides such as adenosine and guanosine, neurotransmitter metabolites of dopamine, and neuropeptides such as enkephalin. These alterations have facilitated the selectivity of certain biomolecules over others to enhance the measurement of the analyte of interest while excluding interferants. In this review, we detail these modifications and how specializing CFME sensors allows neuro-analytical researchers to develop tools to understand the neurochemistry of the brain in disease states and provide groundwork for translational work in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmain Rafi
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Zestos
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States of America
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3
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Konishi A, Takegami S, Kitade T. Construction and Studies of Histamine Potentiometric Sensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190613165529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective:
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP)-modified potentiometric sensors for histamine
(HIS) (as denoted as HIS sensor) have been developed.
Methods:
The MIPs comprise HIS, Methacrylic Acid (MAA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as
the template molecule, functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively. To examine the specificity
of the MIP to HIS, the MIP particles were prepared with varying ratios of HIS: MAA and the HIS
binding amount toward the MIP particles was determined by UV spectrophotometry. Furthermore, to
quantitatively determine the ability of MIP (H2M20) to HIS, a HIS sensor was measured using
Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode.
Results:
MIP particles having a HIS:MAA of 2 mmol:20 mmol (MIP (H2M20)) had the largest HIS
binding amount among the MIP particles prepared. Additionally, MIP (H2M20) displayed a HIS
binding amount approximately two times larger than the corresponding non-imprinted polymer (NIP)
particles in the absence of template. The HIS sensor potential change increased as a function of HIS
concentration and exhibited a near-Nernstian response of −25.7 mV decade−1 over the HIS concentration
range of 1×10−5 to 1×10−4 mol L−1 with a limit of detection of 9.6×10−6 mol L−1. From the
Nernstian response value, it was observed that the HIS sensor could detect the di-protonated HIS
binding to the MIP. Conversely, when comparing at the same HIS concentration, the potential response
value of the sensors fabricated using NIP particles were significantly smaller than the values
of the corresponding HIS sensor.
Conclusion:
The MIP-modified potentiometric sensors can potentially be employed as an analytical
method to quantitatively determine various analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Konishi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Takegami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kitade
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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Akkapinyo C, Khownarumit P, Waraho-Zhmayev D, Poo-Arporn RP. Development of a multiplex immunochromatographic strip test and ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for hepatitis B virus screening. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1095:162-171. [PMID: 31864618 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This research proposes two methods for hepatitis B diagnosis including rapid testing and electrochemical assay. For the first method, a multiplex hepatitis B test strip was fabricated to serve as a rapid test for hepatitis B screening. It was developed to simultaneously test three essential serological markers of hepatitis B virus infection including hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (Anti-HBs) and hepatitis B core antibody (Anti-HBc). Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were used as the signal generator on the test strip. Furthermore, a part of a paper network was incorporated on the strip for the gold-silver enhancement process. This paper network helped in decreasing the analysis time of enhancement and makes the enhancement process easier for rapid testing. The developed test strip was specific for each serological marker. The detection limits of HBsAg, Anti-HBs and Anti-HBc were obtained at 0.5, 0.3 and 0.1 μg mL-1, respectively. For the second method, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied for HBsAg detection. This method was proposed for quantitative hepatitis B detection. Anti-HBs antibodies were immobilized on a carbon screen printed electrode (SPCE) via the N-ethyl-N'-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbo-diimide/N-hydroxy succinimide (EDC/NHS) couple reaction which reacted with the carboxyl group of the BSA cross-linked film on the electrode. The electrode modification process was characterized by EIS. A linear relationship between delta charge transfer resistance (ΔRct) and HBsAg concentration was obtained in the range of 5-3000 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 2.1 ng mL-1. This work is appropriate for quantitative analysis because it is a simple and low-cost method to implement as the SPCE is disposable. Therefore, we hope that this research will be useful to improve hepatitis B detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutimon Akkapinyo
- Biological Engineering Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Porntip Khownarumit
- Sensor Technology, PDTI, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Dujduan Waraho-Zhmayev
- Biological Engineering Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Rungtiva P Poo-Arporn
- Biological Engineering Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.
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Hassanpour S, Baradaran B, de la Guardia M, Baghbanzadeh A, Mosafer J, Hejazi M, Mokhtarzadeh A, Hasanzadeh M. Diagnosis of hepatitis via nanomaterial-based electrochemical, optical or piezoelectrical biosensors: a review on recent advancements. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:568. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-3088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Yang L, Yu Y, Ma C, Wang H, Dai J, Duan H, Fu Z, Wu P, Wang D, Yu X. Development of RBC Membrane Antigen Arrays for Validating Blood Grouping Reagents. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3237-3245. [PMID: 30114910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibody reagents have been remained as a standard approach to characterize blood group (BG) antigens in clinic. The specificity and cross-reactivity of these BG antibodies are routine detected using the gel microcolumn assay (GMA). However, the GMA is neither specific nor sensitive, thus increasing the risk of improperly matched RBC transfusions. In this work, we describe a bead-based RBC membrane antigen array to detect BG antibody-antigen binding with ∼700-fold higher sensitivity and dynamic range than the GMA. RBC membrane antigen arrays were fabricated using fragmented RBC membranes highly enriched in BG panel antigens. The arrays were then used to screen the interactions of 15 BG reagents to three antigen panels. The majority of the antibody reactions (i.e., 86.7%; 39/45) aligned with those obtained with the GMA. The six cross-reactive, nonspecific antibody reactions identified only by our arrays (i.e., 13.3%; 6/45) were confirmed by agglutination inhibition and genotyping assays. These results demonstrate that our RBC membrane antigen array has great potential in screening BG antibodies and improving the safety of RBC transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Blood Transfusion , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , 100853 , China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Blood Transfusion , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , 100853 , China
| | - Chunya Ma
- Department of Blood Transfusion , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , 100853 , China
| | - Hongye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (PHOENIX Center, Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing , 102206 , China
| | - Jiayu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (PHOENIX Center, Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing , 102206 , China
| | - Hu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (PHOENIX Center, Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing , 102206 , China
| | - Zhonglin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (PHOENIX Center, Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing , 102206 , China
| | - Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (PHOENIX Center, Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing , 102206 , China
| | - Deqing Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , 100853 , China
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (PHOENIX Center, Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing , 102206 , China
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7
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Liu J, Chisti MM, Zeng X. General Signal Amplification Strategy for Nonfaradic Impedimetric Sensing: Trastuzumab Detection Employing a Peptide Immunosensor. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4013-4020. [PMID: 28256130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A label-free and reagent-free peptide mimotope capacitive biosensor has been developed for cancer drug (trastuzumab) quantification based on nonfaradic readout. The low sensitivity issue of capacitive biosensors was overcome with two innovations: peptide mimotope mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) biointerface and dilution of the analysis buffer. Signal amplification was achieved through dilution of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to tune Cdl to dominate the overall capacitance change upon target binding, which contribution is often negligible without dilution. After 1000× dilution, the limit of detection was lowered 500-fold (0.22 μg/mL) and the sensitivity was increased 20-fold [0.04192 (μg/mL)-1] in comparison with undiluted PBS. The proposed signal amplification strategy is more straightforward and practical compared to biorecognition element engineering and other strategies. The proposed method was further applied to planar electrodes for optimizing sensing response time to less than 1 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
| | | | - Xiangqun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
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8
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Shin SR, Zhang YS, Kim DJ, Manbohi A, Avci H, Silvestri A, Aleman J, Hu N, Kilic T, Keung W, Righi M, Assawes P, Alhadrami HA, Li RA, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. Aptamer-Based Microfluidic Electrochemical Biosensor for Monitoring Cell-Secreted Trace Cardiac Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10019-10027. [PMID: 27617489 PMCID: PMC5844853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Continual monitoring of secreted biomarkers from organ-on-a-chip models is desired to understand their responses to drug exposure in a noninvasive manner. To achieve this goal, analytical methods capable of monitoring trace amounts of secreted biomarkers are of particular interest. However, a majority of existing biosensing techniques suffer from limited sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and require large working volumes, especially when cell culture medium is involved, which usually contains a plethora of nonspecific binding proteins and interfering compounds. Hence, novel analytical platforms are needed to provide noninvasive, accurate information on the status of organoids at low working volumes. Here, we report a novel microfluidic aptamer-based electrochemical biosensing platform for monitoring damage to cardiac organoids. The system is scalable, low-cost, and compatible with microfluidic platforms easing its integration with microfluidic bioreactors. To create the creatine kinase (CK)-MB biosensor, the microelectrode was functionalized with aptamers that are specific to CK-MB biomarker secreted from a damaged cardiac tissue. Compared to antibody-based sensors, the proposed aptamer-based system was highly sensitive, selective, and stable. The performance of the sensors was assessed using a heart-on-a-chip system constructed from human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes following exposure to a cardiotoxic drug, doxorubicin. The aptamer-based biosensor was capable of measuring trace amounts of CK-MB secreted by the cardiac organoids upon drug treatments in a dose-dependent manner, which was in agreement with the beating behavior and cell viability analyses. We believe that, our microfluidic electrochemical biosensor using aptamer-based capture mechanism will find widespread applications in integration with organ-on-a-chip platforms for in situ detection of biomarkers at low abundance and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ryon Shin
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Duck-Jin Kim
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ahmad Manbohi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14334-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Huseyin Avci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, 26480 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Antonia Silvestri
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Julio Aleman
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ning Hu
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China
| | - Tugba Kilic
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 35620 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Wendy Keung
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong - Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Righi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pribpandao Assawes
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hani A. Alhadrami
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ronald A. Li
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong - Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kant K, Priest C, Shapter JG, Losic D. The influence of nanopore dimensions on the electrochemical properties of nanopore arrays studied by impedance spectroscopy. SENSORS 2014; 14:21316-28. [PMID: 25393785 PMCID: PMC4279535 DOI: 10.3390/s141121316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the electrochemical properties of nanopores is the key factor for better understanding their performance and applications for nanopore-based sensing devices. In this study, the influence of pore dimensions of nanoporous alumina (NPA) membranes prepared by an anodization process and their electrochemical properties as a sensing platform using impedance spectroscopy was explored. NPA with four different pore diameters (25 nm, 45 nm and 65 nm) and lengths (5 μm to 20 μm) was used and their electrochemical properties were explored using different concentration of electrolyte solution (NaCl) ranging from 1 to 100 μM. Our results show that the impedance and resistance of nanopores are influenced by the concentration and ion species of electrolytes, while the capacitance is independent of them. It was found that nanopore diameters also have a significant influence on impedance due to changes in the thickness of the double layer inside the pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kant
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Craig Priest
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Joe G Shapter
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Topkaya SN. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) mediated electrochemical DNA biosensor for DNA hybridization. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 64:456-61. [PMID: 25286352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an electrochemical biosensor system for the detection of DNA hybridization by using gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) modified electrodes was developed. Electrochemical behavior of GelMA modified Pencil Graphite Electrode (PGE) that serve as a functional platform was investigated by using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and compared with those of the bare PGE. Hybridization was achieved in solution phase and guanine oxidation signal changes were evaluated. The decrease in the guanine oxidation peak currents at around +1.0 V was used as an indicator for the DNA hybridization. Also, more interestingly GelMA intrinsic oxidation peaks at around +0.7 V changed substantially by immobilization of different oligonucleotides such as probe, hybrid and control sequences to the electrode surface. It is the first study of using GelMA as a part of an electrochemical biosensor system. The results are very promising in terms of using GelMA as a new DNA hybridization indicator. Additionally, GelMA modified electrodes could be useful for detecting ultra low quantity of oligonucleotides by providing mechanical support to the bio-recognition layer. The detection limit of this method is at present 10(-12)mol. Signal suppressions were increased from 50% to 93% for hybrid with using GelMA when it was compared to bare electrode which facilitates the hybridization detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Nur Topkaya
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Bornova, Izmir, TR 35100 Turkey.
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11
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Characterization of impedance biosensing performance of single and nanopore arrays of anodic porous alumina fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB) milling. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Method for equivalent circuit determination for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data of protein adsorption on solid surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Kant K, Yu J, Priest C, Shapter JG, Losic D. Impedance nanopore biosensor: influence of pore dimensions on biosensing performance. Analyst 2014; 139:1134-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01933k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Lee J, Cho S, Lee J, Ryu H, Park J, Lim S, Oh B, Lee C, Huang W, Busnaina A, Lee H. Wafer-scale nanowell array patterning based electrochemical impedimetric immunosensor. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:584-8. [PMID: 24013070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that nanowell array (NWA) can enhance electrochemical detection of molecular binding events by controlling the binding sites of the captured molecules. Using NWA biosensor based amperometric analysis, we have detected biological macromolecules such as DNA, protein or aptamers at low concentrations. In this research, we developed an impedimetric immunosensor based on wafer-scale NWA for electrochemical detection of stress-induced-phosphoprotein-1 (STIP-1). In order to develop NWA sensor through the cost-effective combination of high-throughput nanopattern, the NWA electrode was fabricated on Si wafer by krypton-fluoride (KrF) stepper semiconductor process. Finally, 12,500,000 ea nanowell with a 500 nm diameter was fabricated on 4 mm × 2 mm substrate. Next, by using these electrodes, we measured impedance to quantify antigen binding to the immunoaffinity layer. The limit of detection (LOD) of the NWA was improved about 100-fold compared to milli-sized electrodes (4 mm × 2 mm) without an NWA. These results suggest that wafer-scale NWA immunosensor will be useful for biosensing applications because their interface response is appropriate for detecting molecular binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuKyung Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Arya SK, Wang KY, Wong CC, Rahman ARA. Anti-EpCAM modified LC-SPDP monolayer on gold microelectrode based electrochemical biosensor for MCF-7 cells detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 41:446-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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An overview of transducers as platform for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:1829-40. [PMID: 23329385 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The driving advent of portable, integrated biosensing ways for pathogen detection methods offers increased sensitivity and specificity over traditional microbiological techniques. The miniaturization and automation of integrated detection systems present a significant advantage for rapid, portable detection of foodborne microbes. In this review, we have highlighted current developments and directions in foodborne pathogen detection systems. Recent progress in the biosensor protocols toward the detection of specific microbes has been elaborated in detail. It also includes strategies and challenges for the implementation of a portable platform toward rapid foodborne sensing systems.
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A quantitative study of detection mechanism of a label-free impedance biosensor using ultrananocrystalline diamond microelectrode array. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 35:284-290. [PMID: 22456097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that label-free biosensors are the only class of sensors that can rapidly detect antigens in real-time and provide remote environmental monitoring and point-of-care diagnosis that is low-cost, specific, and sensitive. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) based label-free biosensors have been used to detect a wide variety of antigens including bacteria, viruses, DNA, and proteins due to the simplicity of their detection technique. However, their commercial development has been hindered due to difficulty in interpreting the change in impedance upon antigen binding and poor signal reproducibility as a result of surface fouling and non-specific binding. In this study, we develop a circuit model to adequately describe the physical changes at bio functionalized surface and provide an understanding of the detection mechanism based on electron exchange between electrolyte and surface through pores surrounding antibody-antigen. The model was successfully applied to extract quantitative information about the bio surface at different stages of surface functionalization. Further, we demonstrate boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) microelectrode array (3 × 3 format, 200 μm diameter) improves signal reproducibility significantly and increases sensitivity by four orders of magnitude. This study marks the first demonstration of UNCD array based biosensor that can reliably detect a model Escherichia coli K12 bacterium using EIS, positioning this technology for rapid adoption in point-of-use applications.
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Yang C, Xu C, Wang X. ZnO/Cu nanocomposite: a platform for direct electrochemistry of enzymes and biosensing applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:4580-4585. [PMID: 22309190 DOI: 10.1021/la2044202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Unique structured nanomaterials can facilitate the direct electron transfer between redox proteins and the electrodes. Here, in situ directed growth on an electrode of a ZnO/Cu nanocomposite was prepared by a simple corrosion approach, which enables robust mechanical adhesion and electrical contact between the nanostructured ZnO and the electrodes. This is great help to realize the direct electron transfer between the electrode surface and the redox protein. SEM images demonstrate that the morphology of the ZnO/Cu nanocomposite has a large specific surface area, which is favorable to immobilize the biomolecules and construct biosensors. Using glucose oxidase (GOx) as a model, this ZnO/Cu nanocomposite is employed for immobilization of GOx and the construction of the glucose biosensor. Direct electron transfer of GOx is achieved at ZnO/Cu nanocomposite with a high heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant of 0.67 ± 0.06 s(-1). Such ZnO/Cu nanocomposite provides a good matrix for direct electrochemistry of enzymes and mediator-free enzymatic biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P R China
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Arora P, Sindhu A, Dilbaghi N, Chaudhury A. Biosensors as innovative tools for the detection of food borne pathogens. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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La Belle JT, Demirok UK, Patel DR, Cook CB. Development of a novel single sensor multiplexed marker assay. Analyst 2011; 136:1496-501. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00923g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Solanki PR, Kaushik A, Manaka T, Pandey MK, Iwamoto M, Agrawal VV, Malhotra BD. Self-assembled monolayer based impedimetric platform for food borne mycotoxin detection. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:2811-2817. [PMID: 20953508 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00289e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11-amino-1-undecanethiol (AUT) has been fabricated onto a gold (Au) substrate to co-immobilize anti-ochratoxin-A antibodies (AO-IgGs) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to detect food borne mycotoxin [i.e., ochratoxin-A (OTA)]. AUT/Au electrode, AO-IgGs/AUT/Au immunoelectrode and BSA/IgGs/AUT/Au immunoelectrode have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical studies such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Electrochemical studies reveal that the AUT-SAM with NH2 groups provide favorable conditions to immobilize AO-IgGs with better orientation, resulting in enhanced electron transport to obtain improved sensing characteristics. The EIS response studies of the BSA/AO-IgGs/AUT/Au immunoelectrode obtained as a function of OTA concentration reveal that the value of the charge transfer resistance (RCT) increases with increased OTA concentration. The BSA/AO-IgGs/AUT/Au immunoelectrode exhibits linearity over 0.5-6.0 ng/dl, detection limit of 0.08 ng/dl using 3σb/m criteria, response time of 30 s and sensitivity of ∼36.83 Ω/ng dl(-1) cm(-2) with a regression coefficient of 0.999. Attempts have been made to monitor the change in RCT of BSA/AO-IgGs/AUT/Au immunoelectrode on addition of coffee samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Rathee Solanki
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics, National Physical Laboratory (Council of Scientific Industrial Research), Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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22
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Arya SK, Singh A, Naidoo R, Wu P, McDermott MT, Evoy S. Chemically immobilized T4-bacteriophage for specific Escherichia coli detection using surface plasmon resonance. Analyst 2010; 136:486-92. [PMID: 21079850 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bioassay platform using T4 bacteriophage (T4) as the specific receptor and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as the transduction technique has been developed for the detection of Escherichia coli K12 bacteria. The T4 phages have been covalently immobilized onto gold surfaces using a self-assembled monolayer of dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) (DTSP). Substrates of BSA/EA-T4/DTSP/Au prepared using different T4 phage concentrations have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The studies reveal that the use of DTSP results in a uniform binding of T4 phages onto the surface. The SPR analysis demonstrates that these BSA/EA-T4/DTSP/Au interfaces can detect the E. coli K12 with high specificity against non-host E. coli NP10 and NP30. Results of SEM and SPR studies indicate that the maximum host bacterial capture is obtained when 1.5 × 10(11) pfu ml(-1) concentration of T4 phages was used for immobilization. The surface of these chemically anchored phage substrates can be regenerated for repeated detection of E. coli K12 and can be used for detection in 7 × 10(2) to 7 × 10(8) cfu ml(-1) range. The results of these studies have implications for the development of online bioassays for the detection of various food and water borne pathogens using the inherent selectivity of bacteriophage recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Arya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Ansari AA, Alhoshan M, Alsalhi MS, Aldwayyan AS. Prospects of nanotechnology in clinical immunodiagnostics. SENSORS 2010; 10:6535-81. [PMID: 22163566 PMCID: PMC3231125 DOI: 10.3390/s100706535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials are promising compounds that offer new opportunities as sensing platforms for the detection of biomolecules. Having micrometer-scale length and nanometer-scale diameters, nanomaterials can be manipulated with current nanofabrication methods, as well as self-assembly techniques, to fabricate nanoscale bio-sensing devices. Nanostructured materials possess extraordinary physical, mechanical, electrical, thermal and multifunctional properties. Such unique properties advocate their use as biomimetic membranes to immobilize and modify biomolecules on the surface of nanoparticles. Alignment, uniform dispersion, selective growth and diameter control are general parameters which play critical roles in the successful integration of nanostructures for the fabrication of bioelectronic sensing devices. In this review, we focus on different types and aspects of nanomaterials, including their synthesis, properties, conjugation with biomolecules and their application in the construction of immunosensing devices. Some key results from each cited article are summarized by relating the concept and mechanism behind each sensor, experimental conditions and the behavior of the sensor under different conditions, etc. The variety of nanomaterial-based bioelectronic devices exhibiting novel functions proves the unique properties of nanomaterials in such sensing devices, which will surely continue to expand in the future. Such nanomaterial based devices are expected to have a major impact in clinical immunodiagnostics, environmental monitoring, security surveillance and for ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees A. Ansari
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, P.O. Box-2455, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (M.S.A.); (A.S.A.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +966-1-4676838; Fax: +966-1-0545797441
| | - Mansour Alhoshan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, P.O. Box-2455, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (M.S.A.); (A.S.A.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, P.O. Box-2454, Saudi Arabia, E-Mail:
| | - Mohamad S. Alsalhi
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, P.O. Box-2455, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (M.S.A.); (A.S.A.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, P.O. Box-2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Aldwayyan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, P.O. Box-2455, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (M.S.A.); (A.S.A.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, P.O. Box-2455, Saudi Arabia
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Komarova E, Reber K, Aldissi M, Bogomolova A. New multispecific array as a tool for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1389-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Arruda DL, Wilson WC, Nguyen C, Yao QW, Caiazzo RJ, Talpasanu I, Dow DE, Liu BCS. Microelectrical sensors as emerging platforms for protein biomarker detection in point-of-care diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:749-55. [PMID: 19817557 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current methods used to measure protein expression on microarrays, such as labeled fluorescent imaging, are not well suited for real-time, diagnostic measurements at the point of care. Studies have shown that microelectrical sensors utilizing silica nanowire, impedimetric, surface acoustic wave, magnetic nanoparticle and microantenna technologies have the potential to impact disease diagnosis by offering sensing characteristics that rival conventional sensing techniques. Their ability to transduce protein binding events into electrical signals may prove essential for the development of next-generation point-of-care devices for molecular diagnostics, where they could be easily integrated with microarray, microfluidic and telemetry technologies. However, common limitations associated with the microelectrical sensors, including problems with sensor fabrication and sensitivity, must first be resolved. This review describes governing technical concepts and provides examples demonstrating the use of various microelectrical sensors in the diagnosis of disease via protein biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Arruda
- Wentworth Institute of Technology, 550 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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26
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Electroanalytical sensors and devices for multiplexed detection of foodborne pathogen microorganisms. SENSORS 2009; 9:5503-20. [PMID: 22346711 PMCID: PMC3274141 DOI: 10.3390/s90705503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The detection and identification of pathogen microorganisms still rely on conventional culturing techniques, which are not suitable for on-site monitoring. Therefore, a great research challenge in this field is focused on the need to develop rapid, reliable, specific, and sensitive methods to detect these bacteria at low cost. Moreover, the growing interest in biochip development for large scale screening analysis implies improved miniaturization, reduction of analysis time and cost, and multi-analyte detection, which has nowadays become a crucial challenge. This paper reviews multiplexed foodborne pathogen microorganisms detection methods based on electrochemical sensors incorporating microarrays and other platforms. These devices usually involve antibody-antigen and DNA hybridization specific interactions, although other approaches such as the monitoring of oxygen consumption are also considered.
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27
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A novel amperometric biosensor based on gold nanoparticles-mesoporous silica composite for biosensing glucose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Abstract
In this article, two-dimensional hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) micropatterns were generated on glass substrates using photolithographic techniques for the assembly of functional proteins. The non-HMDS patterned areas were backfilled with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) silane to reduce the nonspecific protein adsorption. The hydrophobic methyl-terminated HMDS monolayer was verified to be favorable for physical protein adsorption with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The PEG-silane derivatized surface significantly reduced the BSA nonspecific binding by 97% compared to the pristine glass substrate so that high patterning selectivity was achieved. A universal streptavidin template was generated using preadsorbed biotinylated BSA on HMDS surface to sequentially bind additional biotinylated antibodies. Using this patterning strategy, the biotinylated goat anti-mouse (biotin-GAM) antibodies can be specifically recognized by the fluorescently labeled mouse immunoglobulin G, which indicated that the immobilized biotin-GAM was still bioactive. Also, the immobilized alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated to retain its enzymatic functionality by the ability to convert its fluorogenic substrate fluorescein diphosphate into fluorescent products. This simple and effective protein patterning technique can also be extended to create nanoscale protein arrays. Additionally, its adaptability for the assembly of arbitrary proteins and antibodies provides great potentials for biosensor and biomicroelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications.
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29
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Lisdat F, Schäfer D. The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1555-67. [PMID: 18414837 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review introduces the basic concepts and terms associated with impedance and techniques of measuring impedance. The focus of this review is on the application of this transduction method for sensing purposes. Examples of its use in combination with enzymes, antibodies, DNA and with cells will be described. Important fields of application include immune and nucleic acid analysis. Special attention is devoted to the various electrode design and amplification schemes developed for sensitivity enhancement. Electrolyte insulator semiconductor (EIS) structures will be treated separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Wildau University of Applied Sciences, 15745, Wildau, Germany.
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30
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Zhang J, Wang J, Zhu J, Xu J, Chen H, Xu D. An electrochemical impedimetric arrayed immunosensor based on indium tin oxide electrodes and silver-enhanced gold nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-008-0944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Lucas LJ, Chesler JN, Yoon JY. Lab-on-a-chip immunoassay for multiple antibodies using microsphere light scattering and quantum dot emission. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:675-81. [PMID: 17869502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Double detection of microsphere light scattering and quantum dot emission was demonstrated for lab-on-a-chip immunoassay without using stationary support. We conjugated quantum dots (QDs) onto microspheres to enable multiplex assays as well as to enhance the limit of detection (LOD). We named this configuration "nano-on-micro" or "NOM". Upon radiation with UV light (380nm), a stronger light scattering signal is observed with NOMs than QDs or microspheres alone. Additionally, NOMs are easier to handle than QDs. Since QDs also provide fluorescent emission, we are able to utilize an increase in light scattering for detecting antigen-antibody reaction and a decrease in QD emission to identify which antibody (or antigen) is present. Two types of NOM combinations were used. One batch of microspheres was coated with QDs emitting at 655 nm and mouse IgG (mIgG); the other with QDs emitting at 605 nm and bovine serum albumin (BSA). A mixture of these two NOMs was used to identify either anti-mIgG or anti-BSA. NOM particles and target solutions were mixed in a microfluidic device (using highly carboxylated microspheres as previously demonstrated by our group) and on-chip detection was performed using proximity optical fibers. Forward light scattering at 380 nm was collected. With the positive target, the scattering signal was increased. The LOD was as low as 50 ng ml(-1) (330 pM) with p<0.05. Fluorescent emission (655 or 605 nm) was simultaneously collected. With the positive target, the emission signal was attenuated. Therefore, we were able to detect two different antibodies simultaneously with two different detection protocols. We believe this NOM bioassay has the ability to screen for and detect multiple antibodies with minimal sample processing and handling (one-step lab-on-a-chip immunoassay).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnie J Lucas
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA
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La Belle JT, Bhavsar K, Fairchild A, Das A, Sweeney J, Alford TL, Wang J, Bhavanandan VP, Joshi L. A cytokine immunosensor for multiple sclerosis detection based upon label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:428-31. [PMID: 17851067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor for the serum cytokine, interleukin-12 (IL-12), based upon a label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy monitoring is described. Overexpression of IL-12 has been correlated to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The prototype biosensor was fabricated on a disposable gold-coated silver ribbon electrode by immobilizing anti-IL-12 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) onto the surface of the electrode. This technique was advantageous as the silver electrodes provided a more rigid and conductive substrate than thin gold foil electrodes and helped in obtaining more reproducible data when used with the electrode holder. Results indicate that IL-12 can be detected at physiological levels, <100 fM with p<0.05 in a label-free and real-time manner. The cost-effective approach described here can be used for diagnosis of diseases (like MS) with known biomarkers in body fluids and for monitoring physiological levels of biomolecules with healthcare, food, and environmental relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T La Belle
- Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6001, USA
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Daniels JS, Pourmand N. Label-Free Impedance Biosensors: Opportunities and Challenges. ELECTROANAL 2007; 19:1239-1257. [PMID: 18176631 PMCID: PMC2174792 DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Impedance biosensors are a class of electrical biosensors that show promise for point-of-care and other applications due to low cost, ease of miniaturization, and label-free operation. Unlabeled DNA and protein targets can be detected by monitoring changes in surface impedance when a target molecule binds to an immobilized probe. The affinity capture step leads to challenges shared by all label-free affinity biosensors; these challenges are discussed along with others unique to impedance readout. Various possible mechanisms for impedance change upon target binding are discussed. We critically summarize accomplishments of past label-free impedance biosensors and identify areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Daniels
- Stanford Genome Technology Center; 855 S. California Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Stanford Center for Integrated Systems; 420 Via Palou, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nader Pourmand
- Stanford Genome Technology Center; 855 S. California Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Arya SK, Pandey P, Singh SP, Datta M, Malhotra BD. Dithiobissuccinimidyl propionate self assembled monolayer based cholesterol biosensor. Analyst 2007; 132:1005-9. [PMID: 17893804 DOI: 10.1039/b707000d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dithiobissuccinimidyl propionate (DTSP) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) prepared onto a gold (Au) surface has been utilized for covalent immobilization of cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and cholesterol esterase (ChEt). These ChOx-ChEt/DTSP/Au bio-electrodes have been characterized using electrochemical impedance and cyclic voltammetric (CV) techniques, respectively. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) has been used for enzymatic assay of immobilized ChOx and ChEt onto the DTSP modified gold surface as a function of cholesterol oleate concentration. The response measurement conducted on ChOx-ChEt/DTSP/Au bio-electrode reveal the value of Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) as 0.95 mM suggesting enhanced affinity of enzymes (ChOx and ChEt). The ChOx-ChEt/DTSP/Au bio-electrodes show linearity in range of 50 to 400 mg dl(-1) of cholesterol oleate and the shelf-life of more than 50 days when stored at 4 degrees C. This biosensing electrode shows correlation coefficient of 0.9973 and standard deviation of regression as 0.859 microA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Arya
- Biomolecular Electronics & Conducting Polymer Research Group, National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
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