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Mallikarjun Sharada S, Gauthier JA. Modeling Heterogeneous Catalysis and Electrocatalysis. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400507. [PMID: 38801730 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
With this special collection of articles with contributions from friends, former colleagues, collaborators, students, and postdocs, we celebrate Jens K. Nørskov′s belated 70th birthday. The studies reported here highlight just a small portion of the breadth and depth of Jens Nørskov's 40 years of influence in modeling heterogeneous catalysis and electrocatalysis. Many challenges remain in enabling in silico catalyst design, and the contributions in this special collection highlight the growing importance of machine learning approaches towards solving these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaama Mallikarjun Sharada
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Joseph A Gauthier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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2
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Cai M, Zhang Y, He P, Zhang Z. Recent Advances in Revealing the Electrocatalytic Mechanism for Hydrogen Energy Conversion System. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2405008. [PMID: 39075971 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202405008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
In light of the intensifying global energy crisis and the mounting demand for environmental protection, it is of vital importance to develop advanced hydrogen energy conversion systems. Electrolysis cells for hydrogen production and fuel cell devices for hydrogen utilization are indispensable in hydrogen energy conversion. As one of the electrolysis cells, water splitting involves two electrochemical reactions, hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. And oxygen reduction reaction coupled with hydrogen oxidation reaction, represent the core electrocatalytic reactions in fuel cell devices. However, the inherent complexity and the lack of a clear understanding of the structure-performance relationship of these electrocatalytic reactions, have posed significant challenges to the advancement of research in this field. In this work, the recent development in revealing the mechanism of electrocatalytic reactions in hydrogen energy conversion systems is reviewed, including in situ characterization and theoretical calculation. First, the working principles and applications of operando measurements in unveiling the reaction mechanism are systematically introduced. Then the application of theoretical calculations in the design of catalysts and the investigation of the reaction mechanism are discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities are also summarized and discussed for paving the development of hydrogen energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Cai
- Materials Tech Laboratory for Hydrogen & Energy Storage, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Peilei He
- Materials Tech Laboratory for Hydrogen & Energy Storage, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CISRI & NIMTE Joint Innovation Center for Rare Earth Permanent Magnets, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuit, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
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3
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He M, Zhou Y, Luo Q, Yang J. Platinum monolayer dispersed on MXenes for electrocatalyzed hydrogen evolution: a first-principles study. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39072435 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01864h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Maximizing platinum's atomic utilization and understanding the anchoring mechanism between platinum moieties and their supports are crucial for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Using density functional theory, we investigate the catalyst of a Pt monolayer on the two-dimensional Mo2TiC2 substrate (PtML/Mo2TiC2) for the reaction. This Pt monolayer shows a Pt(111)-like pattern, with its Pt-Pt bond elongated by about 0.1 Å compared to Pt(111); charge transfer from Mo2TiC2 to the Pt monolayer leads to significant charge accumulation on Pt. This substantial monolayer metal-support interaction optimizes hydrogen adsorption toward optimal HER activity under both constant charge and potential conditions, making PtML/Mo2TiC2 a promising HER catalyst. Detailed studies reveal that the dominant Volmer-Tafel mechanism in the HER occurs on the 1 monolayer hydrogen-covered PtML/Mo2TiC2 surface. The surface Pourbaix diagram identifies this as the stable surface termination under the electrochemical reaction conditions. These findings provide insights into designing stable, efficient, and low platinum-loaded HER catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi He
- Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Yanan Zhou
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Fenghua Road 818, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Qiquan Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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Levell Z, Le J, Yu S, Wang R, Ethirajan S, Rana R, Kulkarni A, Resasco J, Lu D, Cheng J, Liu Y. Emerging Atomistic Modeling Methods for Heterogeneous Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8620-8656. [PMID: 38990563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Heterogeneous electrocatalysis lies at the center of various technologies that could help enable a sustainable future. However, its complexity makes it challenging to accurately and efficiently model at an atomic level. Here, we review emerging atomistic methods to simulate the electrocatalytic interface with special attention devoted to the components/effects that have been challenging to model, such as solvation, electrolyte ions, electrode potential, reaction kinetics, and pH. Additionally, we review relevant computational spectroscopy methods. Then, we showcase several examples of applying these methods to understand and design catalysts relevant to green hydrogen. We also offer experimental views on how to bridge the gap between theory and experiments. Finally, we provide some perspectives on opportunities to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Levell
- Texas Materials Institute and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jiabo Le
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Saerom Yu
- Texas Materials Institute and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Texas Materials Institute and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sudheesh Ethirajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Rachita Rana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ambarish Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Joaquin Resasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Deyu Lu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Laboratory of AI for Electrochemistry (AI4EC), Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuanyue Liu
- Texas Materials Institute and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Shibata MS, Morimoto Y, Zenyuk IV, Weber AZ. Parameter-Fitting-Free Continuum Modeling of Electric Double Layer in Aqueous Electrolyte. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:6184-6196. [PMID: 38967285 PMCID: PMC11270741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Electric double layers (EDLs) play fundamental roles in various electrochemical processes. Despite the extensive history of EDL modeling, there remain challenges in the accurate prediction of its structure without expensive computation. Herein, we propose a predictive multiscale continuum model of EDL that eliminates the need for parameter fitting. This model computes the distribution of the electrostatic potential, electron density, and species' concentrations by taking the extremum of the total grand potential of the system. The grand potential includes the microscopic interactions that are newly introduced in this work: polarization of solvation shells, electrostatic interaction in parallel plane toward the electrode, and ion-size-dependent entropy. The parameters that identify the electrode and electrolyte materials are obtained from independent experiments in the literature. The model reproduces the trends in the experimental differential capacitance with multiple electrode and nonadsorbing electrolyte materials (Ag(110) in NaF, Ag(110) in NaClO4, and Hg in NaF), which verifies the accuracy and predictiveness of the model and rationalizes the observed values to be due to changes in electron stability. However, our calculation on Pt(111) in KClO4 suggests the need for the incorporation of electrode/ion-specific interactions. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that effective ion radius, ion valence, the electrode's Wigner-Seitz radius, and the bulk modulus of the electrode are significant material properties that control the EDL structure. Overall, the model framework and findings provide insights into EDL structures and predictive capability at low computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Suzuki Shibata
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and National Fuel Cell Research
Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Energy
Conversion Group, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yu Morimoto
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and National Fuel Cell Research
Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Iryna V. Zenyuk
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and National Fuel Cell Research
Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Adam Z. Weber
- Energy
Conversion Group, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Jones TE, Teschner D, Piccinin S. Toward Realistic Models of the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39038270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) supplies the protons and electrons needed to transform renewable electricity into chemicals and fuels. However, the OER is kinetically sluggish; it operates at significant rates only when the applied potential far exceeds the reversible voltage. The origin of this overpotential is hidden in a complex mechanism involving multiple electron transfers and chemical bond making/breaking steps. Our desire to improve catalytic performance has then made mechanistic studies of the OER an area of major scientific inquiry, though the complexity of the reaction has made understanding difficult. While historically, mechanistic studies have relied solely on experiment and phenomenological models, over the past twenty years ab initio simulation has been playing an increasingly important role in developing our understanding of the electrocatalytic OER and its reaction mechanisms. In this Review we cover advances in our mechanistic understanding of the OER, organized by increasing complexity in the way through which the OER is modeled. We begin with phenomenological models built using experimental data before reviewing early efforts to incorporate ab initio methods into mechanistic studies. We go on to cover how the assumptions in these early ab initio simulations─no electric field, electrolyte, or explicit kinetics─have been relaxed. Through comparison with experimental literature, we explore the veracity of these different assumptions. We summarize by discussing the most critical open challenges in developing models to understand the mechanisms of the OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Jones
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Detre Teschner
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Simone Piccinin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Trieste 34136, Italy
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Partanen L, Laasonen K. Ab initio molecular dynamics investigation of the Pt(111)-water interface structure in an alkaline environment with high surface OH-coverages. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:18233-18243. [PMID: 38904188 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01100g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the structure of the Pt(111)-water interface in an alkaline environment with large OH coverages of 1/3, 2/3 and 1 monolayer using a large well-equilibrated system. We observe that the OH coverage influences both the orientational distribution of the water molecules and their density, with more structure associated with higher coverage. At the same time, there is evidence of a highly dynamic hydrogen bond network on the lower coverage systems with substantial exchange of water between the surface and the solvent. In addition to OH and H2O species, which are preferentially located at the top sites, the 1/3 and 2/3 monolayer surfaces also contain O atoms, which are relatively stable and prefer the hollow sites. In contrast, the 1 monolayer surface shows none of these dynamics, and is unlikely to be active. The dynamic coexistence of O, OH and H2O on Pt(111) electrodes in alkaline conditions necessitates the investigation of several possible reaction paths for processess like ORR and water splitting. Finally, the exchange processes observed between the solvent and the interface underscore the need to explicitly include liquid water in simulations of systems similar to Pt(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Partanen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Kari Laasonen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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Takhar D, Birajdar B, Ghosh RK. Dual functionality of the BiN monolayer: unraveling its photocatalytic and piezocatalytic water splitting properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16261-16272. [PMID: 38804603 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01047g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
To achieve scalable and economically viable green hydrogen (H2) production, the photocatalytic and piezocatalytic processes are promising methods. The key to successful overall water splitting (OWS) for H2 production in these processes is using suitable semiconductor catalysts with appropriate band edge potentials, efficient optical absorption, higher mechanical flexibility, and piezoelectric coefficients. Thus, we explore the bismuth nitride (BiN) monolayer using density functional theory simulations, revealing intriguing catalytic properties. The BiN monolayer is a semiconductor with an indirect electronic bandgap (Eg) of 2.08 eV and displays excellent visible light absorption (approximately 105 cm-1). Detailed analyses show that the band edges satisfy the redox potential for photocatalytic OWS via biaxial strain engineering and pH variation. Notably, the solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency (ηSTH) for the BiN monolayer can reach 17.18%, which exceeds the 10% efficiency limit of photocatalysts for economical green H2 production. The obtained in-plane piezoelectric coefficient of e11 = 16.18 Å C m-1 is superior to widely studied 2D materials. Moreover, the generated piezopotential under oscillatory strain stands at 28.34 V, which can initiate the water redox reaction via the piezocatalytic mechanism. This originates from the mechanical flexibility coupled with higher piezoelectric coefficients. The result highlights the BiN monolayer's potential application in photocatalytic, piezocatalytic, and photo-piezo-catalytic OWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devender Takhar
- Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Balaji Birajdar
- Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ram Krishna Ghosh
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi 110020, India.
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Kastlunger G, Vijay S, Chen X, Sharma S, Peterson A. On the Thermodynamic Equivalence of Grand Canonical, Infinite-Size, and Capacitor-Based Models in First-Principle Electrochemistry. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300950. [PMID: 38511569 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
First principles-based computational and theoretical methods are constantly evolving trying to overcome the many obstacles towards a comprehensive understanding of electrochemical processes on an atomistic level. One of the major challenges has been the determination of reaction energetics under a constant potential. Here, a theoretical framework was proposed applying standard electronic structure methods and extrapolating to the infinite-cell size limit where reactions do not alter the potential. Today, electronically grand canonical modifications to electronic structure methods, holding the potential constant by varying the number of electrons in a finite simulation cell, become increasingly popular. In this perspective, we show that these two schemes are thermodynamically equivalent. Further, we link these methods to capacitive models of the interface, in the limit that the capacitance of the charging components (whether continuum or atomistic) are equal and invariant along the reaction pathway. We benchmark the three approaches with an example of alkali cation adsorption on Pt(111) showing that all three approaches converge in the cases of Li, Na and K. For Cs, however, strong deviation from the ideal conditions leads to a spread in the respective results. We discuss the latter by highlighting the cases of broken equivalence and assumptions among the approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Kastlunger
- Catalysis Theory Center, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sudarshan Vijay
- Catalysis Theory Center, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Hope Street, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shubham Sharma
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Hope Street, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Andrew Peterson
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Hope Street, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
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Ahlstedt O, Akola J. Hydrogen evolution descriptors of 55-atom PtNi nanoclusters and interaction with graphite. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:325001. [PMID: 38670082 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad4432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Density functional simulations have been performed for PtnNi55-nclusters (n=0,12,20,28,42,55) to investigate their catalytic properties for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Starting from the icosahedralPt12Ni43, hydrogen adsorption energetics and electronicd-band descriptors indicate HER activity comparable to that of purePt55(distorted reduced core structure). The PtNi clusters accommodate a large number of adsorbed hydrogen before reaching a saturated coverage, corresponding to 3-4 H atoms per icosahedron facet (in total ∼70-80). The differential adsorption free energies are well within the window of|ΔGH|<0.1 eV which is considered optimal for HER. The electronic descriptors show similarities with the platinumd-band, although the uncovered PtNi clusters are magnetic. Increasing hydrogen coverage suppresses magnetism and depletes electron density, resulting in expansion of the PtNi clusters. For a single H atom, the adsorption free energy varies between -0.32 (Pt12Ni43) and -0.59 eV (Pt55). The most stable adsorption site is Pt-Pt bridge for Pt-rich compositions and a hollow site surrounded by three Ni for Pt-poor compositions. A hydrogen molecule dissociates spontaneously on the Pt-rich clusters. The above HER activity predictions can be extended to PtNi on carbon support as the interaction with a graphite model structure (w/o vacancy defect) results in minor changes in the cluster properties only. The cluster-surface interaction is the strongest forPt55due to its large facing facet and associated van der Waals forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Ahlstedt
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, PO Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jaakko Akola
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, PO Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Wang J, Cai J, Ren KX, Liu L, Zheng SJ, Wang ZY, Zang SQ. Stepwise structural evolution toward robust carboranealkynyl-protected copper nanocluster catalysts for nitrate electroreduction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn7556. [PMID: 38691609 PMCID: PMC11062576 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn7556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) are emerging as idealized model catalysts for imprecise metal nanoparticles to unveil their structure-activity relationship. However, the directional synthesis of robust metal NCs with accessible catalytic active sites remains a great challenge. In this work, we achieved bulky carboranealkynyl-protected copper NCs, the monomer Cu13·3PF6 and nido-carboranealkynyl bridged dimer Cu26·4PF6, with fair stability as well as accessible open metal sites step by step through external ligand shell modification and metal-core evolution. Both Cu13·3PF6 and Cu26·4PF6 demonstrate remarkable catalytic activity and selectivity in electrocatalytic nitrate (NO3-) reduction to NH3 reaction, with the dimer Cu26·4PF6 displaying superior performance. The mechanism of this catalytic reaction was elucidated through theoretical computations in conjunction with in situ FTIR spectra. This study not only provides strategies for accessing desired copper NC catalysts but also establishes a platform to uncover the structure-activity relationship of copper NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai-Xin Ren
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Su-Jun Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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12
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Kong S, Ouyang M, An Y, Cao W, Chen X. Surface Charge Effects for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Pt(111) Using a Modified Grand-Canonical Potential Kinetics Method. Molecules 2024; 29:1813. [PMID: 38675633 PMCID: PMC11055056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Surface charges of catalysts have important influences on the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical reactions. Herein, we develop a modified version of the grand-canonical potential kinetics (GCP-K) method based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explore the effect of surface charges on reaction thermodynamics and kinetics. Using the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on the Pt(111) surface as an example, we show how to track the change of surface charge in a reaction and how to analyze its influence on the kinetics. Grand-canonical calculations demonstrate that the optimum hydrogen adsorption energy on Pt under the standard hydrogen electrode condition (SHE) is around -0.2 eV, rather than 0 eV established under the canonical ensemble, due to the high density of surface negative charges. By separating the surface charges that can freely exchange with the external electron reservoir, we obtain a Tafel barrier that is in good agreement with the experimental result. During the Tafel reaction, the net electron inflow into the catalyst leads to a stabilization of canonical energy and a destabilization of the charge-dependent grand-canonical component. This study provides a practical method for obtaining accurate grand-canonical reaction energetics and analyzing the surface charge induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaobo Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (S.K.); (M.O.); (Y.A.); (W.C.)
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13
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Liu DX, Hong H, Cao Q, Wang D, Du Y. Spin Polarization of 2D Weyl Semimetal Fe 2Sn Enabling High Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Activity. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300942. [PMID: 38270388 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that magnetic field is one of the effective tools to improve the activity of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but considering the inconvenient application of an external magnetic field, it is essential to find a ferromagnetic material with high HER activity itself. Fortunately, recent study has shown that the two-dimmention (2D) Fe2Sn monolayer is a stable ferromagnetic topological Weyl semimetal material with high Tc of 433 K. Here, we report the Fe2Sn monolayer can be used as an alternative HER catalyst compared with expensive platinum (Pt). Our first-principles results show that the Gibbs free energy (ΔGH*) value of the spin polarized Fe2Sn monolayer is -0.06 eV, much better than that without considering spin polarization (-1.23 eV). Moreover, the kinetic analysis demonstrates that the HER occurs on the Fe2Sn monolayer according to the Volmer-Tafel mechanism with low energy barriers. Hence, our findings provide obvious evidence for spin-polarization-improved HER activity, paving a new way to design high-performance HER catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xue Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hong Hong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qingqi Cao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - DunHui Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Youwei Du
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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14
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Shaarawy HH, Hussein HS, Attia A, Hawash SI. Green hydrogen generation in alkaline solution using electrodeposited Ni-Co-nano-graphene thin film cathode. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28719-28733. [PMID: 38558346 PMCID: PMC11058589 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Green hydrogen generation technologies are currently the most pressing worldwide issues, offering promising alternatives to existing fossil fuels that endanger the globe with growing global warming. The current research focuses on the creation of green hydrogen in alkaline electrolytes utilizing a Ni-Co-nano-graphene thin film cathode with a low overvoltage. The recommended conditions for creating the target cathode were studied by electrodepositing a thin Ni-Co-nano-graphene film in a glycinate bath over an iron surface coated with a thin copper interlayer. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping analysis, the obtained electrode is physically and chemically characterized. These tests confirm that Ni, Co, and nano-graphene are homogeneously dispersed, resulting in a lower electrolysis voltage in green hydrogen generation. Tafel plots obtained to analyze electrode stability revealed that the Ni-Co-nano-graphene cathode was directed to the noble direction, with the lowest corrosion rate. The Ni-Co-nano-graphene generated was used to generate green hydrogen in a 25% KOH solution. For the production of 1 kg of green hydrogen utilizing Ni-Co-nano-graphene electrode, the electrolysis efficiency was 95.6% with a power consumption of 52 kwt h-1, whereas it was 56.212. kwt h-1 for pure nickel thin film cathode and 54. kwt h-1 for nickel cobalt thin film cathode, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan H Shaarawy
- Chemical Engineering & Pilot Plant Department, Engineering Research and Renewable Energy Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala S Hussein
- Chemical Engineering & Pilot Plant Department, Engineering Research and Renewable Energy Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Adel Attia
- Physical Chemistry Department, Research Institute of Advanced Materials Technology and Mineral Resources, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salwa I Hawash
- Chemical Engineering & Pilot Plant Department, Engineering Research and Renewable Energy Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Huang X, Xu H. Regulating Excess Electrons in Reducible Metal Oxides for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity: A Mini-Review. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400081. [PMID: 38303551 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Identifying a universal activity descriptor for metal oxides, akin to the d-band center for transition metals, remains a significant challenge in catalyst design, largely due to the intricate electronic structures of metal oxides. This review highlights a major advancement in formulating the number of excess electrons (NEE) as an activity descriptor for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on reducible metal oxide surfaces. We elaborate on the quantitative relationship between NEE and the adsorption properties of OER intermediates, and unveil the decisive role of the octet rule on the OER performance of these oxides. This insight provides a robust theoretical basis for designing effective OER catalysts. Moreover, we discuss critical experimental evidence supporting this theory and summarize recent advances in employing NEE as a guiding principle for developing highly efficient OER catalysts experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangdong, Shenzhen, 518045, China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangdong, Shenzhen, 518045, China
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16
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Surendralal S, Todorova M, Neugebauer J. Laterally Resolved Free Energy Profiles and Vibrational Spectra of Chemisorbed H Atoms on Pt(111). J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2192-2201. [PMID: 38324701 PMCID: PMC10938496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A scheme to compute laterally resolved free energy surfaces and spectral signatures of specifically adsorbed ions on electrode surfaces from their ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) trajectories is proposed. Considering H-covered Pt(111) electrodes, both in contact with water and vacuum and for various H coverages, we systematically explore the impact of explicit water and H-coverage on site occupancy, providing direct insight into the proportion of underpotential and overpotential deposited hydrogen adsorbates. Extending this approach further, we can obtain laterally resolved vibrational spectra of the Pt-H stretch modes. We discuss how the difference between the free energy basins of the on-top and fcc-hollow adsorption sites explains the features of the experimentally observed spectral fingerprints in this system. These fingerprints do not contain only information about the stable and metastable adsorption sites but also about intermediate short-lived adsorbate configurations. Our results also show that for these properties chemisorbed H2O acts as a spectator and does not qualitatively influence the relative stabilities of the adsorption sites and their spectral fingerprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarsan Surendralal
- Department of Computational Materials
Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung
GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf D-40237, Germany
| | - Mira Todorova
- Department of Computational Materials
Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung
GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf D-40237, Germany
| | - Jörg Neugebauer
- Department of Computational Materials
Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung
GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf D-40237, Germany
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17
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Bhauriyal P, Heine T. Tailoring photocatalytic water splitting activity of boron-thiophene polymer through pore size engineering. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:094712. [PMID: 38445742 DOI: 10.1063/5.0197992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Taking into account the electron-rich and visible light response of thiophene, first-principles calculations have been carried out to explore the photocatalytic activity of donor-acceptor polymers incorporating thiophene and boron. Honeycomb-kagome boron-thiophene (BTP) polymers with varying numbers of thiophene units and fixed B center atoms are direct bandgap semiconductors with tunable bandgaps ranging from 2.41 to 1.88 eV and show high absorption coefficients under the ultraviolet and visible regions of the solar spectrum. Fine-tuning the band edges of the BTP polymer is efficiently achieved by adjusting the pore size through the manipulation of thiophene units between the B centers. This manipulation, achieved without excessive chemical functionalization, facilitates the generation of an appropriate quantity of photoexcited electrons and/or holes to straddle the redox potential of the water. Our study demonstrates that two units between B centers of thiophene in BTP polymers enable overall photocatalytic water splitting, whereas BTP polymers with larger pores solely promote photocatalytic hydrogen reduction. Moreover, the thermodynamics of hydrogen and oxygen reduction reactions either proceed spontaneously or need small additional external biases. Our findings provide the rationale for designing metal-free and single-material polymer photocatalysts based on thiophene, specifically for achieving efficient overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Bhauriyal
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, HZDR, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding, CASUS, Untermarkt 20, 02826 Görlitz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and ibs for Nanomedicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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18
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Zhu X, He M, Chen X, Zhou Y, Xu C, Li X, Luo Q, Yang J. First-Principles Insights into Tungsten Semicarbide-Based Single-Atom Catalysts: Single-Atom Migration and Mechanisms in Oxygen Reduction. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:2815-2824. [PMID: 38441004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the structural evolution of single-atom catalysts (SACs) in catalytic reactions is crucial for unraveling their catalytic mechanisms. In this study, we utilize density functional theory calculations to delve into the active phase evolution and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism of tungsten semicarbide-based transition metal SACs (TM1/W2C). The stable crystal phases and optimal surface exposures of W2C are identified by using ab initio atomistic thermodynamics simulations. Focusing on the W-terminated (001) surface, we screen 13 stable TM1/W2C variants, ultimately selecting Pt1/W2C(001) as our primary model. The surface Pourbaix diagram, mapped for this model under ORR conditions, reveals dynamic Pt1 migration on the surface, triggered by surface oxidation. This discovery suggests a novel single-atom evolution pathway. Remarkably, this single-atom migration behavior is also discerned in seven other group VIII SACs, enhancing both their catalytic activity and their stability. Our findings offer insights into the evolution of active phases in SACs, considering substrate structural arrangement, single-atom incorporation, and self-optimization of catalysts under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Mingqi He
- Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qiquan Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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19
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Vijay S, Venetos MC, Spotte-Smith EWC, Kaplan AD, Wen M, Persson KA. CoeffNet: predicting activation barriers through a chemically-interpretable, equivariant and physically constrained graph neural network. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2923-2936. [PMID: 38404391 PMCID: PMC10882514 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04411d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation barriers of elementary reactions are essential to predict molecular reaction mechanisms and kinetics. However, computing these energy barriers by identifying transition states with electronic structure methods (e.g., density functional theory) can be time-consuming and computationally expensive. In this work, we introduce CoeffNet, an equivariant graph neural network that predicts activation barriers using coefficients of any frontier molecular orbital (such as the highest occupied molecular orbital) of reactant and product complexes as graph node features. We show that using coefficients as features offer several advantages, such as chemical interpretability and physical constraints on the network's behaviour and numerical range. Model outputs are either activation barriers or coefficients of the chosen molecular orbital of the transition state; the latter quantity allows us to interpret the results of the neural network through chemical intuition. We test CoeffNet on a dataset of SN2 reactions as a proof-of-concept and show that the activation barriers are predicted with a mean absolute error of less than 0.025 eV. The highest occupied molecular orbital of the transition state is visualized and the distribution of the orbital densities of the transition states is described for a few prototype SN2 reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Vijay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 210 Hearst Memorial Mining Building Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Maxwell C Venetos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 210 Hearst Memorial Mining Building Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Evan Walter Clark Spotte-Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 210 Hearst Memorial Mining Building Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Aaron D Kaplan
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Mingjian Wen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston Houston Texas 77204 USA
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 210 Hearst Memorial Mining Building Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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20
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Razzaq S, Exner KS. Why efficient bifunctional hydrogen electrocatalysis requires a change in the reaction mechanism. iScience 2024; 27:108848. [PMID: 38313059 PMCID: PMC10837630 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) are both two-electron processes that culminate in the formation or consumption of gaseous hydrogen in an electrolyzer or a fuel cell, respectively. Unitized regenerative proton exchange membrane fuel cells merge these two functionalities into one device, allowing to switch between the two modes of operation. This prompts the quest for efficient bifunctional electrode materials catalyzing the HER and HOR with reasonable reaction rates at low overpotentials. In the present study using a data-driven framework, we identify a general criterion for efficient bifunctional performance in the hydrogen electrocatalysis, which refers to a change in the reaction mechanism when switching from cathodic to anodic working conditions. The obtained insight can be used in future studies based on density functional theory to pave the design of efficient HER and HOR catalysts by a dedicated consideration of the kinetics in the analysis of reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Razzaq
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Kai S Exner
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Bochum, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE) Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
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21
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Xue S, Chaudhary P, Nouri MR, Gubanova E, Garlyyev B, Alexandrov V, Bandarenka AS. Impact of Pt( hkl) Electrode Surface Structure on the Electrical Double Layer Capacitance. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3883-3889. [PMID: 38316015 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The classical theory of the electrical double layer (EDL) does not consider the effects of the electrode surface structure on the EDL properties. Moreover, the best agreement between the traditional EDL theory and experiments has been achieved so far only for a very limited number of ideal systems, such as liquid metal mercury electrodes, for which it is challenging to operate with specific surface structures. In the case of solid electrodes, the predictive power of classical theory is often not acceptable for electrochemical energy applications, e.g., in supercapacitors, due to the effects of surface structure, electrode composition, and complex electrolyte contributions. In this work, we combine ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations and electrochemical experiments to elucidate the relationship between the structure of Pt(hkl) surfaces and the double-layer capacitance as a key property of the EDL. Flat, stepped, and kinked Pt single crystal facets in contact with acidic HClO4 media are selected as our model systems. We demonstrate that introducing specific defects, such as steps, can substantially reduce the EDL capacitances close to the potential of zero charge (PZC). Our AIMD simulations reveal that different Pt facets are characterized by different net orientations of the water dipole moment at the interface. That allows us to rationalize the experimentally measured (inverse) volcano-shaped capacitance as a function of the surface step density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xue
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
- Advanced Chemical Engineering and Energy Materials Research Center, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Payal Chaudhary
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska─Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Mohammad Reza Nouri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska─Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Elena Gubanova
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Batyr Garlyyev
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Vitaly Alexandrov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska─Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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22
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Deng B, Chen Z, Yang L, Guo J, Cheng C, Li X, Zhang S, Luo S. Converting formaldehyde in methanol with MoO 2 under irradiation: A pollution-free strategy for cleaning air. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133606. [PMID: 38286048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Direct photocatalytic reduction of toxic formaldehyde (HCHO) in value-added chemicals and fuels is promising because that not only abates the environmental pollution, but also solves the energy shortage. Herein, self-supported MoO2 and MoO3 nanoparticles growing on Mo meshes were comparatively applied to the photocatalytic conversion of HCHO. Under UV-visble lights, MoO2 reduces HCHO in methanol (CH3OH) while MoO3 oxidizes HCHO in carbon oxide and water. Their contrary photocatalytic capacities were revealed. Compared with MoO3, the lower work function of MoO2 enables an electron-rich interface, realizing a complete reduction of 30 ppm HCHO to CH3OH in 30 min. Theoretical calculations clarify that a large number of delocalized electrons on MoO2 attracts HCHO molecule and activates its CO bond, facilitating subsequent hydrogenation and reduction of HCHO to CH3OH. As for MoO3, the wider bandgap and higher potential of valence band govern the photocatalytic oxidation of HCHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banghong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhenglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lixia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shuqu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shenglian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi Province, China
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23
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Ruffman C, Steenbergen KG, Garden AL, Gaston N. Dynamic sampling of liquid metal structures for theoretical studies on catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 15:185-194. [PMID: 38131068 PMCID: PMC10732005 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04416e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid metals have recently emerged as promising catalysts that can outcompete their solid counterparts for many reactions. Although theoretical modelling is extensively used to improve solid-state catalysts, there is currently no way to capture the interactions of adsorbates with a dynamic liquid metal. We propose a new approach based on ab initio molecular dynamics sampling of an adsorbate on a liquid catalyst. Using this approach, we describe time-resolved structures for formate adsorbed on liquid Ga-In, and for all intermediates in the methanol oxidation pathway on Ga-Pt. This yields a range of accessible adsorption energies that take into account the at-temperature motion of the liquid metal. We find that a previously proposed pathway for methanol oxidation on Ga-Pt results in unstable intermediates on a dynamic liquid surface, and propose that H desorption must occur during the path. The results showcase a more accurate way to treat liquid metal catalysts in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Ruffman
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Krista G Steenbergen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington 6140 New Zealand
| | - Anna L Garden
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago P.O. Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
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24
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Wu Z, Li Q, Xu G, Jin W, Xiao W, Li Z, Ma T, Feng S, Wang L. Microwave Phosphine-Plasma-Assisted Ultrafast Synthesis of Halogen-Doped Ru/RuP 2 with Surface Intermediate Adsorption Modulation for Efficient Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2311018. [PMID: 38101817 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Anionic modification engineering is a crucial approach to develop highly efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Herein, halogen elements (X = Cl, Br, and I)-modified Ru-based nanosheets (X-Ru/RuP2 ) are designed by rapid and eco-friendly microwave-phosphide plasma approach within 60 s. Experimental and density functional theory calculations verify that the introduced halogen element, especially Br, can optimize the surface intermediates adsorption. Specially, the designed Br-Ru/RuP2 favors the water dissociation and following hydrogen adsorption/desorption process. Then, the as-synthesized Br-Ru/RuP2 exhibits low overpotential of 34 mV to reach 10 mA cm-2 coupled with small Tafel slope of 27 mV dec-1 in alkaline electrolyte with excellent long-term stability. Moreover, the electrocatalytic performances in acid and neutral media are also boosted via Br element modification. This work paves a novel way to regulate the electronic structure of Ru-based compounds, and then can boost the electrocatalytic kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Qichang Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Guangrui Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Advanced Manufacturing's Technology of Shandong Province, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Xiao
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Advanced Manufacturing's Technology of Shandong Province, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Shouhua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
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25
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Wang C, Zhao YN, Lang ZL, Li YG, Su ZM, Tan HQ. Tunable covalent benzo-heterocyclic rings constructed using two-dimensional conjugated polymers for visible-light-driven water splitting. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18883-18890. [PMID: 37974481 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04049f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Developing highly efficient, stable, and cost-effective two-dimensional (2D) conjugated polymers (CPs) for overall water splitting (OWS) is critical for producing clean and renewable hydrogen energy, yet it remains a great challenge. Here, we designed eight 2D CPs through the topological assembly of diacetylene and benzene-derived molecular linkers that can offer active sites for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, and explored their structural, electronic, optical, and photocatalytic OWS properties by performing first-principles computations. It is shown that incorporating benzo-heterocyclic rings into CPs can significantly modulate the electronic structures of CPs and broaden the spectral absorption, suitable for visible-light-driven OWS. Remarkably, through a range of screening criteria, including stability, electronic band structures, band edge alignments, and photocatalytic activity, we found that CP-4 based on diacetylene and benzotrifuran can spontaneously trigger the OWS in a neutral environment under its own light-induced bias, eliminating the need for sacrificial agents or cocatalysts. Specifically, the HER active site is primarily located at diacetylene moieties, while the OER active site is mainly concentrated on the benzo-heterocyclic rings. Moreover, the ideal STH efficiency for OWS on CP-4 was estimated to be 13.87%, highlighting its potential as a prospective photocatalyst for large-scale industrial OWS. Our findings open a door to the rational design of novel polymer photocatalysts for OWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
- Engineering Research Center of Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ying-Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Zhong-Ling Lang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yang-Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hua-Qiao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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26
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Di Liberto G, Pacchioni G. Modeling Single-Atom Catalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2307150. [PMID: 37749881 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Electronic structure calculations represent an essential complement of experiments to characterize single-atom catalysts (SACs), consisting of isolated metal atoms stabilized on a support, but also to predict new catalysts. However, simulating SACs with quantum chemistry approaches is not as simple as often assumed. In this work, the essential factors that characterize a reliable simulation of SACs activity are examined. The Perspective focuses on the importance of precise atomistic characterization of the active site, since even small changes in the metal atom's surroundings can result in large changes in reactivity. The dynamical behavior and stability of SACs under working conditions, as well as the importance of adopting appropriate methods to solve the Schrödinger equation for a quantitative evaluation of reaction energies are addressed. The Perspective also focuses on the relevance of the model adopted. For electrocatalysis this must include the effects of the solvent, the presence of electrolytes, the pH, and the external potential. Finally, it is discussed how the similarities between SACs and coordination compounds may result in reaction intermediates that usually are not observed on metal electrodes. When these aspects are not adequately considered, the predictive power of electronic structure calculations is quite limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli studi di Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano, 20125, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli studi di Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano, 20125, Italy
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27
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Liu T, Li Y, Gu J, Zhang L, Qian F, Li B, Wang X. Achieving smartphone-based colorimetric assay for Hg 2+ with a bimetallic site strategy based on Hg 2+-triggered oxidase-like catalytic activity of NSC/Co 6Ni 3S 8 nanocomposite. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341734. [PMID: 37709431 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the nanozyme's catalytic activity is crucial for its real applications in detecting target analytes. Herein, we fabricated the nanocomposite (NSC/Co6Ni3S8) of N, S co-doped carbon and Co6Ni3S8 by a facile sol-gel approach. Compared to NSC/Ni9S8, NSC/Co6Ni3S8 with bimetallic active sites displayed better enzyme-mimetic activity. This nanocomposite could catalyze O2 to form ·O2- and oxidize colorless 3, 3', 5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue oxTMB. The other two free radicals (h+ and ·OH) played minor roles during the catalytic reaction. Hg2+ could integrate with S2- to form HgS and the surface charges of O2 were transferred to Hg2+ to promote O2 adsorption. DFT theoretical calculations highlight that the main reasons for the enhancing effect of Hg2+ on color development results from electron transfer and increased adsorption energy of O2 molecules onto the surface of NSC/Co6Ni3S8. By employing the oxidase-like activity of NSC/Co6Ni3S8 and Hg2+-triggered promoting effect, a colorimetric sensing platform was established for Hg2+ assay with a linear range of 10-200 μg/L and detection limit of 3 μg/L. Through integration with a smartphone-based APP "Thing Identify" software, a visual colorimetric assay for Hg2+ was constructed with a detection limit of 5 μg/L. Compared to the data detected by the mercury vapor meter, the relative recoveries of 92.4-108.1% evidenced the higher accuracy of this smartphone-based visual detection. Overall, the NSC/Co6Ni3S8-based colorimetric assay is convenient, rapid, and visual, and can be applied for routine monitoring of Hg2+ in real-world waters under outdoor conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - JingJing Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Feiyue Qian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - BinRong Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
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28
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An Y, Cao W, Ouyang M, Chen S, Wang G, Chen X. Substantial impact of surface charges on electrochemical reaction kinetics on S vacancies of MoS2 using grand-canonical iteration method. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:144702. [PMID: 37811830 DOI: 10.1063/5.0153358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface charges of catalysts have intricate influences on the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical reactions. Herein, we develop a grand-canonical iteration method based on density functional theory calculations to explore the effect of surface charges on reaction kinetics beyond the traditional Butler-Volmer picture. Using the hydrogen evolution reaction on S vacancies of MoS2 as an example, we show how to track the change of surface charge in a reaction and to analyze its influence on the kinetics. Protons adsorb on S vacancies in a tough and charge-insensitive water splitting manner, which explains the observed large Tafel slope. Grand-canonical calculations report an unanticipated surface charge-induced change of the desorption pathway from the Heyrovsky route to a Volmer-Tafel route. During an electrochemical reaction, a net electron inflow into the catalyst may bring two effects, i.e., stabilization of the canonical energy and destabilization of the charge-dependent grand-canonical part. On the contrary, a net outflow of electrons from the catalyst can reverse the two effects. This surface charge effect has substantial impacts on the overpotential and the Tafel slope. We suggest that the surface charge effect is universal for all electrochemical reactions and significant for those involving interfacial proton transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi An
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Min Ouyang
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Guangjin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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29
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Bunting RJ, Caffrey NM. The effects of polymorphism and lithium intercalation on the hydrogen evolution reaction for the basal planes of MoS2. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:144703. [PMID: 37811822 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of Li-intercalated MoS2 phases for the hydrogen evolution reaction is investigated using density functional theory. The most stable semiconducting 2H phase, the metallic 1T' phase, and a polymorphous surface composed of alternating H and T' phases (1T″) are investigated. The local structure of the MoS2 surface is found to define its reactivity. In all cases, active sites for the hydrogen evolution process are restricted to T-like sulphur sites. Li-intercalation is found to promote hydrogen evolution reaction reactivity for the H phase whilst having little effect on the T phase. While improved compared to the non-intercalated phase, the Li-intercalated H phase MoS2 still has minimal activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction. The same effect of intercalation is also found for another transition metal dichalcogenide, MoSe2. The ability to improve reactivity in this way makes ion intercalation a promising space for designing new 2D catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys J Bunting
- School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nuala M Caffrey
- School of Physics, O'Brien Centre for Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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30
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Singh A, Jain M, Bhumla P, Bhattacharya S. Electrocatalytic study of the hydrogen evolution reaction on MoS 2/BP and MoSSe/BP in acidic media. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5332-5339. [PMID: 37767041 PMCID: PMC10521249 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00215b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) production by the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is being actively explored for non-precious metal-based electrocatalysts that are earth-abundant and low cost like MoS2. Although it is acid-stable, its applicability is limited by catalytically inactive basal planes, poor electrical transport and inefficient charge transfer at the interface. Therefore, the present work examines its bilayer van der Waals heterostructure (vdW HTS). The second constituent monolayer boron phosphide (BP) is advantageous as an electrode material owing to its chemical stability in both oxygen and water environments. Here, we have performed first-principles based calculations under the framework of density functional theory (DFT) for the HER in an electrochemical double layer model with the BP monolayer, MoS2/BP and MoSSe/BP vdW HTSs. The climbing image nudged elastic band method (CI-NEB) has been employed to determine the minimum energy pathways for Tafel and Heyrovsky reactions. The calculations reveal that the Tafel reaction shows no reaction barrier. Thereafter, for the Heyrovsky reaction, we obtained a low reaction barrier in the vdW HTSs as compared to that in the BP monolayer. Subsequently, we have observed no significant difference in the reaction profile of MoS2/BP and MoSSe/BP vdW HTSs in the case of 2 × 2 supercell configuration. However, in the case of 3 × 3 and 4 × 4 configurations, MoSSe/BP shows a feasible Heyrovsky reaction with no reaction barrier. The coverages with 1/4H+ concentration (conc.) deduced high coverage with low conc. and low coverage with high conc. to be apt for the HER via the Heyrovsky reaction path. Finally, on observing the activation barrier of the Heyrovsky pathway along with that of second H adsorption at the surface, the Heyrovsky path is expected to be favoured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Manjari Jain
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Preeti Bhumla
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Saswata Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
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31
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M V, Singh S, Bononi F, Andreussi O, Karmodak N. Thermodynamic and kinetic modeling of electrocatalytic reactions using a first-principles approach. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:111001. [PMID: 37728202 DOI: 10.1063/5.0165835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The computational modeling of electrochemical interfaces and their applications in electrocatalysis has attracted great attention in recent years. While tremendous progress has been made in this area, however, the accurate atomistic descriptions at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces remain a great challenge. The Computational Hydrogen Electrode (CHE) method and continuum modeling of the solvent and electrolyte interactions form the basis for most of these methodological developments. Several posterior corrections have been added to the CHE method to improve its accuracy and widen its applications. The most recently developed grand canonical potential approaches with the embedded diffuse layer models have shown considerable improvement in defining interfacial interactions at electrode/electrolyte interfaces over the state-of-the-art computational models for electrocatalysis. In this Review, we present an overview of these different computational models developed over the years to quantitatively probe the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical reactions in the presence of an electrified catalyst surface under various electrochemical environments. We begin our discussion by giving a brief picture of the different continuum solvation approaches, implemented within the ab initio method to effectively model the solvent and electrolyte interactions. Next, we present the thermodynamic and kinetic modeling approaches to determine the activity and stability of the electrocatalysts. A few applications to these approaches are also discussed. We conclude by giving an outlook on the different machine learning models that have been integrated with the thermodynamic approaches to improve their efficiency and widen their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthapandiyan M
- Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Shagun Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Fernanda Bononi
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Oliviero Andreussi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA
| | - Naiwrit Karmodak
- Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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32
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Wan Y, Zhang J, Wang D, Sun P, Shi L, Li S, Zhang J, Yan X, Wu X. A Data-Driven Search of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Visible-Light-Driven Overall Water Splitting. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7421-7432. [PMID: 37578905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with versatile structural and optoelectronic properties that can be tuned with building blocks and topological structures have received widespread attention for photocatalytic water splitting in recent years. However, few of these have been reported for overall water splitting under visible light. Here, we present a data-driven search of 2D COFs capable of visible-light-driven overall water splitting by combining high-throughput first-principles computations and experimental validations. Seven 2D COFs were identified to be capable of overall water splitting from the CoRE COF database, and their photocatalytic activities were further verified and optimized by our preliminary experiments. The production rates of H2 and O2 reached 80 and 32 μmol g-1 h-1, respectively, without using sacrificial agents. This work represents an attempt to explore 2D COFs for visible-light-driven overall water splitting with a data-driven approach that could accelerate the discovery and design of COFs toward photocatalytic overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Pengting Sun
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Lebin Shi
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Shun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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33
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Wan Y, Sun P, Shi L, Yan X, Zhang X. Three-Dimensional Fully Conjugated Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient Photocatalytic Water Splitting. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7411-7420. [PMID: 37578869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising photocatalysts for water splitting, but their efficiency lags behind that of inorganic counterparts partly due to the limited charge transport and optical absorption properties. To overcome this limitation, we proposed to employ three-dimensional (3D) fully conjugated (FC) COFs with a topological assembly of cyclooctatetraene derivatives for photocatalytic water splitting. On the basis of first-principles calculations, we demonstrated that these 3D FC-COFs are semiconductors with exceptional charge transport and optical absorption properties. The carrier mobilities are comparable to those of inorganic semiconductors and superior to the record mobility observed in two-dimensional COFs. Additionally, the 3D FC-COFs exhibit broad visible light absorption with direct band gaps and high optical absorption coefficients. Among them, two 3D FC-COFs are identified for overall water splitting, while three others can facilitate the hydrogen evolution half-reaction. This study pioneers the design of 3D FC-COF photocatalysts, potentially advancing their applications in photocatalysis and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Pengting Sun
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Lebin Shi
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330-8268, United States
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Sun C, Wang C, Xie H, Han G, Zhang Y, Zhao H. 2D Cobalt Chalcogenide Heteronanostructures Enable Efficient Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302056. [PMID: 37186343 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-efficiency non-precious metal electrocatalysts for alkaline electrolyte hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) is of great significance in energy conversion to overcome the limited supply of fossil fuels and carbon emission. Here, a highly active electrocatalyst is presented for hydrogen production, consisting of 2D CoSe2 /Co3 S4 heterostructured nanosheets along Co3 O4 nanofibers. The different reaction rate between the ion exchange reaction and redox reaction leads to the heterogeneous volume swelling, promoting the growth of 2D structure. The 2D/1D heteronanostructures enable the improved the electrochemical active area, the number of active sites, and more favorable H binding energy compared to individual cobalt chalcogenides. The roles of the different composition of the heterojunction are investigated, and the electrocatalysts based on the CoSe2 /Co3 S4 @Co3 O4 exhibited an overpotential as low as 165 mV for 10 mA cm-2 and 393 mV for 200 mA cm-2 in 1 m KOH electrolyte. The as-prepared electrocatalysts remained active after 55 h operation without any significant decrease, indicating the excellent long-term operation stability of the electrode. The Faradaic efficiency of hydrogen production is close to 100% at different voltages. This work provides a new design strategy toward Co-based catalysts for efficient alkaline HER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Sun
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Physics, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, No. 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd., Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Guangting Han
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Physics, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Physics, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Haiguang Zhao
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Physics, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
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Jawhari AH, Hasan N. Nanocomposite Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions (HERs) for Sustainable and Efficient Hydrogen Energy-Future Prospects. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103760. [PMID: 37241385 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is considered a good clean and renewable energy substitute for fossil fuels. The major obstacle facing hydrogen energy is its efficacy in meeting its commercial-scale demand. One of the most promising pathways for efficient hydrogen production is through water-splitting electrolysis. This requires the development of active, stable, and low-cost catalysts or electrocatalysts to achieve optimized electrocatalytic hydrogen production from water splitting. The objective of this review is to survey the activity, stability, and efficiency of various electrocatalysts involved in water splitting. The status quo of noble-metal- and non-noble-metal-based nano-electrocatalysts has been specifically discussed. Various composites and nanocomposite electrocatalysts that have significantly impacted electrocatalytic HERs have been discussed. New strategies and insights in exploring nanocomposite-based electrocatalysts and utilizing other new age nanomaterial options that will profoundly enhance the electrocatalytic activity and stability of HERs have been highlighted. Recommendations on future directions and deliberations for extrapolating information have been projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hussain Jawhari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazim Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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36
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Yang TT, Saidi WA. Simple Approach for Reconciling Cyclic Voltammetry with Hydrogen Adsorption Energy for Hydrogen Evolution Exchange Current. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4164-4171. [PMID: 37104751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a standard technique to analyze the current-potential characteristics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we develop a computational quantum-scaled CV model for the HER building on the Butler-Volmer relation for a one-step, one-charge transfer process. Owing to a universal and absolute rate constant verified by fitting to experimental cyclic voltammograms of elemental metals, we show that the model quantifies the exchange current─the main analytical descriptor for HER activity─solely using the hydrogen adsorption free energy obtained from density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, the model resolves controversies over analytical studies for HER kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Wissam A Saidi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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37
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Zhang KX, Liu ZP. Electrochemical hydrogen evolution on Pt-based catalysts from a theoretical perspective. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:141002. [PMID: 37061480 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by splitting water is a key technology toward a clean energy society, where Pt-based catalysts were long known to have the highest activity under acidic electrochemical conditions but suffer from high cost and poor stability. Here, we overview the current status of Pt-catalyzed HER from a theoretical perspective, focusing on the methodology development of electrochemistry simulation, catalytic mechanism, and catalyst stability. Recent developments in theoretical methods for studying electrochemistry are introduced, elaborating on how they describe solid-liquid interface reactions under electrochemical potentials. The HER mechanism, the reaction kinetics, and the reaction sites on Pt are then summarized, which provides an atomic-level picture of Pt catalyst surface dynamics under reaction conditions. Finally, state-of-the-art experimental solutions to improve catalyst stability are also introduced, which illustrates the significance of fundamental understandings in the new catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xiang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Pan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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38
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Biswas R, Dastider SG, Ahmed I, Barua S, Mondal K, Haldar KK. Unraveling the Role of Orbital Interaction in the Electrochemical HER of the Trimetallic AgAuCu Nanobowl Catalyst. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3146-3151. [PMID: 36961305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the origins of the electrocatalytic activity of composite nanomaterials is crucial but inherently challenging. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation of the influence of different orbitals' interaction in the AuAgCu nanobowl model electrocatalyst during the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). According to our theoretical study, AgAuCu exhibits a lower energy barrier than AgAu and AgCu bimetallic systems for the HER, suggesting that the trimetallic AgAuCu system interacts optimally with H*, resulting in the most efficient HER catalyst. As we delve deeper into the HER activity of AgAuCu, it was observed that the presence of Cu allows Au to adsorb the H* intermediate through the hybridization of s orbitals of hydrogen and s, dx2-y2, and dz2 orbitals of Au. Such orbital interaction was not present in the cases of AgAu and AgCu bimetallic systems, and as a result, these bimetallic systems exhibit lower HER activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saptarshi Ghosh Dastider
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
- Department of Physics, Central University of Punjab, 151401 Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Sourabh Barua
- Department of Physics, Central University of Punjab, 151401 Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Krishnakanta Mondal
- Department of Physics, Central University of Punjab, 151401 Bathinda, Punjab, India
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39
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Grand Canonical Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Mechanisms and Rates for Electrocatalysis. Top Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-023-01794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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40
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Huang J, Zhang Y, Li M, Groß A, Sakong S. Comparing Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics and a Semiclassical Grand Canonical Scheme for the Electric Double Layer of the Pt(111)/Water Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2354-2363. [PMID: 36848227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The theoretical modeling of metal/water interfaces centers on an appropriate configuration of the electric double layer (EDL) under grand canonical conditions. In principle, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations would be the appropriate choice for treating the competing water-water and water-metal interactions and explicitly considering the atomic and electronic degrees of freedom. However, this approach only allows simulations of relatively small canonical ensembles over a limited period (shorter than 100 ps). On the other hand, computationally efficient semiclassical approaches can treat the EDL model based on a grand canonical scheme by averaging the microscopic details. Thus, an improved description of the EDL can be obtained by combining AIMD simulations and semiclassical methods based on a grand canonical scheme. By taking the Pt(111)/water interface as an example, we compare these approaches in terms of the electric field, water configuration, and double-layer capacitance. Furthermore, we discuss how the combined merits of the approaches can contribute to advances in EDL theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- IEK-13, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Yufan Zhang
- IEK-13, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mengru Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Groß
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sung Sakong
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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41
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Gao Z, Huang Z, Zhang W, Perez-Aguilar JM, Gu Z, Tu Y. The single-atom catalytic activity of the hydrogen evolution reaction of the experimentally synthesized boridene 2D material: a density functional theory study. J Mol Model 2023; 29:80. [PMID: 36856893 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous theoretical studies have suggested that two-dimensional (2D) MBene materials might display adequate monatomic catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Recently, a study reported the experimental synthesis of a 2D MBene (Mo4/3B2), re-defined as boridene, albeit no effort has been devoted to explore the single-atom catalytic activity for HER of this experimentally synthesized 2D material. Therefore, we herein investigate the single-atom HER performance of the boridene. Interestingly, with Mo defects mixed with single Au and Zn atoms shows excellent hydrogen evolution performance, and the change in the Gibbs free energy ([Formula: see text]) value is close to 0 eV, which can even match the performance of Pt-based materials. Through analysis of the charge density difference and density of states, the mechanism affecting the HER performance is explained at the electronic level. This work provides a new direction for the use of the Mo4/3B2 monolayer two-dimensional materials in the field of single-atom catalysis for HER. METHODS This study used the DFT calculations in Vienna ab initio simulation package. The GGA-Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional with DFT-D2 correction is used to describe the exchange-correlation interactions. The projection augmented wave is used with the plane wave cutoff of 500 eV. The convergences of energy and force are 10-5 eV and 0.01 eV/Å, respectively. A vacuum layer with a height of 20 Å is set in the Z direction. For geometry optimization, self-consistent, and DOS calculations, the k-point grids sampled in Brillouin zones are 3 × 3 × 1, 9 × 9 × 1, and 9 × 9 × 1, respectively. The AIMD simulation is performed in the canonical ensemble (NVT), and the temperature was maintained at 300 K by Nosé-Hoover thermostats with a time step of 2.0 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoju Gao
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Zhijing Huang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Wenya Zhang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Jose Manuel Perez-Aguilar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, 72570, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Zonglin Gu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Yusong Tu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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42
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Song ZY, Gao ZW, Li YY, Duan W, Xiao XY, Zhao YH, Yang YF, Huang CC, Yang M, Chen SH, Li PH, Huang XJ. Generalizable Descriptors of Highly Sensitive Detection of As(III) over Transition-Metal Single Atoms: A Combined Density Function Theory and Gradient Boosting Regression Approach. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3666-3674. [PMID: 36656141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Traditional nanomodified electrodes have made great achievements in electrochemical stripping voltammetry of sensing materials for As(III) detection. Moreover, the intermediate states are complicated to probe because of the ultrashort lifetime and complex reaction conditions of the electron transfer process in electroanalysis, which seriously hinder the identification of the actual active site. Herein, the intrinsic interaction of highly sensitive analytical behavior of nanomaterials is elucidated from the perspective of electronic structure through density functional theory (DFT) and gradient boosting regression (GBR). It is revealed that the atomic radius, d-band center (εd), and the largest coordinative TM-N bond length play a crucial role in regulating the arsenic reduction reaction (ARR) performance by the established ARR process for 27 sets of transition-metal single atoms supported on N-doped graphene. Furthermore, the database composed of filtered intrinsic electronic structural properties and the calculated descriptors of the central metal atom in TM-N4-Gra were also successfully extended to oxygen evolution reaction (OER) systems, which effectively verified the reliability of the whole approach. Generally, a multistep workflow is developed through GBR models combined with DFT for valid screening of sensing materials, which will effectively upgrade the traditional trial-and-error mode for electrochemical interface designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Yin Song
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei230031, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei230031, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Yong-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei230031, China.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
| | - Wanchun Duan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei230031, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Yong-Huan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei230031, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Yuan-Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei230031, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Cong-Cong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei230031, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei230031, China
| | - Shi-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei230031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem And Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200050, China
| | - Pei-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei230031, China
| | - Xing-Jiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, And Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei230031, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem And Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200050, China
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43
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Zhang W, Huang Z, Gao Z, Perez‐Aguilar JM, Gu Z, Tu Y. Single Atom Catalysis for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction using Transition‐metal Atoms Doped g‐C
3
N
3
: A Density Functional Theory Study. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Zhang
- College of Physical Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute Yangzhou University Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Zhijing Huang
- College of Physical Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute Yangzhou University Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Zhaoju Gao
- College of Physical Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute Yangzhou University Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Jose Manuel Perez‐Aguilar
- School of Chemical Sciences Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City Puebla 72570 Mexico
| | - Zonglin Gu
- College of Physical Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute Yangzhou University Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Yusong Tu
- College of Physical Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute Yangzhou University Jiangsu 225009 China
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44
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Xie Z, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Wei M, Jiang Q, Yang X, Xun W. Activating MoS
2
Basal Plane via Non‐noble Metal Doping For Enhanced Hydrogen Production. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Xie
- Faculty of Electronic Information Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Meicheng road No. 1 Huaian 223003 China
| | - Yue Wu
- Faculty of Electronic Information Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Meicheng road No. 1 Huaian 223003 China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Faculty of Electronic Information Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Meicheng road No. 1 Huaian 223003 China
| | - Mengyuan Wei
- Faculty of Electronic Information Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Meicheng road No. 1 Huaian 223003 China
| | - Qing‐Song Jiang
- Faculty of Electronic Information Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Meicheng road No. 1 Huaian 223003 China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Lake Environment Remote Sensing Technologies Huaiyin Institute of Technology Meicheng road No. 1 Huaian 223003 China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Faculty of Electronic Information Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Meicheng road No. 1 Huaian 223003 China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Lake Environment Remote Sensing Technologies Huaiyin Institute of Technology Meicheng road No. 1 Huaian 223003 China
| | - Wei Xun
- Faculty of Electronic Information Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Meicheng road No. 1 Huaian 223003 China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Lake Environment Remote Sensing Technologies Huaiyin Institute of Technology Meicheng road No. 1 Huaian 223003 China
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45
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Guo H, Gu Kang S, Geol Lee S. First-principles Density Functional Theory Elucidation of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on TM-promoted TiC 2 (TM=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Os, Ir, Pt, and Au). Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200823. [PMID: 36646626 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom-catalyst-based systems have been attractive by virtue of their desirable catalytic performance. Herein, the possibility of the 15 transition-metal (TM)-promoted (TM=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, and Hg) and their hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance were investigated on two-dimensional titanium carbides (TiC2 ). It is found that the adsorption strength of TMs on TiC2 is stronger than that of TMs on γ-graphyne and weaker than that of TMs on Ti3 C2 . Among the fifteen investigated catalysts, Ru-TiC2 , Ag-TiC2 , Ir-TiC2 , Au-TiC2 , and Fe-TiC2 exhibits overpotential of -0.18, -0.15, -0.18, -0.17, and -0.04 V, respectively. In addition, the Volmer-Tafel step was preferred to the Volmer-Heyrovsky step on Fe-TiC2 . This work suggests that Fe-TiC2 is possibly a superior HER electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengquan Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of, Korea
| | - Seung Geol Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of, Korea.,Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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46
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Braunwarth L, Jung C, Jacob T. Potential-Dependent Pt(111)/Water Interface: Tackling the Challenge of a Consistent Treatment of Electrochemical Interfaces. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200336. [PMID: 36123306 PMCID: PMC10092414 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The interface between an electrode and an electrolyte is where electrochemical processes take place for countless technologically important applications. Despite its high relevance and intense efforts to elucidate it, a description of the interfacial structure and, in particular, the dynamics of the electric double layer at the atomic level is still lacking. Here we present reactive force-field molecular dynamics simulations of electrified Pt(111)/water interfaces, shedding light on the orientation of water molecules in the vicinity of the Pt(111) surface, taking into account the influence of potential, adsorbates, and ions simultaneously. We obtain a shift in the preferred orientation of water in the surface oxidation potential region, which breaks with the previously proclaimed strict correlation to the free charge density. Moreover, the characterization is complemented by course of the entropy and the intermolecular ordering in the interfacial region complements the characterization. Our work contributes to the ongoing process of understanding electric double layers and, in particular, the structure of the electrified Pt(111)/water interface, and aims to provide insights into the electrochemical processes occurring there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Braunwarth
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Jung
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081, Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081, Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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47
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Shen P, Wu S, Hu C, Cheng Z, Wu J, Luo G, Yao H, Mao X, Song M, Yang X. Effect of Al modification on the adsorption of As 2O 3 on the CaSiO 3(001) surface: A DFT study. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 118:108357. [PMID: 36242863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CaSiO3 is highly resistant to sintering and can trap arsenic at high temperatures in the boiler furnace. However, the trapping capacity of CaSiO3 for arsenic does not meet the requirements of practical applications, and it is easy to react with acidic gases, which significantly affects the adsorptive property of arsenic. In this paper, the effect of Al modification on the As2O3 adsorption behaviour on the CaSiO3(001) surface was systematically investigated using a density functional theory. By comparing the magnitude of adsorption energy of different sites, the active site of As2O3 adsorbed on the surface of CaSiO3(001) was determined to be Ca, and the adsorption activity of As2O3 by the silicon oxygen chain composed of [SiO4] tetrahedron is deficient. The Si atoms in the [SiO4] tetrahedral structure are directly replaced by Al atoms, the difference in bond length and bond energy between Al-O bond and Si-O bond is used to promote the redistribution of surface charge and the increase of local structural bond angle of CaSiO3(001), leading to the exposure of new active sites (Si-top and Al-top sites) on the silicon oxygen chain. The new active site can realize the chemical adsorption of As2O3, the higher adsorption energy of the Al-top site is attributed to the stronger s-p orbital hybridization between Al and O atoms after doping, which is more conducive to the charge transfer between As2O3 and the adsorbent surface. In this work, influence of SO2 and HCl gases on the adsorption of As2O3 by modified silicon oxygen chains was also discussed. The results show that SO2 and HCl in the flue gas may occupy the Al-top site on the silicon oxygen chain through chemical adsorption, and reduce the activity of this site, thereby affecting the adsorption of As2O3. However, the exposed Si-top sites owing to Al doping show good acidic gas resistance, which in turn help the surface of Al-CaSiO3(001) can also maintain stable adsorption of As2O3 in SO2 and HCl atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shen
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Sikai Wu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Chen Hu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Zhihai Cheng
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Jiang Wu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China; Institute of Non-carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guangqian Luo
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hong Yao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xu Mao
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Mao Song
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xiaolian Yang
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
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48
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Biswas R, Ahmed I, Manna P, Mahata P, Dhayal RS, Singh A, Lahtinen J, Haldar KK. Facile Fabrication of Ni 9 S 8 /Ag 2 S Intertwined Structures for Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200320. [PMID: 36625467 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the fabrication of the unique intertwined Ni9 S8 /Ag2 S composite structure with hexagonal shape from their molecular precursors by one-pot thermal decomposition. Various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were utilized to confirm the Ni9 S8 /Ag2 S intertwined structure. Powder X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis suggest that there is an enrichment of Ni9 S8 phase in Ni9 S8 /Ag2 S. The presence of Ag2 S in Ni9 S8 /Ag2 S improves the conductivity by reducing the interfacial energy and charge transfer resistance. When Ni9 S8 /Ag2 S is employed as an electrocatalyst for electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity, it requires a low overpotential of 152 mV for HER and 277 mV for OER to obtain the geometrical current density of 10 mA cm-2 , which is definitely superior to that of its components Ni9 S8 and Ag2 S. This work provides a simple design route to develop an efficient and durable electrocatalyst with outstanding OER and HER performance and the present catalyst (Ni9 S8 /Ag2 S) deserves as a potential candidate in the field of energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Priyanka Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Partha Mahata
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Rajendra S Dhayal
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Amol Singh
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Jouko Lahtinen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, Aalto, Finland
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49
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Kuo DY, Nishiwaki E, Rivera-Maldonado RA, Cossairt BM. The Role of Hydrogen Adsorption Site Diversity in Catalysis on Transition-Metal Phosphide Surfaces. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yuan Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Emily Nishiwaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Brandi M. Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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50
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Abstract
Adsorption energy (AE) of reactive intermediate is currently the most important descriptor for electrochemical reactions (e.g., water electrolysis, hydrogen fuel cell, electrochemical nitrogen fixation, electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction, etc.), which can bridge the gap between catalyst's structure and activity. Tracing the history and evolution of AE can help to understand electrocatalysis and design optimal electrocatalysts. Focusing on oxygen electrocatalysis, this review aims to provide a comprehensive introduction on how AE is selected as the activity descriptor, the intrinsic and empirical relationships related to AE, how AE links the structure and electrocatalytic performance, the approaches to obtain AE, the strategies to improve catalytic activity by modulating AE, the extrinsic influences on AE from the environment, and the methods in circumventing linear scaling relations of AE. An outlook is provided at the end with emphasis on possible future investigation related to the obstacles existing between adsorption energy and electrocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Hong Bin Yang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Daojin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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