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Berlanga I, Rosenkranz A. Covalent organic frameworks in tribology - A perspective. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 331:103228. [PMID: 38901060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are an emerging class of crystalline porous materials formed through covalent bonds between organic building blocks. COFs uniquely combine a large surface area, an excellent stability, numerous abundant active sites, and tunable functionalities, thus making them highly attractive for numerous applications. Especially, their abundant active sites and weak interlayer interaction make these materials promising candidates for tribological research. Recently, notable attention has been paid to COFs as lubricant additives due to their excellent tribological performance. Our review aims at critically summarizing the state-of-art developments of 2D COFs in tribology. We discuss their structural and functional design principles, as well as synthetic strategies with a special focus on tribology. The generation of COF thin films is also assessed in detail, which can alleviate their most challenging drawbacks for this application. Subsequently, we analyze the existing state-of-the-art regarding the usage of COFs as lubricant additives, self-lubrication composite coatings, and solid lubricants at the nanoscale. Finally, critical challenges and future trends of 2D COFs in tribology are outlined to initiate and boost new research activities in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Berlanga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, FCFM, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Andreas Rosenkranz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, FCFM, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile; ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Nuclei of Advanced MXenes for Sustainable Applications (AMXSA), Santiago, Chile.
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2
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Leidinger P, Panighel M, Pérez Dieste V, Villar-Garcia IJ, Vezzoni P, Haag F, Barth JV, Allegretti F, Günther S, Patera LL. Probing dynamic covalent chemistry in a 2D boroxine framework by in situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1068-1075. [PMID: 36541666 PMCID: PMC9851174 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04949j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry is a powerful approach to design covalent organic frameworks, where high crystallinity is achieved through reversible bond formation. Here, we exploit near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to elucidate the reversible formation of a two-dimensional boroxine framework. By in situ mapping the pressure-temperature parameter space, we identify the regions where the rates of the condensation and hydrolysis reactions become dominant, being the key to enable the thermodynamically controlled growth of crystalline frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Leidinger
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Vezzoni
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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3
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Mishra AK, Mishra S. Tuning of adsorption energies of CO2 and CH4 in borocarbonitrides BxCyNz: A first-principles study. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 93:107446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.107446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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4
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Pigot C, Dumur F. Recent Advances of Hierarchical and Sequential Growth of Macromolecular Organic Structures on Surface. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040662. [PMID: 30813327 PMCID: PMC6416628 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of macromolecular organic structures on surfaces is one major concern in materials science. Nanoribbons, linear polymers, and porous nanostructures have gained a lot of interest due to their possible applications ranging from nanotemplates, catalysis, optoelectronics, sensors, or data storage. During decades, supramolecular chemistry has constituted an unavoidable approach for the design of well-organized structures on surfaces displaying a long-range order. Following these initial works, an important milestone has been established with the formation of covalent bonds between molecules. Resulting from this unprecedented approach, various nanostructures of improved thermal and chemical stability compared to those obtained by supramolecular chemistry and displaying unique and unprecedented properties have been developed. However, a major challenge exists: the growth control is very delicate and a thorough understanding of the complex mechanisms governing the on-surface chemistry is still needed. Recently, a new approach consisting in elaborating macromolecular structures by combining consecutive steps has been identified as a promising strategy to elaborate organic structures on surface. By designing precursors with a preprogrammed sequence of reactivity, a hierarchical or a sequential growth of 1D and 2D structures can be realized. In this review, the different reaction combinations used for the design of 1D and 2D structures are reported. To date, eight different sequences of reactions have been examined since 2008, evidencing the intense research activity existing in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Pigot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France.
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5
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6
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Tebi S, Paszkiewicz M, Aldahhak H, Allegretti F, Gonglach S, Haas M, Waser M, Deimel PS, Aguilar PC, Zhang YQ, Papageorgiou AC, Duncan DA, Barth JV, Schmidt WG, Koch R, Gerstmann U, Rauls E, Klappenberger F, Schöfberger W, Müllegger S. On-Surface Site-Selective Cyclization of Corrole Radicals. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3383-3391. [PMID: 28212484 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Radical cyclization is among the most powerful and versatile reactions for constructing mono- and polycyclic systems, but has, to date, remained unexplored in the context of on-surface synthesis. We report the controlled on-surface synthesis of stable corrole radicals on Ag(111) via site-specific dehydrogenation of a pyrrole N-H bond in the 5,10,15-tris(pentafluoro-phenyl)-corrole triggered by annealing at 330 K under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. We reveal a thermally induced regioselective cyclization reaction mediated by a radical cascade and resolve the reaction mechanism of the pertaining cyclodefluorination reaction at the single-molecule level. Via intramolecularly resolved probing of the radical-related Kondo signature, we achieve real space visualization of the distribution of the unpaired electron density over specific sites within the corrole radical. Annealing to 550 K initiates intermolecular coupling reactions, producing an extended π-conjugated corrole system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateusz Paszkiewicz
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich , James-Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hazem Aldahhak
- Physics Department, Paderborn University , Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich , James-Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Peter S Deimel
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich , James-Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Pablo Casado Aguilar
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich , James-Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich , James-Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anthoula C Papageorgiou
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich , James-Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A Duncan
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich , James-Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich , James-Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wolf G Schmidt
- Physics Department, Paderborn University , Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Gerstmann
- Physics Department, Paderborn University , Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Eva Rauls
- Physics Department, Paderborn University , Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich , James-Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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7
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8
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Haq S, Hanke F, Sharp J, Persson M, Amabilino DB, Raval R. Versatile bottom-up construction of diverse macromolecules on a surface observed by scanning tunneling microscopy. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8856-8870. [PMID: 25191836 DOI: 10.1021/nn502388u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The heterocoupling of organic building blocks to give complex multicomponent macromolecules directly at a surface holds the key to creating advanced molecular devices. While "on-surface" synthesis with prefunctionalized molecules has recently led to specific one- and two- component products, a central challenge is to discover universal connection strategies that are applicable to a wide range of molecules. Here, we show that direct activation of C-H bonds intrinsic to π-functional molecules is a highly generic route for connecting different building blocks on a copper surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) reveals that covalent π-functional macromolecular heterostructures, displaying diverse compositions, structures and topologies, are created with ease from seven distinct building blocks (including porphyrins, pentacene and perylene). By exploiting differences in C-H bond reactivity in the deposition and heating protocols we also demonstrate controlled synthesis of specific products, such as block copolymers. Further, the symmetry and geometry of the molecules and the surface also play a critical role in determining the outcome of the covalent bond forming reactions. Our "pick-mix-and-link" strategy opens up the capability to generate libraries of multivariate macromolecules directly at a surface, which in conjunction with nanoscale probing techniques could accelerate the discovery of functional interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Haq
- Surface Science Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , L69 3BX, Liverpool, U.K
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9
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Xu L, Zhou X, Yu Y, Tian WQ, Ma J, Lei S. Surface-confined crystalline two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks via on-surface Schiff-base coupling. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8066-8073. [PMID: 23924203 DOI: 10.1021/nn403328h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We performed a co-condensation reaction between aromatic aldehyde and aromatic diamine monomers on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface either at a solid/liquid interface at room temperature or in low vacuum with moderate heating. With this simple and moderate methodology, we have obtained surface-confined 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with few defects and almost entire surface coverage. The single crystalline domain can extend to more than 1 μm(2). By varying the backbone length of aromatic diamines the pore size of 2D surface COFs is tunable from ∼1.7 to 3.5 nm. In addition, the nature of the surface COF can be modified by introducing functional groups into the aromatic amine precursor, which has been demonstrated by introducing methyl groups to the backbone of the diamine. Formation of small portions of bilayers was observed by both scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and AFM, which clearly reveals an eclipsed stacking manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, 150080, People's Republic of China
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10
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Eder G, Smith EF, Cebula I, Heckl WM, Beton PH, Lackinger M. Solution preparation of two-dimensional covalently linked networks by polymerization of 1,3,5-Tri(4-iodophenyl)benzene on Au(111). ACS NANO 2013; 7:3014-3021. [PMID: 23472582 DOI: 10.1021/nn400337v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The polymerization of 1,3,5-tri(4-iodophenyl)benzene (TIPB) on Au(111) through covalent aryl-aryl coupling is accomplished using a solution-based approach and investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Drop-casting of the TIPB monomer onto Au(111) at room temperature results in poorly ordered noncovalent arrangements of molecules and partial dehalogenation. However, drop-casting on a preheated Au(111) substrate yields various topologically distinct covalent aggregates and networks. Interestingly, some of these covalent nanostructures do not adsorb directly on the Au(111) surface, but are loosely bound to a disordered layer of a mixture of chemisorbed iodine and molecules, a conclusion that is drawn from STM data and supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We argue that the gold surface becomes covered by a strongly chemisorbed iodine monolayer which eventually inhibits further polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Eder
- TUM School of Education and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Tech Univ Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80799 Munich, Germany
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11
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Lin T, Shang XS, Adisoejoso J, Liu PN, Lin N. Steering on-surface polymerization with metal-directed template. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3576-82. [PMID: 23427979 DOI: 10.1021/ja311890n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On-surface polymerization represents a novel bottom-up approach for producing macromolecular structures. To date, however, most of the structures formed using this method exhibit a broad size distribution and are disorderly adsorbed on the surface. Here we demonstrate a strategy of using metal-directed template to control the on-surface polymerization process. We chose a bifunctional compound which contains pyridyl and bromine end groups as the precursor. Linear template afforded by pyridyl-Cu-pyridyl coordination effectively promoted Ullmann coupling of the monomers on a Au(111) surface. Taking advantage of efficient topochemical enhancement owing to the conformation flexibility of the Cu-pyridyl bonds, macromolecular porphyrin structures that exhibit a narrow size distribution were synthesized. We used scanning tunneling microscopy and kinetic Monte Carlo simulation to gain insights into the metal-directed polymerization at the single molecule level. The results reveal that the polymerization process profited from the rich chemistry of Cu which catalyzed the C-C bond formation, controlled the size of the macromolecular products, and organized the macromolecules in a highly ordered manner on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Greenwood J, Baddeley CJ. Formation of imine oligomers on Au under ambient conditions investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:653-657. [PMID: 23252973 DOI: 10.1021/la304506s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to investigate the nucleophilic substitution reaction between melamine (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine) and terephthalaldehyde on Au/mica following deposition from solution in ambient conditions. The reaction is observed to proceed at room temperature over a time scale of days with the formation of imine oligomers intermixed with melamine islands on the Au surface. The oligomers ultimately self-assemble into a porous arrangement. The mechanism and extent of the surface confined reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Greenwood
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK
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13
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Tanoue R, Higuchi R, Ikebe K, Uemura S, Kimizuka N, Stieg AZ, Gimzewski JK, Kunitake M. In situ STM investigation of aromatic poly(azomethine) arrays constructed by "on-site" equilibrium polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:13844-13851. [PMID: 22954335 DOI: 10.1021/la302863h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) arrays of π-conjugated aromatic polymers produced by surface-selective Schiff base coupling reactions between an aromatic diamine and an aromatic dialdehyde were investigated in detail using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. Surface-selective coupling was achieved for almost all diamine/dialdehyde combinations attempted, although several combinations did not proceed even in homogeneous aqueous alkaline solution. Most of the combinations of an aromatic diamine and a dialdehyde, except the combinations of 4,4'-azodianiline with mono/bithiophenedicarboxaldehyde, formed highly ordered π-conjugated polymer arrays on an iodine-modified Au(111) surface in aqueous solution at a suitable pH. The simplest polymer of the various combinations tested, obtained from the combination of 1,4-diaminobenzene with terephthaldicarboxaldehyde, gave a 2D array consisting of linearly connected benzene units. Poly(azomethine) adlayers caused a positive shift in the electrochemical potential of the butterfly shaped oxidative adsorption and reductive desorption of iodine. The acceleration of the reductive desorption of iodine suggests the existence of a weak interaction between the polymer layer and iodine. Not only the first polymer adlayers but also partially adsorbed secondary adlayers with "on-top" epitaxial behavior were frequently observed for all polymer systems. The alignment of the polymer chains in the adlayers possessed a certain regularity in terms of a regular interval between polymer chains because of repulsive interpolymer interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tanoue
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
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14
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Dienstmaier JF, Medina DD, Dogru M, Knochel P, Bein T, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Isoreticular two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks synthesized by on-surface condensation of diboronic acids. ACS NANO 2012; 6:7234-7242. [PMID: 22775491 DOI: 10.1021/nn302363d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
On-surface self-condensation of 1,4-benzenediboronic acid was previously shown to yield extended surface-supported, long-range-ordered two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs). The most important prerequisite for obtaining high structural quality is that the polycondensation (dehydration) reaction is carried out under slightly reversible reaction conditions, i.e., in the presence of water. Only then can the subtle balance between kinetic and thermodynamic control of the polycondensation be favorably influenced, and defects that are unavoidable during growth can be corrected. In the present study we extend the previously developed straightforward preparation protocol to a variety of para-diboronic acid building blocks with the aim to tune lattice parameters and pore sizes of 2D COFs. Scanning tunneling microscopy is employed for structural characterization of the covalent networks and of noncovalently self-assembled structures that form on the surface prior to the thermally activated polycondensation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen F Dienstmaier
- Deutsches Museum , Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany, and TUM School of Education, Technical University of Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80799 Munich, Germany
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Hinderhofer A, Schreiber F. Organic-Organic Heterostructures: Concepts and Applications. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:628-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lafferentz L, Eberhardt V, Dri C, Africh C, Comelli G, Esch F, Hecht S, Grill L. Controlling on-surface polymerization by hierarchical and substrate-directed growth. Nat Chem 2012; 4:215-20. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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Richards VJ, Argent SP, Kewley A, Blake AJ, Lewis W, Champness NR. Supramolecular isomers of metal–organic frameworks: the role of a new mixed donor imidazolate-carboxylate tetradentate ligand. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:4020-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Rives A, Baglai I, Malytskyi V, Maraval V, Saffon-Merceron N, Voitenko Z, Chauvin R. Highly π electron-rich macro-aromatics: bis(p-aminophenyl)-carbo-benzenes and their DBA acyclic references. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8763-5. [PMID: 22836347 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34176j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Rives
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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20
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Marele AC, Mas-Ballesté R, Terracciano L, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Berlanga I, Alexandre SS, Otero R, Gallego JM, Zamora F, Gómez-Rodríguez JM. Formation of a surface covalent organic framework based on polyester condensation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:6779-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32270f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Dienstmaier JF, Gigler AM, Goetz AJ, Knochel P, Bein T, Lyapin A, Reichlmaier S, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Synthesis of well-ordered COF monolayers: surface growth of nanocrystalline precursors versus direct on-surface polycondensation. ACS NANO 2011; 5:9737-9745. [PMID: 22040355 DOI: 10.1021/nn2032616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two different straightforward synthetic approaches are presented to fabricate long-range-ordered monolayers of a covalent organic framework (COF) on an inert, catalytically inactive graphite surface. Boronic acid condensation (dehydration) is employed as the polymerization reaction. In the first approach, the monomer is prepolymerized by a mere thermal treatment into nanocrystalline precursor COFs. The precursors are then deposited by drop-casting onto a graphite substrate and characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). While in the precursors monomers are already covalently interlinked into the final COF structure, the resulting domain size is still rather small. We show that a thermal treatment under reversible reaction conditions facilitates on-surface ripening associated with a striking increase of the domain size. Although this first approach allows studying different stages of the polymerization, the direct polymerization, that is, without the necessity of preceding reaction steps, is desirable. We demonstrate that even for a comparatively small diboronic acid monomer a direct thermally activated polymerization into extended COF monolayers is achievable.
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22
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Russell JC, Blunt MO, Garfitt JM, Scurr DJ, Alexander M, Champness NR, Beton PH. Dimerization of Tri(4-bromophenyl)benzene by Aryl−Aryl Coupling from Solution on a Gold Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4220-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110837s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Russell
- School of Physics & Astronomy, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Matthew O. Blunt
- School of Physics & Astronomy, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jason M. Garfitt
- School of Physics & Astronomy, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - David J. Scurr
- School of Physics & Astronomy, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Morgan Alexander
- School of Physics & Astronomy, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Neil R. Champness
- School of Physics & Astronomy, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Peter H. Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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23
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Franc G, Gourdon A. Covalent networks through on-surface chemistry in ultra-high vacuum: state-of-the-art and recent developments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:14283-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20700h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Surface-assisted cyclodehydrogenation provides a synthetic route towards easily processable and chemically tailored nanographenes. Nat Chem 2010; 3:61-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Iski EV, Johnston BF, Florence AJ, Urquhart AJ, Sykes ECH. Surface-mediated two-dimensional growth of the pharmaceutical carbamazepine. ACS NANO 2010; 4:5061-5068. [PMID: 20812687 DOI: 10.1021/nn100868r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has become a staple surface microscopy technique for a number of research fields ranging from semiconductor research to heterogeneous catalysis. Pharmaceutical compounds, however, remain largely unstudied. Here we report the first STM study of carbamazepine (CBZ), an anti-epileptic drug, on Au(111) and Cu(111) surfaces. The analysis reveals that CBZ adopts unusual chiral molecular architectures on both metals. These previously unreported structures, which are strikingly different from CBZ packing arrangements observed in 3D crystal structures, indicate that the main molecular architecture is driven by a combination of CBZ intermolecular hydrogen bonding and metal-CBZ interactions. Comparison of the 2D molecular structures reveals large differences in local geometry and packing density that are dependent on the nature of the metal surface. These results have implications for the potential role of metal surfaces as heteronuclei or templating agents for controlling polymorph formation, which continues to be a problem for many compounds in the pharmaceutical industry including CBZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin V Iski
- Department of Chemistry, Pearson Chemistry Laboratory, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155-5813, USA
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Blunt MO, Russell JC, Champness NR, Beton PH. Templating molecular adsorption using a covalent organic framework. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:7157-9. [PMID: 20694246 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01810d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional nanoporous covalent organic framework can be prepared on a Au(111) substrate with near complete surface coverage and can be used to control the organisation of a sublimed layer of C(60).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Blunt
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Villagomez CJ, Guillermet O, Goudeau S, Ample F, Xu H, Coudret C, Bouju X, Zambelli T, Gauthier S. Self-assembly of enantiopure domains: the case of indigo on Cu(111). J Chem Phys 2010; 132:074705. [PMID: 20170242 DOI: 10.1063/1.3314725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorption of indigo molecules on Cu(111) was investigated by low temperature (5 K) scanning tunneling microscopy from the isolated single molecule regime to one monolayer. Structural optimization and image calculations demonstrate that the molecules are in a physisorbed state. Because of the reduced symmetry at the surface, single molecules acquire a chiral character upon adsorption leading to a two-dimensional (2D) chirality. They adopt two adsorption configurations, related by a mirror symmetry of the substrate, each with a distinct molecular orientation. Consequently, the 2D chirality is expressed by the orientation of the molecule. For higher coverage, molecules self-assemble by hydrogen bonding in nearly homochiral molecular chains, whose orientation is determined by the orientation taken by the isolated molecules. When the coverage approaches one monolayer, these chains pack into domains. Finally, the completion of the monolayer induces the expulsion of the molecules of the wrong chirality that are still in these domains, leading to perfect resolution in enantiopure domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Villagomez
- The NanoSciences Group, Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES) CNRS and University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 29 rue Jeanne-Marvig, BP 94347, F-31005 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Heim D, Écija D, Seufert K, Auwärter W, Aurisicchio C, Fabbro C, Bonifazi D, Barth JV. Self-Assembly of Flexible One-Dimensional Coordination Polymers on Metal Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6783-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1010527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Heim
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - David Écija
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Knud Seufert
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudia Aurisicchio
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Fabbro
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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29
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Russell JC, Blunt MO, Goretzki G, Phillips AG, Champness NR, Beton PH. Solubilized derivatives of perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) adsorbed on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:3972-3974. [PMID: 20017490 DOI: 10.1021/la903335v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect on 2D molecular crystallization caused by the addition of propylthioether side groups to the 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) molecule is investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The molecule was deposited from 1-phenyloctane onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and imaged at the liquid-solid interface. We observe a different structure to previously reported arrangements of PTCDA due to the presence of the propylthioether side groups which inhibits the formation of the herringbone phase. A model, supported by calculations based on density functional theory, is proposed in which molecules form rows stabilized by hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Russell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K
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Jensen S, Früchtl H, Baddeley CJ. Coupling of triamines with diisocyanates on Au(111) leads to the formation of polyurea networks. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:16706-13. [PMID: 19883047 DOI: 10.1021/ja9043032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The surface-confined coupling reaction between melamine (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine) and 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate has been investigated on Au(111) by scanning tunneling microscopy. Diisocyanate species are stabilized at the edges of melamine arrays and coupling reactions to form small urea oligomers may be initiated at room temperature. These oligomers are incorporated into the two-dimensional melamine array. Annealing accelerates the formation of larger oligomers with multiple urea linkages. The oligomers can themselves form ordered 2-D structures stabilized by intermolecular H-bonding. At higher annealing temperatures, oligomers containing as many as seven or eight urea linkages were identified. These oligomers were able to form 2-D porous structures via interoligomer H-bonding interactions. We discuss the composition of all of the phases observed and identify how covalent and noncovalent interactions stabilize each phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Jensen
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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Bieri M, Treier M, Cai J, Aït-Mansour K, Ruffieux P, Gröning O, Gröning P, Kastler M, Rieger R, Feng X, Müllen K, Fasel R. Porous graphenes: two-dimensional polymer synthesis with atomic precision. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:6919-21. [DOI: 10.1039/b915190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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