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Meenakshi Sundaram DN, Bahadur K C R, Fu W, Uludağ H. An optimized polymeric delivery system for piggyBac transposition. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1503-1517. [PMID: 38372658 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The piggyBac transposon/transposase system has been explored for long-term, stable gene expression to execute genomic integration of therapeutic genes, thus emerging as a strong alternative to viral transduction. Most studies with piggyBac transposition have employed physical methods for successful delivery of the necessary components of the piggyBac system into the cells. Very few studies have explored polymeric gene delivery systems. In this short communication, we report an effective delivery system based on low molecular polyethylenimine polymer with lipid substitution (PEI-L) capable of delivering three components, (i) a piggyBac transposon plasmid DNA carrying a gene encoding green fluorescence protein (PB-GFP), (ii) a piggyBac transposase plasmid DNA or mRNA, and (iii) a 2 kDa polyacrylic acid as additive for transfection enhancement, all in a single complex. We demonstrate an optimized formulation for stable GFP expression in two model cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and SUM149 recorded till day 108 (3.5 months) and day 43 (1.4 months), respectively, following a single treatment with very low cell number as starting material. Moreover, the stability of the transgene (GFP) expression mediated by piggyBac/PEI-L transposition was retained following three consecutive cryopreservation cycles. The success of this study highlights the feasibility and potential of employing a polymeric delivery system to obtain piggyBac-based stable expression of therapeutic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Remant Bahadur K C
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wei Fu
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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2
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VanderBurgh JA, Corso TN, Levy SL, Craighead HG. Scalable continuous-flow electroporation platform enabling T cell transfection for cellular therapy manufacturing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6857. [PMID: 37185305 PMCID: PMC10133335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors represent a bottleneck in the manufacturing of cellular therapies. Electroporation has emerged as an approach for non-viral transfection of primary cells, but standard cuvette-based approaches suffer from low throughput, difficult optimization, and incompatibility with large-scale cell manufacturing. Here, we present a novel electroporation platform capable of rapid and reproducible electroporation that can efficiently transfect small volumes of cells for research and process optimization and scale to volumes required for applications in cellular therapy. We demonstrate delivery of plasmid DNA and mRNA to primary human T cells with high efficiency and viability, such as > 95% transfection efficiency for mRNA delivery with < 2% loss of cell viability compared to control cells. We present methods for scaling delivery that achieve an experimental throughput of 256 million cells/min. Finally, we demonstrate a therapeutically relevant modification of primary T cells using CRISPR/Cas9 to knockdown T cell receptor (TCR) expression. This study displays the capabilities of our system to address unmet needs for efficient, non-viral engineering of T cells for cell manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas N Corso
- CyteQuest, Inc, 95 Brown Road, Box 1011, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Stephen L Levy
- CyteQuest, Inc, 95 Brown Road, Box 1011, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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3
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Kim J, Zhao Y, Yang S, Feng Z, Wang A, Davalos RV, Jia X. Laser Machined Fiber-based Microprobe: Application in Microscale Electroporation. ADVANCED FIBER MATERIALS 2022; 4:859-872. [PMID: 37799114 PMCID: PMC10552288 DOI: 10.1007/s42765-022-00148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Microscale electroporation devices are mostly restricted to in vitro experiments (i.e., microchannel and microcapillary). Novel fiber-based microprobes can enable in vivo microscale electroporation and arbitrarily select the cell groups of interest to electroporate. We developed a flexible, fiber-based microscale electroporation device through a thermal drawing process and femtosecond laser micromachining techniques. The fiber consists of four copper electrodes (80 μm), one microfluidic channel (30 μm), and has an overall diameter of 400 μm. The dimensions of the exposed electrodes and channel were customizable through a delicate femtosecond laser setup. The feasibility of the fiber probe was validated through numerical simulations and in vitro experiments. Successful reversible and irreversible microscale electroporation was observed in a 3D collagen scaffold (seeded with U251 human glioma cells) using fluorescent staining. The ablation regions were estimated by performing the covariance error ellipse method and compared with the numerical simulations. The computational and experimental results of the working fiber-based microprobe suggest the feasibility of in vivo microscale electroporation in space-sensitive areas, such as the deep brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwoon Kim
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Yajun Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Shuo Yang
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Ziang Feng
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Anbo Wang
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Xiaoting Jia
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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4
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Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is a commonly used strategy to increase cell permeability for intracellular cargo delivery or irreversible cell membrane disruption using electric fields. In recent years, EP performance has been improved by shrinking electrodes and device structures to the microscale. Integration with microfluidics has led to the design of devices performing static EP, where cells are fixed in a defined region, or continuous EP, where cells constantly pass through the device. Each device type performs superior to conventional, macroscale EP devices while providing additional advantages in precision manipulation (static EP) and increased throughput (continuous EP). Microscale EP is gentle on cells and has enabled more sensitive assaying of cells with novel applications. In this Review, we present the physical principles of microscale EP devices and examine design trends in recent years. In addition, we discuss the use of reversible and irreversible EP in the development of therapeutics and analysis of intracellular contents, among other noteworthy applications. This Review aims to inform and encourage scientists and engineers to expand the use of efficient and versatile microscale EP technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Harrison Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 401 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
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5
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Scanning electrochemical microscope as a tool for the electroporation of living yeast cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 205:114096. [PMID: 35219018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) was for the first time adapted to perform the electroporation process of living yeast cells. We have demonstrated that relatively low voltage pulses of 1-2 V vs. Ag/AglCl,Cl-sat applied to gold-based ultramicroelectrode (Au-UME) are performing reversible electroporation of yeast cells immobilized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)/glass surface. SECM and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for the determination of quantitative electrochemical characteristics before and after the electroporation. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) illustrated significant electrochemical changes of electroporated yeast cells, while SECM feedback mode surface vertical scan current-distance curves showed that the diameter of the area affected by the electrical pulse is about 25 times larger than the diameter of the Au-UME used for the electroporation process. The results presented in this research open up a possibility to develop a targeted electroporation system which will affect only the selected area of tissue or some other cell-covered surface. Such model is promising for the selective treatment of selected cells in tissues and/or other sensitive biological systems while selecting the location and size of electroporated areas.
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Zhao X, Izhar, Wang X, Tavakkoli H, Liu H, Tang B, Lee YK. A smartphone-based electroporation system with highly robust and low-voltage silicon nanopillar chips. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 197:113776. [PMID: 34785492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel smartphone-based electroporation (EP) system integrated with 3D scalable and robust gold-coated silicon-nanopillar Electroporation (Au-Si NP-EP) chip using projection photolithography is developed, for the first time, for both EP and electric cell lysing (ECL) at low voltages. Au-SiNP-EP chip consists of silicon nanopillars fabricated by using ASML stepper, Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) process and coated with a gold microelectrode. The silicon nanopillars were optimized based on theoretical analysis and numerical simulations to enhance the electrical field intensity and mechanical strength. The fabricated Au-SiNP-EP chips are tested with both permeable (Acridine Orange (AO) and impermeable (Propidium Iodide (PI)) molecules for HeLa cells at different volts (1-8 V) and pulse duration (1-9 μs). The fabricated chip achieved an optimized EP efficiency of 84.3% and cell viability of 81.4% at a much smaller voltage (4.5V) than reported planar electroporation (PEP) devices (8-100V). Compared with nanostructures-based devices (2-20 V), our devices show both higher mechanical strength and fabrication yield. Besides, a smartphone app integrated with a low-cost open-source portable Arduino-based system is developed to provide optimized electrical protocols for both EP and ECL. The electric cell lysing with ECL efficiency of 97.0% at 7 V and pulse duration of 9 ms has been successfully demonstrated. The experimental results show that the proposed smartphone-based EP system with Au-SiNP EP chips is promising for various applications, including intracellular delivery of various biomolecules, drugs, and release of DNA/RNA molecules from biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Izhar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Hadi Tavakkoli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Haixiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Benzhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Yi-Kuen Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, Hong Kong.
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7
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Lee D, Chan SSY, Aksic N, Bajalovic N, Loke DK. Ultralong-Time Recovery and Low-Voltage Electroporation for Biological Cell Monitoring Enabled by a Microsized Multipulse Framework. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35325-35333. [PMID: 34984264 PMCID: PMC8717367 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term nondestructive monitoring of cells is of significant importance for understanding cell proliferation, cell signaling, cell death, and other processes. However, traditional monitoring methods are limited to a certain range of testing conditions and may reduce cell viability. Here, we present a microgap, multishot electroporation (M2E) system for monitoring cell recovery for up to ∼2 h using ∼5 V pulses and with excellent cell viability using a medium cell population. Electric field simulations reveal the bias-voltage- and gap-size-dependent electric field intensities in the M2E system. In addition to excellent transparency with low cell toxicity, the M2E system does not require specialized components, expensive materials, complicated fabrication processes, or cell manipulations; it just consists of a micrometer-sized pattern and a low-voltage square-wave generator. Ultimately, the M2E system can offer a long-term and nontoxic method of cell monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Lee
- Department
of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Sophia S. Y. Chan
- Department
of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Nemanja Aksic
- Department
of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Natasa Bajalovic
- Department
of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Desmond K. Loke
- Department
of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Office
of Innovation, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
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8
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Genome editing in large animal models. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3140-3152. [PMID: 34601132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genome editing technologies have the potential to revolutionize the way we treat human diseases, barriers to successful clinical implementation remain. Increasingly, preclinical large animal models are being used to overcome these barriers. In particular, the immunogenicity and long-term safety of novel gene editing therapeutics must be evaluated rigorously. However, short-lived small animal models, such as mice and rats, cannot address secondary pathologies that may arise years after a gene editing treatment. Likewise, immunodeficient mouse models by definition lack the ability to quantify the host immune response to a novel transgene or gene-edited locus. Large animal models, including dogs, pigs, and non-human primates (NHPs), bear greater resemblance to human anatomy, immunology, and lifespan and can be studied over longer timescales with clinical dosing regimens that are more relevant to humans. These models allow for larger scale and repeated blood and tissue sampling, enabling greater depth of study and focus on rare cellular subsets. Here, we review current progress in the development and evaluation of novel genome editing therapies in large animal models, focusing on applications in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection, cancer, and genetic diseases including hemoglobinopathies, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), hypercholesterolemia, and inherited retinal diseases.
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9
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Zhang P, Shao N, Qin L. Recent Advances in Microfluidic Platforms for Programming Cell-Based Living Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005944. [PMID: 34270839 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based living materials, including single cells, cell-laden fibers, cell sheets, organoids, and organs, have attracted intensive interests owing to their widespread applications in cancer therapy, regenerative medicine, drug development, and so on. Significant progress in materials, microfabrication, and cell biology have promoted the development of numerous promising microfluidic platforms for programming these cell-based living materials with a high-throughput, scalable, and efficient manner. In this review, the recent progress of novel microfluidic platforms for programming cell-based living materials is presented. First, the unique features, categories, and materials and related fabrication methods of microfluidic platforms are briefly introduced. From the viewpoint of the design principles of the microfluidic platforms, the recent significant advances of programming single cells, cell-laden fibers, cell sheets, organoids, and organs in turns are then highlighted. Last, by providing personal perspectives on challenges and future trends, this review aims to motivate researchers from the fields of materials and engineering to work together with biologists and physicians to promote the development of cell-based living materials for human healthcare-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ning Shao
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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10
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Gradient-based impedance synthesis for breast and lung cancer cell screening deploying planar and nano-structured electrodes. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:1709-1721. [PMID: 34235607 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
World Health Organization articulated 9.8 million casualties globally in 2018 due to cancer. Cancer, as the world's second most fatal disease, can be recuperated well if diagnosed at an early stage. In this work, a gradient-based impedance synthesis of normal and cancerous cells of breast and lungs, is demonstrated numerically for early-stage cancer detection. Low-voltage single-cell level examination is employed for indomitable diagnosis. MCF-7 and MCF-10A are utilized as breast cancer and breast normal cells, respectively; likewise, SK-MES and NL-20 are utilized as lung cancer and lung normal cell. Pre-examination numerical setup validity ensured with multiple test regimes. Micro-scaled planar and nano-structured electrodes are employed individually to witness the effect of the electrode's structure during electrical impedance examination of cancer and non-cancer cell. Frequency range, at which differential impedance effect is found detectable, for breast and lung cancer cell pairs is determined to be 107 Hz and 108 Hz, respectively. By surpassing the conventional impedance spectroscopy with tedious data fitting formalities, the gradient synthesis technique for cancer detection is introduced. The gradient synthesis for cancer detection is found independent of electrode shape effect. Gradient for breast cancer cell is found to be 2 times greater than the normal breast cell while for lung cancer cell it is found to be 1.5 times greater than the normal lung cell. Our results suggest that as the frequency of applied electrical stimulus increases, impedance of cancerous cell falls at the rate almost double than its counterpart normal cell. This work provides a theoretical basis for further experimental exploration of gradient-based impedance synthesis in cancer therapy and serves as a design tool for performance optimization. Figure 1 (a) Represents electrical Impedance analysis of breast normal cell MCF-10A and breast cancer cell MCF-7 using micro-scaled planar and nano-structured electrodes. (b) Gradient impedance synthesis performed, for breast normal cell (MCF-10A) and breast cancer cell (MCF-7) likewise for lungs normal cell (NL-20) and lungs cancer cell (SK-MES), which assures clear differential effect for cancer screening. Surpassing the conventional and tedious data fitting impedance spectroscopies, a novel gradient-based impedance spectroscopy for early cancer detection is introduced. It clearly detects cancer without any data fitting formalities to find parameter of identification. Planar and nano structure electrodes are used to witness the impact of electrode shape on cell impedance. Breast normal MCF-10A and cancer cell MCF-7 as well as lungs normal NL-20 and cancer cell SK-MES are examined to reflect the efficacy of our work. Single cell level examination is performed for authenticated results.
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Morshedi Rad D, Alsadat Rad M, Razavi Bazaz S, Kashaninejad N, Jin D, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. A Comprehensive Review on Intracellular Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005363. [PMID: 33594744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is considered an indispensable process for various studies, ranging from medical applications (cell-based therapy) to fundamental (genome-editing) and industrial (biomanufacture) approaches. Conventional macroscale delivery systems critically suffer from such issues as low cell viability, cytotoxicity, and inconsistent material delivery, which have opened up an interest in the development of more efficient intracellular delivery systems. In line with the advances in microfluidics and nanotechnology, intracellular delivery based on micro- and nanoengineered platforms has progressed rapidly and held great promises owing to their unique features. These approaches have been advanced to introduce a smorgasbord of diverse cargoes into various cell types with the maximum efficiency and the highest precision. This review differentiates macro-, micro-, and nanoengineered approaches for intracellular delivery. The macroengineered delivery platforms are first summarized and then each method is categorized based on whether it employs a carrier- or membrane-disruption-mediated mechanism to load cargoes inside the cells. Second, particular emphasis is placed on the micro- and nanoengineered advances in the delivery of biomolecules inside the cells. Furthermore, the applications and challenges of the established and emerging delivery approaches are summarized. The topic is concluded by evaluating the future perspective of intracellular delivery toward the micro- and nanoengineered approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Morshedi Rad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Maryam Alsadat Rad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Navid Kashaninejad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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12
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Mao S, Ying Y, Wu R, Chen AK. Recent Advances in the Molecular Beacon Technology for Live-Cell Single-Molecule Imaging. iScience 2020; 23:101801. [PMID: 33299972 PMCID: PMC7702005 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids, aside from being best known as the carrier of genetic information, are versatile biomaterials for constructing nanoscopic devices for biointerfacing, owing to their unique properties such as specific base pairing and predictable structure. For live-cell analysis of native RNA transcripts, the most widely used nucleic acid-based nanodevice has been the molecular beacon (MB), a class of stem-loop-forming probes that is activated to fluoresce upon hybridization with target RNA. Here, we overview efforts that have been made in developing MB-based bioassays for sensitive intracellular analysis, particularly at the single-molecule level. We also describe challenges that are currently limiting the widespread use of MBs and provide possible solutions. With continued refinement of MBs in terms of labeling specificity and detection accuracy, accompanied by new development in imaging platforms with unprecedented sensitivity, the application of MBs is envisioned to expand in various biological research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yachen Ying
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruonan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Antony K. Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
- Corresponding author
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Santra TS, Kar S, Chang HY, Tseng FG. Nano-localized single-cell nano-electroporation. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4194-4204. [PMID: 33047768 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00712a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to deliver foreign cargos into single living cells is of great interest in cell biology and therapeutic research. Here, we have reported a single or multiple position based nano-localized single-cell nano-electroporation platform. The device consists of an array of triangular shape ITO nano-electrodes with a 70 nm gap between two nano-electrodes, each having a 40 nm tip diameter. The voltage is applied between nano-electrodes to generate an intense electric field, which electroporates multiple nano-localized regions of the targeted single-cell membrane, and biomolecules are gently delivered into cells by pressurizing pump flow, without affecting cell viability. The platform successfully delivers dyes, QDs, and plasmids into different cell types with the variation of field strength, pulse duration, and the number of pulses. This new approach allows us to analyze delivery of different biomolecules into single living cells with high transfection efficiency (>96%, for CL1-0 cells) and high cell viability (∼98%), which are potentially beneficial for cellular therapy and diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 60036, India.
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 60036, India. and Electrical Engineering, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan and Frontier Research Center of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan
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14
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Zhao C, Man T, Xu X, Yang Q, Liu W, Jonas SJ, Teitell MA, Chiou PY, Weiss PS. Photothermal Intracellular Delivery Using Gold Nanodisk Arrays. ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2020; 2:1475-1483. [PMID: 34708213 PMCID: PMC8547743 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Local heating using pulsed laser-induced photothermal effects on plasmonic nanostructured substrates can be used for intracellular delivery applications. However, the fabrication of plasmonic nanostructured interfaces is hampered by complex nanomanufacturing schemes. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of large-area plasmonic gold (Au) nanodisk arrays that enable photothermal intracellular delivery of biomolecular cargo at high efficiency. The Au nanodisks (350 nm in diameter) were fabricated using chemical lift-off lithography (CLL). Nanosecond laser pulses were used to excite the plasmonic nanostructures, thereby generating transient pores at the outer membranes of targeted cells that enable the delivery of biomolecules via diffusion. Delivery efficiencies of >98% were achieved using the cell impermeable dye calcein (0.6 kDa) as a model payload, while maintaining cell viabilities at >98%. The highly efficient intracellular delivery approach demonstrated in this work will facilitate translational studies targeting molecular screening and drug testing that bridge laboratory and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tianxing Man
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wenfei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven J Jonas
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael A Teitell
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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15
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Mashel TV, Tarakanchikova YV, Muslimov AR, Zyuzin MV, Timin AS, Lepik KV, Fehse B. Overcoming the delivery problem for therapeutic genome editing: Current status and perspective of non-viral methods. Biomaterials 2020; 258:120282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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McGraw E, Dissanayaka RH, Vaughan JC, Kunte N, Mills G, Laurent GM, Avila LA. Laser-Assisted Delivery of Molecules in Fungal Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6167-6176. [PMID: 35021749 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are becoming a global health problem. A major limiting factor for the development of antifungals is the high impermeability of the rigid and thick fungal cell wall. Compared to mammalian cells, fungal cells are more resilient to perforation due to the presence of this carbohydrate armor. While a few methods have been reported to penetrate the fungal cell wall, such as electroporation, biolistics, glass beads, and the use of monovalent cations, such methods are generally time-consuming, compromise cell viability, and often lead to low permeation rates. In addition, their use remains limited to in vitro applications due to the collateral damage that these techniques could cause to healthy living tissues. Presented in this study is a delivery approach based on the generation of transient breaks, or pores, in the cell wall. Breaks are generated by cavitation and shock waves resulting from the irradiation of gold nanoparticles with a femtosecond infrared laser. Such an approach enabled the delivery of membrane impermeable molecules (i.e., calcein and plasmid DNA) into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a fungal model organism. This method is expected to exhibit high biocompatibility and holds potential for clinical applications for the treatment of fungal infections given that neither the laser irradiation nor the nanoparticles have been found to damage cells. Mechanistical aspects of photoporation, such as the proximity needed between the nanoparticle and the cell membrane for these processes to take place, are also discussed. Hence, the laser-assisted drug delivery approach described here is suitable for further preclinical evaluation in oral, vaginal, and skin mycoses where current treatments are insufficient due to host-related adverse reactions, poor fungal cell penetration, or risk of developing antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin McGraw
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Radini H Dissanayaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - John C Vaughan
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Nitish Kunte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - G Mills
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Guillaume M Laurent
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - L Adriana Avila
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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17
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Qu Y, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Chen H. Surface-Mediated Intracellular Delivery by Physical Membrane Disruption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31054-31078. [PMID: 32559060 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective and nondestructive intracellular delivery of exogenous molecules and other functional materials into living cells is of importance for diverse biological fundamental research and therapeutic applications, such as gene editing and cell-based therapies. However, for most exogenous molecules, the cell plasma membrane is effectively impermeable and thus remains the greatest barrier to intracellular delivery. In recent years, methods based on surface-mediated physical membrane disruption have attracted considerable attention. These methods exploit the physical properties of the surface to transiently increase the membrane permeability of cells come in contact thereto, thereby facilitating the efficient intracellular delivery of molecules regardless of molecule or target cell type. In this Review, we focus on recent progress, particularly over the past decade, on these surface-mediated membrane disruption-based delivery systems. According to the membrane disruption mechanism, three categories can be recognized: (i) mechanical penetration, (ii) electroporation, and (iii) photothermal poration. Each of these is discussed in turn and a brief perspective on future developments in this promising area is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangcui Qu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215007, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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18
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Cell Size-Specific Transfection by Micropillar Array Electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2050:3-12. [PMID: 31468474 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9740-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we reported a new micropillar array electroporation (MAE) platform to accomplish large-scale, size-specific DNA and RNA delivery to mammalian cells for nanomedicine. By introducing well-patterned micropillar array on the electrode surface, the number of micropillars each cell faces varies with the surface area of cell membrane or the size of cells. In this way, cell size-specific electroporation is conveniently done on a large population of cells in despite of their random locations between the two electrodes. The enhancement of this MAE system on the delivery of DNA and RNA probes without sacrifice of cell viability is demonstrated with an average increase of 2.5 to 3-fold on the transfection efficiency of DNA plasmids and additional knockdown of the targeted protein 10-55% more in siRNA delivery when compared to that using a commercial electroporation system. This MAE system works like many single cell electroporation are carried out in parallel, showing potential to bridge the gap between single cell electrophysiology study and in vitro electroporation to a large population of cells.
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19
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Aslam MA, Riaz K, Mahmood MQ, Zubair M. Hybrid analytical-numerical approach for investigation of differential effects in normal and cancer cells under electroporation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41518-41530. [PMID: 35541630 PMCID: PMC9076493 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07428g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation has offered important biomedical applications in electrochemotherapy, tissue ablation and gene editing recently. Time and computation efficient analytical and numerical models should be developed to understand the differential effects of electroporation on normal and cancer cells. In this work, we present a hybrid analytical-numerical approach to investigate the behavior of normal and cancer cells under electroporation. We have compared the human breast cancer cell (MCF-7) and non-tumorigenic human breast cell (MCF-10A) under electroporation in terms of change in transmembrane voltage and pore formation on cell surface. The effects of electric pulse time, amplitude and membrane conductivity variation are analyzed in a systematic manner. To accelerate the calculation of transmembrane voltage, we have introduced a simple Multilayer Electric Potential Model (MEPM) which calculates the potential distribution across the cell analytically. The MEPM calculates electric potential distribution across a biological cell sandwiched between two semi-circular electrodes held at fixed potential, by solving the Laplace's equation over an equivalent planar, multilayer geometry. The MEPM model is then used in a Finite Element Method (FEM) based numerical model of electroporation. Transmembrane voltage and pore density for electroporated MCF-10A are estimated to be 1.31 V and 2.98 × 1013 m-2 respectively, and for MCF-7 the estimated values are 0.53 V and 1.93 × 1014 m-2, respectively. Our results suggest that under electroporation, the cancer cell's membrane get much more permeabilized than its counterpart normal cell even at small values of transmembrane voltage. This work provides a theoretical basis for further experimental exploration of electroporation process in cancer therapy, and serves as a design tool for performance optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Awais Aslam
- Electrical Engineering Department, Information Technology University 54000 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Kashif Riaz
- Electrical Engineering Department, Information Technology University 54000 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mahmood
- Electrical Engineering Department, Information Technology University 54000 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Electrical Engineering Department, Information Technology University 54000 Lahore Pakistan
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20
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Microfluidic Irreversible Electroporation-A Versatile Tool to Extract Intracellular Contents of Bacteria and Yeast. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9100211. [PMID: 31574935 PMCID: PMC6835232 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring the dynamic behavior of cellular metabolism requires a standard laboratory method that guarantees rapid sampling and extraction of the cellular content. We propose a versatile sampling technique applicable to cells with different cell wall and cell membrane properties. The technique is based on irreversible electroporation with simultaneous quenching and extraction by using a microfluidic device. By application of electric pulses in the millisecond range, permanent lethal pores are formed in the cell membrane of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, facilitating the release of the cellular contents; here demonstrated by the measurement of glucose-6-phosphate and the activity of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The successful application of this device was demonstrated by pulsed electric field treatment in a flow-through configuration of the microfluidic chip in combination with sampling, inactivation, and extraction of the intracellular content in a few seconds. Minimum electric field strengths of 10 kV/cm for E. coli and 7.5 kV/cm for yeast S. cerevisiae were required for successful cell lysis. The results are discussed in the context of applications in industrial biotechnology, where metabolomics analyses are important.
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21
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Low-Voltage Flow-Through Electroporation Membrane and Method. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31468478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9740-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Electroporation uses high electric field gradients to create pores within the membrane of living cells in order to deliver a substance, for example a gene, into the cytoplasm. To achieve such gradients, current electroporation devices deliver voltage pulses in the kV range to the cell medium. We describe here a new device based on gold-microtube membranes that can accomplish electroporation with voltage pulses that are orders of magnitude smaller, 4 V. The percentages of electroporated bacteria were found to be more than an order of magnitude higher than obtained with a commercial electroporator.
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22
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Punjiya M, Nejad HR, Mathews J, Levin M, Sonkusale S. A flow through device for simultaneous dielectrophoretic cell trapping and AC electroporation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11988. [PMID: 31427614 PMCID: PMC6700080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation of cells and their transfection in a controlled manner is an integral step in cell biotechnology. Electric field approaches such as dielectrophoresis (DEP) offers a more viable method for targeted immobilization of cells without any labels. For transfection of cells to incorporate exogenous materials, electrical methods such as electroporation, are preferred over chemical and viral delivery methods since they minimally affect cell viability and can target many types. However prior approaches to both methods required multiple excitation sources, an AC source for DEP-based trapping and another DC source for electroporation. In this paper, we present a first of its kind flow through lab-on-chip platform using a single AC excitation source for combined trapping using negative dielectrophoresis (nDEP) and AC electroporation. Use of AC fields for electroporation eliminates the unwanted side effects of electrolysis or joule heating at electrodes compared to DC electroporation. Adjusting the flow rate and the electrical parameters of the incident AC field precisely controls the operation (trap, trap with electroporation and release). The platform has been validated through trapping and simultaneous transfection of HEK-293 embryonic kidney cells with a plasmid vector containing a fluorescent protein tag. Numerical scaling analysis is provided that indicates promise for individual cell trapping and electroporation using low voltage AC fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Punjiya
- Tufts University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.,Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, 200 Boston Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Hojatollah Rezaei Nejad
- Tufts University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.,Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, 200 Boston Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Juanita Mathews
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Department of Biology, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Sameer Sonkusale
- Tufts University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 161 College Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, 200 Boston Ave, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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23
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Chen Z, Lee WG. A switching role of hard-uptake nanoparticles in microalgae cell electroporation. Analyst 2019; 144:3581-3589. [PMID: 31065636 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00314b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The microalgal cell wall is a natural barrier that limits the efficiency of gene delivery in algae genetic engineering. Here, we report the role of hard-uptake nanoparticles (huNPs) in microalgae cell electroporation to enhance the delivery of genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This role can be divided into two categories: (i) a 'transient state' for short-term behavior under confocal visualization and (ii) a 'steady state' for long-term behavior in cell culture. First, the 'transient' role of gene-huNP complexes was investigated after washing for clear confocal imaging to observe the location of huNPs after electroporation. Second, the 'steady-state' role of the gene-huNP complexes was examined after electroporation by transferring cells to a fresh, medium-rich culture environment without washing to obtain a stable cell culture. For selection of the huNPs, we used two types of nanoparticles (NPs, 250 nm and 530 nm) larger than the threshold size of electroporation uptake to avoid unwanted endocytic uptake of NPs. In the transient state, the visualization results indicate that gene-NP (250 nm) complexes were positioned on the cells and helped to deliver more genes than did the 530 nm NPs. In the steady state, the gene-NP (530 nm) complexes helped stably deliver more genes to the cells by precipitation of NPs due to gravity. We believe that these findings illustrate how gene-NP complexes function in microalgae cell electroporation and could help set up a protocol for enhanced microalgae applications associated with NPs such as environmental waste removal and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Gu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Soares MCP, Vit FF, Suzuki CK, de la Torre LG, Fujiwara E. Perfusion Microfermentor Integrated into a Fiber Optic Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering Sensor for Fast Screening of Microbial Growth Parameters. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19112493. [PMID: 31159228 PMCID: PMC6603560 DOI: 10.3390/s19112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research presents a microfermentor integrated into an optical fiber sensor based on quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) to monitor and swiftly identify cellular growth kinetic parameters. The system uses a 1310 nm laser light that is guided through single-mode silica optical fibers to the interior of perfusion chambers, which are separated by polycarbonate membranes (470 nm pores) from microchannels, where a culture medium flows in a constant concentration. The system contains four layers, a superior and an inferior layer made of glass, and two intermediate poly(dimethylsiloxane) layers that contain the microchannels and the perfusion chambers, forming a reversible microfluidic device that requires only the sealing of the fibers to the inferior glass cover. The QELS autocorrelation decay rates of the optical signals were correlated to the cells counting in a microscope, and the application of this microsystem to the monitoring of alcoholic fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the kinetic parameters of KM = 4.1 g/L and μm = 0.49 h−1. These results agree with both the data reported in the literature and with the control batch test, showing that it is a reliable and efficient biological monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco César Prado Soares
- Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Devices, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, São Paulo 13083-860, Brazil.
| | - Franciele Flores Vit
- Laboratory of Advanced Development of Nano and Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, São Paulo 13083-852, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Kenichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Devices, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, São Paulo 13083-860, Brazil.
| | - Lucimara Gaziola de la Torre
- Laboratory of Advanced Development of Nano and Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, São Paulo 13083-852, Brazil.
| | - Eric Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Devices, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, São Paulo 13083-860, Brazil.
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25
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Shahin-Shamsabadi A, Selvaganapathy PR. ExCeL: combining extrusion printing on cellulose scaffolds with lamination to create
in vitro
biological models. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035002. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Yoo BS, Im DJ, Ahn MM, Park SJ, Kim YH, Um TW, Kang IS. A continuous droplet electroporation system for high throughput processing. Analyst 2019; 143:5785-5791. [PMID: 30351322 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A continuous droplet electroporation (EP) system capable of handling a billion cells has been proposed and demonstrated using a proof-of-concept prototype design. Numerical simulations were conducted to design the new system and to compare the continuous droplet EP system with the previous single droplet EP system. Through parametric studies on the applied voltage and flow rate, a much higher cyan fluorescent protein transgene expression efficiency (38.8 ± 8.9%) was accomplished over that of the previous single droplet EP system. A parallel continuous droplet EP system is also demonstrated by introducing additional electrode pairs into the continuous droplet EP system to achieve ultrahigh throughput. Finally, the significance and meaning of the present work and future development direction have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Sun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea 37673
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27
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Kim YH, Im DJ. Control of the culture conditions of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for efficient delivery of exogenous materials in electroporation. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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28
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Experton J, Martin CR. The Effect of Voltage Charging on the Transport Properties of Gold Nanotube Membranes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703290. [PMID: 29377538 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Porous membranes are used in chemical separations and in many electrochemical processes and devices. Research on the transport properties of a unique class of porous membranes that contain monodisperse gold nanotubes traversing the entire membrane thickness is reviewed here. These gold nanotubes can act as conduits for ionic and molecular transports through the membrane. Because the tubes are electronically conductive, they can be electrochemically charged by applying a voltage to the membrane. How this "voltage charging" affects the transport properties of gold nanotube membranes is the subject of this Review. Experiments showing that voltage charging can be used to reversibly switch the membrane between ideally cation- and anion-transporting states are reviewed. Voltage charging can also be used to enhance the ionic conductivity of gold nanotube membranes. Finally, voltage charging to accomplish electroporation of living bacteria as they pass through gold nanotube membranes is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Experton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Charles R Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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29
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Hoshino T, Yoshioka M, Wagatsuma A, Miyazako H, Mabuchi K. Pinpoint Delivery of Molecules by Using Electron Beam Addressing Virtual Cathode Display. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2018; 17:62-69. [PMID: 29570076 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2018.2798582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation, a physical transfection method to introduce genomic molecules in selective living cells, could be implemented by microelectrode devices. A local electric field generated by a finer electrode can induces cytomembrane poration in the electrode vicinity. To employ fine, high-speed scanning electrodes, we developed a fine virtual cathode pattern, which was generated on a cell adhesive surface of 100-nm-thick SiN membrane by inverted-electron beam lithography. The SiN membrane works as both a vacuum barrier and the display screen of the virtual cathode. The kinetic energy of the incident primary electrons to the SiN membrane was completely blocked, whereas negative charges and leaking electric current appeared on the surface of the dielectric SiN membrane within a region of 100 nm. Locally controlled transmembrane molecular delivery was demonstrated on adhered C2C12 myoblast cells in a culturing medium with fluorescent dye propidium iodide (PI). Increasing fluorescence of pre-diluted PI indicated local poration and transmembrane inflow at the virtual cathode position, as well as intracellular diffusion. The transmembrane inflows depended on beam duration time and acceleration voltage. At the post-molecular delivery, a slight decrease in intracellular PI fluorescence intensity indicates membrane recovery from the poration. Cell viability was confirmed by time-lapse cell imaging of post-exposure cell migration.
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30
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Bioprinting for Neural Tissue Engineering. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:31-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Humbert O, Peterson CW, Norgaard ZK, Radtke S, Kiem HP. A Nonhuman Primate Transplantation Model to Evaluate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Editing Strategies for β-Hemoglobinopathies. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 8:75-86. [PMID: 29276718 PMCID: PMC5738324 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is a promising approach for the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathies and the targeting of genes involved in HbF regulation is under intensive investigation. Here, we established a nonhuman primate (NHP) transplantation model to evaluate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based gene editing strategies aimed at reactivating HbF. We first characterized the transient HbF induction to autologous HSC transplantation in pigtailed macaques, which was comparable in duration and amplitude to that of human patients. After validating function of the HbF repressor BCL11A in NHPs, we transplanted a pigtailed macaque with CD34+ cells electroporated with TALE nuclease mRNA targeting the BCL11A coding sequence. In vivo gene editing levels were low, but some BCL11A deletions were detected as late as 200 days post-transplantation. HbF production, as determined by F-cell staining and γ-globin expression, was slightly increased in this animal as compared to transplant controls. We also provided proof-of-concept results for the selection of edited NHP CD34+ cells in culture following integration of the P140K/MGMT cassette at the BCL11A locus. In summary, the NHP model described here will allow the testing of novel therapeutic approaches for hemoglobinopathies and should facilitate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Humbert
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Zachary K. Norgaard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stefan Radtke
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Corresponding author: Hans-Peter Kiem, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, P.O. Box 19024, Mail Stop D1-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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33
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Kang S, Suresh A, Kim YC. A highly efficient cell penetrating peptide pVEC-mediated protein delivery system into microalgae. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Mahboubi M, Movahed S, Hosseini Abardeh R, Hoshyargar V. Theoretical Study of Molecular Transport Through a Permeabilized Cell Membrane in a Microchannel. J Membr Biol 2017; 250:285-299. [PMID: 28456838 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional model is developed to study the molecular transport into an immersed cell in a microchannel and to investigate the effects of finite boundary (a cell is suspended in a microchannel), amplitude of electric pulse, and geometrical parameter (microchannel height and size of electrodes) on cell uptake. Embedded electrodes on the walls of the microchannel generate the required electric pulse to permeabilize the cell membrane, pass the ions through the membrane, and transport them into the cell. The shape of electric pulses is square with the time span of 6 ms; their intensities are in the range of 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 3 V. Numerical simulations have been performed to comprehensively investigate the molecular uptake into the cell. The obtained results of the current study demonstrate that calcium ions enter the cell from the anodic side (the side near positive electrode); after a while, the cell faces depletion of the calcium ions on a positive electrode-facing side within the microchannel; the duration of depletion depends on the amplitude of electric pulse and geometry that lasts from microseconds to milliseconds. By keeping geometrical parameters and time span constant, increment of a pulse intensity enhances molecular uptake and rate of propagation inside the cell. If a ratio of electrode size to cell diameter is larger than 1, the transported amount of Ca 2+ into the cell, as well as the rate of propagation, will be significantly increased. By increasing the height of the microchannel, the rate of uptake is decreased. In an infinite domain, the peak concentration becomes constant after reaching the maximum value; this value depends on the intra-extracellular conductivity and diffusion coefficient of interior and exterior domains of the cell. In comparison, the maximum concentration is changed by geometrical parameters in the microchannel. After reaching the maximum value, the peak concentration reduces due to the depletion of Ca 2+ ions within the microchannel. Electrophoretic velocity has a significant effect on the cell uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Mahboubi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Saeid Movahed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran.
| | - Reza Hosseini Abardeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Vahid Hoshyargar
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
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Calibration of on-chip cell electroporation by a pseudo-volumetric uptake model. Micron 2017; 99:32-39. [PMID: 28414960 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Most conventional methods for assessing uptake of exogenous molecules and nanomaterials into cells use the projected two-dimensional (2D) area of uptake intensity into individual cells. However, since most cells have a three-dimensional (3D) spherical shape, volumetric uptake cannot be quantified accurately using 2D area analysis. Here, we present a method for calibrating the electroporative uptake intensity of small molecules by using a novel predictable spherical volume (PSV) model, which is more accurate and quantitative than previous methods. As a proof-of-concept, we visualized the electroporative uptake of propidium iodide (PI) into mammalian cells in a single rectangular polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel, often used for direct observation of on-chip cell electroporation. Our PSV method yielded more accurate results than conventional methods and faithfully reflected volumetric changes in uptake intensity, even those due to microflow. We believe that this approach can be potentially beneficial for screening the electroporative uptake efficiency of cell-membrane impermeable nanodrugs, such as functional nanoparticles incorporated with a small drug capable of slowly diffusing inside cells.
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Ouyang M, Hill W, Lee JH, Hur SC. Microscale Symmetrical Electroporator Array as a Versatile Molecular Delivery System. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44757. [PMID: 28317836 PMCID: PMC5357946 DOI: 10.1038/srep44757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful developments of new therapeutic strategies often rely on the ability to deliver exogenous molecules into cytosol. We have developed a versatile on-chip vortex-assisted electroporation system, engineered to conduct sequential intracellular delivery of multiple molecules into various cell types at low voltage in a dosage-controlled manner. Micro-patterned planar electrodes permit substantial reduction in operational voltages and seamless integration with an existing microfluidic technology. Equipped with real-time process visualization functionality, the system enables on-chip optimization of electroporation parameters for cells with varying properties. Moreover, the system’s dosage control and multi-molecular delivery capabilities facilitate intracellular delivery of various molecules as a single agent or in combination and its utility in biological research has been demonstrated by conducting RNA interference assays. We envision the system to be a powerful tool, aiding a wide range of applications, requiring single-cell level co-administrations of multiple molecules with controlled dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxing Ouyang
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Winfield Hill
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jung Hyun Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Soojung Claire Hur
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Garcia PA, Ge Z, Kelley LE, Holcomb SJ, Buie CR. High efficiency hydrodynamic bacterial electrotransformation. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:490-500. [PMID: 28067371 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01309k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology holds great potential for addressing pressing challenges for mankind and our planet. One technical challenge in tapping into the full potential of synthetic biology is the low efficiency and low throughput of genetic transformation for many types of cells. In this paper, we discuss a novel microfluidic system for improving bacterial electrotransformation efficiency and throughput. Our microfluidic system is comprised of non-uniform constrictions in microchannels to facilitate high electric fields with relatively small applied voltages to induce electroporation. Additionally, the microfluidic device has regions of low electric field to assist in electrophoretic transport of nucleic acids into the cells. The device features hydrodynamically controlled electric fields that allow cells to experience a time dependent electric field that is otherwise difficult to achieve using standard electronics. Results suggest that transformation efficiency can be increased by ∼4×, while throughput can increase by 100-1000× compared to traditional electroporation cuvettes. This work will enable high-throughput and high efficiency genetic transformation of microbes, facilitating accelerated development of genetically engineered organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A Garcia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Zhifei Ge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Laura E Kelley
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven J Holcomb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Cullen R Buie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Here, we present a review of recent advances in electroporation for the delivery of nanomedicine as intracellular carriers by electroporation (NICE) in a drug format with functional nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 17104
- Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 17104
- Republic of Korea
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39
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Experton J, Wilson AG, Martin CR. Low-Voltage Flow-Through Electroporation in Gold-Microtube Membranes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:12445-12452. [PMID: 28193019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation is used to create pores within the membrane of living cells in order to deliver a substance, for example, a gene, into the cytoplasm. To achieve the high electric field gradients required to porate the membrane, current electroporation devices deliver voltage pulses in the kV range to the cell medium. We describe a new device based on gold-microtube membranes that can accomplish electroporation with voltage pulses that are orders of magnitude smaller, ≤5 V. This is possible because the voltage pulses are applied to the gold microtubes resulting in large electric field gradients down the length of the tubes. We used COMSOL simulations to calculate the electric field gradients, and these theoretical results were compared with known experimental values required to electroporate Escherichia coli. We developed two fluorescence-based methods to demonstrate successful electroporation of E. coli. The percentages of electroporated bacteria were found to be more than an order of magnitude higher than obtained with a commercial electroporator, although the voltage employed was 500 times lower. Furthermore, this microtube membrane device is flow through and is therefore capable of continuous, as opposed to batch-wise, electroporation and cell analysis. Cell throughput of >30 million cells per min, higher than any previously reported device, were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Experton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Aaron G Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Charles R Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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40
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Chang L, Li L, Shi J, Sheng Y, Lu W, Gallego-Perez D, Lee LJ. Micro-/nanoscale electroporation. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4047-4062. [PMID: 27713986 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00840b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation has been one of the most popular non-viral technologies for cell transfection. However, conventional bulk electroporation (BEP) shows significant limitations in efficiency, cell viability and transfection uniformity. Recent advances in microscale-electroporation (MEP) resulted in improved cell viability. Further miniaturization of the electroporation system (i.e., nanoscale) has brought up many unique advantages, including negligible cell damage and dosage control capabilities with single-cell resolution, which has enabled more translational applications. In this review, we give an insight into the fundamental and technical aspects of micro- and nanoscale/nanochannel electroporation (NEP) and go over several examples of MEP/NEP-based cutting-edge research, including gene editing, adoptive immunotherapy, and cellular reprogramming. The challenges and opportunities of advanced electroporation technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqian Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Lei Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yan Sheng
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Wu Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
| | - Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. and Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ly James Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA and William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43209, USA
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41
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Bhattacharjee N, Horowitz LF, Folch A. Continuous-flow multi-pulse electroporation at low DC voltages by microfluidic flipping of the voltage space topology. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2016; 109:163702. [PMID: 27821874 PMCID: PMC5075000 DOI: 10.1063/1.4963316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over biosafety, cost, and carrying capacity of viral vectors have accelerated research into physical techniques for gene delivery such as electroporation and mechanoporation. Advances in microfabrication have made it possible to create high electric fields over microscales, resulting in more efficient DNA delivery and higher cell viability. Continuous-flow microfluidic methods are typically more suitable for cellular therapies where a large number of cells need to be transfected under sterile conditions. However, the existing continuous-flow designs used to generate multiple pulses either require expensive peripherals such as high-voltage (>400 V) sources or function generators, or result in reduced cell viability due to the proximity of the cells to the electrodes. In this paper, we report a continuous-flow microfluidic device whose channel geometry reduces instrumentation demands and minimizes cellular toxicity. Our design can generate multiple pulses of high DC electric field strength using significantly lower voltages (15-60 V) than previous designs. The cells flow along a serpentine channel that repeatedly flips the cells between a cathode and an anode at high throughput. The cells must flow through a constriction each time they pass from an anode to a cathode, exposing them to high electric field strength for short durations of time (the "pulse-width"). A conductive biocompatible poly-aniline hydrogel network formed in situ is used to apply the DC voltage without bringing the metal electrodes close to the cells, further sheltering cells from the already low voltage electrodes. The device was used to electroporate multiple cell lines using electric field strengths between 700 and 800 V/cm with transfection efficiencies superior than previous flow-through designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bhattacharjee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - L F Horowitz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - A Folch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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42
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Garcia PA, Ge Z, Moran JL, Buie CR. Microfluidic Screening of Electric Fields for Electroporation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21238. [PMID: 26893024 PMCID: PMC4759816 DOI: 10.1038/srep21238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is commonly used to deliver molecules such as drugs, proteins, and/or DNA into cells, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. In this work a rapid microfluidic assay was developed to determine the critical electric field threshold required for inducing bacterial electroporation. The microfluidic device was designed to have a bilaterally converging channel to amplify the electric field to magnitudes sufficient to induce electroporation. The bacterial cells are introduced into the channel in the presence of SYTOX®, which fluorescently labels cells with compromised membranes. Upon delivery of an electric pulse, the cells fluoresce due to transmembrane influx of SYTOX® after disruption of the cell membranes. We calculate the critical electric field by capturing the location within the channel of the increase in fluorescence intensity after electroporation. Bacterial strains with industrial and therapeutic relevance such as Escherichia coli BL21 (3.65 ± 0.09 kV/cm), Corynebacterium glutamicum (5.20 ± 0.20 kV/cm), and Mycobacterium smegmatis (5.56 ± 0.08 kV/cm) have been successfully characterized. Determining the critical electric field for electroporation facilitates the development of electroporation protocols that minimize Joule heating and maximize cell viability. This assay will ultimately enable the genetic transformation of bacteria and archaea considered intractable and difficult-to-transfect, while facilitating fundamental genetic studies on numerous diverse microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A Garcia
- Laboratory for Energy and Microsystems Innovation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Zhifei Ge
- Laboratory for Energy and Microsystems Innovation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Jeffrey L Moran
- Laboratory for Energy and Microsystems Innovation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Cullen R Buie
- Laboratory for Energy and Microsystems Innovation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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43
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Singh D, Singh D, Han SS. 3D Printing of Scaffold for Cells Delivery: Advances in Skin Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8010019. [PMID: 30979115 PMCID: PMC6432526 DOI: 10.3390/polym8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury or damage to tissue and organs is a major health problem, resulting in about half of the world’s annual healthcare expenditure every year. Advances in the fields of stem cells (SCs) and biomaterials processing have provided a tremendous leap for researchers to manipulate the dynamics between these two, and obtain a skin substitute that can completely heal the wounded areas. Although wound healing needs a coordinated interplay between cells, extracellular proteins and growth factors, the most important players in this process are the endogenous SCs, which activate the repair cascade by recruiting cells from different sites. Extra cellular matrix (ECM) proteins are activated by these SCs, which in turn aid in cellular migrations and finally secretion of growth factors that can seal and heal the wounds. The interaction between ECM proteins and SCs helps the skin to sustain the rigors of everyday activity, and in an attempt to attain this level of functionality in artificial three-dimensional (3D) constructs, tissue engineered biomaterials are fabricated using more advanced techniques such as bioprinting and laser assisted printing of the organs. This review provides a concise summary of the most recent advances that have been made in the area of polymer bio-fabrication using 3D bio printing used for encapsulating stem cells for skin regeneration. The focus of this review is to describe, in detail, the role of 3D architecture and arrangement of cells within this system that can heal wounds and aid in skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Singh
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT-06510, CT, USA.
| | - Dolly Singh
- Biomaterials Lab, Department of Nano, Medical & Polymer Materials, College of Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ko, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsanbukdo 712-749, Korea.
| | - Sung Soo Han
- Biomaterials Lab, Department of Nano, Medical & Polymer Materials, College of Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ko, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsanbukdo 712-749, Korea.
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44
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Choi M, Lee SH, Kim WB, Gujrati V, Kim D, Lee J, Kim JI, Kim H, Saw PE, Jon S. Intracellular Delivery of Bioactive Cargos to Hard-to-Transfect Cells Using Carbon Nanosyringe Arrays under an Applied Centrifugal g-Force. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:101-7. [PMID: 25846396 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in developing a common, universal platform for delivering biomacromolecules such as proteins and RNAs into diverse cells with high efficiency. Here, it is shown that carbon nanosyringe arrays (CNSAs) under an applied centrifugal g-force (cf-CNSAs) can deliver diverse bioactive cargos directly into the cytosol of hard-to-transfect cells with relatively high efficiency and reproducibility. The cf-CNSA platform, an optimized version of a previous CNSA-mediated intracellular delivery platform that adds a g-force feature, exhibits more rapid and superior delivery of cargos to various hard-to-transfect cells than is the case in the absence of g-force. Active species, including small interfering RNAs, plasmids, and proteins are successfully transported across plasma membrane barriers into various cells. By overcoming the limitations of currently available transfection methods, the cf-CNSA platform paves the way to universal delivery of a variety of cargos, facilitating the analysis of cellular responses in diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuk Choi
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury; Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 291 Daehak-ro Daejeon 305-701 South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Won Bae Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Vipul Gujrati
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury; Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 291 Daehak-ro Daejeon 305-701 South Korea
| | - Daejin Kim
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury; Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 291 Daehak-ro Daejeon 305-701 South Korea
| | - Jinju Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Jae-Il Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju 500-712 South Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury; Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 291 Daehak-ro Daejeon 305-701 South Korea
| | - Phei Er Saw
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury; Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 291 Daehak-ro Daejeon 305-701 South Korea
| | - Sangyong Jon
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury; Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; 291 Daehak-ro Daejeon 305-701 South Korea
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45
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Santra TS, Chen CW, Chang HY, Tseng FG. Dielectric passivation layer as a substratum on localized single-cell electroporation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Without dielectric passivation layer provide bulk electroporation, whereas with passivation layer generate an intense electric field to deliver molecules precisely into single cell, as name as localized single cell electroporation (LSCEP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Institute of Nano Engineering and Microsystems
- National Tsing Hua University
- Taiwan
- Department of Engineering and System Science
- National Tsing Hua University
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine
- National Tsing Hua University
- Taiwan
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine
- National Tsing Hua University
- Taiwan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science
- National Tsing Hua University
- Taiwan
- California Nano System Institute
- University of California at Los Angeles
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46
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Electroporation on microchips: the harmful effects of pH changes and scaling down. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17817. [PMID: 26658168 PMCID: PMC4677314 DOI: 10.1038/srep17817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation has been widely used in delivering foreign biomolecules into cells, but there is still much room for improvement, such as cell viability and integrity. In this manuscript, we investigate the distribution and the toxicity of pH changes during electroporation, which significantly decreases cell viability. A localized pH gradient forms between anode and cathode leading to a localized distribution of cell death near the electrodes, especially cathodes. The toxicity of hydroxyl ions is severe and acute due to their effect in the decomposition of phospholipid bilayer membrane. On the other hand, the electric field used for electroporation aggravates the toxicity of hydroxyl because the electropermeabilization of cell membrane makes bilayer structure more loosen and vulnerable. We also investigate the side effects during scaling down the size of electrodes in electroporation microchips. Higher percentage of cells is damaged when the size of electrodes is smaller. At last, we propose an effective strategy to constrain the change of pH by modifying the composition of electroporation buffer. The modified buffer decreases the changes of pH, thus enables high cell viability even when the electric pulse duration exceeds several milliseconds. This ability has potential advantage in some applications that require long-time electric pulse stimulation.
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47
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Kang S, Kim KH, Kim YC. A novel electroporation system for efficient molecular delivery into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with a 3-dimensional microelectrode. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15835. [PMID: 26522846 PMCID: PMC4629139 DOI: 10.1038/srep15835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is one of the most widely used transfection methods because of its high efficiency and convenience among the various transfection methods. Previous micro-electroporation systems have some drawbacks such as limitations in height and design, time-consuming and an expensive fabrication process due to technical constraints. This study fabricates a three dimensional microelectrode using the 3D printing technique. The interdigitated microstructure consisting of poly lactic acid was injected by a 3D printer and coated with silver and aluminum with a series of dip-coatings. With the same strength of electric field (V cm−1), a higher efficiency for molecular delivery and a higher cellular viability are achieved with the microelectrode than with a standard cuvette. In addition, this study investigates chemicophysical changes such as Joule heating and dissolved metal during electroporation and showed the micro-electroporation system had less chemicophysical changes. It was concluded that the proposed micro-electroporation system will contribute to genetic engineering as a promising delivery tool, and this combination of 3D printing and electroporation has many potential applications for diverse designs or systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongsu Kang
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Ho Kim
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeu-Chun Kim
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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48
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ABEDINI HASSAN, MOVAHED SAEID, ABOLFATHI NABIOLLAH. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF PRESSURE-INDUCED CELL PRINTING. J MECH MED BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519415500657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, because of great biomedical applications of state-of-the art prototyping (bio-printing), many studies have been conducted in this field with focus on three-dimensional prototyping. There are several mechanisms for bio-printing of live cells such as piezoelectric and thermal and pneumatic inkjeting systems. Cell viability should be preserved during the bio-printing process. Lots of researches have been carried out to investigate and compare cell viability through different prototyping mechanisms. In order to quantify percentage of the cells that are killed during the proto-typing process, applied stresses on the cell and consequently its deformation should be calculated. A maximum strain energy density that the cell can tolerate is reported in the range of 25 Kj ⋅ m-3 to 100 Kj ⋅ m-3. This can be considered as a criteria to find the percentage of the damaged cells during the bio-printing processes. In this study, the bio-printing of the cell has been modeled and the cell viability have been investigated. Firstly, it is shown that in modeling of the bio-printing process, the effects of dynamic flow on calculating the applied stress on the cell is not negligible and must be considered. In the next step, the percentage of damaged endothelial cell aggregate under 80 kPa applied pressure (64 MPa/m) and 200 micron nozzle diameter is reported. Based on findings of this study, the percentage of endothelial cells viability under mentioned condition is reported 76%. The proposed method of this study can be utilized to examine the cell viability and performance of each prototyping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- HASSAN ABEDINI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, AmirKabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - SAEID MOVAHED
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, AmirKabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - NABIOLLAH ABOLFATHI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, AmirKabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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Shagoshtasbi H, Deng P, Lee YK. A Nonlinear Size-Dependent Equivalent Circuit Model for Single-Cell Electroporation on Microfluidic Chips. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:481-90. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068215573189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Im DJ, Jeong SN, Yoo BS, Kim B, Kim DP, Jeong WJ, Kang IS. Digital Microfluidic Approach for Efficient Electroporation with High Productivity: Transgene Expression of Microalgae without Cell Wall Removal. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6592-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Do Jin Im
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 365 Sinseon-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 608-739, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Won-Joong Jeong
- Sustainable Bioresource
Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology
(KRIBB), 125 Gawhak-ro, Yuseong-gu, DaeJeon 305-806, South Korea
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