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Drinkard K, Barr JR, Kalb SR. Mass Spectrometric Detection and Differentiation of Enzymatically Active Abrin and Ricin Combined with a Novel Affinity Enrichment Technique. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1218-1228. [PMID: 38963334 PMCID: PMC11256886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Abrin and ricin are toxic proteins produced by plants. Both proteins are composed of two subunits, an A-chain and a B-chain. The A-chain is responsible for the enzymatic activity, which causes toxicity. The B-chain binds to glycoproteins on the cell surface to direct the A-chain to its target. Both toxins depurinate 28S rRNA, making it impossible to differentiate these toxins based on only their enzymatic activity. We developed an analytical workflow for both ricin and abrin using a single method and sample. We have developed a novel affinity enrichment technique based on the ability of the B-chain to bind a glycoprotein, asialofetuin. After the toxin is extracted with asialofetuin-coated magnetic beads, an RNA substrate is added. Then, depurination is detected by a benchtop matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometer to determine the presence or absence of an active toxin. Next, the beads are subjected to tryptic digest. Toxin fingerprinting is done on a benchtop MALDI-TOF MS. We validated the assay through sensitivity and specificity studies and determined the limit of detection for each toxin as nanogram level for enzymatic activity and μg level for toxin fingerprinting. We examined potential cross-reactivity from proteins that are near neighbors of the toxins and examined potential false results in the presence of white powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn
K. Drinkard
- National Center for Environmental Health,
Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - John R. Barr
- National Center for Environmental Health,
Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Suzanne R. Kalb
- National Center for Environmental Health,
Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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2
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Douillard FP, Portinha IM, Derman Y, Woudstra C, Mäklin T, Dorner MB, Korkeala H, Henriques AO, Lindström M. A Novel Prophage-like Insertion Element within yabG Triggers Early Entry into Sporulation in Clostridium botulinum. Viruses 2023; 15:2431. [PMID: 38140671 PMCID: PMC10747680 DOI: 10.3390/v15122431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporulation is a finely regulated morphogenetic program important in the ecology and epidemiology of Clostridium botulinum. Exogenous elements disrupting sporulation-associated genes contribute to sporulation regulation and introduce diversity in the generally conserved sporulation programs of endospore formers. We identified a novel prophage-like DNA segment, termed the yin element, inserted within yabG, encoding a sporulation-specific cysteine protease, in an environmental isolate of C. botulinum. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the genetic structure of the yin element resembles previously reported mobile intervening elements associated with sporulation genes. Within a pure C. botulinum culture, we observed two subpopulations of cells with the yin element either integrated into the yabG locus or excised as a circular DNA molecule. The dynamics between the two observed conformations of the yin element was growth-phase dependent and likely mediated by recombination events. The yin element was not required for sporulation by C. botulinum but triggered an earlier entry into sporulation than in a related isolate lacking this element. So far, the yin element has not been found in any other C. botulinum strains or other endospore-forming species. It remains to be demonstrated what kind of competitive edge it provides for C. botulinum survival and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- François P. Douillard
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00350 Helsinki, Finland; (F.P.D.); (I.M.P.); (Y.D.); (C.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Inês Martins Portinha
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00350 Helsinki, Finland; (F.P.D.); (I.M.P.); (Y.D.); (C.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Yağmur Derman
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00350 Helsinki, Finland; (F.P.D.); (I.M.P.); (Y.D.); (C.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Cédric Woudstra
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00350 Helsinki, Finland; (F.P.D.); (I.M.P.); (Y.D.); (C.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Tommi Mäklin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00560 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Martin B. Dorner
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, ZBS3—Biological Toxins, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00350 Helsinki, Finland; (F.P.D.); (I.M.P.); (Y.D.); (C.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Adriano O. Henriques
- Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Miia Lindström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00350 Helsinki, Finland; (F.P.D.); (I.M.P.); (Y.D.); (C.W.); (H.K.)
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Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of Clostridium botulinum Isolates from an Infant Botulism Case Suggests Adaptation Signatures to the Gut. mBio 2022; 13:e0238421. [PMID: 35499308 PMCID: PMC9239077 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02384-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In early life, the immature human gut microbiota is prone to colonization by pathogens that are usually outcompeted by mature microbiota in the adult gut. Colonization and neurotoxin production by a vegetative Clostridium botulinum culture in the gut of an infant can lead to flaccid paralysis, resulting in a clinical outcome known as infant botulism, a potentially life-threatening condition. Beside host factors, little is known of the ecology, colonization, and adaptation of C. botulinum to the gut environment. In our previous report, an infant with intestinal botulism was shown to be colonized by neurotoxigenic C. botulinum culture for 7 months. In an effort to gain ecological and evolutionary insights into this unusually long gut colonization by C. botulinum, we analyzed and compared the genomes of C. botulinum isolates recovered from the infant feces during the course of intoxication and isolates from the infant household dust. A number of observed mutations and genomic alterations pinpointed at phenotypic traits that may have promoted colonization and adaptation to the gut environment and to the host. These traits include motility, quorum-sensing, sporulation, and carbohydrate metabolism. We provide novel perspectives and suggest a tentative model of the pathogenesis of C. botulinum in infant botulism.
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Luo L, Yang J, Li Z, Xu H, Guo L, Wang L, Wang Y, Luo L, Wang J, Zhang P, Yang R, Kang W, Xie J. Label-free differentiation and quantification of ricin, abrin from their agglutinin biotoxins by surface plasmon resonance. Talanta 2022; 238:122860. [PMID: 34857316 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe an affinity molecule-directed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor for a label-free, differentiation and quantification of ricin and abrin from their structural highly like agglutinin biotoxins. By an introduction of protein G as the affinity capturing molecule, we fulfilled a complete strategy contains (i) screening monoclonal antibodies to be paired in a sandwiched format, (ii) differentiate quantification from the agglutinin, (iii) ascertain of active from inactive biotoxin, and (iv) structural identification of captured biotoxins on a single chip. By the aid of an enrichment step from immunomagnetic beads, we could accurately measure ricin or abrin with a concentration lowered to 0.6 ng/mL (10 pM) in different complex matrices such as stevia, protein powder, and human plasma, with linear ranges of two or three orders of magnitude, and satisfied recovery. We then differentially quantified the mixed crude extracts from castor beans and jequirity peas, and real samples from the fourth OPCW biotoxin exercise to prove the practical availability. We further provided a SPR-mass spectrometric evidence directly obtained from Protein G affinity chip via a noncovalent molecule surface for the first time for definitely structural identification for crude extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jiewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Weijun Kang
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
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Preclinical evaluation of a candidate naked plasmid DNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:156. [PMID: 34930909 PMCID: PMC8688418 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New generation plasmid DNA vaccines may be a safe, fast and simple emergency vaccine platform for preparedness against emerging viral pathogens. Applying platform optimization strategies, we tested the pre-clinical immunogenicity and protective effect of a candidate DNA plasmid vaccine specific for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The DNA vaccine induced spike-specific binding IgG and neutralizing antibodies in mice, rabbits, and rhesus macaques together with robust Th1 dominant cellular responses in small animals. Intradermal and intramuscular needle-free administration of the DNA vaccine yielded comparable immune responses. In a vaccination-challenge study of rhesus macaques, the vaccine demonstrated protection from viral replication in the lungs following intranasal and intratracheal inoculation with SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, the candidate plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is immunogenic in different models and confers protection against lung infection in nonhuman primates. Further evaluation of this DNA vaccine candidate in clinical trials is warranted.
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Worbs S, Kampa B, Skiba M, Hansbauer EM, Stern D, Volland H, Becher F, Simon S, Dorner MB, Dorner BG. Differentiation, Quantification and Identification of Abrin and Abrus precatorius Agglutinin. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040284. [PMID: 33919561 PMCID: PMC8073929 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abrin, the toxic lectin from the rosary pea plant Abrus precatorius, has gained considerable interest in the recent past due to its potential malevolent use. However, reliable and easy-to-use assays for the detection and discrimination of abrin from related plant proteins such as Abrus precatorius agglutinin or the homologous toxin ricin from Ricinus communis are sparse. To address this gap, a panel of highly specific monoclonal antibodies was generated against abrin and the related Abrus precatorius agglutinin. These antibodies were used to establish two sandwich ELISAs to preferentially detect abrin or A. precatorius agglutinin (limit of detection 22 pg/mL for abrin; 35 pg/mL for A. precatorius agglutinin). Furthermore, an abrin-specific lateral flow assay was developed for rapid on-site detection (limit of detection ~1 ng/mL abrin). Assays were validated for complex food, environmental and clinical matrices illustrating broad applicability in different threat scenarios. Additionally, the antibodies turned out to be suitable for immuno-enrichment strategies in combination with mass spectrometry-based approaches for unambiguous identification. Finally, we were able to demonstrate for the first time how the developed assays can be applied to detect, identify and quantify abrin from a clinical sample derived from an attempted suicide case involving A. precatorius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Bettina Kampa
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Martin Skiba
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Eva-Maria Hansbauer
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniel Stern
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Hervé Volland
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - François Becher
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Martin B. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Brigitte G. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18754-2500
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7
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Innovative and Highly Sensitive Detection of Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Based on Receptor Interaction and Monoclonal Antibodies. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040266. [PMID: 33917845 PMCID: PMC8068247 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) regularly causes food poisoning and antibiotic-associated diarrhea; therefore, reliable toxin detection is crucial. To this aim, we explored stationary and mobile strategies to detect CPE either exclusively by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or, alternatively, by toxin-enrichment via the cellular receptor of CPE, claudin-4, and mAb detection. Among the newly generated mAbs, we identified nine CPE-specific mAbs targeting five distinct epitopes, among them mAbs recognizing CPE bound to claudin-4 or neutralizing CPE activity in vitro. In surface plasmon resonance experiments, all mAbs and claudin-4 revealed excellent affinities towards CPE, ranging from 0.05 to 2.3 nM. Integrated into sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), the most sensitive mAb/mAb and claudin-4/mAb combinations achieved similar detection limits of 0.3 pg/mL and 1.0 pg/mL, respectively, specifically detecting recombinant CPE from spiked feces and native CPE from 30 different C. perfringens culture supernatants. The implementation of mAb- and receptor-based ELISAs into a mobile detection platform enabled the fast detection of CPE, which will be helpful in clinical laboratories to diagnose diarrhea of assumed bacterial origin. In conclusion, we successfully employed an endogenous receptor and novel high affinity mAbs for highly sensitive and specific CPE-detection. These tools will be useful for both basic and applied research.
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9
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Multiplex Immunoassay Techniques for On-Site Detection of Security Sensitive Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110727. [PMID: 33233770 PMCID: PMC7699850 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group of high molecular as well as low molecular weight toxins produced by living organisms. Due to their physical and logistical properties, biological toxins are very attractive to terrorists for use in acts of bioterrorism. Therefore, among the group of biological toxins, several are categorized as security relevant, e.g., botulinum neurotoxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins, abrin, ricin or saxitoxin. Additionally, several security sensitive toxins also play a major role in natural food poisoning outbreaks. For a prompt response to a potential bioterrorist attack using biological toxins, first responders need reliable, easy-to-use and highly sensitive methodologies for on-site detection of the causative agent. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present on-site immunoassay platforms for multiplex detection of biological toxins. Furthermore, we introduce several commercially available detection technologies specialized for mobile or on-site identification of security sensitive toxins.
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10
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Biosensors in Evaluation of Quality of Meat and Meat Products – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biosensors can find application in meat and meat products testing for safety, including microbial and other contaminants, and quality, including meat freshness, beef tenderness and pork quality defects. The available biosensors enable the evaluation of freshness, the classification of tenderness of meat products, the evaluation of the glycolysis extent and the presence of the microbial and other contaminants. Since biosensors depend on receptor types, the expansion of knowledge on metabolic transformations occurring in meat contributes to the development of new potential markers and indicators. Examples include assays for glucose, lactates, hypoxanthines, calpastastins, microbial and other contaminants in meat products, augmenting conventional methods. At the same time, biosensors rely on transducers for detection, requiring achievement in many fields including nanotechnology and optics, among others. Biosensors have potential to become a fundamental tool for monitoring and controlling safety and quality of meat products in the future. Hence the aim of the present paper is to present the current state of knowledge on the application of biosensors in meat.
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Surtees R, Stern D, Ahrens K, Kromarek N, Lander A, Kreher P, Weiss S, Hewson R, Punch EK, Barr JN, Witkowski PT, Couacy-Hymann E, Marzi A, Dorner BG, Kurth A. Development of a multiplex microsphere immunoassay for the detection of antibodies against highly pathogenic viruses in human and animal serum samples. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008699. [PMID: 33095766 PMCID: PMC7641473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of highly pathogenic viruses circulating in both human and animal populations is crucial to unveil endemic infections and potential zoonotic reservoirs. Monitoring the burden of disease by serological assay could be used as an early warning system for imminent outbreaks as an increased seroprevalance often precedes larger outbreaks. However, the multitude of highly pathogenic viruses necessitates the need to identify specific antibodies against several targets from both humans as well as from potential reservoir animals such as bats. In order to address this, we have developed a broadly reactive multiplex microsphere immunoassay (MMIA) for the detection of antibodies against several highly pathogenic viruses from both humans and animals. To this aim, nucleoproteins (NP) of Ebola virus (EBOV), Marburg virus (MARV) and nucleocapsid proteins (NP) of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus and Dobrava-Belgrade hantavirus were employed in a 5-plex assay for IgG detection. After optimisation, specific binding to each respective NP was shown by testing sera from humans and non-human primates with known infection status. The usefulness of our assay for serosurveillance was shown by determining the immune response against the NP antigens in a panel of 129 human serum samples collected in Guinea between 2011 and 2012 in comparison to a panel of 88 sera from the German blood bank. We found good agreement between our MMIA and commercial or in-house reference methods by ELISA or IIFT with statistically significant higher binding to both EBOV NP and MARV NP coupled microspheres in the Guinea panel. Finally, the MMIA was successfully adapted to detect antibodies from bats that had been inoculated with EBOV- and MARV- virus-like particles, highlighting the versatility of this technique and potentially enabling the monitoring of wildlife as well as human populations with this assay. We were thus able to develop and validate a sensitive and broadly reactive high-throughput serological assay which could be used as a screening tool to detect antibodies against several highly pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Surtees
- Biosafety Level-4 Laboratory, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Stern
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Ahrens
- Biosafety Level-4 Laboratory, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Kromarek
- Biosafety Level-4 Laboratory, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Lander
- Biosafety Level-4 Laboratory, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Kreher
- Biosafety Level-4 Laboratory, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Weiss
- Institute of Virology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Roger Hewson
- Virology and Pathogenesis Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Emma K Punch
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John N Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Peter T Witkowski
- Institute of Virology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Kurth
- Biosafety Level-4 Laboratory, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Hobbs RJ, Thomas CA, Halliwell J, Gwenin CD. Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins-A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E418. [PMID: 31319550 PMCID: PMC6669533 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms. One of the most potent groups of toxins currently known are the Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs). These are so deadly that as little as 62 ng could kill an average human; to put this into context that is approximately 200,000 × less than the weight of a grain of sand. The extreme toxicity of BoNTs leads to the need for methods of determining their concentration at very low levels of sensitivity. Currently the mouse bioassay is the most widely used detection method monitoring the activity of the toxin; however, this assay is not only lengthy, it also has both cost and ethical issues due to the use of live animals. This review focuses on detection methods both existing and emerging that remove the need for the use of animals and will look at three areas; speed of detection, sensitivity of detection and finally cost. The assays will have wide reaching interest, ranging from the pharmaceutical/clinical industry for production quality management or as a point of care sensor in suspected cases of botulism, the food industry as a quality control measure, to the military, detecting BoNT that has been potentially used as a bio warfare agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hobbs
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Carol A Thomas
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Jennifer Halliwell
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Christopher D Gwenin
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK.
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Magnetic nanocomposites: versatile tool for the combination of immunomagnetic separation with flow-based chemiluminescence immunochip for rapid biosensing of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B in milk. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4951-4961. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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von Berg L, Stern D, Pauly D, Mahrhold S, Weisemann J, Jentsch L, Hansbauer EM, Müller C, Avondet MA, Rummel A, Dorner MB, Dorner BG. Functional detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A to F by monoclonal neoepitope-specific antibodies and suspension array technology. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5531. [PMID: 30940836 PMCID: PMC6445094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent toxins known and cause the life threatening disease botulism. Sensitive and broad detection is extremely challenging due to the toxins' high potency and molecular heterogeneity with several serotypes and more than 40 subtypes. The toxicity of BoNT is mediated by enzymatic cleavage of different synaptic proteins involved in neurotransmitter release at serotype-specific cleavage sites. Hence, active BoNTs can be monitored and distinguished in vitro by detecting their substrate cleavage products. In this work, we developed a comprehensive panel of monoclonal neoepitope antibodies (Neo-mAbs) highly specific for the newly generated N- and/or C-termini of the substrate cleavage products of BoNT serotypes A to F. The Neo-mAbs were implemented in a set of three enzymatic assays for the simultaneous detection of two BoNT serotypes each by monitoring substrate cleavage on colour-coded magnetic Luminex-beads. For the first time, all relevant serotypes could be detected in parallel by a routine in vitro activity assay in spiked serum and food samples yielding excellent detection limits in the range of the mouse bioassay or better (0.3-80 pg/mL). Therefore, this work represents a major step towards the replacement of the mouse bioassay for botulism diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura von Berg
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Daniel Stern
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Diana Pauly
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, 13353, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Stefan Mahrhold
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmin Weisemann
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Jentsch
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hansbauer
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, 3700, Switzerland
| | - Marc A Avondet
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, 3700, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin B Dorner
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, 13353, Germany.
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15
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Chen W, Huang Z, Hu S, Peng J, Liu D, Xiong Y, Xu H, Wei H, Lai W. Invited review: Advancements in lateral flow immunoassays for screening hazardous substances in milk and milk powder. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1887-1900. [PMID: 30660416 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dairy-related food safety outbreaks, such as food-borne pathogen contamination, mycotoxin contamination, and veterinary drug contamination, sometimes happen and have been reported all over the world, affecting human health and, in some cases, leading to death. Thus, rapid yet robust detection methods are needed to monitor milk and milk powder for the presence of hazardous substances. The lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) is widely used in onsite testing because of its rapidity, simplicity, and convenience. In this review, we describe some traditional LFI used to detect hazardous substances in milk and milk powder. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in LFI that aim to improve sensitivity or detection efficiency. These advances include the use of novel label materials, development of signal amplification systems, design of multiplex detection systems, and the use of nucleic acid-based LFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Song Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Juan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Daofeng Liu
- Jiangxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Weihua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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16
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Achuth J, Renuka RM, Jalarama Reddy K, Shivakiran MS, Venkataramana M, Kadirvelu K. Development and evaluation of an IgY based silica matrix immunoassay platform for rapid onsite SEB detection. RSC Adv 2018; 8:25500-25513. [PMID: 35702392 PMCID: PMC9097597 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study involves immunoassay platform development based on a surface functionalized silica matrix for rapid onsite detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Silica matrix functionalization as well as the immunoassay parameters was experimentally designed and optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). Silica surface functionalization was carried out with hydrofluoric acid (HF), ammonia, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde (GA). The RSM optimized matrix functionalization parameters for HF, ammonia, APTES and GA were determined to be 10%, 40%, 20% and 10% (V/V), respectively. Antibodies for the study were generated against recombinant SEB toxin in rabbit (anti-SEB IgG) and chicken (anti-SEB IgY). Subsequently, antibodies were immobilized on the functionalized silica matrix and were further characterized by SEM and contact angle measurements to elucidate the surface uniformity and degree of hydrophilicity. The immunoassay platform was developed with anti-SEB IgG (capturing agent) and anti-SEB IgY (revealing partner). The limit of detection (LOD) of the developed platform was determined to be 0.005 μg mL-1 and no cross-reactivity with similar toxins was observed. Upon co-evaluation with a standard ELISA kit (Chondrex, Inc) against various field isolates, the platform was found to be on par and reliable. In conclusion, the developed method may find better utility in onsite detection of SEB from resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Achuth
- DRDO-BU-CLS, Bharathiar University Campus Coimbatore Tamilnadu-641046 India +0422 2428162
| | - R M Renuka
- DRDO-BU-CLS, Bharathiar University Campus Coimbatore Tamilnadu-641046 India +0422 2428162
| | - K Jalarama Reddy
- Freeze Drying and Animal Product Technology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory Siddarthanagar Mysore Karnataka- 570011 India
| | - M S Shivakiran
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's University Guntur Andhra Pradesh-522213 India
| | - M Venkataramana
- DRDO-BU-CLS, Bharathiar University Campus Coimbatore Tamilnadu-641046 India +0422 2428162
| | - K Kadirvelu
- DRDO-BU-CLS, Bharathiar University Campus Coimbatore Tamilnadu-641046 India +0422 2428162
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17
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Liu C, Guo DA, Liu L. Quality transitivity and traceability system of herbal medicine products based on quality markers. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 44:247-257. [PMID: 29631807 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to a variety of factors to affect the herb quality, the existing quality management model is unable to evaluate the process control. The development of the concept of "quality marker" (Q-marker) lays basis for establishing an independent process quality control system for herbal products. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE To ensure the highest degree of safety, effectiveness and quality process control of herbal products, it is aimed to establish a quality transitivity and traceability system of quality and process control from raw materials to finished herbal products. STUDY DESIGN Based on the key issues and challenges of quality assessment, the current status of quality and process controls from raw materials to herbal medicinal products listed in Pharmacopoeia were analyzed and the research models including discovery and identification of Q-markers, analysis and quality management of risk evaluation were designed. METHODS Authors introduced a few new technologies and methodologies, such as DNA barcoding, chromatographic technologies, fingerprint analysis, chemical markers, bio-responses, risk management and solution for quality process control. RESULTS The quality and process control models for herbal medicinal products were proposed and the transitivity and traceability system from raw materials to the finished products was constructed to improve the herbal quality from the entire supply and production chain. CONCLUSION The transitivity and traceability system has been established based on quality markers, especially on how to control the production process under Good Engineering Practices, as well as to implement the risk management for quality and process control in herbal medicine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxiao Liu
- Tianjin Research Centre for Drug Evaluation, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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18
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Duracova M, Klimentova J, Fucikova A, Dresler J. Proteomic Methods of Detection and Quantification of Protein Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10030099. [PMID: 29495560 PMCID: PMC5869387 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group of compounds that share commonalities with biological and chemical agents. Among them, protein toxins represent a considerable, diverse set. They cover a broad range of molecular weights from less than 1000 Da to more than 150 kDa. This review aims to compare conventional detection methods of protein toxins such as in vitro bioassays with proteomic methods, including immunoassays and mass spectrometry-based techniques and their combination. Special emphasis is given to toxins falling into a group of selected agents, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, such as Staphylococcal enterotoxins, Bacillus anthracis toxins, Clostridium botulinum toxins, Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, ricin from Ricinus communis, Abrin from Abrus precatorius or control of trade in dual-use items in the European Union, including lesser known protein toxins such as Viscumin from Viscum album. The analysis of protein toxins and monitoring for biological threats, i.e., the deliberate spread of infectious microorganisms or toxins through water, food, or the air, requires rapid and reliable methods for the early identification of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloslava Duracova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Třebešská 1575, CZ-500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Klimentova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Třebešská 1575, CZ-500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Alena Fucikova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Třebešská 1575, CZ-500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Dresler
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Tychonova 1, CZ-160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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19
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Mad'arová L, Dorner BG, Schaade L, Donáth V, Avdičová M, Fatkulinová M, Strhársky J, Sedliačiková I, Klement C, Dorner MB. Reoccurrence of botulinum neurotoxin subtype A3 inducing food-borne botulism, Slovakia, 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 22:30591. [PMID: 28816652 PMCID: PMC6373608 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.32.30591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A case of food-borne botulism occurred in Slovakia in 2015. Clostridium botulinum type A was isolated from three nearly empty commercial hummus tubes. The product, which was sold in Slovakia and the Czech Republic, was withdrawn from the market and a warning was issued immediately through the European Commission's Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). Further investigation revealed the presence of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) subtype BoNT/A3, a very rare subtype implicated in only one previous outbreak (Loch Maree in Scotland, 1922). It is the most divergent subtype of BoNT/A with 15.4% difference at the amino acid level compared with the prototype BoNT/A1. This makes it more prone to evading immunological and PCR-based detection. It is recommended that testing laboratories are advised that this subtype has been associated with food-borne botulism for the second time since the first outbreak almost 100 years ago, and to validate their immunological or PCR-based methods against this divergent subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mad'arová
- Regional Authority of Public Health Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Robert Koch Institute, Consultant laboratory for neurotoxin-producing clostridia (botulism, tetanus), Berlin, Germany.,Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Schaade
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladimír Donáth
- F. D. Roosevelt Teaching Hospital, Department of Neurology, Slovak Medical University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Mária Avdičová
- Regional Authority of Public Health Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Milota Fatkulinová
- Regional Authority of Public Health Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Strhársky
- Regional Authority of Public Health Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Sedliačiková
- Regional Authority of Public Health Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Cyril Klement
- Regional Authority of Public Health Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.,Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin B Dorner
- Robert Koch Institute, Consultant laboratory for neurotoxin-producing clostridia (botulism, tetanus), Berlin, Germany.,Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Gallenkamp J, Spanier G, Wörle E, Englbrecht M, Kirschfink M, Greslechner R, Braun R, Schäfer N, Bauer RJ, Pauly D. A novel multiplex detection array revealed systemic complement activation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3001-3013. [PMID: 29423024 PMCID: PMC5790441 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common tumors within the oral cavity. Early diagnosis and prognosis tools are urgently needed. This study aimed to investigate the activation of the complement system in OSCC patients as potential biomarker. Therefore, an innovative complement activation array was developed. Characterized antibodies detecting the complement activation specific epitopes C3a, C5a and sC5b-9 along with control antibodies were implemented into a suspension bead array. Human serum from a healthy (n = 46) and OSCC patient (n = 57) cohort were used to investigate the role of complement activation in oral tumor progression. The novel multiplex assay detected C3a, C5a and sC5b-9 from a minimal sample volume of human tears, aqueous humor and blood samples. Limits of detection were 0.04 ng/mL for C3a, 0.03 ng/mL for C5a and 18.9 ng/mL for sC5b-9, respectively. Biological cut-off levels guaranteed specific detections from serum. The mean serum concentration of a healthy control cohort was 680 ng/mL C3a, 70 ng/mL C5a and 2247 ng/mL sC5b-9, respectively. The assay showed an intra-assay precision of 2.9-6.4% and an inter-assay precision of 9.2-18.2%. Increased systemic C5a (p < 0.0001) and sC5b-9 (p = 0.01) concentrations in OSCC patients were determined using the validated multiplex complement assay. Higher C5a concentrations correlated with tumor differentiation and OSCC extension state. Systemic sC5b-9 determination provided a novel biomarker for infiltrating tumor growth and C3a levels were associated with local tumor spreading. Our study suggests that systemic complement activation levels in OSCC patients may be useful to assess disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Gallenkamp
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Wörle
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Englbrecht
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Roman Greslechner
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Regine Braun
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Schäfer
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Richard J Bauer
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Regensburg, Germany.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diana Pauly
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Hansbauer EM, Worbs S, Volland H, Simon S, Junot C, Fenaille F, Dorner BG, Becher F. Rapid Detection of Abrin Toxin and Its Isoforms in Complex Matrices by Immuno-Extraction and Quantitative High Resolution Targeted Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11719-11727. [PMID: 28984440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abrin expressed by the tropical plant Abrus precatorius is highly dangerous with an estimated human lethal dose of 0.1-1 μg/kg body weight. Due to the potential misuse as a biothreat agent, abrin is in the focus of surveillance. Fast and reliable methods are therefore of great importance for early identification. Here, we have developed an innovative and rapid multiepitope immuno-mass spectrometry workflow which is capable of unambiguously differentiating abrin and its isoforms in complex matrices. Toxin-containing samples were incubated with magnetic beads coated with multiple abrin-specific antibodies, thereby concentrating and extracting all the isoforms. Using an ultrasonic bath for digestion enhancement, on-bead trypsin digestion was optimized to obtain efficient and reproducible peptide recovery in only 30 min. Improvements made to the workflow reduced total analysis time to less than 3 h. A large panel of common and isoform-specific peptides was monitored by multiplex LC-MS/MS through the parallel reaction monitoring mode on a quadrupole-Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer. Additionally, absolute quantification was accomplished by isotope dilution with labeled AQUA peptides. The newly established method was demonstrated as being sensitive and reproducible with quantification limits in the low ng/mL range in various food and clinical matrices for the isoforms of abrin and also the closely related, less toxic Abrus precatorius agglutinin. This method allows for the first time the rapid detection, differentiation, and simultaneous quantification of abrin and its isoforms by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Hansbauer
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute , Berlin, Germany
| | - Hervé Volland
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute , Berlin, Germany
| | - François Becher
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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22
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Lemmer K, Howaldt S, Heinrich R, Roder A, Pauli G, Dorner B, Pauly D, Mielke M, Schwebke I, Grunow R. Test methods for estimating the efficacy of the fast-acting disinfectant peracetic acid on surfaces of personal protective equipment. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1168-1183. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Lemmer
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Howaldt
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - R. Heinrich
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - A. Roder
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - G. Pauli
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - B.G. Dorner
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - D. Pauly
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - M. Mielke
- Applied Infection Control and Hospital Hygiene; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - I. Schwebke
- Applied Infection Control and Hospital Hygiene; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - R. Grunow
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
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23
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Biological toxins of potential bioterrorism risk: Current status of detection and identification technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Schäfer N, Grosche A, Reinders J, Hauck SM, Pouw RB, Kuijpers TW, Wouters D, Ehrenstein B, Enzmann V, Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Pauly D. Complement Regulator FHR-3 Is Elevated either Locally or Systemically in a Selection of Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:542. [PMID: 27965669 PMCID: PMC5124756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human complement factor H-related protein-3 (FHR-3) is a soluble regulator of the complement system. Homozygous cfhr3/1 deletion is a genetic risk factor for the autoimmune form of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS), while also found to be protective in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The precise function of FHR-3 remains to be fully characterized. We generated four mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for FHR-3 (RETC) without cross-reactivity to the complement factor H (FH)-family. These antibodies detected FHR-3 from human serum with a mean concentration of 1 μg/mL. FHR-3 levels in patients were significantly increased in sera from systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica but remained almost unchanged in samples from AMD or aHUS patients. Moreover, by immunostaining of an aged human donor retina, we discovered a local FHR-3 production by microglia/macrophages. The mAb RETC-2 modulated FHR-3 binding to C3b but not the binding of FHR-3 to heparin. Interestingly, FHR-3 competed with FH for binding C3b and the mAb RETC-2 reduced the interaction of FHR-3 and C3b, resulting in increased FH binding. Our results unveil a previously unknown systemic involvement of FHR-3 in rheumatoid diseases and a putative local role of FHR-3 mediated by microglia/macrophages in the damaged retina. We conclude that the local FHR-3/FH equilibrium in AMD is a potential therapeutic target, which can be modulated by our specific mAb RETC-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schäfer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Joerg Reinders
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Richard B Pouw
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diana Wouters
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Boris Ehrenstein
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach , Bad Abbach , Germany
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Diana Pauly
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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25
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Nia Y, Rodriguez M, Zeleny R, Herbin S, Auvray F, Fiebig U, Avondet MA, Munoz A, Hennekinne JA. Organization and ELISA-Based Results of the First Proficiency Testing to Evaluate the Ability of European Union Laboratories to Detect Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type B (SEB) in Buffer and Milk. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E268. [PMID: 27649244 PMCID: PMC5037494 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to organize the first proficiency test (PT) dedicated to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) detection in milk and buffer solutions. This paper describes the organization of the PT trial according to EN ISO 17043 requirements. Characterization of the SEB stock solution was performed using SDS-PAGE and SE-specific ELISA, and amino acid analysis was used to assign its protein concentration. The solution was then used to prepare six PT materials (four milk and two buffer batches) at a ng/g toxin level, which included one blank and one SEA-containing milk as specificity control. Suitable material homogeneity and stability were assessed using screening and quantitative ELISAs. Among the methods used by the participants, ELISA-based methods demonstrated their efficiency for the detection of SEB in both simple and complex matrices. The results serve as a basis for further improving the detection capabilities in expert laboratories and can therefore be considered as a contribution to biopreparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Nia
- Laboratory for food safety, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France.
| | - Mélanie Rodriguez
- Laboratory for food safety, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France.
| | - Reinhard Zeleny
- Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, Geel 2440, Belgium.
| | - Sabine Herbin
- Laboratory for food safety, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France.
| | - Frédéric Auvray
- Laboratory for food safety, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France.
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens Biological Toxins, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Marc-André Avondet
- LABOR SPIEZ, Eidgenössisches Departement für Verteidigung, Bevölkerungsschutz und Sport VBS Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz BABS, Spiez 3700, Switzerland.
| | - Amalia Munoz
- Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, Geel 2440, Belgium.
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26
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Hoare R, Thompson KD, Herath T, Collet B, Bron JE, Adams A. Development, Characterisation and Application of Monoclonal Antibodies for the Detection and Quantification of Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus in Plasma Samples Using Luminex Bead Array Technology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159155. [PMID: 27434377 PMCID: PMC4951118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is an orthomyxovirus that has had a significant economic impact on Atlantic salmon farming in Europe, North America and Chile. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed against Segment 3 (encoding the viral nucleoprotein, NP) of the virus. Six of the mAbs were shown to be specific to ISAV and recognised all isolates from Scotland, Norway and Canada. They reacted with ISAV in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) and western blotting. They were also used to develop a novel detection method based on Luminex (Bio-Plex) bead-based flow cytometric technology for the detection of ISAV in the plasma of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts experimentally infected with ISAV. Fish were challenged by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of virus at 50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose (TCID50) = 2.8 x106 per animal. Virus present in plasma of infected fish, collected at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 21 and 28 days post infection using a non-lethal sampling method (n = 12 at each time point), was quantified using the optimised Bio-Plex assay. The results obtained with this assay were compared with absolute quantification of the virus by RT-qPCR using SYBR Green I and TaqMan chemistries. The Bio-Plex assay developed using the NP mAbs appears to be a rapid, sensitive method for detecting and quantifying ISAV in small volumes of fish plasma and has the potential to be multiplexed for the detection of other fish pathogens (e.g. during co-infections). To our knowledge this is the first report of the use of Luminex (Bio-Plex) technology for the detection of a fish pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Hoare
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - K. D. Thompson
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - T. Herath
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - B. Collet
- Marine Scotland, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9PA, United Kingdom
| | - J. E. Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - A. Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
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Hansbauer EM, Skiba M, Endermann T, Weisemann J, Stern D, Dorner MB, Finkenwirth F, Wolf J, Luginbühl W, Messelhäußer U, Bellanger L, Woudstra C, Rummel A, Fach P, Dorner BG. Detection, differentiation, and identification of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes C, CD, D, and DC by highly specific immunoassays and mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:5281-97. [PMID: 27353114 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00693k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes C and D and their mosaic variants CD and DC cause severe cases of botulism in animal husbandry and wildlife. Epidemiological data on the exact serotype or toxin variant causing outbreaks are rarely available, mainly because of their high sequence identity and the lack of fast and specific screening tools to detect and differentiate the four similar toxins. To fill this gap, we developed four highly specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) able to detect and differentiate botulinum neurotoxins type BoNT/C, D, CD, and DC based on four distinct combinations of specific monoclonal antibodies targeting both conserved and divergent subdomains of the four toxins. Here, highly sensitive detection with detection limits between 2 and 24 pg mL(-1) was achieved. The ELISAs were extensively validated and results were compared with data obtained by quantitative real-time PCR using a panel of Clostridium botulinum strains, real sample materials from veterinary botulism outbreaks, and non-BoNT-producing Clostridia. Additionally, in order to verify the results obtained by ELISA screening, the new monoclonal antibodies were used for BoNT enrichment and subsequent detection (i) on a functional level by endopeptidase mass spectrometry (Endopep-MS) assays and (ii) on a protein sequence level by LC-MS/MS spectrometry. Based on all technical information gathered in the validation study, the four differentiating ELISAs turned out to be highly reliable screening tools for the rapid analysis of veterinary botulism cases and should aid future field investigations of botulism outbreaks and the acquisition of epidemiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Hansbauer
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Mechaly A, Marx S, Levy O, Yitzhaki S, Fisher M. Highly Stable Lyophilized Homogeneous Bead-Based Immunoassays for On-Site Detection of Bio Warfare Agents from Complex Matrices. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6283-91. [PMID: 27253489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study shows the development of dry, highly stable immunoassays for the detection of bio warfare agents in complex matrices. Thermal stability was achieved by the lyophilization of the complete, homogeneous, bead-based immunoassay in a special stabilizing buffer, resulting in a ready-to-use, simple assay, which exhibited long shelf and high-temperature endurance (up to 1 week at 100 °C). The developed methodology was successfully implemented for the preservation of time-resolved fluorescence, Alexa-fluorophores, and horse radish peroxidase-based bead assays, enabling multiplexed detection. The multiplexed assay was successfully implemented for the detection of Bacillus anthracis, botulinum B, and tularemia in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adva Mechaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, IIBR , Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Sharon Marx
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, IIBR , Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Orly Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, IIBR , Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shmuel Yitzhaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, IIBR , Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Morly Fisher
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, IIBR , Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
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29
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Singh PK, Jairath G, Ahlawat SS, Pathera A, Singh P. Biosensor: an emerging safety tool for meat industry. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 53:1759-65. [PMID: 27413204 PMCID: PMC4926889 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-2041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The meat industry associated with the health hazards like deadly pathogens, veterinary drugs, pesticide residues, toxins and heavy metals is in need of a tool to tackle the awful situation and ensure safer product to consumer. The growth in the industry, global trade scenario, stringent laws and consumer awareness has placed an extra onus on the meat industry to meet out the expectations and demands. Biosensors are the latest tool of detection in the fast growing industries including the food industry. Hence an attempt is envisaged here to review the possibility of harnessing biosensors as tool of safety to safe guard the consumer health and address safety issues in reference to the common threats of concern in the meat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004 Haryana India
| | - Gauri Jairath
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004 Haryana India
| | - Satyavir Singh Ahlawat
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004 Haryana India
| | - Ashok Pathera
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004 Haryana India
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004 Haryana India
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30
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Stern D, Pauly D, Zydek M, Müller C, Avondet MA, Worbs S, Lisdat F, Dorner MB, Dorner BG. Simultaneous differentiation and quantification of ricin and agglutinin by an antibody-sandwich surface plasmon resonance sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 78:111-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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31
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Stern D, Pauly D, Zydek M, Miller L, Piesker J, Laue M, Lisdat F, Dorner MB, Dorner BG, Nitsche A. Development of a Genus-Specific Antigen Capture ELISA for Orthopoxviruses - Target Selection and Optimized Screening. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150110. [PMID: 26930499 PMCID: PMC4773239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus species like cowpox, vaccinia and monkeypox virus cause zoonotic infections in humans worldwide. Infections often occur in rural areas lacking proper diagnostic infrastructure as exemplified by monkeypox, which is endemic in Western and Central Africa. While PCR detection requires demanding equipment and is restricted to genome detection, the evidence of virus particles can complement or replace PCR. Therefore, an easily distributable and manageable antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of orthopoxviruses was developed to facilitate particle detection. By comparing the virus particle binding properties of polyclonal antibodies developed against surface-exposed attachment or fusion proteins, the surface protein A27 was found to be a well-bound, highly immunogenic and exposed target for antibodies aiming at virus particle detection. Subsequently, eight monoclonal anti-A27 antibodies were generated and characterized by peptide epitope mapping and surface plasmon resonance measurements. All antibodies were found to bind with high affinity to two epitopes at the heparin binding site of A27, toward either the N- or C-terminal of the crucial KKEP-segment of A27. Two antibodies recognizing different epitopes were implemented in an antigen capture ELISA. Validation showed robust detection of virus particles from 11 different orthopoxvirus isolates pathogenic to humans, with the exception of MVA, which is apathogenic to humans. Most orthopoxviruses could be detected reliably for viral loads above 1 × 103 PFU/mL. To our knowledge, this is the first solely monoclonal and therefore reproducible antibody-based antigen capture ELISA able to detect all human pathogenic orthopoxviruses including monkeypox virus, except variola virus which was not included. Therefore, the newly developed antibody-based assay represents important progress towards feasible particle detection of this important genus of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stern
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Pauly
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Zydek
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences, Wildau, Germany
| | - Lilija Miller
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janett Piesker
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences, Wildau, Germany
| | - Martin B. Dorner
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte G. Dorner
- Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Ryabko AK, Kozyr’ AV, Kolesnikov AV, Khlyntseva AE, Zharnikova IV, Shemyakin IG. Strategies for upgrading analyte detection in immuno-PCR studied on identification of type A botulinum neurotoxin. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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An International Proficiency Test to Detect, Identify and Quantify Ricin in Complex Matrices. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4987-5010. [PMID: 26703726 PMCID: PMC4690109 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While natural intoxications with seeds of Ricinus communis (R. communis) have long been known, the toxic protein ricin contained in the seeds is of major concern since it attracts attention of those intending criminal, terroristic and military misuse. In order to harmonize detection capabilities in expert laboratories, an international proficiency test was organized that aimed at identifying good analytical practices (qualitative measurements) and determining a consensus concentration on a highly pure ricin reference material (quantitative measurements). Sample materials included highly pure ricin as well as the related R. communis agglutinin (RCA120) spiked into buffer, milk and meat extract; additionally, an organic fertilizer naturally contaminated with R. communis shred was investigated in the proficiency test. The qualitative results showed that either a suitable combination of immunological, mass spectrometry (MS)-based and functional approaches or sophisticated MS-based approaches alone successfully allowed the detection and identification of ricin in all samples. In terms of quantification, it was possible to determine a consensus concentration of the highly pure ricin reference material. The results provide a basis for further steps in quality assurance and improve biopreparedness in expert laboratories worldwide.
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34
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Simon S, Worbs S, Avondet MA, Tracz DM, Dano J, Schmidt L, Volland H, Dorner BG, Corbett CR. Recommended Immunological Assays to Screen for Ricin-Containing Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4967-86. [PMID: 26703725 PMCID: PMC4690108 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a toxin from the plant Ricinus communis, is one of the most toxic biological agents known. Due to its availability, toxicity, ease of production and absence of curative treatments, ricin has been classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as category B biological weapon and it is scheduled as a List 1 compound in the Chemical Weapons Convention. An international proficiency test (PT) was conducted to evaluate detection and quantification capabilities of 17 expert laboratories. In this exercise one goal was to analyse the laboratories’ capacity to detect and differentiate ricin and the less toxic, but highly homologuous protein R. communis agglutinin (RCA120). Six analytical strategies are presented in this paper based on immunological assays (four immunoenzymatic assays and two immunochromatographic tests). Using these immunological methods “dangerous” samples containing ricin and/or RCA120 were successfully identified. Based on different antibodies used the detection and quantification of ricin and RCA120 was successful. The ricin PT highlighted the performance of different immunological approaches that are exemplarily recommended for highly sensitive and precise quantification of ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Simon
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marc-André Avondet
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport-SPIEZ Laboratory, Spiez 3700, Switzerland.
| | - Dobryan M Tracz
- Bacteriology & Enteric Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada,Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
| | - Julie Dano
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Lisa Schmidt
- Bacteriology & Enteric Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada,Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
| | - Hervé Volland
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Cindi R Corbett
- Bacteriology & Enteric Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada,Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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35
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Worbs S, Skiba M, Söderström M, Rapinoja ML, Zeleny R, Russmann H, Schimmel H, Vanninen P, Fredriksson SÅ, Dorner BG. Characterization of Ricin and R. communis Agglutinin Reference Materials. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4906-34. [PMID: 26703723 PMCID: PMC4690106 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricinus communis intoxications have been known for centuries and were attributed to the toxic protein ricin. Due to its toxicity, availability, ease of preparation, and the lack of medical countermeasures, ricin attracted interest as a potential biological warfare agent. While different technologies for ricin analysis have been established, hardly any universally agreed-upon "gold standards" are available. Expert laboratories currently use differently purified in-house materials, making any comparison of accuracy and sensitivity of different methods nearly impossible. Technically challenging is the discrimination of ricin from R. communis agglutinin (RCA120), a less toxic but highly homologous protein also contained in R. communis. Here, we established both highly pure ricin and RCA120 reference materials which were extensively characterized by gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight approaches as well as immunological and functional techniques. Purity reached >97% for ricin and >99% for RCA120. Different isoforms of ricin and RCA120 were identified unambiguously and distinguished by LC-ESI MS/MS. In terms of function, a real-time cytotoxicity assay showed that ricin is approximately 300-fold more toxic than RCA120. The highly pure ricin and RCA120 reference materials were used to conduct an international proficiency test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Skiba
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Söderström
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the ChemicalWeapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki 05600, Finland.
| | - Marja-Leena Rapinoja
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the ChemicalWeapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki 05600, Finland.
| | - Reinhard Zeleny
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Heiko Russmann
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and NBC Protection, Humboldtstr. 100, 29633 Munster, Germany.
| | - Heinz Schimmel
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the ChemicalWeapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki 05600, Finland.
| | - Sten-Åke Fredriksson
- FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Cementvagen 20, 901 82 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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36
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Weisemann J, Krez N, Fiebig U, Worbs S, Skiba M, Endermann T, Dorner MB, Bergström T, Muñoz A, Zegers I, Müller C, Jenkinson SP, Avondet MA, Delbrassinne L, Denayer S, Zeleny R, Schimmel H, Åstot C, Dorner BG, Rummel A. Generation and Characterization of Six Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxins as Reference Material to Serve in an International Proficiency Test. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5035-54. [PMID: 26703728 PMCID: PMC4690111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection and identification of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is complex due to the existence of seven serotypes, derived mosaic toxins and more than 40 subtypes. Expert laboratories currently use different technical approaches to detect, identify and quantify BoNT, but due to the lack of (certified) reference materials, analytical results can hardly be compared. In this study, the six BoNT/A1–F1 prototypes were successfully produced by recombinant techniques, facilitating handling, as well as improving purity, yield, reproducibility and biosafety. All six BoNTs were quantitatively nicked into active di-chain toxins linked by a disulfide bridge. The materials were thoroughly characterized with respect to purity, identity, protein concentration, catalytic and biological activities. For BoNT/A1, B1 and E1, serotypes pathogenic to humans, the catalytic activity and the precise protein concentration were determined by Endopep-mass spectrometry and validated amino acid analysis, respectively. In addition, BoNT/A1, B1, E1 and F1 were successfully detected by immunological assays, unambiguously identified by mass spectrometric-based methods, and their specific activities were assigned by the mouse LD50 bioassay. The potencies of all six BoNT/A1–F1 were quantified by the ex vivo mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm assay, allowing a direct comparison. In conclusion, highly pure recombinant BoNT reference materials were produced, thoroughly characterized and employed as spiking material in a worldwide BoNT proficiency test organized by the EQuATox consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadja Krez
- Toxogen GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 35, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Skiba
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tanja Endermann
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin B Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, 90182 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Amalia Muñoz
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Ingrid Zegers
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Christian Müller
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport-Spiez Laboratory, Austrasse 1, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
| | - Stephen P Jenkinson
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport-Spiez Laboratory, Austrasse 1, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
| | - Marc-Andre Avondet
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport-Spiez Laboratory, Austrasse 1, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
| | - Laurence Delbrassinne
- Scientific Service of Food-Borne Pathogens, Operational Directorate of Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Denayer
- Scientific Service of Food-Borne Pathogens, Operational Directorate of Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Reinhard Zeleny
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Heinz Schimmel
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Crister Åstot
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, 90182 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Toxogen GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 35, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Worbs S, Fiebig U, Zeleny R, Schimmel H, Rummel A, Luginbühl W, Dorner BG. Qualitative and Quantitative Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins from Complex Matrices: Results of the First International Proficiency Test. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4935-66. [PMID: 26703724 PMCID: PMC4690107 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the framework of the EU project EQuATox, a first international proficiency test (PT) on the detection and quantification of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) was conducted. Sample materials included BoNT serotypes A, B and E spiked into buffer, milk, meat extract and serum. Different methods were applied by the participants combining different principles of detection, identification and quantification. Based on qualitative assays, 95% of all results reported were correct. Successful strategies for BoNT detection were based on a combination of complementary immunological, MS-based and functional methods or on suitable functional in vivo/in vitro approaches (mouse bioassay, hemidiaphragm assay and Endopep-MS assay). Quantification of BoNT/A, BoNT/B and BoNT/E was performed by 48% of participating laboratories. It turned out that precise quantification of BoNT was difficult, resulting in a substantial scatter of quantitative data. This was especially true for results obtained by the mouse bioassay which is currently considered as "gold standard" for BoNT detection. The results clearly demonstrate the urgent need for certified BoNT reference materials and the development of methods replacing animal testing. In this context, the BoNT PT provided the valuable information that both the Endopep-MS assay and the hemidiaphragm assay delivered quantitative results superior to the mouse bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Zeleny
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Heinz Schimmel
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Andreas Rummel
- toxogen GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 35, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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38
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Simon S, Fiebig U, Liu Y, Tierney R, Dano J, Worbs S, Endermann T, Nevers MC, Volland H, Sesardic D, Dorner MB. Recommended Immunological Strategies to Screen for Botulinum Neurotoxin-Containing Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5011-34. [PMID: 26703727 PMCID: PMC4690110 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the life-threatening neurological illness botulism in humans and animals and are divided into seven serotypes (BoNT/A–G), of which serotypes A, B, E, and F cause the disease in humans. BoNTs are classified as “category A” bioterrorism threat agents and are relevant in the context of the Biological Weapons Convention. An international proficiency test (PT) was conducted to evaluate detection, quantification and discrimination capabilities of 23 expert laboratories from the health, food and security areas. Here we describe three immunological strategies that proved to be successful for the detection and quantification of BoNT/A, B, and E considering the restricted sample volume (1 mL) distributed. To analyze the samples qualitatively and quantitatively, the first strategy was based on sensitive immunoenzymatic and immunochromatographic assays for fast qualitative and quantitative analyses. In the second approach, a bead-based suspension array was used for screening followed by conventional ELISA for quantification. In the third approach, an ELISA plate format assay was used for serotype specific immunodetection of BoNT-cleaved substrates, detecting the activity of the light chain, rather than the toxin protein. The results provide guidance for further steps in quality assurance and highlight problems to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Simon
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Liu
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Rob Tierney
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Julie Dano
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tanja Endermann
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marie-Claire Nevers
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Hervé Volland
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Dorothea Sesardic
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Martin B Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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39
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Fluorescence-based bioassays for the detection and evaluation of food materials. SENSORS 2015; 15:25831-67. [PMID: 26473869 PMCID: PMC4634490 DOI: 10.3390/s151025831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We summarize here the recent progress in fluorescence-based bioassays for the detection and evaluation of food materials by focusing on fluorescent dyes used in bioassays and applications of these assays for food safety, quality and efficacy. Fluorescent dyes have been used in various bioassays, such as biosensing, cell assay, energy transfer-based assay, probing, protein/immunological assay and microarray/biochip assay. Among the arrays used in microarray/biochip assay, fluorescence-based microarrays/biochips, such as antibody/protein microarrays, bead/suspension arrays, capillary/sensor arrays, DNA microarrays/polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based arrays, glycan/lectin arrays, immunoassay/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based arrays, microfluidic chips and tissue arrays, have been developed and used for the assessment of allergy/poisoning/toxicity, contamination and efficacy/mechanism, and quality control/safety. DNA microarray assays have been used widely for food safety and quality as well as searches for active components. DNA microarray-based gene expression profiling may be useful for such purposes due to its advantages in the evaluation of pathway-based intracellular signaling in response to food materials.
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40
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Abstract
Antibody use is ubiquitous in the biomedical sciences. However, determining best research practices has not been trivial. Many commercially available antibodies and antibody-conjugates are poorly characterized and lack proper validation. Uncritical application of such useless tools has contributed to the reproducibility crisis in biomedical research. Despite early initiatives such as MIAPAR or PSI-PAR, a best practice guideline for antibody characterization is still not in prospect. Here, we analyze 24 antibody-related databases and compare their content with regard to validation aspects and coverage. We also provide a flowchart for end-users with all necessary steps to facilitate finding and choosing specific and sensitive antibodies for their experiments. Based on a growing demand for better and standardized validation procedures and characterization guidelines for antibody molecules we have summarized our findings in a five-point plan. We intend to keep the discussion alive and hope that properly used antibodies will remain as central to biomedicine as they are today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pauly
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Katja Hanack
- Department of Immunotechnology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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41
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Dupré M, Gilquin B, Fenaille F, Feraudet-Tarisse C, Dano J, Ferro M, Simon S, Junot C, Brun V, Becher F. Multiplex Quantification of Protein Toxins in Human Biofluids and Food Matrices Using Immunoextraction and High-Resolution Targeted Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8473-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Dupré
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
du métabolisme des médicaments, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benoit Gilquin
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- INSERM, BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - François Fenaille
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
du métabolisme des médicaments, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cécile Feraudet-Tarisse
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
et de recherches en immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julie Dano
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
et de recherches en immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Myriam Ferro
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- INSERM, BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
et de recherches en immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
du métabolisme des médicaments, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Virginie Brun
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- INSERM, BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - François Becher
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Laboratoire d’études
du métabolisme des médicaments, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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42
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Kull S, Schulz KM, Strotmeier JWN, Kirchner S, Schreiber T, Bollenbach A, Dabrowski PW, Nitsche A, Kalb SR, Dorner MB, Barr JR, Rummel A, Dorner BG. Isolation and functional characterization of the novel Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin A8 subtype. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116381. [PMID: 25658638 PMCID: PMC4320087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a severe neurological disease caused by the complex family of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT). Based on the different serotypes known today, a classification of serotype variants termed subtypes has been proposed according to sequence diversity and immunological properties. However, the relevance of BoNT subtypes is currently not well understood. Here we describe the isolation of a novel Clostridium botulinum strain from a food-borne botulism outbreak near Chemnitz, Germany. Comparison of its botulinum neurotoxin gene sequence with published sequences identified it to be a novel subtype within the BoNT/A serotype designated BoNT/A8. The neurotoxin gene is located within an ha-orfX+ cluster and showed highest homology to BoNT/A1, A2, A5, and A6. Unexpectedly, we found an arginine insertion located in the HC domain of the heavy chain, which is unique compared to all other BoNT/A subtypes known so far. Functional characterization revealed that the binding characteristics to its main neuronal protein receptor SV2C seemed unaffected, whereas binding to membrane-incorporated gangliosides was reduced in comparison to BoNT/A1. Moreover, we found significantly lower enzymatic activity of the natural, full-length neurotoxin and the recombinant light chain of BoNT/A8 compared to BoNT/A1 in different endopeptidase assays. Both reduced ganglioside binding and enzymatic activity may contribute to the considerably lower biological activity of BoNT/A8 as measured in a mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm assay. Despite its reduced activity the novel BoNT/A8 subtype caused severe botulism in a 63-year-old male. To our knowledge, this is the first description and a comprehensive characterization of a novel BoNT/A subtype which combines genetic information on the neurotoxin gene cluster with an in-depth functional analysis using different technical approaches. Our results show that subtyping of BoNT is highly relevant and that understanding of the detailed toxin function might pave the way for the development of novel therapeutics and tailor-made antitoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skadi Kull
- Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Melanie Schulz
- Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Kirchner
- Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Schreiber
- Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - P. Wojtek Dabrowski
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Suzanne R. Kalb
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Martin B. Dorner
- Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - John R. Barr
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte G. Dorner
- Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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43
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Wang Y, Montana V, Grubišić V, Stout RF, Parpura V, Gu LQ. Nanopore sensing of botulinum toxin type B by discriminating an enzymatically cleaved Peptide from a synaptic protein synaptobrevin 2 derivative. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:184-92. [PMID: 25511125 PMCID: PMC4296922 DOI: 10.1021/am5056596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most lethal toxin known to human. Biodefense requires early and rapid detection of BoNTs. Traditionally, BoNTs can be detected by looking for signs of botulism in mice that receive an injection of human material, serum or stool. While the living animal assay remains the most sensitive approach, it is costly, slow and associated with legal and ethical constrains. Various biochemical, optical and mechanical methods have been developed for BoNTs detection with improved speed, but with lesser sensitivity. Here, we report a novel nanopore-based BoNT type B (BoNT-B) sensor that monitors the toxin's enzymatic activity on its substrate, a recombinant synaptic protein synaptobrevin 2 derivative. By analyzing the modulation of the pore current caused by the specific BoNT-B-digested peptide as a marker, the presence of BoNT-B at a subnanomolar concentration was identified within minutes. The nanopore detector would fill the niche for a much needed rapid and highly sensitive detection of neurotoxins, and provide an excellent system to explore biophysical mechanisms for biopolymer transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department
of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research
Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Dr. Yong Wang. E-mail:
| | - Vedrana Montana
- Department
of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine,
Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan
International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Grubišić
- Department
of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine,
Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan
International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Randy F. Stout
- Department
of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine,
Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan
International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, Bronx, New
York, New York 10461, United States
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department
of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine,
Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan
International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Dr. Vladimir Parpura.
E-mail:
| | - Li-Qun Gu
- Department
of Bioengineering and Dalton Cardiovascular Research
Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Dr. Li-Qun Gu. E-mail:
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44
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Saravanan P, Rajaseger G, Eric YPH, Moochhala S. Botulinum Toxin: Present Knowledge and Threats. BIOLOGICAL TOXINS AND BIOTERRORISM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5869-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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45
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Xiong Y, Yan D, Wang JB, Xiao XH. Biopotency Assays: an Integrated Application to Quality Control of Chinese Materia Medica. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2014; 6:256-264. [PMID: 32288760 PMCID: PMC7128317 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(14)60040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The current quality control (QC) pattern for Chinese materia medica (CMM) lacks suitable methods and indicators to evaluate their safety and efficacy effectively, which impedes the smooth development of CMM. In this review, main problems of the current QC pattern for CMM, principally focused on the content determination of constituents, were summarized and the inspiration from the QC of biological products was introduced. With the aim at introducing a suitable tool to the QC of CMM, biopotency assay and its feasibility in the QC pattern for CMM were analyzed and confirmed by relevant researches with years of practice. From the applications of biopotency assays in the QC of CMM in the last 10 years, we propose that biopotency assays should be an integral part of the QC pattern for CMM, for these assays can make the QC indicators related to the clinical safety and efficacy, supplementing the existed QC system of CMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xiong
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Dan Yan
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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46
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Jenko KL, Zhang Y, Kostenko Y, Fan Y, Garcia-Rodriguez C, Lou J, Marks JD, Varnum SM. Development of an ELISA microarray assay for the sensitive and simultaneous detection of ten biodefense toxins. Analyst 2014; 139:5093-102. [PMID: 25112421 PMCID: PMC6540756 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01270d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant and microbial toxins are considered bioterrorism threat agents because of their extreme toxicity and/or ease of availability. Additionally, some of these toxins are increasingly responsible for accidental food poisonings. The current study utilized an ELISA-based protein antibody microarray for the multiplexed detection of ten biothreat toxins, botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) A, B, C, D, E, F, ricin, shiga toxins 1 and 2 (Stx), and staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB), in buffer and complex biological matrices. The multiplexed assay displayed a sensitivity of 1.3 pg mL(-1) (BoNT/A, BoNT/B, SEB, Stx-1 and Stx-2), 3.3 pg mL(-1) (BoNT/C, BoNT/E, BoNT/F) and 8.2 pg mL(-1) (BoNT/D, ricin). All assays demonstrated high accuracy (75-120 percent recovery) and reproducibility (most coefficients of variation <20%). Quantification curves for the ten toxins were also evaluated in clinical samples (serum, plasma, nasal fluid, saliva, stool, and urine) and environmental samples (apple juice, milk and baby food) with overall minimal matrix effects. The multiplex assays were highly specific, with little cross-reactivity observed between the selected toxin antibodies. The results demonstrate a multiplex microarray that improves current immunoassay sensitivity for biological warfare agents in buffer, clinical, and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Jenko
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
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47
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Pauly D, Nagel BM, Reinders J, Killian T, Wulf M, Ackermann S, Ehrenstein B, Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Weber BHF. A novel antibody against human properdin inhibits the alternative complement system and specifically detects properdin from blood samples. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96371. [PMID: 24797388 PMCID: PMC4010523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an essential part of the innate immune system by acting as a first line of defense which is stabilized by properdin, the sole known positive regulator of the alternative complement pathway. Dysregulation of complement can promote a diversity of human inflammatory diseases which are treated by complement inhibitors. Here, we generated a novel blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) against properdin and devised a new diagnostic assay for this important complement regulator. Mouse mAb 1340 specifically detected native properdin from human samples with high avidity. MAb 1340 inhibited specifically the alternative complement mediated cell lysis within a concentration range of 1-10 µg/mL. Thus, in vitro anti-properdin mAb 1340 was up to fifteen times more efficient in blocking the complement system as compared to anti-C5 or anti-Ba antibodies. Computer-assisted modelling suggested a three-dimensional binding epitope in a properdin-C3(H2O)-clusterin complex to be responsible for the inhibition. Recovery of properdin in a newly established sandwich ELISA using mAb 1340 was determined at 80-125% for blood sample dilutions above 1∶50. Reproducibility assays showed a variation below 25% at dilutions less than 1∶1,000. Systemic properdin concentrations of healthy controls and patients with age-related macular degeneration or rheumatic diseases were all in the range of 13-30 µg/mL and did not reveal significant differences. These initial results encourage further investigation into the functional role of properdin in the development, progression and treatment of diseases related to the alternative complement pathway. Thus, mAb 1340 represents a potent properdin inhibitor suitable for further research to understand the exact mechanisms how properdin activates the complement C3-convertase and to determine quantitative levels of properdin in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pauly
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt M. Nagel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Killian
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wulf
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Ackermann
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Boris Ehrenstein
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach, Bad Abbach, Germany
| | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Infection Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
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Recent developments in antibody-based assays for the detection of bacterial toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1325-48. [PMID: 24732203 PMCID: PMC4014736 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the urgent demand for rapid and accurate determination of bacterial toxins and the recent promising developments in nanotechnology and microfluidics, this review summarizes new achievements of the past five years. Firstly, bacterial toxins will be categorized according to their antibody binding properties into low and high molecular weight compounds. Secondly, the types of antibodies and new techniques for producing antibodies are discussed, including poly- and mono-clonal antibodies, single-chain variable fragments (scFv), as well as heavy-chain and recombinant antibodies. Thirdly, the use of different nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), quantum dots (QDs) and carbon nanomaterials (graphene and carbon nanotube), for labeling antibodies and toxins or for readout techniques will be summarized. Fourthly, microscale analysis or minimized devices, for example microfluidics or lab-on-a-chip (LOC), which have attracted increasing attention in combination with immunoassays for the robust detection or point-of-care testing (POCT), will be reviewed. Finally, some new materials and analytical strategies, which might be promising for analyzing toxins in the near future, will be shortly introduced.
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Sachdeva A, Singh AK, Sharma SK. An electrochemiluminescence assay for the detection of bio threat agents in selected food matrices and in the screening of Clostridium botulinum outbreak strains associated with type A botulism. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:707-712. [PMID: 23873138 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific screening methods for complex food matrices are needed that enable unambiguous and sensitive detection of bio threat agents (BTAs) such as Bacillus anthracis spores and microbial toxins (e.g. staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and clostridial botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs)). The present study describes an image-based 96-well Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay for simultaneous detection of BTAs in dairy milk products. RESULTS The limit of detection of this ECL assay is 40 pg mL⁻¹ for BoNT/A complex, 10 pg mL⁻¹ for SEB and 40000 CFU mL⁻¹ for Bacillus anthracis spores in dairy milk products. The ECL assay was successfully applied to screen type A Clostridium botulinum outbreak strains. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicate that this ECL assay is very sensitive, rapid (<6 h) and multiplex in nature. The ECL assay has potential for use as an in vitro screening method for BTAs over other comparable immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Sachdeva
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
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