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Zhang T, Liu L, Huang X, Gao X, Huan X, He C, Li Y. The rapid change of shear rate gradient is beneficial to platelet activation. Platelets 2024; 35:2288679. [PMID: 38099316 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2023.2288679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluid shear plays a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis, and the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of shear gradient change rate (SGCR) on platelet reactivity and von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity and its mechanism. In this study, we developed a set of microfluidic chips capable of generating different shear gradients and simulated the shear rate distribution in the flow field by COMSOL Multiphysics software. Molecular markers of platelet activation (P-selectin, activated GPIIb/IIIa, phosphatidylserine exposure, and monocyte-platelet aggregate formation) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Platelet aggregation induced by shear gradient was studied by a microfluidic experimental platform, and plasma vWF ristocetin cofactor (vWF: RCO) activity was investigated by flow cytometry. The expression of p-Akt was studied by Western blotting. The results showed that the faster the SGCR, the higher the expression of platelet p-Akt, and the stronger the platelet reactivity and vWF activity. This indicates that fluid shear stress can activate platelets and vWF in a shear gradient-dependent manner through the PI3K/AKT signal pathway, and the faster the SGCR, the more significant the activation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancong Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Gao
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuanrong Huan
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cui He
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Central Laboratory of Yong-Chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Lin J, Chen S, Zhang C, Liao J, Chen Y, Deng S, Mao Z, Zhang T, Tian N, Song Y, Zeng T. Recent advances in microfluidic technology of arterial thrombosis investigations. Platelets 2024; 35:2316743. [PMID: 38390892 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2024.2316743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has emerged as a powerful tool in studying arterial thrombosis, allowing researchers to construct artificial blood vessels and replicate the hemodynamics of blood flow. This technology has led to significant advancements in understanding thrombosis and platelet adhesion and aggregation. Microfluidic models have various types and functions, and by studying the fabrication methods and working principles of microfluidic chips, applicable methods can be selected according to specific needs. The rapid development of microfluidic integrated system and modular microfluidic system makes arterial thrombosis research more diversified and automated, but its standardization still needs to be solved urgently. One key advantage of microfluidic technology is the ability to precisely control fluid flow in microchannels and to analyze platelet behavior under different shear forces and flow rates. This allows researchers to study the physiological and pathological processes of blood flow, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of arterial thrombosis. In conclusion, microfluidic technology has revolutionized the study of arterial thrombosis by enabling the construction of artificial blood vessels and accurately reproducing hemodynamics. In the future, microfluidics will place greater emphasis on versatility and automation, holding great promise for advancing antithrombotic therapeutic and prophylactic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital/Shangjin Branch of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunying Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuemei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanying Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhigang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tonghao Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Na Tian
- Anesthesiology Department, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yali Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Raj M K, Priyadarshani J, Karan P, Bandyopadhyay S, Bhattacharya S, Chakraborty S. Bio-inspired microfluidics: A review. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:051503. [PMID: 37781135 PMCID: PMC10539033 DOI: 10.1063/5.0161809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomicrofluidics, a subdomain of microfluidics, has been inspired by several ideas from nature. However, while the basic inspiration for the same may be drawn from the living world, the translation of all relevant essential functionalities to an artificially engineered framework does not remain trivial. Here, we review the recent progress in bio-inspired microfluidic systems via harnessing the integration of experimental and simulation tools delving into the interface of engineering and biology. Development of "on-chip" technologies as well as their multifarious applications is subsequently discussed, accompanying the relevant advancements in materials and fabrication technology. Pointers toward new directions in research, including an amalgamated fusion of data-driven modeling (such as artificial intelligence and machine learning) and physics-based paradigm, to come up with a human physiological replica on a synthetic bio-chip with due accounting of personalized features, are suggested. These are likely to facilitate physiologically replicating disease modeling on an artificially engineered biochip as well as advance drug development and screening in an expedited route with the minimization of animal and human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Raj M
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Jyotsana Priyadarshani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics Section (BMe), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300, 3001 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Pratyaksh Karan
- Géosciences Rennes Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Saumyadwip Bandyopadhyay
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Soumya Bhattacharya
- Achira Labs Private Limited, 66b, 13th Cross Rd., Dollar Layout, 3–Phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560078, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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Zainal Abidin NA, Timofeeva M, Szydzik C, Akbaridoust F, Lav C, Marusic I, Mitchell A, Hamilton JR, Ooi AS, Nesbitt WS. A microfluidic method to investigate platelet mechanotransduction under extensional strain. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100037. [PMID: 36846647 PMCID: PMC9944983 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood platelets have evolved a complex mechanotransduction machinery to rapidly respond to hemodynamic conditions. A variety of microfluidic flow-based approaches have been developed to explore platelet mechanotransduction; however, these experimental models primarily focus on the effects of increased wall shear stress on platelet adhesion events and do not consider the critical effects of extensional strain on platelet activation in free flow. Objectives We report the development and application of a hyperbolic microfluidic assay that allows for investigation of platelet mechanotransduction under quasi-homogenous extensional strain rates in the absence of surface adhesions. Methods Using a combined computational fluid dynamic and experimental microfluidic approach, we explore 5 extensional strain regimes (geometries) and their effect on platelet calcium signal transduction. Results We demonstrate that in the absence of canonical adhesion, receptor engagement platelets are highly sensitive to both initial increase and subsequent decrease in extensional strain rates within the range of 747 to 3319/s. Furthermore, we demonstrate that platelets rapidly respond to the rate of change in extensional strain and define a threshold of ≥7.33 × 106/s/m, with an optimal range of 9.21 × 107 to 1.32 × 108/s/m. In addition, we demonstrate a key role of both the actin-based cytoskeleton and annular microtubules in the modulation of extensional strain-mediated platelet mechanotransduction. Conclusion This method opens a window onto a novel platelet signal transduction mechanism and may have potential diagnostic utility in the identification of patients who are prone to thromboembolic complications associated with high-grade arterial stenosis or are on mechanical circulatory support systems, for which the extensional strain rate is a predominant hemodynamic driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul A. Zainal Abidin
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mariia Timofeeva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Crispin Szydzik
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Farzan Akbaridoust
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chitrarth Lav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Scuderia AlphaTauri F1, Bicester, UK
| | - Ivan Marusic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justin R. Hamilton
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S.H. Ooi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warwick S. Nesbitt
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Correspondence Warwick S. Nesbitt, The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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Zhang T, Liu L, Huang X, Gao X, Chen D, Huan X, He C, Li Y. Application of microfluidic chip technology to study the inhibitory effect of tetramethylpyrazine on platelet aggregation, activation, and phosphatidylserine exposure mediated by pathological high shear rate. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2023; 34:47-60. [PMID: 36367784 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000001179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to study the antithrombotic effect and mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine (TMA). METHODS In this study, we developed a microfluidic chip model that can mimic normal arteries and stenotic arterial vessels, and studied the inhibitory effects of TMA on platelet aggregation, activation (P-selectin, GPIIb/IIIa, monocyte-platelet aggregates) and phosphatidyl serine (PS) exposure. In addition, we also investigated the effect of TMA on ADP and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation by turbidimetry. RESULTS The results showed that TMA significantly inhibited the platelet aggregation, activation and PS exposure induced by pathological high shear rate. Under static conditions, TMA can inhibit ADP and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. CONCLUSION The results indicated that TMA mainly inhibited platelet aggregation, activation and PS exposure by inhibiting the binding of von Willebrand factor (vWF) to the GPIb/IX/V complex, and partially inhibited platelet aggregation through the platelet P2Y 12 -ADP receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Liu
- Central Laboratory of Yong-chuan Hospital
| | | | - Xuemei Gao
- Central Laboratory of Yong-chuan Hospital
| | - Dan Chen
- Central Laboratory of Yong-chuan Hospital
| | | | - Cui He
- Department of Blood Transfusion of Yong-chuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Central Laboratory of Yong-chuan Hospital
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6
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Li Z, Muench G, Goebel S, Uhland K, Wenhart C, Reimann A. Flow chamber staining modality for real-time inspection of dynamic phenotypes in multiple histological stains. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284444. [PMID: 37141296 PMCID: PMC10159194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional histological stains, such as hematoxylin-eosin (HE), special stains, and immunofluorescence (IF), have defined myriads of cellular phenotypes and tissue structures in a separate stained section. However, the precise connection of information conveyed by the various stains in the same section, which may be important for diagnosis, is absent. Here, we present a new staining modality-Flow chamber stain, which complies with the current staining workflow but possesses newly additional features non-seen in conventional stains, allowing for (1) quickly switching staining modes between destain and restain for multiplex staining in one single section from routinely histological preparation, (2) real-time inspecting and digitally capturing each specific stained phenotype, and (3) efficiently synthesizing graphs containing the tissue multiple-stained components at site-specific regions. Comparisons of its stains with those by the conventional staining fashions using the microscopic images of mouse tissues (lung, heart, liver, kidney, esophagus, and brain), involving stains of HE, Periodic acid-Schiff, Sirius red, and IF for Human IgG, and mouse CD45, hemoglobin, and CD31, showed no major discordance. Repetitive experiments testing on targeted areas of stained sections confirmed the method is reliable with accuracy and high reproducibility. Using the technique, the targets of IF were easily localized and seen structurally in HE- or special-stained sections, and the unknown or suspected components or structures in HE-stained sections were further determined in histological special stains or IF. By the technique, staining processing was videoed and made a backup for off-site pathologists, which facilitates tele-consultation or -education in current digital pathology. Mistakes, which might occur during the staining process, can be immediately found and amended accordingly. With the technique, a single section can provide much more information than the traditional stained counterpart. The staining mode bears great potential to become a common supplementary tool for traditional histopathology.
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Zhussupbekov M, Méndez Rojano R, Wu WT, Antaki JF. von Willebrand factor unfolding mediates platelet deposition in a model of high-shear thrombosis. Biophys J 2022; 121:4033-4047. [PMID: 36196057 PMCID: PMC9675031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis under high-shear conditions is mediated by the mechanosensitive blood glycoprotein von Willebrand factor (vWF). vWF unfolds in response to strong flow gradients and facilitates rapid recruitment of platelets in flowing blood. While the thrombogenic effect of vWF is well recognized, its conformational response in complex flows has largely been omitted from numerical models of thrombosis. We recently presented a continuum model for the unfolding of vWF, where we represented vWF transport and its flow-induced conformational change using convection-diffusion-reaction equations. Here, we incorporate the vWF component into our multi-constituent model of thrombosis, where the local concentration of stretched vWF amplifies the deposition rate of free-flowing platelets and reduces the shear cleaning of deposited platelets. We validate the model using three benchmarks: in vitro model of atherothrombosis, a stagnation point flow, and the PFA-100, a clinical blood test commonly used for screening for von Willebrand disease (vWD). The simulations reproduced the key aspects of vWF-mediated thrombosis observed in these experiments, such as the thrombus location, thrombus growth dynamics, and the effect of blocking platelet-vWF interactions. The PFA-100 simulations closely matched the reported occlusion times for normal blood and several hemostatic deficiencies, namely, thrombocytopenia, vWD type 1, and vWD type 3. Overall, this multi-constituent model of thrombosis enables macro-scale 3D simulations of thrombus formation in complex geometries over a wide range of shear rates and accounts for qualitative and quantitative hemostatic deficiencies in patient blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansur Zhussupbekov
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Wei-Tao Wu
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - James F Antaki
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
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Extracting Mural and Volumetric Growth Patterns of Platelet Aggregates on Engineered Surfaces by Use of an Entity Tracking Algorithm. ASAIO J 2022; 69:382-390. [PMID: 36302265 PMCID: PMC10065893 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a major complication that can occur in both blood-contacting devices and regions and in regions of vascular damage. Microfluidic devices are popular templates to model various thrombogenic settings and to assess conditions that lead to bulk channel occlusion. However, area-averaged measurements miss the opportunity to extract real-time information on thrombus evolution and early dynamics of thrombus formation and propagation, which result in late-stage bulk channel occlusion. To clarify these dynamics, we have developed a standalone tracking algorithm that uses consecutive image connectivity and minimal centroid distance mappings to uniquely index all appearing thrombi in fluorescence time-lapse videos http://links.lww.com/ASAIO/A887 , and http://links.lww.com/ASAIO/A888 . This leads to measurements of all individual aggregates that can in turn be studied as ensembles. We applied tracking to fluorescence time-lapse videos http://links.lww.com/ASAIO/A887 , and http://links.lww.com/ASAIO/A888 of thrombosis across both collagen-functionalized substrate and across the surface of a roughened titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) at a shear rate of 4000 s -1 . When comparing ensemble-averaged measurements to area-averaged metrics, we unveil immediate, steady thrombus growth at early phases on collagen surfaces and unstable thrombus attachment to roughened Ti6Al4V surfaces on Ti6Al4V surfaces. Additionally, we introduce tracked thrombus eccentricity and fluorescence intensity as additional volumetric measures of thrombus growth that relate back to the primary thrombosis mechanism at play. This work advocates for the complementation of surface macrostate metrics with characteristic thrombus microstate growth patterns to accurately predict critical thrombosis events.
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Thurgood P, Chheang C, Needham S, Pirogova E, Peter K, Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K. Generation of dynamic vortices in a microfluidic system incorporating stenosis barrier by tube oscillation. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1917-1928. [PMID: 35420623 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00135g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems incorporating sudden expansions are widely used for generation of vortex flow patterns. However, the formation of vortices requires high flow rates to induce inertial effects. Here, we introduce a new method for generating dynamic vortices in microfluidics at low static flow rates. Human blood is driven through a microfluidic channel incorporating a semi-circular stenosis barrier. The inlet tube of the channel is axially oscillated using a computer-controlled audio-speaker. The tube oscillation induces high transient flow rates in the channel, which generates dynamic vortices across the stenosis barrier. The size of the vortices can be modulated by varying the frequency and amplitude of tube oscillation. Various vortex flow patterns can be generated by varying the flow rate. The formation and size of the vortices can be predicted using the Reynolds number of the oscillating tube. We demonstrate the potential application of the system for investigating the adhesion and phagocytosis of circulating immune cells under pathologically high shear rates induced at the stenosis. This approach facilitates the development of versatile and controllable inertial microfluidic systems for performing various cellular assays while operating at low static flow rates and low sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Chanly Chheang
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Scott Needham
- Leading Technology Group, Bayswater, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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10
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Zhang Y, Jiang F, Chen Y, Ju LA. Platelet Mechanobiology Inspired Microdevices: From Hematological Function Tests to Disease and Drug Screening. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:779753. [PMID: 35126120 PMCID: PMC8811026 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.779753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet function tests are essential to profile platelet dysfunction and dysregulation in hemostasis and thrombosis. Clinically they provide critical guidance to the patient management and therapeutic evaluation. Recently, the biomechanical effects induced by hemodynamic and contractile forces on platelet functions attracted increasing attention. Unfortunately, the existing platelet function tests on the market do not sufficiently incorporate the topical platelet mechanobiology at play. Besides, they are often expensive and bulky systems that require large sample volumes and long processing time. To this end, numerous novel microfluidic technologies emerge to mimic vascular anatomies, incorporate hemodynamic parameters and recapitulate platelet mechanobiology. These miniaturized and cost-efficient microfluidic devices shed light on high-throughput, rapid and scalable platelet function testing, hematological disorder profiling and antiplatelet drug screening. Moreover, the existing antiplatelet drugs often have suboptimal efficacy while incurring several adverse bleeding side effects on certain individuals. Encouraged by a few microfluidic systems that are successfully commercialized and applied to clinical practices, the microfluidics that incorporate platelet mechanobiology hold great potential as handy, efficient, and inexpensive point-of-care tools for patient monitoring and therapeutic evaluation. Hereby, we first summarize the conventional and commercially available platelet function tests. Then we highlight the recent advances of platelet mechanobiology inspired microfluidic technologies. Last but not least, we discuss their future potential of microfluidics as point-of-care tools for platelet function test and antiplatelet drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Fengtao Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lining Arnold Ju,
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11
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Ju LA, Kossmann S, Zhao YC, Moldovan L, Zhang Y, De Zoysa Ramasundara S, Zhou F, Lu H, Alwis I, Schoenwaelder SM, Yuan Y, Jackson SP. Microfluidic post method for 3-dimensional modeling of platelet–leukocyte interactions. Analyst 2022; 147:1222-1235. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00270a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
These studies demonstrate the versatility and relevance of a novel ‘platelet post’ model to examine the adhesive interactions between platelets and neutrophils under 3D disturbed flow conditions relevant to thromboinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Arnold Ju
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sabine Kossmann
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yunduo Charles Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
| | - Laura Moldovan
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
| | - Savindi De Zoysa Ramasundara
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fangyuan Zhou
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Imala Alwis
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Simone M. Schoenwaelder
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yuping Yuan
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Shaun P. Jackson
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MERU-Roon Research Center on Vascular Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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12
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Paloschi V, Sabater-Lleal M, Middelkamp H, Vivas A, Johansson S, van der Meer A, Tenje M, Maegdefessel L. Organ-on-a-chip technology: a novel approach to investigate cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2742-2754. [PMID: 33729461 PMCID: PMC8683705 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of organs-on-chip (OoC) has revolutionized in vitro cell-culture experiments by allowing a better mimicry of human physiology and pathophysiology that has consequently led researchers to gain more meaningful insights into disease mechanisms. Several models of hearts-on-chips and vessels-on-chips have been demonstrated to recapitulate fundamental aspects of the human cardiovascular system in the recent past. These 2D and 3D systems include synchronized beating cardiomyocytes in hearts-on-chips and vessels-on-chips with layer-based structures and the inclusion of physiological and pathological shear stress conditions. The opportunities to discover novel targets and to perform drug testing with chip-based platforms have substantially enhanced, thanks to the utilization of patient-derived cells and precise control of their microenvironment. These organ models will provide an important asset for future approaches to personalized cardiovascular medicine and improved patient care. However, certain technical and biological challenges remain, making the global utilization of OoCs to tackle unanswered questions in cardiovascular science still rather challenging. This review article aims to introduce and summarize published work on hearts- and vessels-on chips but also to provide an outlook and perspective on how these advanced in vitro systems can be used to tailor disease models with patient-specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Paloschi
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Research Institute of Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Genomics of Complex Diseases Group, Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Aisen Vivas
- BIOS/Lab on a Chip, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Johansson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Tenje
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Berlin, Germany
- Molecular Vascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Zhang Y, Ramasundara SDZ, Preketes-Tardiani RE, Cheng V, Lu H, Ju LA. Emerging Microfluidic Approaches for Platelet Mechanobiology and Interplay With Circulatory Systems. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:766513. [PMID: 34901226 PMCID: PMC8655735 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.766513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how platelets can sense and respond to hemodynamic forces in disturbed blood flow and complexed vasculature is crucial to the development of more effective and safer antithrombotic therapeutics. By incorporating diverse structural and functional designs, microfluidic technologies have emerged to mimic microvascular anatomies and hemodynamic microenvironments, which open the floodgates for fascinating platelet mechanobiology investigations. The latest endothelialized microfluidics can even recapitulate the crosstalk between platelets and the circulatory system, including the vessel walls and plasma proteins such as von Willebrand factor. Hereby, we highlight these exciting microfluidic applications to platelet mechanobiology and platelet–circulatory system interplay as implicated in thrombosis. Last but not least, we discuss the need for microfluidic standardization and summarize the commercially available microfluidic platforms for researchers to obtain reproducible and consistent results in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Savindi De Zoysa Ramasundara
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Renee Ellen Preketes-Tardiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivian Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | - Hongxu Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
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14
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Nguyen N, Thurgood P, Sekar NC, Chen S, Pirogova E, Peter K, Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K. Microfluidic models of the human circulatory system: versatile platforms for exploring mechanobiology and disease modeling. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:769-786. [PMID: 34777617 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human circulatory system is a marvelous fluidic system, which is very sensitive to biophysical and biochemical cues. The current animal and cell culture models do not recapitulate the functional properties of the human circulatory system, limiting our ability to fully understand the complex biological processes underlying the dysfunction of this multifaceted system. In this review, we discuss the unique ability of microfluidic systems to recapitulate the biophysical, biochemical, and functional properties of the human circulatory system. We also describe the remarkable capacity of microfluidic technologies for exploring the complex mechanobiology of the cardiovascular system, mechanistic studying of cardiovascular diseases, and screening cardiovascular drugs with the additional benefit of reducing the need for animal models. We also discuss opportunities for further advancement in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Nguyen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nadia Chandra Sekar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Sheng Chen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
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15
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Berry J, Peaudecerf FJ, Masters NA, Neeves KB, Goldstein RE, Harper MT. An "occlusive thrombosis-on-a-chip" microfluidic device for investigating the effect of anti-thrombotic drugs. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4104-4117. [PMID: 34523623 PMCID: PMC8547327 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains one of the world's leading causes of death. Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is triggered by occlusion of coronary arteries by platelet-rich thrombi (clots). The development of new anti-platelet drugs to prevent myocardial infarction continues to be an active area of research and is dependent on accurately modelling the process of clot formation. Occlusive thrombi can be generated in vivo in a range of species, but these models are limited by variability and lack of relevance to human disease. Although in vitro models using human blood can overcome species-specific differences and improve translatability, many models do not generate occlusive thrombi. In those models that do achieve occlusion, time to occlusion is difficult to measure in an unbiased and objective manner. In this study we developed a simple and robust approach to determine occlusion time of a novel in vitro microfluidic assay. This highlighted the potential for occlusion to occur in thrombosis microfluidic devices through off-site coagulation, obscuring the effect of anti-platelet drugs. We therefore designed a novel occlusive thrombosis-on-a-chip microfluidic device that reliably generates occlusive thrombi at arterial shear rates by quenching downstream coagulation. We further validated our device and methods by using the approved anti-platelet drug, eptifibatide, recording a significant difference in the "time to occlude" in treated devices compared to control conditions. These results demonstrate that this device can be used to monitor the effect of antithrombotic drugs on time to occlude, and, for the first time, delivers this essential data in an unbiased and objective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Berry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
| | - François J Peaudecerf
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole A Masters
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado Denver|Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado Denver|Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raymond E Goldstein
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew T Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
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16
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CircRNA_0079586 and circRNA_RanGAP1 are involved in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms rupture by regulating the expression of MPO. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19800. [PMID: 34611229 PMCID: PMC8492745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99062-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several circRNAs have been reported to be dysregulated in human endothelial cells through sponging miRNAs. Previous reports demonstrated that MPO not only contributed to the formation and rupture of cerebral aneurysm but was also correlated with the degenerative remodeling predisposition to saccular intracranial aneurysm wall rupture, although its underlying mechanisms remain to be explored. Microarray screening was performed to compare the differential expression of circRNAs in the endothelial cells collected from UIAs and RIAs patients. Luciferase assays were used to explore the regulatory relationship between circRNAs and miRNAs, and between miRNAs and their target genes. Microarray screening analysis found a batch of up-regulated circRNAs in the endothelial cells harvested from RIAs patients, including circRNA-0079586 and circRNA-RanGAP1. Luciferase assays revealed the suppressive role of miR-183-5p/miR-877-3p in the expression of circRNA-0079586/circRNA-RanGAP1/MPO. And the expression of circRNA-0079586 and circRNA-RanGAP1 was respectively suppressed by the overexpression of miR-183-5p and miR-877-3p. And both the transfection of miR-183-5p and miR-877-3p mimics suppressed the relative expression level of MPO mRNA. The expression of circRNA-0079586, circRNA-RanGAP1 and MPO was significantly activated in the endothelial cells collected from RIAs patients when compared with UIAs patients, whereas the expression of miR-183-5p and miR-877-3p was remarkably suppressed in the endothelial cells collected from RIAs patients when compared with UIAs patients. We further altered the expression of circRNA-0079586 and circRNA-RanGAP1 using siRNA and overexpression in HUVECS, and the expression of circRNA-0079586 and circRNA-RanGAP1 was significantly and negatively correlated with the expression of miR-183-5p and miR-877-3p, but positively correlated with the expression of MPO under different conditions. In this study, we established two MPO-modulating signaling pathways of circRNA_0079586/miR-183-5p/MPO and circRNA_RanGAP1/miR-877-3p/MPO. These two signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms rupture.
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17
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Nguyen AH, Kania S, Cheng X, Oztekin A, Zhang XF, Webb EB. Unraveling Kinetics of Collapsed Polymers in Extensional Flow. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anh H. Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Sagar Kania
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Xuanhong Cheng
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Alparslan Oztekin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - X. Frank Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Edmund B. Webb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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18
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Diamond SL, Rossi JM. Point of care whole blood microfluidics for detecting and managing thrombotic and bleeding risks. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3667-3674. [PMID: 34476426 PMCID: PMC8478847 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care diagnostics of platelet and coagulation function present demanding challenges. Current clinical diagnostics often use centrifuged plasmas or platelets and frozen plasma standards, recombinant protein standards, or even venoms. Almost all commercialized tests of blood do not recreate the in vivo hemodynamics where platelets accumulate to high densities and thrombin is generated from a procoagulant surface. Despite numerous drugs that target platelets, insufficient coagulation, or excess coagulation, POC blood testing is essentially limited to viscoelastic methods that provide a clotting time, clot strength, and clot lysis, while used mostly in trauma centers with specialized capabilities. Microfluidics now allows small volumes of whole blood (<1 mL) to be tested under venous or arterial shear rates with multi-color readouts to follow platelet function, thrombin generation, fibrin production, and clot stability. Injection molded chips containing pre-patterned fibrillar collagen and lipidated tissue factor can be stored dry for 6 months at 4C, thus allowing rapid blood testing on single-use disposable chips. Using only a small imaging microscope and micropump, these microfluidic devices can detect platelet inhibitors, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and their reversal agents. POC microfluidics are ideal for neonatal surgical applications that involve small blood samples, rapid DOAC testing in stroke or bleeding or emergency surgery situations with patients presenting high risk cofactors for either bleeding or thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Diamond
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 1024 Vagelos Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jason M Rossi
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 1024 Vagelos Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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19
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A Continuum Model for the Unfolding of von Willebrand Factor. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:2646-2658. [PMID: 34401970 PMCID: PMC9847011 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
von Willebrand Factor is a mechano-sensitive protein circulating in blood that mediates platelet adhesion to subendothelial collagen and platelet aggregation at high shear rates. Its hemostatic function and thrombogenic effect, as well as susceptibility to enzymatic cleavage, are regulated by a conformational change from a collapsed globular state to a stretched state. Therefore, it is essential to account for the conformation of the vWF multimers when modeling vWF-mediated thrombosis or vWF degradation. We introduce a continuum model of vWF unfolding that is developed within the framework of our multi-constituent model of platelet-mediated thrombosis. The model considers two interconvertible vWF species corresponding to the collapsed and stretched conformational states. vWF unfolding takes place via two regimes: tumbling in simple shear and strong unfolding in flows with dominant extensional component. These two regimes were demonstrated in a Couette flow between parallel plates and an extensional flow in a cross-slot geometry. The vWF unfolding model was then verified in several microfluidic systems designed for inducing high-shear vWF-mediated thrombosis and screening for von Willebrand Disease. The model predicted high concentration of stretched vWF in key regions where occlusive thrombosis was observed experimentally. Strong unfolding caused by the extensional flow was limited to the center axis or middle plane of the channels, whereas vWF unfolding near the channel walls relied upon the shear tumbling mechanism. The continuum model of vWF unfolding presented in this work can be employed in numerical simulations of vWF-mediated thrombosis or vWF degradation in complex geometries. However, extending the model to 3-D arbitrary flows and turbulent flows will pose considerable challenges.
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20
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Halder P, Hossain N, Pramanik BK, Bhuiyan MA. Engineered topographies and hydrodynamics in relation to biofouling control-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:40678-40692. [PMID: 32974820 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling, the unwanted growth of microorganisms on submerged surfaces, has appeared as a significant impediment for underwater structures, water vessels, and medical devices. For fixing the biofouling issue, modification of the submerged surface is being experimented as a non-toxic approach worldwide. This technique necessitated altering the surface topography and roughness and developing a surface with a nano- to micro-structured pattern. The main objective of this study is to review the recent advancements in surface modification and hydrodynamic analysis concerning biofouling control. This study described the occurrence of the biofouling process, techniques suitable for biofouling control, and current state of research advancements comprehensively. Different biofilms under various hydrodynamic conditions have also been outlined in this study. Scenarios of biomimetic surfaces and underwater super-hydrophobicity, locomotion of microorganisms, nano- and micro-hydrodynamics on various surfaces around microorganisms, and material stiffness were explained thoroughly. The review also documented the approaches to inhibit the initial settlement of microorganisms and prolong the subsequent biofilm formation process for patterned surfaces. Though it is well documented that biofouling can be controlled to various degrees with different nano- and micro-structured patterned surfaces, the understanding of the underlying mechanism is still imprecise. Therefore, this review strived to present the possibilities of implementing the patterned surfaces as a physical deterrent against the settlement of fouling organisms and developing an active microfluidic environment to inhibit the initial bacterial settlement process. In general, microtopography equivalent to that of bacterial cells influences attachment via hydrodynamics, topography-induced cell placement, and air-entrapment, whereas nanotopography influences physicochemical forces through macromolecular conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Halder
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Nazia Hossain
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | | | - Muhammed A Bhuiyan
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
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21
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Selvadurai MV, Moon MJ, Mountford SJ, Ma X, Zheng Z, Jennings IG, Setiabakti NM, Iman RP, Brazilek RJ, Z Abidin NA, Chicanne G, Severin S, Nicholls AJ, Wong CHY, Rinckel JY, Eckly A, Gachet C, Nesbitt WS, Thompson PE, Hamilton JR. Disrupting the platelet internal membrane via PI3KC2α inhibition impairs thrombosis independently of canonical platelet activation. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/553/eaar8430. [PMID: 32718993 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar8430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis causes heart attacks and most strokes and is the most common cause of death in the world. Platelets are the cells that form arterial thrombi, and antiplatelet drugs are the mainstay of heart attack and stroke prevention. Yet, current drugs have limited efficacy, preventing fewer than 25% of lethal cardiovascular events without clinically relevant effects on bleeding. The key limitation on the ability of all current drugs to impair thrombosis without causing bleeding is that they block global platelet activation, thereby indiscriminately preventing platelet function in hemostasis and thrombosis. Here, we identify an approach with the potential to overcome this limitation by preventing platelet function independently of canonical platelet activation and in a manner that appears specifically relevant in the setting of thrombosis. Genetic or pharmacological targeting of the class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3KC2α) dilates the internal membrane reserve of platelets but does not affect activation-dependent platelet function in standard tests. Despite this, inhibition of PI3KC2α is potently antithrombotic in human blood ex vivo and mice in vivo and does not affect hemostasis. Mechanistic studies reveal this antithrombotic effect to be the result of impaired platelet adhesion driven by pronounced hemodynamic shear stress gradients. These findings demonstrate an important role for PI3KC2α in regulating platelet structure and function via a membrane-dependent mechanism and suggest that drugs targeting the platelet internal membrane may be a suitable approach for antithrombotic therapies with an improved therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Selvadurai
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mitchell J Moon
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Simon J Mountford
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Xiao Ma
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Zhaohua Zheng
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ian G Jennings
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Natasha M Setiabakti
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Rizani P Iman
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Rose J Brazilek
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Nurul Aisha Z Abidin
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Gaëtan Chicanne
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm U1048, Université Toulouse III, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Sonia Severin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm U1048, Université Toulouse III, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
| | - Alyce J Nicholls
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Connie H Y Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jean-Yves Rinckel
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anita Eckly
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gachet
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Warwick S Nesbitt
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.,Microplatforms Research Group, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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22
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Hemodynamic analysis for stenosis microfluidic model of thrombosis with refined computational fluid dynamics simulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6875. [PMID: 33767279 PMCID: PMC7994556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed blood flow has been increasingly recognized for its critical role in platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Microfluidics with hump shaped contractions have been developed to mimic microvascular stenosis and recapitulate the prothrombotic effect of flow disturbance. However the physical determinants of microfluidic hemodynamics are not completely defined. Here, we report a refined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation approach to map the shear rate (γ) and wall shear stress (τ) distribution in the stenotic region at high accuracy. Using ultra-fine meshing with sensitivity verification, our CFD results show that the stenosis level (S) is dominant over the bulk shear rate (γ0) and contraction angle (α) in determining γ and τ distribution at stenosis. In contrast, α plays a significant role in governing the shear rate gradient (γ′) distribution while it exhibits subtle effects on the peak γ. To investigate the viscosity effect, we employ a Generalized Power-Law model to simulate blood flow as a non-Newtonian fluid, showing negligible difference in the γ distribution when compared with Newtonian simulation with water medium. Together, our refined CFD method represents a comprehensive approach to examine microfluidic hemodynamics in three dimensions and guide microfabrication designs. Combining this with hematological experiments promises to advance understandings of the rheological effect in thrombosis and platelet mechanobiology.
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23
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Kania S, Oztekin A, Cheng X, Zhang XF, Webb E. Predicting pathological von Willebrand factor unraveling in elongational flow. Biophys J 2021; 120:1903-1915. [PMID: 33737157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The globular-to-unraveled conformation transition of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a large polymeric glycoprotein in human blood plasma, is a crucial step in the process of clotting at sites of vascular injury. However, unraveling of vWF multimers in uninjured vasculature can lead to pathology (i.e., thrombus formation or degradation of vWF proteins by enzyme ADAMTS13, making them nonfunctional). To identify blood flow conditions that might induce pathological unraveling of vWF multimers, here we have computed the globular-to-unraveled transition rate of vWF multimers subjected to varying strain rate elongational flow by employing an enhanced sampling technique, the weighted ensemble method. Weighted ensemble sampling was employed instead of standard brute-force simulations because pathological blood flow conditions can induce undesired vWF unraveling on timescales potentially inaccessible to standard simulation methods. Results here indicate that brief but periodic exposure of vWF to the elongational flow of strain rate greater than or equal to 2500 s-1 represents a source of possible pathology caused by the undesired unraveling of vWF multimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Kania
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Alparslan Oztekin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuanhong Cheng
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - X Frank Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Edmund Webb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
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24
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van Rooij BJM, Závodszky G, Hoekstra AG, Ku DN. Haemodynamic flow conditions at the initiation of high-shear platelet aggregation: a combined in vitro and cellular in silico study. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20190126. [PMID: 33335707 PMCID: PMC7739908 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the flow environment on platelet aggregation is not fully understood in high-shear thrombosis. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of a high shear rate in initial platelet aggregation. The haemodynamic conditions in a microfluidic device are studied using cell-based blood flow simulations. The results are compared with in vitro platelet aggregation experiments performed with porcine whole blood (WB) and platelet-rich-plasma (PRP). We studied whether the cell-depleted layer in combination with high shear and high platelet flux can account for the distribution of platelet aggregates. High platelet fluxes at the wall were found in silico. In WB, the platelet flux was about twice as high as in PRP. Additionally, initial platelet aggregation and occlusion were observed in vitro in the stenotic region. In PRP, the position of the occlusive thrombus was located more downstream than in WB. Furthermore, the shear rates and stresses in cell-based and continuum simulations were studied. We found that a continuum simulation is a good approximation for PRP. For WB, it cannot predict the correct values near the wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J M van Rooij
- Computational Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Závodszky
- Computational Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A G Hoekstra
- Computational Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D N Ku
- Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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25
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Biorheology of occlusive thrombi formation under high shear: in vitro growth and shrinkage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18604. [PMID: 33122712 PMCID: PMC7596481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Occlusive thrombi formed under high flow shear rates develop very rapidly in arteries and may lead to myocardial infarction or stroke. Rapid platelet accumulation (RPA) and occlusion of platelet-rich thrombi and clot shrinkage have been studied after flow arrest. However, the influence of margination and shear rate on occlusive clot formation is not fully understood yet. In this study, the influence of flow on the growth and shrinkage of a clot is investigated. Whole blood (WB) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) were perfused at high shear rates (> 3,000 s−1) through two microfluidic systems with a stenotic section under constant pressure. The stenotic section of the two devices are different in stenotic length (1,000 vs 150 μm) and contraction angle of the stenosis (15° vs 80°). In all experiments, the flow chamber occluded in the stenotic section. Besides a significantly increased lag time and decreased RPA rate for PRP compared to WB (p < 0.01), the device with a shorter stenotic section and steeper contraction angle showed a shear-dependent occlusion and lag time for both PRP and WB. This shear-dependent behavior of the platelet aggregate formation might be caused by the stenotic geometry.
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26
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Karan P, Das SS, Mukherjee R, Chakraborty J, Chakraborty S. Flow and deformation characteristics of a flexible microfluidic channel with axial gradients in wall elasticity. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5777-5786. [PMID: 32531014 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Axial gradients in wall elasticity may have significant implications in the deformation and flow characteristics of a narrow fluidic conduit, bearing far-reaching consequences in physiology and bio-engineering. Here, we present a theoretical and experimental framework for fluid-structure interactions in microfluidic channels with axial gradients in wall elasticity, in an effort to arrive at a potential conceptual foundation for in vitro study of mirovascular physiology. Towards this, we bring out the static deformation and steady flow characteristics of a circular microchannel made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) bulk, considering imposed gradients in the substrate elasticity. In particular, we study two kinds of elasticity variations - a uniformly soft (or hard) channel with a central strip that is hard (or soft), and, increasing elasticity along the length of the channel. The former kind yields a centrally constricted (or expanded) deformed profile in response to the flow. The latter kind leads to increasingly bulged channel radius from inlet to outlet in response to flow. We also formulate an analytical model capturing the essential physics of the underlying elastohydrodynamic interactions. The theoretical predictions match favourably with the experimental observations and are also in line with reported results on stenosis in mice. The present framework, thus, holds the potential for acting as a fundamental design basis towards developing in vitro models for micro-circulation, capable of capturing exclusive artefacts of healthy and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyaksh Karan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Sankha Shuvra Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Rabibrata Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Jeevanjyoti Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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27
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Pushin DM, Salikhova TY, Zlobina KE, Guria GT. Platelet activation via dynamic conformational changes of von Willebrand factor under shear. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234501. [PMID: 32525962 PMCID: PMC7289367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shear-induced conformational changes of von Willebrand factor (VWF) play an important role in platelet activation. A novel approach describing VWF unfolding on the platelet surface under dynamic shear stress is proposed. Cumulative effect of dynamic shear on platelet activation via conformational changes of VWF is analysed. The critical condition of shear-induced platelet activation is formulated. The explicit expression for the threshold value of cumulative shear stress as a function of VWF multimer size is derived. The results open novel prospects for pharmacological regulation of shear-induced platelet activation through control of VWF multimers size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis M. Pushin
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | | | - Georgy Th. Guria
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- * E-mail:
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28
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Jigar Panchal H, Kent NJ, Knox AJS, Harris LF. Microfluidics in Haemostasis: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E833. [PMID: 32075008 PMCID: PMC7070452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemostatic disorders are both complex and costly in relation to both their treatment and subsequent management. As leading causes of mortality worldwide, there is an ever-increasing drive to improve the diagnosis and prevention of haemostatic disorders. The field of microfluidic and Lab on a Chip (LOC) technologies is rapidly advancing and the important role of miniaturised diagnostics is becoming more evident in the healthcare system, with particular importance in near patient testing (NPT) and point of care (POC) settings. Microfluidic technologies present innovative solutions to diagnostic and clinical challenges which have the knock-on effect of improving health care and quality of life. In this review, both advanced microfluidic devices (R&D) and commercially available devices for the diagnosis and monitoring of haemostasis-related disorders and antithrombotic therapies, respectively, are discussed. Innovative design specifications, fabrication techniques, and modes of detection in addition to the materials used in developing micro-channels are reviewed in the context of application to the field of haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Jigar Panchal
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin) - City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland; (H.J.P.); (A.J.S.K.)
| | - Nigel J Kent
- engCORE, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny Road, Carlow R93 V960, Ireland;
| | - Andrew J S Knox
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin) - City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland; (H.J.P.); (A.J.S.K.)
| | - Leanne F Harris
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin) - City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland; (H.J.P.); (A.J.S.K.)
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29
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Wu WT, Zhussupbekov M, Aubry N, Antaki JF, Massoudi M. Simulation of thrombosis in a stenotic microchannel: The effects of vWF-enhanced shear activation of platelets. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2020; 147:103206. [PMID: 34565829 PMCID: PMC8462794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2019.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to develop a numerical/computational simulation of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) - mediated platelet shear activation and deposition in an idealized stenosis. Blood is treated as a multi-constituent mixture comprised of a linear fluid component and a porous solid component (thrombus). Chemical and biological species involved in coagulation are modeled using a system of coupled convection-reaction-diffusion (CRD) equations. This study considers the cumulative effect of shear stress (history) on platelet activation. The vWF activity is modeled as an enhancement function for the shear stress accumulation and is related to the experimentally-observed unfolding rate of vWF. A series of simulations were performed in an idealized stenosis in which the predicted platelets deposition agreed well with previous experimental observations spatially and temporally, including the reduction of platelet deposition with decreasing expansion angle. Further simulation indicated a direct relationship between vWF-mediated platelet deposition and degree of stenosis. Based on the success with these benchmark simulations, it is hoped that the model presented here may provide additional insight into vWF-mediated thrombosis and prove useful for the development of more hemo-compatible blood-wetted devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, J.S., 210094, China
| | - Mansur Zhussupbekov
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nadine Aubry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - James F Antaki
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mehrdad Massoudi
- U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, 15236, USA
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30
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Hong JK, Gao L, Singh J, Goh T, Ruhoff AM, Neto C, Waterhouse A. Evaluating medical device and material thrombosis under flow: current and emerging technologies. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5824-5845. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01284j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the importance of flow in medical device thrombosis and explores current and emerging technologies to evaluate dynamic biomaterial Thrombosis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ki Hong
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- School of Medical Sciences
- Faculty of Medicine and Health
| | - Lingzi Gao
- Heart Research Institute
- Newtown
- Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute
- The University of Sydney
| | - Jasneil Singh
- Heart Research Institute
- Newtown
- Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre
- The University of Sydney
| | - Tiffany Goh
- Heart Research Institute
- Newtown
- Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre
- The University of Sydney
| | - Alexander M. Ruhoff
- Heart Research Institute
- Newtown
- Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre
- The University of Sydney
| | - Chiara Neto
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute
- The University of Sydney
| | - Anna Waterhouse
- School of Medical Sciences
- Faculty of Medicine and Health
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- Heart Research Institute
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31
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Liu GM, Zhang Y, Chen HB, Hou JF, Jin DH, Gui XM, Hu SS. Platelet deposition estimation: A novel method for emulating the pump thrombosis potential of blood pumps. Artif Organs 2019; 44:465-472. [PMID: 31853998 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pump thrombosis potential exists in most blood pumps and limits their clinical use. To improve the pump thrombosis performance of blood pumps, a method for emulating the platelet deposition on the flow passage component surfaces inside blood pumps was presented and tested. The method emulates the blood platelet deposition, employing laser-induced fluorescence tracing technology. The blood pump was rotated in a mock circulation loop with deionized water filled with fluorescent particles. The component surfaces were then explored via laser. The fluorescent particles were induced by laser and imaged in a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to show the distribution of fluorescent particles gathering on the blood pump component surfaces. The activated platelet deposition was emulated by fluorescent particle gathering. The experiment showed obvious particle gathering on the interface surfaces and cross-sectional surface (perpendicular to the flow). This platelet deposition estimation (PDE) method can be easily incorporated in the in vitro testing phase to analyze and decrease a pump's thrombosis potential before animal experimentation, thereby reducing the cost of blood pump development. This methodology of emulating blood platelet deposition indicates its potential for improving flow passage component structure and reducing device thrombosis of blood pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Mao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Hai Jin
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Min Gui
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Shou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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32
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Provenzale I, Brouns SLN, van der Meijden PEJ, Swieringa F, Heemskerk JWM. Whole Blood Based Multiparameter Assessment of Thrombus Formation in Standard Microfluidic Devices to Proxy In Vivo Haemostasis and Thrombosis. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10110787. [PMID: 31744132 PMCID: PMC6915499 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic assays are versatile tests which, using only small amounts of blood, enable high throughput analyses of platelet function in several minutes. In combination with fluorescence microscopy, these flow tests allow real-time visualisation of platelet activation with the possibility of examining combinatorial effects of wall shear rate, coagulation and modulation by endothelial cells. In particular, the ability to use blood and blood cells from healthy subjects or patients makes this technology promising, both for research and (pre)clinical diagnostic purposes. In the present review, we describe how microfluidic devices are used to assess the roles of platelets in thrombosis and haemostasis. We place emphasis on technical aspects and on experimental designs that make the concept of "blood-vessel-component-on-a-chip" an attractive, rapidly developing technology for the study of the complex biological processes of blood coagulability in the presence of flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Provenzale
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (J.W.M.H.); Tel.: +31-43-3881671 or +31-43-3881674 (J.W.M.H.)
| | | | | | | | - Johan W. M. Heemskerk
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (J.W.M.H.); Tel.: +31-43-3881671 or +31-43-3881674 (J.W.M.H.)
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33
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Laser speckle decorrelation time-based platelet function testing in microfluidic system. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16514. [PMID: 31712610 PMCID: PMC6848072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet aggregation and adhesion are critically involved in both normal hemostasis and thrombosis during vascular injury. Before any surgery, it is important to identify the number of platelets and their functionality to reduce the risk of bleeding; therefore, platelet function testing is a requirement. We introduce a novel evaluation method of assessing platelet function with laser speckle contrast imaging. The speckle decorrelation time (SDT) of the blood flowing through a microfluidic channel chip provides a quantitative measure of platelet aggregation. We compared SDTs of whole blood and platelet-poor blood, i.e., whole blood stripped of its buffy coat region, and found a marked reduction in decorrelation time for platelet-poor blood. The measured SDT of platelet-poor blood was 1.04 ± 0.21 ms, while that of whole blood was 2.64 ± 0.83 ms. To further characterize the sensitivity of our speckle decorrelation time-based platelet function testing (SDT-PFT), we added various agonists involved in platelet aggregation, including adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine (EPI), and arachidonic acid (AA). In this study, the results show that whole blood with ADP resulted in the largest SDT, followed by whole blood with AA, whole blood with EPI, whole blood without agonist, and platelet-poor blood with or without agonist. These findings show that SDT-PFT has the potential for rapid screening of bleeding disorders and monitoring of anti-platelet therapies with only a small volume of blood.
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34
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Liu GM, Chen HB, Hou JF, Zhang Y, Hu SS. Platelet adhesion emulation: A novel method for estimating the device thrombosis potential of a ventricular assist device. Int J Artif Organs 2019; 43:252-257. [PMID: 31709882 DOI: 10.1177/0391398819885946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Device thrombosis inside ventricular assist devices remains a limitation to their long-term clinical use. Thrombosis potential exists in almost all ventricular assist devices because the device-induced high shear stress and vortices can activate platelets, which then aggregate and adhere to the surfaces inside the ventricular assist device. To decrease the device thrombosis potential of long-term use of ventricular assist devices, a methodology entitled platelet adhesion emulation for predicting the thrombosis potential and thrombosis position inside the ventricular assist devices is developed. The platelet adhesion emulation methodology combines numerical simulations with in vitro experiments by correlating the structure of the flow passage components within the ventricular assist device with the platelet adhesion to estimate the thrombosis potential and location, with the goal of developing ventricular assist devices with optimized antithrombotic performance. Platelet adhesion emulation is aimed at decreasing the device thrombus potential of ventricular assist devices. The platelet adhesion emulation effectiveness is validated by simulating and testing an axial left ventricular assist device. The blood velocity relative to the surfaces of the flow passage components is calculated to estimate the platelet adhesion potential, indicating the probability of thrombus formation on the surfaces. Platelet adhesion emulation experiments conducted in a mock circulation loop with pump prototypes show the distribution of platelet adhesion on the surfaces. This methodology of emulating the device thrombosis distribution indicates the potential for improving the component structure and reducing the device thrombosis of ventricular assist devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Mao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-feng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-shou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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35
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van Rooij BJM, Závodszky G, Azizi Tarksalooyeh VW, Hoekstra AG. Identifying the start of a platelet aggregate by the shear rate and the cell-depleted layer. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190148. [PMID: 31575344 PMCID: PMC6833312 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Computer simulations were performed to study the transport of red blood cells and platelets in high shear flows, mimicking earlier published in vitro experiments in microfluidic devices with high affinity for platelet aggregate formation. The goal is to understand and predict where thrombus formation starts. Additionally, the need of cell-based modelling in these microfluidic devices is demonstrated by comparing our results with macroscopic models, wherein blood is modelled as a continuous fluid. Hemocell, a cell-based blood flow simulation framework is used to investigate the transport physics in the microfluidic devices. The simulations show an enlarged cell-depleted layer at the site where a platelet aggregate forms in the experiments. In this enlarged cell-depleted layer, the probability to find a platelet is higher than in the rest of the microfluidic device. In addition, the shear rates are sufficiently high to allow for the von Willebrand factor to elongate in this region. We hypothesize that the enlarged cell-depleted layer combined with a sufficiently large platelet flux and sufficiently high shear rates result in an haemodynamic environment that is a preferred location for initial platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J M van Rooij
- Computational Science, Institute for Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Závodszky
- Computational Science, Institute for Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V W Azizi Tarksalooyeh
- Computational Science, Institute for Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A G Hoekstra
- Computational Science, Institute for Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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McFadyen JD, Fernando H, Peter K. Off-target drug effects on platelet function: Protecting an Achilles heel of drug development. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Griffin MT, Kim D, Ku DN. Shear-induced platelet aggregation: 3D-grayscale microfluidics for repeatable and localized occlusive thrombosis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:054106. [PMID: 31592301 PMCID: PMC6773594 DOI: 10.1063/1.5113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis leads to complications of myocardial infarction and stroke as a result of shear-induced platelet aggregation (SIPA). Clinicians and researchers may benefit from diagnostic and benchtop microfluidic assays that assess the thrombotic activity of an individual. Currently, there are several different proposed point-of-care diagnostics and microfluidic thrombosis assays with different design parameters and end points. The microfluidic geometry, surface coatings, and anticoagulation may strongly influence the precision of these assays. Variability in selected end points also persists, leading to ambiguous results. This study aims to assess the effects of three physiologically relevant extrinsic design factors on the variability of a single end point to provide a quantified rationale for design parameter and end-point standardization. Using a design of experiments approach, we show that the methods of channel fabrication and collagen surface coating significantly impact the variability of occlusion time from porcine whole blood, while anticoagulant selection between heparin and citrate did not significantly impact the variability. No factor was determined to significantly impact the mean occlusion time within the assay. Occlusive thrombus was found to consistently form in the first third (333 μm) of the high shear zone and not in the shear gradient regions. The selection of these factors in the design of point-of-care diagnostics and experimental SIPA assays may lead to increased precision and specificity in high shear thrombosis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongjune Kim
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, USA
| | - David N. Ku
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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38
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Szydzik C, Brazilek RJ, Akbaridoust F, de Silva C, Moon M, Marusic I, Ooi ASH, Nandurkar HH, Hamilton JR, Mitchell A, Nesbitt WS. Active Micropump-Mixer for Rapid Antiplatelet Drug Screening in Whole Blood. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10830-10839. [PMID: 31343155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for scalable automated lab-on-chip systems incorporating precise hemodynamic control that can be applied to high-content screening of new more efficacious antiplatelet therapies. This paper reports on the development and characterization of a novel active micropump-mixer microfluidic to address this need. Using a novel reciprocating elastomeric micropump design, we take advantage of the flexible structural and actuation properties of this framework to manage the hemodynamics for on-chip platelet thrombosis assay on type 1 fibrillar collagen, using whole blood. By characterizing and harnessing the complex three-dimensional hemodynamics of the micropump operation in conjunction with a microvalve controlled reagent injection system we demonstrate that this prototype can act as a real-time assay of antiplatelet drug pharmacokinetics. In a proof-of-concept preclinical application, we utilize this system to investigate the way in which rapid dosing of human whole blood with isoform selective inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dose dependently modulate platelet thrombus dynamics. This modular system exhibits utility as an automated multiplexable assay system with applications to high-content chemical library screening of new antiplatelet therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Szydzik
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia.,School of Engineering , RMIT University , 124 La Trobe Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Rose J Brazilek
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia
| | - Farzan Akbaridoust
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , 124 La Trobe Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Charitha de Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Mitchell Moon
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia
| | - Ivan Marusic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Andrew S H Ooi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Harshal H Nandurkar
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , 124 La Trobe Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Warwick S Nesbitt
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , 99 Commercial Road , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 , Australia.,School of Engineering , RMIT University , 124 La Trobe Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
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Microclot array elastometry for integrated measurement of thrombus formation and clot biomechanics under fluid shear. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2051. [PMID: 31053712 PMCID: PMC6499828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood clotting at the vascular injury site is a complex process that involves platelet adhesion and clot stiffening/contraction in the milieu of fluid flow. An integrated understanding of the hemodynamics and tissue mechanics regulating this process is currently lacking due to the absence of an experimental system that can simultaneously model clot formation and measure clot mechanics under shear flow. Here we develop a microfluidic-integrated microclot-array-elastometry system (clotMAT) that recapitulates dynamic changes in clot mechanics under physiological shear. Treatments with procoagulants and platelet antagonists and studies with diseased patient plasma demonstrate the ability of the system to assay clot biomechanics associated with common antiplatelet treatments and bleeding disorders. The changes of clot mechanics under biochemical treatments and shear flow demonstrate independent yet equally strong effects of these two stimulants on clot stiffening. This microtissue force sensing system may have future research and diagnostic potential for various bleeding disorders.
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40
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Lordkipanidzé M, Hvas AM, Harrison P. Clinical Tests of Platelet Function. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Selvadurai MV, Brazilek RJ, Moon MJ, Rinckel J, Eckly A, Gachet C, Meikle PJ, Nandurkar HH, Nesbitt WS, Hamilton JR. The
PI
3‐kinase
PI
3
KC
2α regulates mouse platelet membrane structure and function independently of membrane lipid composition. FEBS Lett 2018; 593:88-96. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rose J. Brazilek
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases Monash University Melbourne Australia
| | - Mitchell J. Moon
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases Monash University Melbourne Australia
| | | | - Anita Eckly
- INSERM EFS GEST BPPS UMR_S1225 FMTS Université de Strasbourg France
| | - Christian Gachet
- INSERM EFS GEST BPPS UMR_S1225 FMTS Université de Strasbourg France
| | - Peter J. Meikle
- Metabolomics Laboratory Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Australia
| | | | - Warwick S. Nesbitt
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases Monash University Melbourne Australia
- Microplatforms Research Group School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Australia
| | - Justin R. Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases Monash University Melbourne Australia
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42
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Tunströmer K, Faxälv L, Boknäs N, Lindahl TL. Quantification of Platelet Contractile Movements during Thrombus Formation. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118:1600-1611. [PMID: 30112750 PMCID: PMC6298232 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1668151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Imaging methods based on time-lapse microscopy are important tools for studying the dynamic events that shape thrombus formation upon vascular injury. However, there is a lack of methods to translate the vast amount of visual data generated in such experiments into quantitative variables describing platelet movements that can be subjected to systematic analysis. In this study, we developed experimental and computational protocols allowing for a detailed mathematical analysis of platelet movements within a developing thrombus. We used a flow chamber-based model of thrombosis wherein a collagen strip was used to initiate platelet adhesion and activation. Combining the use of a platelet staining protocol, designed to enable identification of individual platelets, and image processing, we tracked the movements of a large number of individual platelets during thrombus formation and consolidation. These data were then processed to generate aggregate measures describing the heterogeneous movements of platelets in different areas of the thrombus and at different time points. Applying this model and its potential, to a comparative analysis on a panel of platelet inhibitors, we found that total platelet intra-thrombus movements are only slightly reduced by blocking the interactions between glycoproteins IIb/IIIa and Ib and their ligands or by inhibiting thromboxane synthesis or P2Y12 signalling. In contrast, whereas 30 to 40% of the platelets movements (for the CD42a-labelled platelets) and 20% (for the pro-coagulant platelets), within a thrombus, are contractile, i.e., towards the centre of the thrombus, this contractile component is almost totally abolished in the presence of agents inhibiting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjersti Tunströmer
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lars Faxälv
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Niklas Boknäs
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Haematology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tomas L Lindahl
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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43
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Szydzik C, Brazilek RJ, Khoshmanesh K, Akbaridoust F, Knoerzer M, Thurgood P, Muir I, Marusic I, Nandurkar H, Mitchell A, Nesbitt WS. Elastomeric microvalve geometry affects haemocompatibility. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1778-1792. [PMID: 29789838 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01320e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the parameters that determine the haemocompatibility of elastomeric microvalves for blood handling in microfluidic systems. Using a comprehensive investigation of blood function, we describe a hierarchy of haemocompatibility as a function of microvalve geometry and identify a "normally-closed" v-gate pneumatic microvalve design that minimally affects blood plasma fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor composition, minimises effects on erythrocyte structure and function, and limits effects on platelet activation and aggregation, while facilitating rapid switching control for blood sample delivery. We propose that the haemodynamic profile of valve gate geometries is a significant determinant of platelet-dependent biofouling and haemocompatibility. Overall our findings suggest that modification of microvalve gate geometry and consequently haemodynamic profile can improve haemocompatibility, while minimising the requirement for chemical or protein modification of microfluidic surfaces. This biological insight and approach may be harnessed to inform future haemocompatible microfluidic valve and component design, and is an advance towards lab-on-chip automation for blood based diagnostic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Szydzik
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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44
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Lindahl T, Faxälv L, Claesson K. Counting the platelets: a robust and sensitive quantification method for thrombus formation. Thromb Haemost 2017; 115:1178-90. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-10-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryFlow chambers are common tools used for studying thrombus formation in vitro. However, the use of such devices is not standardised and there is a large diversity among the flow chamber systems currently used, and also in the methods used for quantifying the thrombus development. It was the study objective to evaluate a new method for analysis and quantification of platelet thrombus formation that can facilitate comparison of results between research groups. Whole blood was drawn over a collagen patch in commercial Ibid or in-house constructed PDMS flow chambers. Five percent of the platelets were fluorescently labelled and z-stack time-lapse images were captured during thrombus formation. Images were processed in a Python script in which the number of platelets and their respective x-, yand z-positions were obtained. For comparison with existing methods the platelets were also labelled and quantified using fluorescence intensity and thrombus volume estimations by confocal microscopy. The presented method was found less sensitive to microscope and image adjustments and provides more details on thrombus development dynamics than the methods for measuring fluorescence intensity and thrombus volume estimation. The platelet count method produced comparable results with commercial and PDMS flow chambers, and could also obtain information regarding the stability of each detected platelet in the thrombus. In conclusion, quantification of thrombus formation by platelet count is a sensitive and robust method that enables measurement of platelet accumulation and platelet stability in an absolute scale that could be used for comparisons between research groups.
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45
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Yeom E. Different adhesion behaviors of platelets depending on shear stress around stenotic channels. J Vis (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12650-017-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Thrombosis in diabetes: a shear flow effect? Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1245-1260. [PMID: 28592700 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular events are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). This condition is associated with heightened platelet reactivity, contributing to increased atherothrombotic risk. Indeed, individuals with diabetes respond inadequately to standard antiplatelet therapy. Furthermore, they often experience recurrent events as well as side effects that include excess bleeding. This highlights the need for identification of novel regulators of diabetes-associated thrombosis to target for therapeutic intervention. It is well established that platelet aggregation, a process essential for thrombus formation, is tightly regulated by shear stress; however, the mechanisms underlying shear activation of platelets, particularly in the setting of diabetes, are still poorly understood. This review will address the limitations of current diagnostic systems to assess the importance of shear stress in the regulation of thrombus formation in T2D, and the inability to recapitulate the pro-thrombotic phenotype seen clinically in the setting of T2D. Moreover, we will discuss recent findings utilizing new technologies to define the importance of shear stress in thrombus formation and their potential application to the setting of diabetes. Finally, we will discuss the potential of targeting shear-dependent mechanisms of thrombus formation as a novel therapeutic approach in the setting of T2D.
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47
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Brazilek RJ, Tovar-Lopez FJ, Wong AKT, Tran H, Davis AS, McFadyen JD, Kaplan Z, Chunilal S, Jackson SP, Nandurkar H, Mitchell A, Nesbitt WS. Application of a strain rate gradient microfluidic device to von Willebrand's disease screening. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2595-2608. [PMID: 28660968 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00498b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Von Willebrand's disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder caused by either quantitative or qualitative defects of von Willebrand factor (VWF). Current tests for VWD require relatively large blood volumes, have low throughput, are time-consuming, and do not incorporate the physiologically relevant effects of haemodynamic forces. We developed a microfluidic device incorporating micro-contractions that harnesses well-defined haemodynamic strain gradients to initiate platelet aggregation in citrated whole blood. The microchannel architecture has been specifically designed to allow for continuous real-time imaging of platelet aggregation dynamics. Subjects aged ≥18 years with previously diagnosed VWD or who presented for evaluation of a bleeding disorder, where the possible diagnosis included VWD, were tested. Samples were obtained for device characterization as well as for pathology-based testing. Platelet aggregation in the microfluidic device is independent of platelet amplification loops but dependent on low-level platelet activation, GPIb/IX/V and integrin αIIbβ3 engagement. Microfluidic output directly correlates with VWF antigen levels and is able to sensitively detect aggregation defects associated with VWD subtypes. Testing demonstrated a strong correlation with standard clinical laboratory-based tests. Head-to-head comparison with PFA100® demonstrated equivalent, if not improved, sensitivity for screening aggregation defects associated with VWD. This strain rate gradient microfluidic prototype has the potential to be a clinically useful, rapid and high throughput-screening tool for VWD as well as other strain-dependent platelet disorders. In addition, the microfluidic device represents a novel approach to examine the effects of high magnitude/short duration (ms) strain rate gradients on platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose J Brazilek
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Educational Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Schoeman RM, Lehmann M, Neeves KB. Flow chamber and microfluidic approaches for measuring thrombus formation in genetic bleeding disorders. Platelets 2017; 28:463-471. [PMID: 28532218 PMCID: PMC6131111 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1306042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Platelet adhesion and aggregation, coagulation, fibrin formation, and fibrinolysis are regulated by the forces and flows imposed by blood at the site of a vascular injury. Flow chambers designed to observe these events are an indispensable part of doing hemostasis and thrombosis research, especially with human blood. Microfluidic methods have provided the flexibility to design flow chambers with complex geometries and features that more closely mimic the anatomy and physiology of blood vessels. Additionally, microfluidic systems with integrated optics and/or pressure sensors and on-board signal processing could transform what have been primarily research tools into clinical assays. Here, we describe a historical review of how flow-based approaches have informed biophysical mechanisms in genetic bleeding disorders, challenges and potential solutions for developing models of bleeding in vitro, and outstanding issues that need to be addressed prior to their use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier M. Schoeman
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Marcus Lehmann
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Keith B. Neeves
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
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Chang S, Chen X, Jiang S, Chen J, Shi L. Using micro-patterned surfaces to inhibit settlement and biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:608-620. [PMID: 28334551 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm is a biological complex caused by bacteria attachment to the substrates and their subsequent reproduction and secretion. This phenomenon reduces heat transfer efficiency and causes significant losses in treated sewage heat-recovering systems. This paper describes a physical approach to inhibit bacteria settlement and biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis, which is the dominant species in treated sewage. Here, micro-patterned surfaces with different characteristics (stripe and cube) and dimensions (1-100 μm) were fabricated as surfaces of interest. Model sewage was prepared and a rotating coupon device was used to form the biofilms. Precision balance, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were employed to investigate the inhibitory effects and the mechanisms of the biofilm-surface interactions. The results have shown that surfaces with small pattern sizes (1 and 2 μm) all reduced biofilm formation significantly. Interestingly, the CLSM images showed that the surfaces do not play a role in "killing" the bacteria. These findings are useful for future development of new process surfaces on which bacteria settlement and biofilm formation can be inhibited or minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Chang
- a Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- b Suzhou Key Lab of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Jiang
- a Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchun Chen
- c Lab of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Shi
- a Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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50
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Jung SY, Yeom E. Microfluidic measurement for blood flow and platelet adhesion around a stenotic channel: Effects of tile size on the detection of platelet adhesion in a correlation map. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:024119. [PMID: 28798854 PMCID: PMC5533492 DOI: 10.1063/1.4982605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Platelet aggregation affects the surrounding blood flow and usually occurs where a blood vessel is narrowed as a result of atherosclerosis. The relationship between blood flow and platelet aggregation is not yet fully understood. This study proposes a microfluidic method to measure the velocity and platelet aggregation simultaneously by combining the micro-particle image velocimetry technique and a correlation mapping method. The blood flow and platelet adhesion procedure in a stenotic micro-channel with 90% severity were observed for a relatively long period of 4 min. In order to investigate the effect of tile size on the detection of platelet adhesion, 2D correlation coefficients were evaluated with binary images obtained by manual labeling and the correlation mapping method with different sizes of the square tile ranging from 3 to 50 pixels. The maximum 2D correlation coefficient occurred with the optimum tile size of 5 × 5 pixels. Since the blood flow and platelet aggregation are mutually influenced by each other, blood flow and platelet adhesion were continuously varied. When there was no platelet adhesion (t = 0 min), typical blood flow is observed. The blood flow passes through the whole channel smoothly, and jet-like flow occurs in the post-stenosis region. However, the flow pattern changes when platelet adhesion starts at the stenosis apex and after the stenosis. These adhesions induce narrow high velocity regions to become wider over a range of area from upstream to downstream of the stenosis. Separated jet-like flows with two high velocity regions are also created. The changes in flow patterns may alter the patterns of platelet adhesion. As the area of the plate adhesion increases, the platelets plug the micro-channel and there is only a small amount of blood flow, finally. The microfluidic method could provide new insights for better understanding of the interactions between platelet aggregation and blood flow in various physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yong Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eunseop Yeom
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
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