1
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Thoben C, Stadtler JJ, Simon PR, Raddatz CR, Sehlmeyer M, Zimmermann S. Coated Blade Spray Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3593-3599. [PMID: 38347729 PMCID: PMC10902811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Coated blade spray (CBS) is a microextraction technology with blades that serve as both the extraction device and the electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter. CBS is designed for easy and rapid extraction of analytes in complex matrices as well as ESI directly from the blade. The technology selectively enriches the components of interest on a coated metal blade. The coating consists of a selective polymer. So far, CBS has only been coupled with mass spectrometry but never with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), where ions are separated and detected based on their ion mobility in a drift gas under the influence of an electric field, while instrumentation is compact and easy to operate so that the advantages of CBS can be particularly well exploited. Therefore, this work focuses on coupling CBS with our previously described ESI-IMS. The ion mobility spectrometer has a drift length of only 75 mm and provides a high resolving power of RP = 100. In this work, preliminary measurements of CBS-IMS are presented. In particular, the detection of benzodiazepines and ketamine in drinks and the pesticide isoproturon in water samples is shown to demonstrate the feasibility of CBS-IMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jannie J. Stadtler
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul R. Simon
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Merle Sehlmeyer
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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2
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Bishop LM, Shen T, Fiehn O. Improving Quantitative Accuracy in Nontargeted Lipidomics by Evaluating Adduct Formation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12683-12690. [PMID: 37582244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
For large-scale lipidomic analyses, accurate and reproducible quantification of endogenous lipids is crucial for comparing results within and across studies. Many lipids present in liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry form various adducts with buffer components. The mechanisms and conditions that dictate adduct formation are still poorly understood. In a positive mode, neutral lipids like mono-, di-, and triacylglycerides and cholesteryl esters typically generate [M + NH4]+ adduct ions, although [M + Na]+, [M + K]+, and other (more complex) species can also be significantly abundant in MS1 precursor ion spectra. Variations in the ratios of these adducts (within and between matrices) can lead to dramatic inaccuracies during quantification. Here, we examine 48 unique diacylglycerol (DAG) species across 2366 mouse samples for eight matrix-specific data sets of plasma, liver, kidney, brain, heart muscle, gastrocnemius muscle, gonadal, and inguinal fat. Typically, no single adduct ion species accounted for more than 60% of the total observed abundance across each data set. Even within a single matrix, DAGs showed a high variability of adduct ratios. The ratio of [M + NH4]+ adduct ions was increased for longer-chain DAGs and for polyunsaturated DAGs, at the expense of reduced ratios of [M + Na]+ adducts. When using three deuterated internal DAG standards, we found that absolute concentrations were estimated with up to 70% error when only one adduct ion was used instead of all adducts combined. Importantly, when combining [M + NH4]+ and [M + Na]+ adduct ions, quantification results were within 5% accuracy compared to all adduct ions combined. Additional variance can be caused by other factors, such as instrument conditions or matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tong Shen
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, 451 Health Sci. Drive, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, 451 Health Sci. Drive, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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3
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Thoben C, Hartner NT, Hitzemann M, Raddatz CR, Eckermann M, Belder D, Zimmermann S. Regarding the Influence of Additives and Additional Plasma-Induced Chemical Ionization on Adduct Formation in ESI/IMS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:857-868. [PMID: 37052511 PMCID: PMC10161231 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) separate ions based on their ion mobility, which depends mainly on collision cross-section, mass, and charge of the ions. However, the performance is often hampered in electrospray ionization (ESI) by the appearance of multiple ion mobility peaks in the spectrum for the same analyte due to clustering and additional sodium adducts. In this work, we investigate the influence of solvents and buffer additives on the detected ion mobility peaks using ESI. Additionally, we investigate the effects of an additional chemical ionization (CI) induced by plasma ionization on the ions formed by electrospray. For this purpose, we coupled our high-resolution IMS with a resolving power of Rp = 100 to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Depending on the analyte and the chosen additives, the ionization process can be influenced during the electrospray process. For the herbicide isoproturon, the addition of 5 mM sodium acetate results in the formation of the sodium adduct [M + Na]+, which is reflected in the ion mobility K0 of 1.22 cm2/(V·s). In contrast, the addition of 5 mM ammonium acetate yields the protonated species [M + H]+ and a correspondingly higher K0 of 1.29 cm2/(V·s). In some cases, as with the herbicide pyrimethanil, the addition of sodium acetate can completely suppress ionizations. By carefully choosing the solvent additive for ESI-IMS or additional CI, the formation of different ion mobility peaks can be observed. This can facilitate the assignment of ions to ion mobility peaks using IMS as a compact, stand-alone instrument, e.g., for on-site analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thoben
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora T Hartner
- Leipzig University, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Moritz Hitzemann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuel Eckermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Leipzig University, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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4
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Simultaneous Determination of Neonicotinoid and Carbamate Pesticides in Freeze-Dried Cabbage by Modified QuEChERS and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040699. [PMID: 36832774 PMCID: PMC9955598 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dehydrated vegetables are popular in instant foods, but few reports have focused on their pesticide residues. This research developed and validated a modified QuEChERS method combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine 19 kinds of neonicotinoid and carbamate pesticides in freeze-dried cabbage. Herein, acetonitrile/water (v/v = 2:1) was selected in the extraction step. Meanwhile, 4 g anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 1 g sodium chloride were applied to the partitioning step. Dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbents were selected, and liquid chromatography conditions were further optimized for dealing with the matrix effect. The limits of quantification ranged from 1.0 to 10.0 μg/kg. The validation results were acceptable, with average recoveries of 78.7-114.0% and relative standard deviations below 14.2%. The method recoveries were closely related to the volume proportion of water in the extractant. Finally, the developed method was applied to real freeze-dried cabbages and four pesticides (propamocarb, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid) were detected in six samples.
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Chu KO, Man GCW, Hung SW, Chan TH, Lee WYT, Chan KP, Pang CP, Wang CC. Determination of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate octaacetate and its metabolites in plasma of rats for pharmacokinetic study by ultra-performance-liquid-chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass-spectrometry. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1025053. [PMID: 36304154 PMCID: PMC9592989 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1025053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-gallate octaacetate (pro-EGCG), a prodrug of epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), has been used for pre-clinical study for the treatment of endometriosis. A validated analytical method has been developed for the determination of plasma pro-EGCG and its metabolites after oral administration using ultra-performance-liquid-chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass-spectrometry (UPLC-Qtof-MS). This method is more robust, rapid, sensitive, simpler, and able to detect pro-EGCG metabolites compared to our previous method. Pro-EGCG in the plasma was stabilized from rapid degradation by formic acid, extracted by isopropanol/methyl-tert-butyl ether mixture, separated by UPLC core column, and quantified by an exact mass method with Qtof-MS. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), intra-day and inter-day precision, and accuracy for the range of 0.01–2.5 μg/mL were within acceptable limits. The sensitivity was improved by 25 folds using pro-EGCG ammonium adduct [M + NH4]+. This is the first report on the pharmacokinetics of oral administration with maximum-concentration (Cmax) was 0.067 ± 0.04 μg/mL, time-of-maximum-concentration (Tmax) was 1.33 h, area-under-curve (AUC) was 0.20 ± 0.05 h × µg/mL, and elimination-rate was 0.20 ± 0.11 hr−1. The pharmacokinetic profiles of pro-EGCG metabolites, (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) diacetates and EGCG triacetates, were also presented. This method is robust, rapid, and sensitive for the pharmacokinetic study of pro-EGCG and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai On Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Gene Chi Wai Man
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Sze Wan Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Tak Hang Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Kwok Ping Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences; and School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- *Correspondence: Chi Chiu Wang,
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6
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Ucur B, Maccarone AT, Ellis SR, Blanksby SJ, Trevitt AJ. Solvent-Mediated Proton-Transfer Catalysis of the Gas-Phase Isomerization of Ciprofloxacin Protomers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:347-354. [PMID: 35014802 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how neutral molecules become protonated during positive-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry is critically important to ensure analytes can be efficiently ionized, detected, and unambiguously identified. The ESI solvent is one of several parameters that can alter the dominant site of protonation in polyfunctional molecules and thus, in turn, can significantly change the collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra relied upon for compound identification. Ciprofloxacin─a common fluoroquinolone antibiotic─is one such example whereby positive-ion ESI can result in gas-phase [M + H]+ ions protonated at either the keto-oxygen or the piperazine-nitrogen. Here, we demonstrate that these protonation isomers (or protomers) of ciprofloxacin can be resolved by differential ion mobility spectrometry and give rise to distinctive CID mass spectra following both charge-directed and charge-remote mechanisms. Interaction of mobility-selected protomers with methanol vapor (added via the throttle gas supply) was found to irreversibly convert the piperazine N-protomer to the keto-O-protomer. This methanol-mediated proton-transport catalysis is driven by the overall exothermicity of the reaction, which is computed to favor the O-protomer by 93 kJ mol-1 (in the gas phase). Conversely, gas phase interactions of mobility-selected ions with acetonitrile vapor selectively depletes the N-protomer ion signal as formation of stable [M + H + CH3CN]+ cluster ions skews the apparent protomer population ratio, as the O-protomer is unaffected. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for tuning protomer populations to ensure faithful characterization of multifunctional molecules by tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Ucur
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Alan T Maccarone
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Shane R Ellis
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility and School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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7
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Xu M, Legradi J, Leonards P. Cross platform solutions to improve the zebrafish polar metabolome coverage using LC-QTOF MS: Optimization of separation mechanisms, solvent additives, and resuspension solvents. Talanta 2021; 234:122688. [PMID: 34364485 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics has been widely used for studies with zebrafish embryos. Until now, the number of analytical approaches to determine metabolites in zebrafish is limited, and there is a lack of consensus on the best platforms for comprehensive metabolomics analysis of zebrafish embryos. In addition, the capacity of these methods to detect metabolites is unsatisfactory and the confidence level for identifying compounds is relatively low. To improve the metabolome coverage, we mainly focused on the optimization of separation mechanisms, mobile phase additives, and resuspension solvents based on liquid chromatography (LC) coupling to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) techniques. Moreover, the procedures for optimizing methods were assessed when taking metabolite profiles in both positive and negative ionization modes into account. Four LC columns were studied: C18, T3, PFP, and HILIC. In positive ionization mode, it was strongly recommended to employ the HILIC approach operated at the neutral condition, which led to the presence of more than 4700 features and the annotation of 151 metabolites, mainly zwitterionic and basic compounds, in comparison to reverse phase (RP)-based methods with less than 1000 features. In negative ionization mode, the PFP column operated at 0.02% acetic acid showed the best performance in terms of metabolite coverage: 3100 metabolic features were detected and 218 metabolites were annotated in zebrafish embryos. Metabolite profiles mainly contained acidic and zwitterionic compounds. HILIC-based platforms were complementary to RP columns when analyzing highly polar metabolites. Additionally, it was preferable to reconstitute zebrafish extracts in 100% water for analysis of metabolites on RP columns, with a 20-30% increase in the number of identified metabolites compared to a 50% water in methanol solution. However, water/methanol (1:9, v/v), as resuspension solution, was advantageous over water/methanol (1:1, v/v) for HILIC analysis showing an 8-15% increase in detected metabolites. In total 336 polar metabolites were annotated by the combination of the optimized HILIC (positive) and PFP (negative) approaches. The largest metabolome coverage of polar metabolites in zebrafish embryos was obtained when three approaches were combined (negative PFP and HILIC, and HILIC positive) resulting in more than 420 annotated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Xu
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jessica Legradi
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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8
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Berton P, Tian H, Rogers RD. Phase Behavior of Aqueous Biphasic Systems with Choline Alkanoate Ionic Liquids and Phosphate Solutions: The Influence of pH. Molecules 2021; 26:1702. [PMID: 33803761 PMCID: PMC8003127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of the choline alkanoate ionic liquids (ILs) choline acetate [Cho][OAc], choline propanoate [Cho][Pro], choline butyrate [Cho][But], and choline hexanoate [Cho][Hex], mixed with K3PO4 solutions at pH 7.2 and 14.5, were prepared and their phase diagrams were compared. The ability to form ABS with alkaline K3PO4 solutions decreased in the order [Cho][OAc] ≈ [Cho][Pro] > [Cho][But] > [Cho][Hex], while with neutral K3PO4 solutions, [Cho][OAc] could not form an ABS, and the other three ILs performed similarly. All of the biphasic regions of the ABS decreased with the increase in pH. 1H-NMR data indicated anion exchange between phases in ABS at neutral pH. The ABS at neutral pH were evaluated to extract the triazine herbicides simazine, cyanazine, and atrazine, and the ABS formed by [Cho][Pro] and the pH 7.2 K3PO4 solution has shown extraction recoveries higher than 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Berton
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada;
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hongzhe Tian
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada;
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Robin D. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada;
- 525 Solutions Inc., P.O. Box 2206, Tuscaloosa, AL 35403, USA
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9
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Enhancing the power of liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry for chemical fingerprinting of phytotoxins in the environment. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1642:462027. [PMID: 33714772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phytotoxins are plant secondary metabolites. They have recently been considered as chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) and there is a growing interest in their environmental fate and potential threat to public health. Dedicated target and non-target screening (NTS) analysis of phytotoxins in environmental samples are sparse, meanwhile phytotoxins are rarely detected in NTS-based analysis due to lack of an efficient methodology. Development of new analytical measurement methods is therefore highly needed. In this study, we for the first time investigated key parameters of reversed phase liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (RPLC-HRMS) for five major classes of phytotoxins (alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids and aromatic polyketides) in environmental matrices; the investigation included analytical conditions which have not yet been explored by others, e.g. ionization at alkaline pH above 9. As the outcome we established a new analytical method for target/suspect screening and NTS of phytotoxins in the environment, which significantly improved the detection sensitivity with up to 40 times compared to previous methods, and enabled the discovery of over 30 phytotoxins in a NTS-based environmental study. We also observed that the negative ionization of phenols could be facilitated by the number of hydroxyl groups on the ring rather than their position of substitution. This study is of interest for a better fundamental understanding of the behavior of phytotoxins in LC-MS. Dedicated target/suspect screening and NTS methods will facilitate a better risk characterization of phytotoxins in the environment and stimulate implementation of new public regulation on phytotoxins.
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Uçaktürk E, Başaran AA, Demirel AH. Effect of the Mobile Phase Compositions on the Confirmation Analysis of Some Prohibited Substances in Sport by LC–ESI–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Jia W, Cheng J, Zhu L, Ren Y, Zhang Y. Rapid Simultaneous Determination of Cascade Metabolites of Acrylamide in Urine for Toxicokinetics Profiles and Short-Term Dietary Internal Exposure. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6748-6758. [PMID: 32419456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study developed an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to simultaneously analyze cascade metabolites of acrylamide in urine of rats and humans, including acrylamide, glycidamide, N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-l-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-l-cysteine-sulfoxide, N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-l-cysteine, and N-acetyl-S-(1-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-l-cysteine. A tandem solid-phase extraction procedure was novelly used to purify all metabolites at once from human urine. The rapid analysis showed high sensitivity with LOD and LOQ ranges of 0.1-0.8 and 0.4-5.8 ng/mL, respectively, and achieved acceptable within-laboratory reproducibility (RSD < 12.0%) and spiking recovery (92.2%-117.3%) within 8 min per sample. Approximately 70.7 and 63.0% of ingested acrylamide were recovered during the toxicokinetics analysis from urine of male and female rats, respectively. For nonsmoking participants, the urinary levels of acrylamide and glycidamide were higher in men than women, whereas the urinary concentration of AAMA showed the opposite behavior. The current analysis provides methodological support of cascade metabolites of acrylamide for the dietary short-term internal exposure assessment of acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiju Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yiping Ren
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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12
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n-Butylamine for Improving the Efficiency of Untargeted Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Plasma Metabolite Composition. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235957. [PMID: 31783473 PMCID: PMC6929023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study of the impact of n-butylamine and traditionally used additives (ammonium hydroxide and formic acid) on the efficiency of the electrospray ionization (ESI) process for the enhancement of metabolite coverage was performed by direct injection mass spectrometry (MS) analysis in negative mode. Evaluation of obtained MS data showed that n-butylamine is one of the most effective additives for the analysis of metabolite composition in ESI in negative ion mode (ESI(-)) The limitations of the use of n-butylamine and other alkylamines in the analysis of metabolic composition and a decontamination procedure that can reduce MS device contamination after their application are discussed. The proposed procedure allows the performance of high-sensitivity analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds on the same MS device in both polarities.
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13
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da Silva LAL, Sandjo LP, Misturini A, Caramori GF, Biavatti MW. ESI-QTof-MS characterization of hirsutinolide and glaucolide sesquiterpene lactones: Fragmentation mechanisms and differentiation based on Na + /H + adducts interactions in complex mixture. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:915-932. [PMID: 31476247 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones (SL) have been reported with various biological effects. Among the described SL skeletons, hirsutinolide and glaucolide have not been extensively studied by mass spectrometry (MS), especially how to distinguish them in organic matrices. Thus, this paper reports (1) a strategy of their differentiation based on MS behavior during the ionization and (2) a proposal of the fragmentation pattern for both SL-subtypes. ESI(+)-HRMS data of four isolated SL (hirsutinolides 1 and 3; glaucolides 2 and 4) were recorded by direct and UPLC water-sample combined injections. These analyses revealed that hirsutinolides and glaucolides formed [M+Na]+ ion during the operation of the direct MS injection, and ([M+Na]+ and [M+H-H2 O]+ ) and [M+H]+ ions were respectively observed for hirsutinolides and glaucolides during the operation of combined UPLC water and sample MS injection. Computational simulations showed that the complex hirsutinolide (1)-Na+ formed with a lower preparation energy compared with the complex glaucolide (2)-Na+ . However, despite their different behavior during the ionization process, ESI(+)-HRMS/MS analyses of 1-4 gave similar fragmentation patterns at m/z 277, 259, 241, and 231 that can be used as diagnostic ions for both skeletons. Moreover, the differentiation strategy based on the nature of the complex SL-adducts and their MS/MS fragmentation pattern were successfully applied for the chemical characterization of the extract from Vernonanthura tweedieana using UPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS. Among the characterized metabolites, SL with hirsutinolide and glaucolide skeletons showed the aforementioned diagnostic fragments and an ionization behavior that was similar to those observed during the water-sample combined injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layzon A L da Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, Florianópolis, Florianópolis, SC, CEP, 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Louis P Sandjo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, Florianópolis, Florianópolis, SC, CEP, 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Alechania Misturini
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, Florianópolis, Florianópolis, SC, CEP, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Giovanni F Caramori
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, Florianópolis, Florianópolis, SC, CEP, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Maique W Biavatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, Florianópolis, Florianópolis, SC, CEP, 88040-970, Brazil
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14
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Simultaneous Determination of Three Herbicides in Honey Samples Using an Aqueous Biphasic System Coupled with HPLC–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Tian H, Berton P, Rogers RD. Aqueous Biphasic Systems Composed of Random Ethylene/Propylene Oxide Copolymers, Choline Acetate, and Water for Triazine-Based Herbicide Partitioning Study. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2018.1546800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Tian
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, St. West Montreal, QC, Canada
- Plant Protection College, Department of Applied Chemistry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Paula Berton
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, St. West Montreal, QC, Canada
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Robin D. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, St. West Montreal, QC, Canada
- 525 Solutions, Inc., P.O. Box 2206, Tuscaloosa, AL 35403 USA
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16
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Monnin C, Ramrup P, Daigle-Young C, Vuckovic D. Improving negative liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry lipidomic analysis of human plasma using acetic acid as a mobile-phase additive. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:201-211. [PMID: 29105990 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mobile-phase additives in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) are used to improve peak shape, analyte ionization efficiency and method coverage. Both basic and acidic mobile phases have been used successfully for negative electrospray ionization (ESI), but very few systematic investigations exist to date to justify the choice of mobile phase. Acetic acid was previously shown to improve ionization in untargeted metabolomics of urine, but has not been investigated in lipidomics. The goal of this study was to systematically compare the performance of acetic acid to that of other commonly employed additives in negative LC/ESI-MS lipidomics. METHODS The performance of acetic acid was compared to that of commonly used mobile-phase additives in lipidomics, namely ammonium acetate, ammonium acetate with acetic acid and ammonium hydroxide, using lipid standard solutions containing representatives of major mammalian lipid subclasses and isopropanol-precipitated human plasma. This design allowed comparison of the influence of additive and additive concentration on lipid signal intensity, lipid peak shape and lipid coverage in both simple and complex biological matrices using both Orbitrap and quadrupole time-of-flight MS platforms with different ESI source designs. RESULTS Ammonium hydroxide caused 2- to 1000-fold signal suppression of all lipid classes in comparison to acetic acid. In comparison to ammonium acetate, acetic acid increased lipid signal intensity from 2- to 19-fold for 11 lipid subclasses, and decreased ionization efficiency only for ceramide and phosphatidylcholine lipid classes which can be effectively ionized in positive ESI mode. The improved ionization efficiency using acetic acid also increased lipid coverage by 21-50% versus ammonium acetate additive. CONCLUSIONS Acetic acid at a concentration of 0.02% (v/v) is the suggested choice as a mobile-phase additive for lipidomics and targeted lipid profiling with negative LC/ESI-MS based on signal enhancement and improved lipid coverage compared to ammonium acetate, ammonium acetate with acetic acid and ammonium hydroxide mobile phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian Monnin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Parsram Ramrup
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carolann Daigle-Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ojakivi
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Ravila 14a Tartu 50411 Estonia
| | - Jaanus Liigand
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Ravila 14a Tartu 50411 Estonia
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Free University of Berlin; Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Ravila 14a Tartu 50411 Estonia
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18
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Poole JJ, Gómez-Ríos GA, Boyaci E, Reyes-Garcés N, Pawliszyn J. Rapid and Concomitant Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Treated Wastewater by Coated Blade Spray Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12566-12572. [PMID: 28990769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pharmaceuticals in both human and animal populations, and the resultant contamination of surface waters from the outflow of water treatment facilities is an issue of growing concern. This has raised the need for analytical methods that can both perform rapid sample analysis and overcome the limitations of conventional analysis procedures, such as multistep workflows and tedious procedures. Coated blade spray (CBS) is a solid-phase microextraction based technique that enables the direct-to-mass-spectrometry analysis of extracted compounds via the use of limited organic solvent to desorb analytes and perform electrospray ionization. This paper documents how CBS can be applied for the concomitant tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis of nine pharmaceuticals in treated wastewater. The total analysis times of less than 11 min provided limits of detection lower than 50 ng L-1 for all target compounds in river water. The CBS methodology was then compared to a conventional solid-phase extraction technique for the analysis of the final effluent of six wastewater treatment facilities. The experimental results strongly suggest that CBS offers scientists a viable alternative method for analyzing water samples that is both rapid and relatively solvent-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justen J Poole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario, Canada , N2L 3G1
| | - German A Gómez-Ríos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario, Canada , N2L 3G1
| | - Ezel Boyaci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario, Canada , N2L 3G1
| | - Nathaly Reyes-Garcés
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario, Canada , N2L 3G1
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario, Canada , N2L 3G1
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19
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Creydt M, Fischer M. Plant Metabolomics: Maximizing Metabolome Coverage by Optimizing Mobile Phase Additives for Nontargeted Mass Spectrometry in Positive and Negative Electrospray Ionization Mode. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10474-10486. [PMID: 28850216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nontargeted screening methods with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry have been extensively applied to plant metabolomics to very diverse scientific issues in plant metabolomics. In this study, different mobile phase additives were tested in order to improve the electrospray ionization process and to detect as many metabolites as possible with high peak intensities in positive and negative ionization mode. Influences of modifiers were examined for nonpolar and polar compounds, as optimal conditions are not always the same. By combining different additives, metabolite coverage could be significantly increased. The best results for polar metabolites in positive ionization mode were achieved by using 0.1% acetic acid and 0.1% formic acid in negative ionization mode. For measurements of nonpolar metabolites in positive ionization mode, the application of 10 mmol/L ammonium formate led to the best findings, while the use of 0.02% acetic acid was more appropriate in negative ionization mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Creydt
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Gaudette F, Hamadjida A, Bédard D, Nuara SG, Beaudry F, Huot P. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify LY‐354,740 in rat and marmoset plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1061-1062:392-398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Tian H, Bai X, Xu J. Simultaneous determination of simazine, cyanazine, and atrazine in honey samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3882-3888. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Tian
- Plant Protection College; Shenyang Agricultural University; Shenyang China
| | - Xuesong Bai
- Plant Protection College; Shenyang Agricultural University; Shenyang China
| | - Jing Xu
- Liaoning entry-exit inspection and quarantine bureau; Dalian China
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22
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Kiontke A, Oliveira-Birkmeier A, Opitz A, Birkemeyer C. Electrospray Ionization Efficiency Is Dependent on Different Molecular Descriptors with Respect to Solvent pH and Instrumental Configuration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167502. [PMID: 27907110 PMCID: PMC5132301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has become one of the most commonly employed techniques in analytical chemistry, mainly due to its broad applicability to polar and semipolar compounds and the superior selectivity which is achieved in combination with high resolution separation techniques. However, responsiveness of an analytical method also determines its suitability for the quantitation of chemical compounds; and in electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry, it can vary significantly among different analytes with identical solution concentrations. Therefore, we investigated the ESI-response behavior of 56 nitrogen-containing compounds including aromatic amines and pyridines, two compound classes of high importance to both, synthetic organic chemistry as well as to pharmaceutical sciences. These compounds are increasingly analyzed employing ESI mass spectrometry detection due to their polar, basic character. Signal intensities of the peaks from the protonated molecular ion (MH+) were acquired under different conditions and related to compound properties such as basicity, polarity, volatility and molecular size exploring their quantitative impact on ionization efficiency. As a result, we found that though solution basicity of a compound is the main factor initially determining the ESI response of the protonated molecular ion, other factors such as polarity and vaporability become more important under acidic solvent conditions and may nearly outweigh the importance of basicity under these conditions. Moreover, we show that different molecular descriptors may become important when using different types of instruments for such investigations, a fact not detailed so far in the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kiontke
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr., Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Opitz
- Institute of Linguistics, University of Leipzig, Beethovenstr., Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr., Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Bertelkamp C, Verliefde ARD, Reynisson J, Singhal N, Cabo AJ, de Jonge M, van der Hoek JP. A predictive multi-linear regression model for organic micropollutants, based on a laboratory-scale column study simulating the river bank filtration process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:502-511. [PMID: 26619049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated relationships between OMP biodegradation rates and the functional groups present in the chemical structure of a mixture of 31 OMPs. OMP biodegradation rates were determined from lab-scale columns filled with soil from RBF site Engelse Werk of the drinking water company Vitens in The Netherlands. A statistically significant relationship was found between OMP biodegradation rates and the functional groups of the molecular structures of OMPs in the mixture. The OMP biodegradation rate increased in the presence of carboxylic acids, hydroxyl groups, and carbonyl groups, but decreased in the presence of ethers, halogens, aliphatic ethers, methyl groups and ring structures in the chemical structure of the OMPs. The predictive model obtained from the lab-scale soil column experiment gave an accurate qualitative prediction of biodegradability for approximately 70% of the OMPs monitored in the field (80% excluding the glymes). The model was found to be less reliable for the more persistent OMPs (OMPs with predicted biodegradation rates lower or around the standard error=0.77d(-1)) and OMPs containing amide or amine groups. These OMPs should be carefully monitored in the field to determine their removal during RBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bertelkamp
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands; Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - A R D Verliefde
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands; Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Reynisson
- The University of Auckland, School of Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - N Singhal
- The University of Auckland, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - A J Cabo
- Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics (DIAM), Faculty EEMCS, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M de Jonge
- Vitens N.V., PO Box 1205, 8001 BE Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - J P van der Hoek
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands; Strategic Centre, Waternet, Korte Ouderkerkerdijk 7, 1096 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Structure–response relationship in electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of sartans by artificial neural networks. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1438:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Bertelkamp C, Verliefde ARD, Schoutteten K, Vanhaecke L, Vanden Bussche J, Singhal N, van der Hoek JP. The effect of redox conditions and adaptation time on organic micropollutant removal during river bank filtration: A laboratory-scale column study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:309-18. [PMID: 26657377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the redox dependent removal and adaptive behaviour of a mixture of 15 organic micropollutants (OMPs) in laboratory-scale soil columns fed with river water. Three separate pilot systems were used consisting of: (1) two columns, (2) ten columns and (3) twenty two columns to create oxic, suboxic (partial nitrate removal) and anoxic (complete nitrate removal). The pilot set-up has some unique features--it can simulate fairly long residence times (e.g., 45 days using the 22 column system) and reduced conditions developed naturally within the system. Dimethoate, diuron, and metoprolol showed redox dependent removal behaviour with higher biodegradation rates in the oxic zone compared to the suboxic/anoxic zone. The redox dependent behaviour of these three OMPs could not be explained based on their physico-chemical properties (hydrophobicity, charge and molecular weight) or functional groups present in the molecular structure. OMPs that showed persistent behaviour in the oxic zone (atrazine, carbamazepine, hydrochlorothiazide and simazine) were also not removed under more reduced conditions. Adaptive behaviour was observed for five OMPs: dimethoate, chloridazon, lincomycin, sulfamethoxazole and phenazone. However, the adaptive behaviour could not be explained by the physico-chemical properties (hydrophobicity, charge and molecular weight) investigated in this study and only rough trends were observed with specific functional groups (e.g. ethers, sulphur, primary and secondary amines). Finally, the adaptive behaviour of OMPs was found to be an important factor that should be incorporated in predictive models for OMP removal during river bank filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bertelkamp
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands; Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - A R D Verliefde
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Schoutteten
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - N Singhal
- The University of Auckland, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - J P van der Hoek
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands; Strategic Centre, Waternet, Korte Ouderkerkerdijk 7, 1096 AC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Bertelkamp C, Schoutteten K, Vanhaecke L, Vanden Bussche J, Callewaert C, Boon N, Singhal N, van der Hoek JP, Verliefde ARD. A laboratory-scale column study comparing organic micropollutant removal and microbial diversity for two soil types. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 536:632-638. [PMID: 26254065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study investigated sorption and biodegradation behaviour of 20 organic micropollutants (OMPs) in lab-scale columns filled with two types of soil (fed with the same water quality) simulating river bank filtration (RBF) under oxic conditions. Retardation factors and OMP biodegradation rates were similar for the two soils that were characterised by a different cationic exchange capacity, organic matter and sand/silt/clay content. This result was supported by the microbial community composition (richness, evenness) of the two soils that became more similar as a result of feeding both columns with the same water quality. This indicates that microbial community composition and thereby OMP removal in soils is primarily determined by the composition of the aqueous phase (organic matter quantity and quality, nutrients) rather than the soil phase. These results indicate that different RBF sites located along the same river may show similar OMP removal (in case of similar water quality and residence time). CAPSULE This study shows that the microbial community composition and thus OMP removal is primarily determined by the aqueous phase (water quality) rather than the soil phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bertelkamp
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands; Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - K Schoutteten
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Callewaert
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - N Boon
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - N Singhal
- The University of Auckland, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - J P van der Hoek
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands; Strategic Centre, Waternet, Korte Ouderkerkerdijk 7, 1096 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A R D Verliefde
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands; Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Liigand J, Kruve A, Liigand P, Laaniste A, Girod M, Antoine R, Leito I. Transferability of the electrospray ionization efficiency scale between different instruments. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1923-1930. [PMID: 26246121 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, quantitative electrospray (ESI) ionization efficiencies (IE), expressed as logIE values, obtained on different mass-spectrometric setups (four mass analyzers and four ESI sources) are compared for 15 compounds of diverse properties. The general trends of change of IE with molecular structure are the same with all experimental setups. The obtained IE scales could be applied on different setups: there were no statistically significant changes in the order of ionization efficiency and the root mean of squared differences of the logIE values of compounds between the scales compiled on different instruments were found to be between 0.21 and 0.55 log units. The results show that orthogonal ESI source geometry gives better differentiating power and additional pneumatic assistance improves it even more. It is also shown that the ionization efficiency values are transferable between different mass-spectrometric setups by three anchoring points and a linear model. The root mean square error of logIE prediction ranged from 0.24 to 0.72 depending on the instrument. This work demonstrates for the first time the inter-instrument transferability of quantitative electrospray ionization efficiency data. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Liigand
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Piia Liigand
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Asko Laaniste
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marion Girod
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
- CNRS et Université de Lyon 1, UMR 5280 ISA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
- CNRS et Université de Lyon 1, UMR 5306 ILM, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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Mandra VJ, Kouskoura MG, Markopoulou CK. Using the partial least squares method to model the electrospray ionization response produced by small pharmaceutical molecules in positive mode. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1661-1675. [PMID: 26467118 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The signal intensity in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) positive mode is affected by parameters that are related to the physicochemical properties and structural features of a molecule. Accordingly, the combined interactions of an analyte and the mobile phase used is still an area that demands further clarifications since there is no general pattern regarding the nature of a molecule and the mechanism by which vapor-phase ions are produced. METHODS A multivariate analysis method, such as Partial Least Squares (PLS), provides the opportunity to correlate the effect of a large number of parameters interpreting this complex procedure with the use of appropriate mathematical algorithms. This work involves the development of models containing up to 84 X variables which characterize the analytes studied (99) focusing on their positive or negative effect on the vapor-phase ion formation process. These descriptors are correlated with the signal response of the positively charged analyte ions which corresponds to the Y variable. RESULTS The results showed that parameters referring or directly related to the ionization percentage of basic or acidic groups of an analyte can be used to determine the signal response on positive ESI-MS mode. Structural characteristics, polar surface area, lipophilicity, the ability of analytes to acts as hydrogen bond donors or acceptors, water solubility, density of a solid, surface tension of the substance and the number of free rotatable bonds are descriptors which are of secondary importance, still they cannot be considered negligible. CONCLUSIONS The models derived are proved to be reliable for the investigation of such mechanisms, with a small number of components and good linearity (R(2) >83%, Q(2) >70%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara J Mandra
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria G Kouskoura
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Catherine K Markopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Liigand J, Kruve A, Leito I, Girod M, Antoine R. Effect of mobile phase on electrospray ionization efficiency. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1853-1861. [PMID: 25142325 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray (ESI) ionization efficiencies (IE) of a set of 10 compounds differing by chemical nature, extent of ionization in solution (basicity), and by hydrophobicity (tetrapropylammonium and tetraethylammonium ion, triethylamine, 1-naphthylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, diphenylphthalate, dimethylphtahalate, piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyridine) have been measured in seven mobile phases (three acetonitrile percentages 20%, 50%, and 80%, and three different pH-adjusting additives, 0.1% formic acid, 1 mM ammonia, pH 5.0 buffer combination) using the relative measurement method. MS parameters were optimized separately for each ion. The resulting relative IE data were converted into comparable logIE values by anchoring them to the logIE of tetrapropylammonium ion taking into account the differences of ionization in different solvents and thereby making the logIE values of the compounds comparable across solvents. The following conclusions were made from analysis of the data. The compounds with pK(a) values in the range of the solution pH values displayed higher IE at lower pH. The sensitivity of IE towards pH depends on hydrophobicity being very strong with pyridine, weaker with N,N-dimethylaniline, and weakest with 1-naphthylamine. IEs of tetraalkylammonium ions and triethylamine were expectedly insensitive towards solution pH. Surprisingly high IEs of phthalate esters were observed. The differences in solutions with different acetonitrile content and similar pH were smaller compared with the pH effects. These results highlight the importance of hydrophobicity in electrospray and demonstrate that high hydrophobicity can sometimes successfully compensate for low basicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Liigand
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia,
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Wright P, Alex A, Harvey S, Parsons T, Pullen F. Understanding collision-induced dissociation of dofetilide: a case study in the application of density functional theory as an aid to mass spectral interpretation. Analyst 2014; 138:6869-80. [PMID: 24071718 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01103h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentation of molecules under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions is not well-understood. This may make interpretation of MSMS spectra difficult and limit the effectiveness of software tools intended to aid mass spectral interpretation. Density Functional Theory (DFT) has been successfully applied to explain the thermodynamics of fragmentation in the gas phase by the modelling the effect that protonation has on the bond lengths (and hence bond strengths). In this study, dofetilide and four methylated analogues were used to investigate further the potential for using DFT to understand and predict the CID fragmentation routes. The products ions present in the CID spectra of all five compounds were consistent with charge-directed fragmentation, with protonation adjacent to the cleavage site being required to initiate fragmentation. Protonation at the dissociative site may have occurred either directly or via proton migration. A correlation was observed between protonation-induced bond lengthening and the bonds which were observed to break in the CID spectra. This correlation was quantitative in that the bonds calculated to elongate to the greatest extent gave rise to the most abundant of the major product ions. Thus such quantum calculations may offer the potential for contributing to a predictive tool for aiding the accuracy and speed mass spectral interpretation by generating numerical data in the form of bond length increases to act as descriptors flagging potential bond cleavages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Wright
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
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Jaskolla TW, Onischke K, Schiller J. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid salts for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric lipid analysis: simplified spectra interpretation and insights into gas-phase fragmentation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1353-1363. [PMID: 24797946 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In the last decades the interest in lipids as important components of membranes has considerably increased. Nowadays, lipids are often routinely analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). In this regard, many relevant aspects are so far unknown, e.g., gas-phase stabilities, adduct formation and fragmentation. To fill this gap, MALDI matrix salts are presented which allow for simplified lipid analysis and elucidation of the underlying gas-phase fragmentation mechanisms. METHODS MALDI-TOF MS was used due to its beneficial properties for lipid investigations, e.g., high sensitivity, simple sample preparations, and a high tolerance to contaminants. The lipid hydrolysis, ionization and fragmentation properties of synthesized near neutral Na(+) and NH4 (+) salts of the commonly used MALDI matrix 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid were compared to that of DHB free acid itself as well as to base addition to DHB during dried-droplet sample preparation. RESULTS Many lipid classes such as sterols, triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines and -ethanolamines undergo initial protonation with subsequent prompt partial up to quantitative fragmentation when analyzed with classical acidic matrices by MALDI-TOF MS. Neutral matrix salts can prevent initial analyte fragmentation by suppression of analyte protonation. Additionally, intramolecular gas-phase fragmentation reactions can be inhibited due to analyte stabilization by cation chelation. Base addition during sample preparation leads not only to in situ generation of matrix salts but also to analyte hydrolysis. CONCLUSIONS Neutral DHB salts avoid separation of lipid species into several ionization states when used as matrices in MALDI-TOF MS. This allows for simplified lipid spectra interpretation. Due to the high cationization efficiency of DHB matrix salts, certain lipid classes become detectable which cannot be analyzed easily using standard acidic DHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten W Jaskolla
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Kruve A, Kaupmees K, Liigand J, Oss M, Leito I. Sodium adduct formation efficiency in ESI source. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:695-702. [PMID: 23722960 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Formation of sodium adducts in electrospray (ESI) has been known for long time, but has not been used extensively in practice, and several important aspects of Na(+) adduct formation in ESI source have been almost unexplored: the ionization efficiency of different molecules via Na(+) adduct formation, its dependence on molecular structure and Na(+) ion concentration in solution, fragmentation behaviour of the adducts as well as the ruggedness (a prerequisite for wider practical use) of ionization via Na(+) adduct formation. In this work, we have developed a parameter describing sodium adducts formation efficiency (SAFE) of neutral molecules and have built a SAFE scale that ranges for over four orders of magnitude and contains 19 compounds. In general, oxygen bases have higher efficiency of Na(+) adducts formation than nitrogen bases because of the higher partial negative charge on oxygen atoms and competition from protonation in the case of nitrogen bases. Chelating ability strongly increases the Na(+) adduct formation efficiency. We show that not only protonation but also Na(+) adduct formation is a quantitative and reproducible process if relative measurements are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.
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Xiao S, Qian S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Cheng Y. Compound coverage enhancement of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry through the addition of a homemade needle. Analyst 2013; 138:1772-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36656h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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