1
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Ballauff M. Driving Forces in the Formation of Biocondensates of Highly Charged Proteins: A Thermodynamic Analysis of the Binary Complex Formation. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1421. [PMID: 39595597 PMCID: PMC11592313 DOI: 10.3390/biom14111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2024] [Revised: 10/31/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A thermodynamic analysis of the binary complex formation of the highly positively charged linker histone H1 and the highly negatively charged chaperone prothymosin α (ProTα) is detailed. ProTα and H1 have large opposite net charges (-44 and +53, respectively) and form complexes at physiological salt concentrations with high affinities. The data obtained for the binary complex formation are analyzed by a thermodynamic model that is based on counterion condensation modulated by hydration effects. The analysis demonstrates that the release of the counterions mainly bound to ProTα is the main driving force, and effects related to water release play no role within the limits of error. A strongly negative Δcp (=-0.87 kJ/(K mol)) is found, which is due to the loss of conformational degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Forschungsbau SupraFab, Altensteinstrasse 23a, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Cabrera-Barjas G, Butto-Miranda N, Nesic A, Moncada-Basualto M, Segura R, Bravo-Arrepol G, Escobar-Avello D, Moeini A, Riquelme S, Neira-Carrillo A. Condensed tannins from Pinus radiata bark: Extraction and their nanoparticles preparation in water by green method. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134598. [PMID: 39127279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
This work reports for the first time the production of condensed tannin nanoparticles stable in water via modification with glycine betaine. Pine bark, as a byproduct from the paper industry, was used as a source of condensed tannins of high molecular weight. Different glycine betaine concentrations were tested to produce condensed tannin nanoparticles, and the obtained nanoparticles were subjected to several characterization techniques (Dynamic Light Scattering, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-Attenuated total reflectance, thermogravimetric analysis). The results showed that the highest stability possessed nanoparticles with 40 wt% glycine betaine. The average particle size distribution evaluated by scanning microscopy was 124 nm. Besides, the glycine betaine-modified condensed tannin nanoparticles demonstrated higher thermal stability with the starting degradation temperature at 238 °C. Finally, obtained nanoparticles showed an antioxidant capacity of 34,209 ± 2194 μmol ET/100 g and low cytotoxicity towards healthy human cells, representing the high potential to be used as a carrier of active compounds in agriculture, food, drug and medical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas
- Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastian Campus Las Tres Pascualas, Lientur 1457, CP 4080871 Concepción, Chile.
| | - Nicole Butto-Miranda
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Campus Sur Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago CP: 8820808, Chile; Department of Biological and Animal Science, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile.
| | - Aleksandra Nesic
- University of Belgrade, Vinca Institute for Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Mauricio Moncada-Basualto
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Segura
- Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362735, Chile.
| | - Gastón Bravo-Arrepol
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastian Campus Las Tres Pascualas, Lientur 1457, CP 4080871 Concepción, Chile.
| | - Danilo Escobar-Avello
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción, Av. Cordillera 2634, Parque Industrial Coronel, P.O. Box 4051 mail 3, Concepción, Chile; Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, 7810000, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Arash Moeini
- Research Group of Fluid Dynamics, Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Riquelme
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción, Av. Cordillera 2634, Parque Industrial Coronel, P.O. Box 4051 mail 3, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Andrónico Neira-Carrillo
- Department of Biological and Animal Science, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile.
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3
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Izzi G, Paladino A, Oliva R, Barra G, Ruggiero A, Del Vecchio P, Vitagliano L, Graziano G. Destabilization of the D2 domain of Thermotoga maritima arginine binding protein induced by guanidinium thiocyanate and its counteraction by stabilizing agents. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5146. [PMID: 39150147 PMCID: PMC11328109 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
D2 is a structural and cooperative domain of Thermotoga maritima Arginine Binding Protein, that possesses a remarkable conformational stability, with a denaturation temperature of 102.6°C, at pH 7.4. The addition of potassium thiocyanate causes a significant decrease in the D2 denaturation temperature. The interactions of thiocyanate ions with D2 have been studied by means of isothermal titration calorimetry measurements and molecular dynamics simulations. It emerged that: (a) 20-30 thiocyanate ions interact with the D2 surface and are present in its first solvation shell; (b) each of them makes several contacts with protein groups, both polar and nonpolar ones. The addition of guanidinium thiocyanate causes a marked destabilization of the D2 native state, because both the ions are denaturing agents. However, on adding to the solution containing D2 and guanidinium thiocyanate a stabilizing agent, such as TMAO, sucrose or sodium sulfate, a significant increase in denaturation temperature occurs. The present results confirm that counteraction is a general phenomenon for globular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Izzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Oliva
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Barra
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Graziano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via Francesco de Sanctis snc, Benevento, Italy
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4
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Izzi G, Campanile M, Del Vecchio P, Graziano G. On the Stabilizing Effect of Aspartate and Glutamate and Its Counteraction by Common Denaturants. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9360. [PMID: 39273310 PMCID: PMC11395698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
By performing differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) measurements on RNase A, we studied the stabilization provided by the addition of potassium aspartate(KAsp) or potassium glutamate (KGlu) and found that it leads to a significant increase in the denaturation temperature of the protein. The stabilization proves to be mainly entropic in origin. A counteraction of the stabilization provided by KAsp or KGlu is obtained by adding common denaturants such as urea, guanidinium chloride, or guanidinium thiocyanate. A rationalization of the experimental data is devised on the basis of a theoretical approach developed by one of the authors. The main contribution to the conformational stability of globular proteins comes from the gain in translational entropy of water and co-solute ions and/or molecules for the decrease in solvent-excluded volume associated with polypeptide folding (i.e., there is a large decrease in solvent-accessible surface area). The magnitude of this entropic contribution increases with the number density and volume packing density of the solution. The two destabilizing contributions come from the conformational entropy of the chain, which should not depend significantly on the presence of co-solutes, and from the direct energetic interactions between co-solutes and the protein surface in both the native and denatured states. It is the magnitude of the latter that discriminates between stabilizing and destabilizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Izzi
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Campanile
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Graziano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via F. De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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5
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Saridakis E, Donta K. Protein Thermodynamic Properties, Crystallisation, and the Hofmeister Series. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300733. [PMID: 38702291 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The Hofmeister series is a series of ions ordered according to their ability to precipitate proteins. It has also been linked to a host of (bio)chemical phenomena. Several attempts over the years to correlate the series to the varying success of different salts in crystallising proteins have been largely inconclusive. A correlation, based on published data and crystallisation conditions for several proteins, is proposed here between some thermodynamic properties of proteins and the position in the Hofmeister series of the salts from which they preferentially crystallise. Namely, a high ratio between the entropic or enthalpic protein-solvent interactions contribution to thermodynamic stability and the total thermodynamic stability of a given protein, indicate the protein's high propensity to crystallise in solutions of highly kosmotropic salts. Low such ratios on the other hand, indicate that chaotropic salts can be equally successful, i. e. that the protein in question is rather indifferent to the Hofmeister character of the salt. Testing various model proteins for crystallisation against screens containing salts found at different points on the Hofmeister series, as well as further bibliographic analysis, have yielded results that appear to largely corroborate this hypothesis. These conclusions may conceivably be used as a crystallisation predictive tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Saridakis
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Neapoleos 27, Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, 15341, Greece
| | - Katerina Donta
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Neapoleos 27, Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, 15341, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
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6
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Ertekin UE, Okur HI. Greasy Cations Bind to Neutral Macromolecules in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6151-6157. [PMID: 38835205 PMCID: PMC11181456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Ions influence the solution properties of macromolecules. Although much is known about anions, cationic effects are considered mostly in terms of weak interactions or exclusion from neutral interfaces. Herein, we have systematically studied the effect of quaternary tetraalkylammonium cations (NH4+, NMe4+, NEt4+, NPr4+, NBu4+) on the phase transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) in aqueous solution. Solubility measurements were coupled to 1H NMR and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic measurements. The solubility and NMR measurements revealed a direct binding between the greasiest cations and the isopropyl group of the macromolecule, evidenced from the nonlinear, Langmuir-type chemical shift response only at the isopropyl NMR signals with increasing salt concentrations. The ATR-FTIR measurements focusing on the amide oxygen showed that it is not the main direct-binding site. Additionally, the salting-out effects of the greasier cations correlate with their hydration entropies. These results demonstrate that the most weakly hydrated cations can bind to macromolecules as strongly as the weakly hydrated Hofmeister anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umay Eren Ertekin
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent
University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Ibrahim Okur
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent
University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- National
Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent
University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Rudani BA, Jakubowski A, Kriegs H, Wiegand S. Deciphering the guanidinium cation: Insights into thermal diffusion. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:214502. [PMID: 38828819 DOI: 10.1063/5.0215843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermophoresis, or thermodiffusion, is becoming a more popular method for investigating the interactions between proteins and ligands due to its high sensitivity to the interactions between solutes and water. Despite its growing use, the intricate mechanisms behind thermodiffusion remain unclear. This gap in knowledge stems from the complexities of thermodiffusion in solvents that have specific interactions as well as the intricate nature of systems that include many components with both non-ionic and ionic groups. To deepen our understanding, we reduce complexity by conducting systematic studies on aqueous salt solutions. In this work, we focused on how guanidinium salt solutions behave in a temperature gradient, using thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering experiments at temperatures ranging from 15 to 35 °C. We looked at the thermodiffusive behavior of four guanidinium salts (thiocyanate, iodide, chloride, and carbonate) in solutions with concentrations ranging from 1 to 3 mol/kg. The guanidinium cation is disk-shaped and is characterized by flat hydrophobic surfaces and three amine groups, which enable directional hydrogen bonding along the edges. We compare our results to the behavior of salts with spherical cations, such as sodium, potassium, and lithium. Our discussions are framed around how different salts are solvated, specifically in the context of the Hofmeister series, which ranks ions based on their effects on the solvation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binny A Rudani
- IBI-4:Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andre Jakubowski
- IBI-4:Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kriegs
- IBI-4:Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Simone Wiegand
- IBI-4:Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
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8
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Asakereh I, Rutbeek NR, Singh M, Davidson D, Prehna G, Khajehpour M. The Streptococcus phage protein paratox is an intrinsically disordered protein. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5037. [PMID: 38801244 PMCID: PMC11129628 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The bacteriophage protein paratox (Prx) blocks quorum sensing in its streptococcal host by directly binding the signal receptor and transcription factor ComR. This reduces the ability of Streptococcus to uptake environmental DNA and protects phage DNA from damage by recombination. Past work characterizing the Prx:ComR molecular interaction revealed that paratox adopts a well-ordered globular fold when bound to ComR. However, solution-state biophysical measurements suggested that Prx may be conformationally dynamic. To address this discrepancy, we investigated the stability and dynamic properties of Prx in solution using circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, and several fluorescence-based protein folding assays. Our work shows that under dilute buffer conditions Prx is intrinsically disordered. We also show that the addition of kosmotropic salts or protein stabilizing osmolytes induces Prx folding. However, the solute stabilized fold is different from the conformation Prx adopts when it is bound to ComR. Furthermore, we have characterized Prx folding thermodynamics and folding kinetics through steady-state fluorescence and stopped flow kinetic measurements. Our results show that Prx is a highly dynamic protein in dilute solution, folding and refolding within the 10 ms timescale. Overall, our results demonstrate that the streptococcal phage protein Prx is an intrinsically disordered protein in a two-state equilibrium with a solute-stabilized folded form. Furthermore, the solute-stabilized fold is likely the predominant form of Prx in a solute-crowded bacterial cell. Finally, our work suggests that Prx binds and inhibits ComR, and thus quorum sensing in Streptococcus, by a combination of conformational selection and induced-fit binding mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Asakereh
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Nicole R. Rutbeek
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Manvir Singh
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - David Davidson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Gerd Prehna
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
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9
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Redvanly TW, Pielak GJ. Quantitative entropy-enthalpy compensation in intraprotein interactions from model compound data. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5013. [PMID: 38808964 PMCID: PMC11135021 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Many small globular proteins exist in only two states-the physiologically relevant folded state and an inactive unfolded state. The active state is stabilized by numerous weak attractive contacts, including hydrogen bonds, other polar interactions, and the hydrophobic effect. Knowledge of these interactions is key to understanding the fundamental equilibrium thermodynamics of protein folding and stability. We focus on one such interaction, that between amide and aromatic groups. We provide a statistically convincing case for quantitative, linear entropy-enthalpy compensation in forming aromatic-amide interactions using published model compound transfer-free energy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Redvanly
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Gary J. Pielak
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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10
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Kar M, Vogel LT, Chauhan G, Felekyan S, Ausserwöger H, Welsh TJ, Dar F, Kamath AR, Knowles TPJ, Hyman AA, Seidel CAM, Pappu RV. Solutes unmask differences in clustering versus phase separation of FET proteins. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4408. [PMID: 38782886 PMCID: PMC11116469 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phase separation and percolation contribute to phase transitions of multivalent macromolecules. Contributions of percolation are evident through the viscoelasticity of condensates and through the formation of heterogeneous distributions of nano- and mesoscale pre-percolation clusters in sub-saturated solutions. Here, we show that clusters formed in sub-saturated solutions of FET (FUS-EWSR1-TAF15) proteins are affected differently by glutamate versus chloride. These differences on the nanoscale, gleaned using a suite of methods deployed across a wide range of protein concentrations, are prevalent and can be unmasked even though the driving forces for phase separation remain unchanged in glutamate versus chloride. Strikingly, differences in anion-mediated interactions that drive clustering saturate on the micron-scale. Beyond this length scale the system separates into coexisting phases. Overall, we find that sequence-encoded interactions, mediated by solution components, make synergistic and distinct contributions to the formation of pre-percolation clusters in sub-saturated solutions, and to the driving forces for phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrityunjoy Kar
- Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Laura T Vogel
- Department of Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Suren Felekyan
- Department of Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hannes Ausserwöger
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy J Welsh
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Furqan Dar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Anjana R Kamath
- Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Claus A M Seidel
- Department of Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Rohit V Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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11
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Trevitt CR, Yashwanth Kumar DR, Fowler NJ, Williamson MP. Interactions between the protein barnase and co-solutes studied by NMR. Commun Chem 2024; 7:44. [PMID: 38418894 PMCID: PMC10902301 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein solubility and stability depend on the co-solutes present. There is little theoretical basis for selection of suitable co-solutes. Some guidance is provided by the Hofmeister series, an empirical ordering of anions according to their effect on solubility and stability; and by osmolytes, which are small organic molecules produced by cells to allow them to function in stressful environments. Here, NMR titrations of the protein barnase with Hofmeister anions and osmolytes are used to measure and locate binding, and thus to separate binding and bulk solvent effects. We describe a rationalisation of Hofmeister (and inverse Hofmeister) effects, which is similar to the traditional chaotrope/kosmotrope idea but based on solvent fluctuation rather than water withdrawal, and characterise how co-solutes affect protein stability and solubility, based on solvent fluctuations. This provides a coherent explanation for solute effects, and points towards a more rational basis for choice of excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare R Trevitt
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Certara UK Ltd, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 3BJ, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J Fowler
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Mike P Williamson
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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12
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Seth S, Stine B, Bhattacharya A. Fine structures of intrinsically disordered proteins. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:014902. [PMID: 38165099 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We report simulation studies of 33 single intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) using coarse-grained bead-spring models where interactions among different amino acids are introduced through a hydropathy matrix and additional screened Coulomb interaction for the charged amino acid beads. Our simulation studies of two different hydropathy scales (HPS1, HPS2) [Dignon et al., PLoS Comput. Biol. 14, e1005941 (2018); Tesei et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 118, e2111696118 (2021)] and the comparison with the existing experimental data indicate an optimal interaction parameter ϵ = 0.1 and 0.2 kcal/mol for the HPS1 and HPS2 hydropathy scales. We use these best-fit parameters to investigate both the universal aspects as well as the fine structures of the individual IDPs by introducing additional characteristics. (i) First, we investigate the polymer-specific scaling relations of the IDPs in comparison to the universal scaling relations [Bair et al., J. Chem. Phys. 158, 204902 (2023)] for the homopolymers. By studying the scaled end-to-end distances ⟨RN2⟩/(2Lℓp) and the scaled transverse fluctuations l̃⊥2=⟨l⊥2⟩/L, we demonstrate that IDPs are broadly characterized with a Flory exponent of ν ≃ 0.56 with the conclusion that conformations of the IDPs interpolate between Gaussian and self-avoiding random walk chains. Then, we introduce (ii) Wilson charge index (W) that captures the essential features of charge interactions and distribution in the sequence space and (iii) a skewness index (S) that captures the finer shape variation of the gyration radii distributions as a function of the net charge per residue and charge asymmetry parameter. Finally, our study of the (iv) variation of ⟨Rg⟩ as a function of salt concentration provides another important metric to bring out finer characteristics of the IDPs, which may carry relevant information for the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnadeep Seth
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2385, USA
| | - Brandon Stine
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2385, USA
| | - Aniket Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2385, USA
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13
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Hervø-Hansen S, Polák J, Tomandlová M, Dzubiella J, Heyda J, Lund M. Salt Effects on Caffeine across Concentration Regimes. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10253-10265. [PMID: 38058160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Salts affect the solvation thermodynamics of molecules of all sizes; the Hofmeister series is a prime example in which different ions lead to salting-in or salting-out of aqueous proteins. Early work of Tanford led to the discovery that the solvation of molecular surface motifs is proportional to the solvent accessible surface area (SASA), and later studies have shown that the proportionality constant varies with the salt concentration and type. Using multiscale computer simulations combined with vapor-pressure osmometry on caffeine-salt solutions, we reveal that this SASA description captures a rich set of molecular driving forces in tertiary solutions at changing solute and osmolyte concentrations. Central to the theoretical work is a new potential energy function that depends on the instantaneous surface area, salt type, and concentration. Used in, e.g., Monte Carlo simulations, this allows for a highly efficient exploration of many-body interactions and the resulting thermodynamics at elevated solute and salt concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hervø-Hansen
- Division of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE 221 00, Sweden
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Jakub Polák
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Praha 6, Prague CZ-16628, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Tomandlová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Praha 6, Prague CZ-16628, Czech Republic
| | - Joachim Dzubiella
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, Freiburg Im Breisgau D-79104, Germany
| | - Jan Heyda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Praha 6, Prague CZ-16628, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Lund
- Division of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE 221 00, Sweden
- Lund Institute of Advance Neutron and X-ray Science (LINXS), Lund SE 223 70, Sweden
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14
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Zytkiewicz E, Shkel IA, Cheng X, Rupanya A, McClure K, Karim R, Yang S, Yang F, Record MT. Quantifying Amide-Aromatic Interactions at Molecular and Atomic Levels: Experimentally Determined Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions to Interactions of Amide sp 2O, N, C and sp 3C Unified Atoms with Naphthalene sp 2C Atoms in Water. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2841-2853. [PMID: 37695675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
In addition to amide hydrogen bonds and the hydrophobic effect, interactions involving π-bonded sp2 atoms of amides, aromatics, and other groups occur in protein self-assembly processes including folding, oligomerization, and condensate formation. These interactions also occur in aqueous solutions of amide and aromatic compounds, where they can be quantified. Previous analysis of thermodynamic coefficients quantifying net-favorable interactions of amide compounds with other amides and aromatics revealed that interactions of amide sp2O with amide sp2N unified atoms (presumably C═O···H-N hydrogen bonds) and amide/aromatic sp2C (lone pair π, n-π*) are particularly favorable. Sp3C-sp3C (hydrophobic), sp3C-sp2C (hydrophobic, CH-π), sp2C-sp2C (hydrophobic, π-π), and sp3C-sp2N interactions are favorable, sp2C-sp2N interactions are neutral, while sp2O-sp2O and sp2N-sp2N self-interactions and sp2O-sp3C interactions are unfavorable. Here, from determinations of favorable effects of 14 amides on naphthalene solubility at 10, 25, and 45 °C, we dissect amide-aromatic interaction free energies into enthalpic and entropic contributions and find these vary systematically with amide composition. Analysis of these results yields enthalpic and entropic contributions to intrinsic strengths of interactions of amide sp2O, sp2N, sp2C, and sp3C unified atoms with aromatic sp2C atoms. For each interaction, enthalpic and entropic contributions have the same sign and are much larger in magnitude than the interaction free energy itself. The amide sp2O-aromatic sp2C interaction is enthalpy-driven and entropically unfavorable, consistent with direct chemical interaction (e.g., lone pair-π), while amide sp3C- and sp2C-aromatic sp2C interactions are entropy-driven and enthalpically unfavorable, consistent with hydrophobic effects. These findings are relevant for interactions involving π-bonded sp2 atoms in protein processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Zytkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Irina A Shkel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xian Cheng
- Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Anuchit Rupanya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kate McClure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Rezwana Karim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sumin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Felix Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M Thomas Record
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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15
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Kar M, Vogel LT, Chauhan G, Ausserwöger H, Welsh TJ, Kamath AR, Knowles TPJ, Hyman AA, Seidel CAM, Pappu RV. Glutamate helps unmask the differences in driving forces for phase separation versus clustering of FET family proteins in sub-saturated solutions. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3252197. [PMID: 37790538 PMCID: PMC10543311 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3252197/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent proteins undergo coupled segregative and associative phase transitions. Phase separation, a segregative transition, is driven by macromolecular solubility, and this leads to coexisting phases above system-specific saturation concentrations. Percolation is a continuous transition that is driven by multivalent associations among cohesive motifs. Contributions from percolation are highlighted by the formation of heterogeneous distributions of clusters in sub-saturated solutions, as was recently reported for Fused in sarcoma (FUS) and FET family proteins. Here, we show that clustering and phase separation are defined by a separation of length- and energy-scales. This is unmasked when glutamate is the primary solution anion. Glutamate is preferentially excluded from protein sites, and this enhances molecular associations. Differences between glutamate and chloride are manifest at ultra-low protein concentrations. These differences are amplified as concentrations increase, and they saturate as the micron-scale is approached. Therefore, condensate formation in supersaturated solutions and clustering in sub-saturated are governed by distinct energy and length scales. Glutamate, unlike chloride, is the dominant intracellular anion, and the separation of scales, which is masked in chloride, is unmasked in glutamate. Our work highlights how components of cellular milieus and sequence-encoded interactions contribute to amplifying distinct contributions from associative versus segregative phase transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrityunjoy Kar
- Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Laura T. Vogel
- Department of Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Hannes Ausserwöger
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy J. Welsh
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anjana R. Kamath
- Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony A. Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claus A. M. Seidel
- Department of Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rohit V. Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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16
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Kar M, Vogel LT, Chauhan G, Ausserwöger H, Welsh TJ, Kamath AR, Knowles TPJ, Hyman AA, Seidel CAM, Pappu RV. Glutamate helps unmask the differences in driving forces for phase separation versus clustering of FET family proteins in sub-saturated solutions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.11.552963. [PMID: 37609232 PMCID: PMC10441405 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.11.552963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent proteins undergo coupled segregative and associative phase transitions. Phase separation, a segregative transition, is driven by macromolecular solubility, and this leads to coexisting phases above system-specific saturation concentrations. Percolation is a continuous transition that is driven by multivalent associations among cohesive motifs. Contributions from percolation are highlighted by the formation of heterogeneous distributions of clusters in sub-saturated solutions, as was recently reported for Fused in sarcoma (FUS) and FET family proteins. Here, we show that clustering and phase separation are defined by a separation of length- and energy-scales. This is unmasked when glutamate is the primary solution anion. Glutamate is preferentially excluded from protein sites, and this enhances molecular associations. Differences between glutamate and chloride are manifest at ultra-low protein concentrations. These differences are amplified as concentrations increase, and they saturate as the micron-scale is approached. Therefore, condensate formation in supersaturated solutions and clustering in sub-saturated are governed by distinct energy and length scales. Glutamate, unlike chloride, is the dominant intracellular anion, and the separation of scales, which is masked in chloride, is unmasked in glutamate. Our work highlights how components of cellular milieus and sequence-encoded interactions contribute to amplifying distinct contributions from associative versus segregative phase transitions.
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17
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Abstract
Multivalent proteins and nucleic acids, collectively referred to as multivalent associative biomacromolecules, provide the driving forces for the formation and compositional regulation of biomolecular condensates. Here, we review the key concepts of phase transitions of aqueous solutions of associative biomacromolecules, specifically proteins that include folded domains and intrinsically disordered regions. The phase transitions of these systems come under the rubric of coupled associative and segregative transitions. The concepts underlying these processes are presented, and their relevance to biomolecular condensates is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit V. Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates (CBC), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Samuel R. Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates (CBC), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Furqan Dar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates (CBC), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Mina Farag
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates (CBC), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Mrityunjoy Kar
- Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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18
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Zytkiewicz E, Shkel IA, Cheng X, Rupanya A, McClure K, Karim R, Yang S, Yang F, Record MT. Quantifying Amide-Aromatic Interactions at Molecular and Atomic Levels: Experimentally-determined Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions to Interactions of Amide sp 2 O, N, C and sp 3 C Unified Atoms with Naphthalene sp 2 C Atoms in Water. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548600. [PMID: 37503153 PMCID: PMC10370101 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In addition to amide hydrogen bonds and the hydrophobic effect, interactions involving π-bonded sp 2 atoms of amides, aromatics and other groups occur in protein self-assembly processes including folding, oligomerization and condensate formation. These interactions also occur in aqueous solutions of amide and aromatic compounds, where they can be quantified. Previous analysis of thermodynamic coefficients quantifying net-favorable interactions of amide compounds with other amides and aromatics revealed that interactions of amide sp 2 O with amide sp 2 N unified atoms (presumably C=O···H-N hydrogen bonds) and amide/aromatic sp 2 C (lone pair-π, n-π * ) are particularly favorable. Sp 3 C-sp 3 C (hydrophobic), sp 3 C-sp 2 C (hydrophobic, CH-π), sp 2 C-sp 2 C (hydrophobic, π-π) and sp 3 C-sp 2 N interactions are favorable, sp 2 C-sp 2 N interactions are neutral, while sp 2 O-sp 2 O and sp 2 N-sp 2 N self-interactions and sp 2 O-sp 3 C interactions are unfavorable. Here, from determinations of favorable effects of fourteen amides on naphthalene solubility at 10, 25 and 45 °C, we dissect amide-aromatic interaction free energies into enthalpic and entropic contributions and find these vary systematically with amide composition. Analysis of these results yields enthalpic and entropic contributions to intrinsic strengths of interactions of amide sp 2 O, sp 2 N, sp 2 C and sp 3 C unified atoms with aromatic sp 2 C atoms. For each interaction, enthalpic and entropic contributions have the same sign and are much larger in magnitude than the interaction free energy itself. The amide sp 2 O-aromatic sp 2 C interaction is enthalpy-driven and entropically unfavorable, consistent with direct chemical interaction (e.g. lone pair-π) while amide sp 3 C- and sp 2 C-aromatic sp 2 C interactions are entropy-driven and enthalpically unfavorable, consistent with hydrophobic effects. These findings are relevant for interactions involving π-bonded sp 2 atoms in protein processes. Table of Contents Graphic
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Zytkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Irina A. Shkel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Xian Cheng
- Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Anuchit Rupanya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kate McClure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Rezwana Karim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Sumin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Felix Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - M. Thomas Record
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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19
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Paladino A, Vitagliano L, Graziano G. The Action of Chemical Denaturants: From Globular to Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050754. [PMID: 37237566 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Proteins perform their many functions by adopting either a minimal number of strictly similar conformations, the native state, or a vast ensemble of highly flexible conformations. In both cases, their structural features are highly influenced by the chemical environment. Even though a plethora of experimental studies have demonstrated the impact of chemical denaturants on protein structure, the molecular mechanism underlying their action is still debated. In the present review, after a brief recapitulation of the main experimental data on protein denaturants, we survey both classical and more recent interpretations of the molecular basis of their action. In particular, we highlight the differences and similarities of the impact that denaturants have on different structural classes of proteins, i.e., globular, intrinsically disordered (IDP), and amyloid-like assemblies. Particular attention has been given to the IDPs, as recent studies are unraveling their fundamental importance in many physiological processes. The role that computation techniques are expected to play in the near future is illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Paladino
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Graziano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via Francesco de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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20
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Clamp Interactions with +3/+6 Duplex and Upstream-to-Downstream Allosteric Effects in Late Steps of Forming a Stable RNA Polymerase-Promoter Open Complex. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167990. [PMID: 36736885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stable 37 °C open complexes (OC) of E. coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) at λPR and T7A1 promoters form at similar rates but have very different lifetimes. To understand the downstream interactions responsible for OC lifetime, how promoter sequence directs them and when they form, we report lifetimes of stable OC and unstable late (I2) intermediates for promoters with different combinations of λPR (L) and T7A1 (T) discriminators, core promoters and UP elements. I2 lifetimes are similarly short, while stable OC lifetimes differ greatly, determined largely by the discriminator and modulated by core-promoter and UP elements. The free energy change ΔG3o for I2 → stable OC is approximately -4 kcal more favorable for L-discriminator than for T-discriminator promoters. Downstream-truncation at +6 (DT+6) greatly destabilizes OC at L-discriminator but not T-discriminator promoters, making all ΔG3o values similar (approximately -4 kcal). Urea reduces OC lifetime greatly by affecting ΔG3o. We deduce that urea acts by disfavoring coupled folding of key elements of the β'-clamp, that I2 is an open-clamp OC, and that clamp-closing in I2 → stable OC involves coupled folding. Differences in ΔG3o between downstream-truncated and full-length promoters yield contributions to ΔG3o from interactions with downstream mobile elements (DME) including β-lobe and β'-jaw, more favorable for L-discriminator than for T-discriminator promoters. We deduce how competition between far-downstream DNA and σ70 region 1.1 affects ΔG3o values. We discuss variant-specific ΔG3o contributions in terms of the allosteric network by which differences in discriminator and -10 sequence are sensed and transmitted downstream to affect DME-duplex interactions in I2 → stable OC.
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21
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The melting curves of calf thymus-DNA are buffer specific. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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A Structure-Based Mechanism for the Denaturing Action of Urea, Guanidinium Ion and Thiocyanate Ion. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121764. [PMID: 36552273 PMCID: PMC9775367 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An exhaustive analysis of all the protein structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank, here performed, has allowed the identification of hundredths of protein-bound urea molecules and the structural characterization of such binding sites. It emerged that, even though urea molecules are largely involved in hydrogen bonds with both backbone and side chains, they are also able to make van der Waals contacts with nonpolar moieties. As similar findings have also been previously reported for guanidinium and thiocyanate, this observation suggests that promiscuity is a general property of protein denaturants. Present data provide strong support for a mechanism based on the protein-denaturant direct interactions with a denaturant binding model to equal and independent sites. In this general framework, our investigations also highlight some interesting insights into the different denaturing power of urea compared to guanidinium/thiocyanate.
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23
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Maity H, Baidya L, Reddy G. Salt-Induced Transitions in the Conformational Ensembles of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5959-5971. [PMID: 35944496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Salts modulate the behavior of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and influence the formation of membraneless organelles through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). In low ionic strength solutions, IDP conformations are perturbed by the screening of electrostatic interactions, independent of the salt identity. In this regime, insight into the IDP behavior can be obtained using the theory for salt-induced transitions in charged polymers. However, salt-specific interactions with the charged and uncharged residues, known as the Hofmeister effect, influence IDP behavior in high ionic strength solutions. There is a lack of reliable theoretical models in high salt concentration regimes to predict the salt effect on IDPs. We propose a simulation methodology using a coarse-grained IDP model and experimentally measured water to salt solution transfer free energies of various chemical groups that allowed us to study the salt-specific transitions induced in the IDPs conformational ensemble. We probed the effect of three different monovalent salts on five IDPs belonging to various polymer classes based on charged residue content. We demonstrate that all of the IDPs of different polymer classes behave as self-avoiding walks (SAWs) at physiological salt concentration. In high salt concentrations, the transitions observed in the IDP conformational ensembles are dependent on the salt used and the IDP sequence and composition. Changing the anion with the cation fixed can result in the IDP transition from a SAW-like behavior to a collapsed globule. An important implication of these results is that a suitable salt can be identified to induce condensation of an IDP through LLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranmay Maity
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 560012
| | - Lipika Baidya
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 560012
| | - Govardhan Reddy
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 560012
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24
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Malicka W, Haag R, Ballauff M. Interaction of Heparin with Proteins: Hydration Effects. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6250-6260. [PMID: 35960645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a thermodynamic investigation of the interaction of heparin with lysozyme in the presence of potassium glutamate (KGlu). The binding constant Kb is measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) in a temperature range from 288 to 310 K for concentrations of KGlu between 25 and 175 mM. The free energy of binding ΔGb derived from Kb is strongly decreasing with increasing concentration of KGlu, whereas the dependence of ΔGb on temperature T is found to be small. The decrease of ΔGb can be explained in terms of counterion release: Binding of lysozyme to the strong polyelectrolyte heparin liberates approximately three of the condensed counterions of heparin, thus increasing the entropy of the system. The dependence of ΔGb on T, on the other hand, is traced back to a change of hydration of the protein and the polyelectrolyte upon complex formation. This dependence is quantitatively described by the parameter Δw that depends on T and vanishes at a characteristic temperature T0. A comparison of the complex formation in the presence of KGlu with the one in the presence of NaCl demonstrates that the parameters related to hydration are changed considerably. The characteristic temperature T0 in the presence of KGlu solutions is considerably smaller than that in the presence of NaCl solutions. The change of specific heat Δcp is found to become more negative with increasing salt concentration: This finding agrees with the model-free analysis by the generalized van't Hoff equation. The entire analysis reveals a small but important change of the free energy of binding by hydration. It shows that these ion-specific Hofmeister effects can be modeled quantitatively in terms of a characteristic temperature T0 and a parameter describing the dependence of Δcp on salt concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Malicka
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Joshi A, Kishore N. Macromolecular crowding and preferential exclusion counteract the effect of protein denaturant: Biophysical aspects. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Asakereh I, Lee K, Francisco OA, Khajehpour M. Hofmeister Effects of Group II Cations as Seen in the Unfolding of Ribonuclease A. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100884. [PMID: 35421259 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This work studies the effects of alkaline-earth cation addition upon the unfolding free energy of a model protein, pancreatic Ribonuclease A (RNase A) by DSC analysis. RNase A was chosen because it: a) does not specifically bind Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and Sr 2+ cations and b) maintains its structural integrity throughout a large pH range. We have measured and compared the effects of NaCl, MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 and SrCl 2 addition on the melting point of RNase A. Our results show that even though the addition of group II cations to aqueous solvent reduces the solubility of nonpolar residues (and enhances the hydrophobic effect), their interactions with the amide moieties are strong enough to "salt-them-in" the solvent, thereby causing an overall reduction in protein stability. We demonstrate that amide-cation interactions are a major contributor to the observed "Hofmeister Effects" of group II cations in protein folding. Our analysis suggests that protein folding "Hofmeister Effects" of group II cations, are mostly the aggregate sum of how cation addition simultaneously salts-out hydrophobic moieties through increasing the cavitation free energy, while promoting the salting-in of amide moieties through contact pair formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Asakereh
- University of Manitoba, Chemistry, Dept of Chemistry, University of Manitob, Winnipeg, R3T2N2, Winnipeg, CANADA
| | - Katherine Lee
- University of Manitoba, Chemistry, Dept of Chemistry, University of Manitob, Winnipeg, R3T2N2, Winnipeg, CANADA
| | - Olga A Francisco
- University of Manitoba, Chemistry, Dept of Chemistry, University of Manitob, Winnipeg, R3T2N2, Winnipeg, CANADA
| | - Mazdak Khajehpour
- University of Manitoba, Chemistry, Dept of Chemistry, University of Manitob, R3T2N2, Winnipeg, CANADA
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27
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Ballauff M. Denaturation of proteins: electrostatic effects vs. hydration. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10105-10113. [PMID: 35424951 PMCID: PMC8968186 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01167k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolding transition of proteins in aqueous solution containing various salts or uncharged solutes is a classical subject of biophysics. In many cases, this transition is a well-defined two-stage equilibrium process which can be described by a free energy of transition ΔG u and a transition temperature T m. For a long time, it has been known that solutes can change T m profoundly. Here we present a phenomenological model that describes the change of T m with the solute concentration c s in terms of two effects: (i) the change of the number of correlated counterions Δn ci and (ii) the change of hydration expressed through the parameter Δw and its dependence on temperature expressed through the parameter dΔc p/dc s. Proteins always carry charges and Δn ci describes the uptake or release of counterions during the transition. Likewise, the parameter Δw measures the uptake or release of water during the transition. The transition takes place in a reservoir with a given salt concentration c s that defines also the activity of water. The parameter Δn ci is a measure for the gain or loss of free energy because of the release or uptake of ions and is related to purely entropic effects that scale with ln c s. Δw describes the effect on ΔG u through the loss or uptake of water molecules and contains enthalpic as well as entropic effects that scale with c s. It is related to the enthalpy of transition ΔH u through a Maxwell relation: the dependence of ΔH u on c s is proportional to the dependence of Δw on temperature. While ionic effects embodied in Δn ci are independent of the kind of salt, the hydration effects described through Δw are directly related to Hofmeister effects of the various salt ions. A comparison with literature data underscores the general validity of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
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28
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Pica A, Graziano G. A Rationalization of the Effect That TMAO, Glycine, and Betaine Exert on the Collapse of Elastin-like Polypeptides. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020140. [PMID: 35207427 PMCID: PMC8876568 DOI: 10.3390/life12020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are soluble in water at low temperature, but, on increasing the temperature, they undergo a reversible and cooperative, coil-to-globule collapse transition. It has been shown that the addition to water of either trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), glycine, or betaine causes a significant decrease of T(collapse) in the case of a specific ELP. Traditional rationalizations of these phenomena do not work in the present case. We show that an alternative approach, grounded in the magnitude of the solvent-excluded volume effect and its temperature dependence (strictly linked to the translational entropy of solvent and co-solute molecules), is able to rationalize the occurrence of ELP collapse in water on raising the temperature, as well as the T(collapse) lowering caused by the addition to water of either TMAO, glycine, or betaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pica
- ALPX, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Giuseppe Graziano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, Via Francesco de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Correspondence:
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29
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Interaction of Linear Polyelectrolytes with Proteins: Role of Specific Charge-Charge Interaction and Ionic Strength. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091377. [PMID: 34572590 PMCID: PMC8472085 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a thermodynamic study of the interaction of synthetic, linear polyelectrolytes with bovine serum albumin (BSA). All polyelectrolytes are based on poly(allyl glycidyl ether) which has been modified by polymer-analogous reaction with anionic (-SO3Na), cationic (-NH3Cl or -NHMe2Cl) or zwitterionic groups (-NMe2(CH2)3SO3). While the anionic polymer shows a very weak interaction, the zwitterionic polymer exhibits no interaction with BSA (pI = 4.7) under the applied pH = 7.4, ionic strength (I = 23–80 mM) and temperature conditions (T = 20–37 °C). A strong binding, however, was observed for the polycations bearing primary amino or tertiary dimethyl amino groups, which could be analysed in detail by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The analysis was done using an expression which describes the free energy of binding, ΔGb, as the function of the two decisive variables, temperature, T, and salt concentration, cs. The underlying model splits ΔGb into a term related to counterion release and a term related to water release. While the number of released counter ions is similar for both systems, the release of bound water is more important for the primary amine compared to the tertiary N,N-dimethyl amine presenting polymer. This finding is further traced back to a closer contact of the polymers’ protonated primary amino groups in the complex with oppositely charged moieties of BSA as compared to the bulkier protonated tertiary amine groups. We thus present an investigation that quantifies both driving forces for electrostatic binding, namely counterion release and change of hydration, which contribute to a deeper understanding with direct impact on future advancements in the biomedical field.
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30
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Drecun O, Striolo A, Bernardini C. Structural and dynamic properties of some aqueous salt solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15224-15235. [PMID: 34235528 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05331g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous salt solutions are utilized and encountered in wide-ranging technological applications and natural settings. Towards improved understanding of the effect of salts on the dynamic properties of such systems, dilute aqueous salt solutions (up to 1 molar concentration) are investigated here, via experiments and molecular simulations. Four salts are considered: sodium chloride, for which published results are readily available for comparison, ammonium acetate, barium acetate and barium nitrate, for which published data are scarce. In the present work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are conducted to quantify viscosity and water self-diffusion coefficients, together with rheometry and Pulsed Field Gradient Spin Echo (PFGSE)-NMR experiments for validation. Simulation predictions are consistent with experimental observations in terms of trend and magnitude of salt-specific effects. Combining insights from the approaches considered, an interpretation of the results is proposed whereby the capacity of salts to influence bulk dynamics arises from their molecular interfacial area and strength of interaction with first hydration-shell water molecules. For the concentration range investigated, the interpretation could be useful in formulating aqueous systems for applications including the manufacturing of advanced catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Drecun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, UK.
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31
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Cozzolino S, Tortorella A, Del Vecchio P, Graziano G. General Counteraction Exerted by Sugars against Denaturants. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:652. [PMID: 34357025 PMCID: PMC8303697 DOI: 10.3390/life11070652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformational stability of globular proteins is strongly influenced by the addition to water of different co-solutes. Some of the latter destabilize the native state, while others stabilize it. It is emerging that stabilizing agents are able to counteract the action of destabilizing agents. We have already provided experimental evidence that this counteraction is a general phenomenon and offered a rationalization. In the present work, we show that four different sugars, namely fructose, glucose, sucrose, and trehalose, counteract the effect of urea, tetramethylurea, sodium perchlorate, guanidinium chloride, and guanidinium thiocyanate despite the chemical and structural differences of those destabilizing agents. The rationalization we provide is as follows: (a) the solvent-excluded volume effect, a purely entropic effect, stabilizes the native state, whose solvent-accessible surface area is smaller than the one of denatured conformations; (b) the magnitude of the solvent-excluded volume effect increases markedly in ternary solutions because the experimental density of such solutions is larger than that of pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cozzolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (S.C.); (A.T.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Attila Tortorella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (S.C.); (A.T.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (S.C.); (A.T.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Graziano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Francesco de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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32
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Walkowiak JJ, Ballauff M. Interaction of Polyelectrolytes with Proteins: Quantifying the Role of Water. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100661. [PMID: 34194953 PMCID: PMC8224434 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical model is presented for the free energy ΔGb of complex formation between a highly charged polyelectrolyte and a protein. The model introduced here comprises both the effect of released counterions and the uptake or release of water molecules during complex formation. The resulting expression for ΔGb is hence capable of describing the dependence of ΔGb on temperature as well as on the concentration of salt in the system: An increase of the salt concentration in the solution increases the activity of the ions and counterion release becomes less effective for binding. On the other hand, an increased salt concentration leads to the decrease of the activity of water in bulk. Hence, release of water molecules during complex formation will be more advantageous and lead to an increase of the magnitude of ΔGb and the binding constant. It is furthermore demonstrated that the release or uptake of water molecules is the origin of the marked enthalpy-entropy cancellation observed during complex formation of polyelectrolytes with proteins. The comparison with experimental data on complex formation between a synthetic (sulfated dendritic polyglycerol) and natural polyelectrolytes (DNA; heparin) with proteins shows full agreement with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek J. Walkowiak
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTaktstraße 3Berlin14195Germany
- Aachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased MaterialsMaastricht UniversityBrightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22Geleen6167 RDThe Netherlands
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTaktstraße 3Berlin14195Germany
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Achazi K, Haag R, Ballauff M, Dernedde J, Kizhakkedathu JN, Maysinger D, Multhaup G. Understanding the Interaction of Polyelectrolyte Architectures with Proteins and Biosystems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3882-3904. [PMID: 32589355 PMCID: PMC7894192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The counterions neutralizing the charges on polyelectrolytes such as DNA or heparin may dissociate in water and greatly influence the interaction of such polyelectrolytes with biomolecules, particularly proteins. In this Review we give an overview of studies on the interaction of proteins with polyelectrolytes and how this knowledge can be used for medical applications. Counterion release was identified as the main driving force for the binding of proteins to polyelectrolytes: Patches of positive charge become multivalent counterions of the polyelectrolyte and lead to the release of counterions from the polyelectrolyte and a concomitant increase in entropy. This is shown from investigations on the interaction of proteins with natural and synthetic polyelectrolytes. Special emphasis is paid to sulfated dendritic polyglycerols (dPGS). The Review demonstrates that we are moving to a better understanding of charge-charge interactions in systems of biological relevance. Research along these lines will aid and promote the design of synthetic polyelectrolytes for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Achazi
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
- IRIS AdlershofHumboldt Universität zu BerlinZum Grossen Windkanal 612489BerlinGermany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry, and PathobiochemistryCVK Augustenburger Platz 113353BerlinGermany
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood ResearchDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineLife Science InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySchool of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverV6T 1Z3Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill UniversityMontrealH3G 1Y6Canada
| | - Gerd Multhaup
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill UniversityMontrealH3G 1Y6Canada
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34
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Miranda‐Quintana RA, Smiatek J. Theoretical Insights into Specific Ion Effects and Strong-Weak Acid-Base Rules for Ions in Solution: Deriving the Law of Matching Solvent Affinities from First Principles. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2605-2617. [PMID: 32975891 PMCID: PMC7756232 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We present a detailed study of specific ion effects, volcano plots and the law of matching solvent affinities by means of a conceptual density functional theory (DFT) approach. Our results highlight that specific ion effects and the corresponding implications on the solvation energy are mainly due to differences in the electric chemical potentials and chemical hardnesses of the ions and the solvent. Our approach can be further used to identify reliable criteria for the validity of the law of matching solvent affinities. Basic expressions are derived, which allow us to study the limiting conditions for this empirical observation with regard to matching chemical reactivity indices. Moreover, we show that chaotropic and kosmotropic concepts and their implications for the stability of ion pairs are directly related to a generalized strong and weak acids and bases (SWAB) principle for ions in solution, which is also applicable to rationalize the shape of volcano plots for different solvents. In contrast to previous assumptions, all empirical findings can be explained by the properties of local solvent-ion complexes which dominate the specific global behavior of ion pairs in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Smiatek
- Institut für ComputerphysikUniversität Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
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35
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Potassium Glutamate and Glycine Betaine Induce Self-Assembly of the PCNA and β-Sliding Clamps. Biophys J 2020; 120:73-85. [PMID: 33221249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sliding clamps are oligomeric ring-shaped proteins that increase the efficiency of DNA replication. The stability of the Escherichia coli β-clamp, a homodimer, is particularly remarkable. The dissociation equilibrium constant of the β-clamp is of the order of 10 pM in buffers of moderate ionic strength. Coulombic electrostatic interactions have been shown to contribute to this remarkable stability. Increasing NaCl concentration in the assay buffer results in decreased dimer stability and faster subunit dissociation kinetics in a way consistent with simple charge-screening models. Here, we examine non-Coulombic ionic effects on the oligomerization properties of sliding clamps. We determined relative diffusion coefficients of two sliding clamps using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Replacing NaCl by KGlu, the primary cytoplasmic salt in E. coli, results in a decrease of the diffusion coefficient of these proteins consistent with the formation of protein assemblies. The UV-vis spectrum of the β-clamp labeled with tetramethylrhodamine shows the characteristic absorption band of dimers of rhodamine when KGlu is present in the buffer. This suggests that KGlu induces the formation of assemblies that involve two or more rings stacked face-to-face. Results can be quantitatively explained on the basis of unfavorable interactions between KGlu and the functional groups on the protein surface, which drive biomolecular processes that bury exposed surface. Similar results were obtained with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PCNA sliding clamp, suggesting that KGlu effects are not specific to the β-clamp. Clamp association is also promoted by glycine betaine, a zwitterionic compound that accumulates intracellularly when E. coli is exposed to high concentrations of extracellular solute. Possible biological implications are discussed.
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36
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Mestdagh JM, Poisson L. Excited State Dynamics of Isolated 6- and 8-Hydroxyquinoline Molecules. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2605-2613. [PMID: 33022865 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced dynamics of isolated n-hydroxyquinoline (nHQ) molecules (n=6,8) was investigated in femtosecond pump-probe experiments. A qualitative difference was found between 8HQ and 6HQ. After an initial rapid decay corresponding to the departure of the initial wavepacket out of the Franck-Condon region of the excitation, the 8HQ probe signal decays to zero in 0.37 ps whereas a much longer time constant of 10.4 ps is observed in 6HQ. This interrogates on the role played by the intramolecular H-bond N · · · HO which is at play the 8HQ molecule. Ab-initio were performed at the MCSCF/aug-cc-pVDZ level on the 8HQ molecule to help the discussion. A complex energy landscape was found, which includes a conical intersection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Mestdagh
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lionel Poisson
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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37
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Yao W, Wang K, Wu A, Reed WF, Gibb BC. Anion binding to ubiquitin and its relevance to the Hofmeister effects. Chem Sci 2020; 12:320-330. [PMID: 34163600 PMCID: PMC8178748 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04245e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the non-covalent interactions between proteins and salts contributing to the Hofmeister effects have been generally mapped, there are many questions regarding the specifics of these interactions. We report here studies involving the small protein ubiquitin and salts of polarizable anions. These studies reveal a complex interplay between the reverse Hofmeister effect at low pH, the salting-in Hofmeister effect at higher pH, and six anion binding sites in ubiquitin at the root of these phenomena. These sites are all located at protuberances of preorganized secondary structure, and although stronger at low pH, are still apparent when ubiquitin possesses no net charge. These results demonstrate the traceability of these Hofmeister phenomena and suggest new strategies for understanding the supramolecular properties of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Aide Wu
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Wayne F Reed
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Bruce C Gibb
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
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38
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Cheng X, Shkel IA, O'Connor K, Record MT. Experimentally determined strengths of favorable and unfavorable interactions of amide atoms involved in protein self-assembly in water. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27339-27345. [PMID: 33087561 PMCID: PMC7959557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012481117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Folding and other protein self-assembly processes are driven by favorable interactions between O, N, and C unified atoms of the polypeptide backbone and side chains. These processes are perturbed by solutes that interact with these atoms differently than water does. Amide NH···O=C hydrogen bonding and various π-system interactions have been better characterized structurally or by simulations than experimentally in water, and unfavorable interactions are relatively uncharacterized. To address this situation, we previously quantified interactions of alkyl ureas with amide and aromatic compounds, relative to interactions with water. Analysis yielded strengths of interaction of each alkylurea with unit areas of different hybridization states of unified O, N, and C atoms of amide and aromatic compounds. Here, by osmometry, we quantify interactions of 10 pairs of amides selected to complete this dataset. An analysis yields intrinsic strengths of six favorable and four unfavorable atom-atom interactions, expressed per unit area of each atom and relative to interactions with water. The most favorable interactions are sp2O-sp2C (lone pair-π, presumably n-π*), sp2C-sp2C (π-π and/or hydrophobic), sp2O-sp2N (hydrogen bonding) and sp3C-sp2C (CH-π and/or hydrophobic). Interactions of sp3C with itself (hydrophobic) and with sp2N are modestly favorable, while sp2N interactions with sp2N and with amide/aromatic sp2C are modestly unfavorable. Amide sp2O-sp2O interactions and sp2O-sp3C interactions are more unfavorable, indicating the preference of amide sp2O to interact with water. These intrinsic interaction strengths are used to predict interactions of amides with proteins and chemical effects of amides (including urea, N-ethylpyrrolidone [NEP], and polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP]) on protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Cheng
- Program in Biophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Irina A Shkel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Kevin O'Connor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M Thomas Record
- Program in Biophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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39
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Achazi K, Haag R, Ballauff M, Dernedde J, Kizhakkedathu JN, Maysinger D, Multhaup G. Wechselwirkung von Polyelektrolyt‐Architekturen mit Proteinen und Biosystemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Achazi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Zum Großen Windkanal 6 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie CVK Augustenburger Platz 1 13353 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Life Science Institute Department of Chemistry School of Biomedical Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z3 Kanada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Montreal H3G 1Y6 Kanada
| | - Gerd Multhaup
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Montreal H3G 1Y6 Kanada
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40
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Ozturk TN, Culham DE, Tempelhagen L, Wood JM, Lamoureux G. Salt-Dependent Interactions between the C-Terminal Domain of Osmoregulatory Transporter ProP of Escherichia coli and the Lipid Membrane. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8209-8220. [PMID: 32838524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osmosensing transporter ProP detects the increase in cytoplasmic cation concentration associated with osmotically induced cell dehydration and mediates osmolyte uptake into bacteria. ProP is a 12-transmembrane helix protein with an α-helical, cytoplasmic C-terminal domain (CTD) linked to transmembrane helix XII (TM XII). It has been proposed that the CTD helix associates with the anionic membrane surface to lock ProP in an inactive conformation and that the release of the CTD may activate ProP. To investigate this possible activation mechanism, we have built and simulated a structural model in which the CTD was anchored to the membrane by TM XII and the CTD helix was associated with the membrane surface. Molecular dynamics simulations showed specific intrapeptide salt bridges forming when the CTD associated with the membrane. Experiments supported the presence of the salt bridge Lys447-Asp455 and suggested a role for these residues in osmosensing. Simulations performed at different salt concentrations showed weakened CTD-lipid interactions at 0.25 M KCl and gradual stiffening of the membrane with increasing salinity. These results suggest that salt cations may affect CTD release and activate ProP by increasing the order of membrane phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba N Ozturk
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montreal QC H4B 1R6, Canada.,Centre for Research in Molecular Modeling, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Doreen E Culham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Laura Tempelhagen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Janet M Wood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lamoureux
- Centre for Research in Molecular Modeling, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
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41
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Ward SP, Abeykoon PG, McDermott ST, Adamson DH. Effect of Aqueous Anions on Graphene Exfoliation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10421-10428. [PMID: 32794716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ion partitioning behavior in electrolyte solutions plays an important role in drug delivery and therapeutics, protein folding, materials science, filtration, and energy applications such as supercapacitors. Here, we show that the segregation of ions in solutions also plays an important role in the exfoliation of natural flake graphite to pristine graphene. Polarizable anions such as iodide and acetate segregate to the interfacial region of the aqueous phase during solvent interfacial trapping exfoliation of graphene. Ordered water layers and accumulated charges near the graphene surface aid in separating graphene sheets from bulk graphite, and, more importantly, reduce the reversibility of the exfoliation event. The observed phenomenon results not only in the improved stability of graphene-stabilized emulsions but also in a low-cost and environmentally friendly way of enhancing the production of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Prabodha G Abeykoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Sean T McDermott
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Douglas H Adamson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs Connecticut 06269, United States
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs Connecticut 06269, United States
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Guzmán E, Rubio RG, Ortega F. A closer physico-chemical look to the Layer-by-Layer electrostatic self-assembly of polyelectrolyte multilayers. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 282:102197. [PMID: 32579951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer films (PEMs) using the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) method is one of the most versatile approaches for manufacturing functional surfaces. This is the result of the possibility to control the assembly process of the LbL films almost at will, by changing the nature of the assembled materials (building blocks), the assembly conditions (pH, ionic strength, temperature, etc.) or even by changing some other operational parameters which may impact in the structure and physico-chemical properties of the obtained multi-layered films. Therefore, the understanding of the impact of the above mentioned parameters on the assembly process of LbL materials plays a critical role in the potential use of the LbL method for the fabrication of new functional materials with technological interest. This review tries to provide a broad physico-chemical perspective to the study of the fabrication process of PEMs by the LbL method, which allows one to take advantage of the many possibilities offered for this approach on the fabrication of new functional nanomaterials.
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Folberth A, Polák J, Heyda J, van der Vegt NFA. Pressure, Peptides, and a Piezolyte: Structural Analysis of the Effects of Pressure and Trimethylamine- N-oxide on the Peptide Solvation Shell. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:6508-6519. [PMID: 32615760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The osmolyte trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is able to increase the thermodynamic stability of folded proteins, counteracting pressure denaturation. Herein, we report experimental solubility data on penta-alanine (pAla) in aqueous TMAO solutions (at pH = 7 and pH = 13) together with molecular simulation data for pAla, penta-serine (pSer), and an elastin-like peptide (ELP) sequence (VPGVG) under varying pH and pressure conditions. The effect of the peptide end groups on TMAO-peptide interactions is investigated by comparing the solvation of zwitterionic and negatively charged pentamers with the solvation of pentamers with charge-neutral C- and N-termini and linear, virtually infinite, peptide chains stretched across the periodic boundaries of the simulation cell. The experiments and simulations consistently show that TMAO is net-depleted from the pAla-water interface, but local accumulation of TMAO is observed just outside the first hydration shell of the peptide. While the same observations are also made in the simulations of the zwitterionic pentamers (Ala, Ser, and ELP) and virtually infinite peptide chains (Ala and ELP), weak preferential binding of TMAO is instead observed for pAla with neutral end groups at a 1 M TMAO concentration and for an ELP pentamer with capped neutral end groups at a 0.55 M TMAO concentration studied in previous work (Y.-T. Liao et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2017, 114, 2479-2484). The above observations made at 1 bar ambient pressure remain qualitatively unchanged at 500 bar and 2 kbar. Local accumulation of TMAO correlates with a reduction in the total number of peptide-solvent hydrogen bonds, independent of the peptide's primary sequence and the applied pressure. By weakening water hydrogen bonds with the protein backbone, TMAO indirectly contributes to stabilizing internal hydrogen bonds in proteins, thus providing a protein stabilization mechanism beyond net depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Folberth
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut fuer Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jakub Polák
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Heyda
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nico F A van der Vegt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut fuer Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Walkowiak JJ, Ballauff M, Zimmermann R, Freudenberg U, Werner C. Thermodynamic Analysis of the Interaction of Heparin with Lysozyme. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4615-4625. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Janusz Walkowiak
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Freudenberg
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Okuno Y, Szabo A, Clore GM. Quantitative Interpretation of Solvent Paramagnetic Relaxation for Probing Protein-Cosolute Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8281-8290. [PMID: 32286812 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein-small cosolute molecule interactions are ubiquitous and known to modulate the solubility, stability, and function of many proteins. Characterization of such transient weak interactions at atomic resolution remains challenging. In this work, we develop a simple and practical NMR method for extracting both energetic and dynamic information on protein-cosolute interactions from solvent paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (sPRE) measurements. Our procedure is based on an approximate (non-Lorentzian) spectral density that behaves exactly at both high and low frequencies. This spectral density contains two parameters, one global related to the translational diffusion coefficient of the paramagnetic cosolute, and the other residue specific. These parameters can be readily determined from sPRE data, and then used to calculate analytically a concentration normalized equilibrium average of the interspin distance, ⟨r-6⟩norm, and an effective correlation time, τC, that provide measures of the energetics and dynamics of the interaction at atomic resolution. We compare our approach with existing ones, and demonstrate the utility of our method using experimental 1H longitudinal and transverse sPRE data recorded on the protein ubiquitin in the presence of two different nitroxide radical cosolutes, at multiple static magnetic fields. The approach for analyzing sPRE data outlined here provides a powerful tool for deepening our understanding of extremely weak protein-cosolute interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Okuno
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, United States
| | - Attila Szabo
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, United States
| | - G Marius Clore
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, United States
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Matsuno R, Kokubo Y, Kumagai S, Takamatsu S, Hashimoto K, Takahara A. Molecular Design and Characterization of Ionic Monomers with Varying Ion Pair Interaction Energies. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Matsuno
- KOINE project Division Global Innovation Center, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yota Kokubo
- Sumitomo Riko Company, 1 Higashi 3-chome, Komaki, Aichi 485-8550, Japan
| | - Shinji Kumagai
- Sumitomo Riko Company, 1 Higashi 3-chome, Komaki, Aichi 485-8550, Japan
| | | | - Kazunobu Hashimoto
- KOINE project Division Global Innovation Center, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Sumitomo Riko Company, 1 Higashi 3-chome, Komaki, Aichi 485-8550, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Raghunathan S, Jaganade T, Priyakumar UD. Urea-aromatic interactions in biology. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:65-84. [PMID: 32067192 PMCID: PMC7040157 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions are key determinants in both chemical and biological processes. Among such processes, the hydrophobic interactions play an eminent role in folding of proteins, nucleic acids, formation of membranes, protein-ligand recognition, etc.. Though this interaction is mediated through the aqueous solvent, the stability of the above biomolecules can be highly sensitive to any small external perturbations, such as temperature, pressure, pH, or even cosolvent additives, like, urea-a highly soluble small organic molecule utilized by various living organisms to regulate osmotic pressure. A plethora of detailed studies exist covering both experimental and theoretical regimes, to understand how urea modulates the stability of biological macromolecules. While experimentalists have been primarily focusing on the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, theoretical modeling predominantly involves mechanistic information at the molecular level, calculating atomistic details applying the force field approach to the high level electronic details using the quantum mechanical methods. The review focuses mainly on examples with biological relevance, such as (1) urea-assisted protein unfolding, (2) urea-assisted RNA unfolding, (3) urea lesion interaction within damaged DNA, (4) urea conduction through membrane proteins, and (5) protein-ligand interactions those explicitly address the vitality of hydrophobic interactions involving exclusively the urea-aromatic moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Raghunathan
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Tanashree Jaganade
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - U Deva Priyakumar
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, 500032, India.
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Francisco OA, Glor HM, Khajehpour M. Salt Effects on Hydrophobic Solvation: Is the Observed Salt Specificity the Result of Excluded Volume Effects or Water Mediated Ion-Hydrophobe Association? Chemphyschem 2020; 21:484-493. [PMID: 31944529 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The solubility of hydrophobic molecules in water is sensitive to salt addition in an ion-specific manner. Such "salting-out" and "salting-in" properties have been shown to be a major contributor to the measured ion-specific Hofmeister effects that are observed in many biophysical phenomena. Various theoretical models have suggested a number of disparate mechanisms for salting-out (salting-in) of hydrophobic moieties, the most popular of which include preferential interaction, water-mediated association, and electrostriction models. However, a complete molecular level description of this ion-specificity is not yet available. This work investigates the ion-specific nature of hydrophobic solvation by studying how sodium and chloride salts affect the thermodynamics of 1,2-hexanediol micellization. The results of this study are analyzed in terms of scaled-particle theory and we show that salt addition can affect hydrophobic solvation in two modalities: salt addition changes the cavitation free energy; salt addition also influences the solvent-solute interaction energy by changing the hydration of the hydrophobic solute. These two effects are salt specific in nature and we suggest that for small hydrophobic solutes these effects are the main cause of salt-specific Hofmeister effects on their solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayden M Glor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mazdak Khajehpour
- University of Manitoba, 468 Parker Bldg., Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2 N2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Canada
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The Hofmeister series: Specific ion effects in aqueous polymer solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 555:615-635. [PMID: 31408761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Specific ion effects in aqueous polymer solutions have been under active investigation over the past few decades. The current state-of-the-art research is primarily focused on the understanding of the mechanisms through which ions interact with macromolecules and affect their solution stability. Hence, we herein first present the current opinion on the sources of ion-specific effects and review the relevant studies. This includes a summary of the molecular mechanisms through which ions can interact with polymers, quantification of the affinity of ions for the polymer surface, a thermodynamic description of the effects of salts on polymer stability, as well as a discussion on the different forces that contribute to ion-polymer interplay. Finally, we also highlight future research issues that call for further scrutiny. These include fundamental questions on the mechanisms of ion-specific effects and their correlation with polymer properties as well as a discussion on the specific ion effects in more complex systems such as mixed electrolyte solutions.
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Using Single-Molecule Chemo-Mechanical Unfolding to Simultaneously Probe Multiple Structural Parameters in Protein Folding. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:mps2020032. [PMID: 31164612 PMCID: PMC6632164 DOI: 10.3390/mps2020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While single-molecule force spectroscopy has greatly advanced the study of protein folding, there are limitations to what can be learned from studying the effect of force alone. We developed a novel technique, chemo-mechanical unfolding, that combines multiple perturbants—force and chemical denaturant—to more fully characterize the folding process by simultaneously probing multiple structural parameters—the change in end-to-end distance, and solvent accessible surface area. Here, we describe the theoretical background, experimental design, and data analysis for chemo-mechanical unfolding experiments probing protein folding thermodynamics and kinetics. This technique has been applied to characterize parallel protein folding pathways, the protein denatured state, protein folding on the ribosome, and protein folding intermediates.
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