1
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Burks GR, Yao L, Kalutantirige FC, Gray KJ, Bello E, Rajagopalan S, Bialik SB, Barrick JE, Alleyne M, Chen Q, Schroeder CM. Electron Tomography and Machine Learning for Understanding the Highly Ordered Structure of Leafhopper Brochosomes. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:190-200. [PMID: 36516996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insects known as leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) produce hierarchically structured nanoparticles known as brochosomes that are exuded and applied to the insect cuticle, thereby providing camouflage and anti-wetting properties to aid insect survival. Although the physical properties of brochosomes are thought to depend on the leafhopper species, the structure-function relationships governing brochosome behavior are not fully understood. Brochosomes have complex hierarchical structures and morphological heterogeneity across species, due to which a multimodal characterization approach is required to effectively elucidate their nanoscale structure and properties. In this work, we study the structural and mechanical properties of brochosomes using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), electron microscopy (EM), electron tomography, and machine learning (ML)-based quantification of large and complex scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image data sets. This suite of techniques allows for the characterization of internal and external brochosome structures, and ML-based image analysis methods of large data sets reveal correlations in the structure across several leafhopper species. Our results show that brochosomes are relatively rigid hollow spheres with characteristic dimensions and morphologies that depend on leafhopper species. Nanomechanical mapping AFM is used to determine a characteristic compression modulus for brochosomes on the order of 1-3 GPa, which is consistent with crystalline proteins. Overall, this work provides an improved understanding of the structural and mechanical properties of leafhopper brochosomes using a new set of ML-based image classification tools that can be broadly applied to nanostructured biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Burks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lehan Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Falon C Kalutantirige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyle J Gray
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth Bello
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shreyas Rajagopalan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sarah B Bialik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Barrick
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marianne Alleyne
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles M Schroeder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
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2
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Patterson JP. Observation of Liquid-Liquid-Phase Separation and Vesicle Spreading during Supported Bilayer Formation via Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10325-10332. [PMID: 34890211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) enables the real-time visualization of nanoscale dynamics in solution. This technique has been used to study the formation and transformation mechanisms of organic and inorganic nanomaterials. Here, we study the formation of block-copolymer-supported bilayers using LP-TEM. We observe two formation pathways that involve either liquid droplets or vesicles as intermediates toward supported bilayers. Quantitative image analysis methods are used to characterize vesicle spread rates and show the origin of defect formation in supported bilayers. Our results suggest that bilayer assembly methods that proceed via liquid droplet intermediates should be beneficial for forming pristine supported bilayers. Furthermore, supported bilayers inside the liquid cells may be used to image membrane interactions with proteins and nanoparticles in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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3
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Carpenter BP, Talosig R, Patterson JP. A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14232-14280. [PMID: 34329552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly is pervasive in the formation of living and synthetic materials. Knowledge gained from research into the principles of molecular self-assembly drives innovation in the biological, chemical, and materials sciences. Self-assembly processes span a wide range of temporal and spatial domains and are often unintuitive and complex. Studying such complex processes requires an arsenal of analytical and computational tools. Within this arsenal, the transmission electron microscope stands out for its unique ability to visualize and quantify self-assembly structures and processes. This review describes the contribution that the transmission electron microscope has made to the field of molecular self-assembly. An emphasis is placed on which TEM methods are applicable to different structures and processes and how TEM can be used in combination with other experimental or computational methods. Finally, we provide an outlook on the current challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing the impact that the transmission electron microscope can have on molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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4
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Wibowo A, Tajalla GUN, Marsudi MA, Cooper G, Asri LA, Liu F, Ardy H, Bartolo PJ. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extract of Cilembu Sweet Potatoes ( Ipomoea batatas L var. Rancing) as Potential Filler for 3D Printed Electroactive and Anti-Infection Scaffolds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072042. [PMID: 33918502 PMCID: PMC8038213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroactive biomaterials are fascinating for tissue engineering applications because of their ability to deliver electrical stimulation directly to cells, tissue, and organs. One particularly attractive conductive filler for electroactive biomaterials is silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) because of their high conductivity, antibacterial activity, and ability to promote bone healing. However, production of AgNPs involves a toxic reducing agent which would inhibit biological scaffold performance. This work explores facile and green synthesis of AgNPs using extract of Cilembu sweet potato and studies the effect of baking and precursor concentrations (1, 10 and 100 mM) on AgNPs’ properties. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) results revealed that the smallest particle size of AgNPs (9.95 ± 3.69 nm) with nodular morphology was obtained by utilization of baked extract and ten mM AgNO3. Polycaprolactone (PCL)/AgNPs scaffolds exhibited several enhancements compared to PCL scaffolds. Compressive strength was six times greater (3.88 ± 0.42 MPa), more hydrophilic (contact angle of 76.8 ± 1.7°), conductive (2.3 ± 0.5 × 10−3 S/cm) and exhibited anti-bacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC3658 (99.5% reduction of surviving bacteria). Despite the promising results, further investigation on biological assessment is required to obtain comprehensive study of this scaffold. This green synthesis approach together with the use of 3D printing opens a new route to manufacture AgNPs-based electroactive with improved anti-bacterial properties without utilization of any toxic organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Wibowo
- Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (G.U.N.T.); (M.A.M.); (L.A.T.W.A.); (H.A.)
- Research Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (G.C.); (P.J.D.S.B.)
| | - Gusti U. N. Tajalla
- Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (G.U.N.T.); (M.A.M.); (L.A.T.W.A.); (H.A.)
- Materials and Metallurgy Engineering, Institut Teknologi Kalimantan, Jl. Soekarno Hatta 15, Balikpapan 76127, Indonesia
| | - Maradhana A. Marsudi
- Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (G.U.N.T.); (M.A.M.); (L.A.T.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Glen Cooper
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (G.C.); (P.J.D.S.B.)
| | - Lia A.T.W. Asri
- Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (G.U.N.T.); (M.A.M.); (L.A.T.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Fengyuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Husaini Ardy
- Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (G.U.N.T.); (M.A.M.); (L.A.T.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Paulo J.D.S. Bartolo
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (G.C.); (P.J.D.S.B.)
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5
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Vena MP, de Moor D, Ianiro A, Tuinier R, Patterson JP. Kinetic state diagrams for a highly asymmetric block copolymer assembled in solution. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1084-1090. [PMID: 33289775 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01596b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer self-assembly is used to form nanomaterials with a wide range of structures. While self-assembly of polymers in bulk has been thoroughly explored, the same process in solution remains widely used but partially unresolved, due to the formation of structures which are often kinetically trapped. In this paper we report kinetic state diagrams of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer in water by changing the solvent-switch assembly conditions. We study 36 different conditions for a single block copolymer, exploring three parameters: polymer concentration, temperature and rate addition of selective solvent. The data shows that polymer concentration plays an important role in determining which morphologies are accessible within a given set of experimental parameters and provides evidence that vesicles can evolve into particles with complex internal structures, supportive of recent mechanistic studies. Most importantly, the data shows a complex relationship between all parameters and the resulting kinetically trapped morphologies indicating that combined in situ and ex situ studies are required to gain a fundamental understanding of kinetically controlled block copolymer assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paula Vena
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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6
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Hua Z, Jones JR, Thomas M, Arno MC, Souslov A, Wilks TR, O'Reilly RK. Anisotropic polymer nanoparticles with controlled dimensions from the morphological transformation of isotropic seeds. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5406. [PMID: 31776334 PMCID: PMC6881314 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and controlling self-assembly processes at multiple length scales is vital if we are to design and create advanced materials. In particular, our ability to organise matter on the nanoscale has advanced considerably, but still lags far behind our skill in manipulating individual molecules. New tools allowing controlled nanoscale assembly are sorely needed, as well as the physical understanding of how they work. Here, we report such a method for the production of highly anisotropic nanoparticles with controlled dimensions based on a morphological transformation process (MORPH, for short) driven by the formation of supramolecular bonds. We present a minimal physical model for MORPH that suggests a general mechanism which is potentially applicable to a large number of polymer/nanoparticle systems. We envision MORPH becoming a valuable tool for controlling nanoscale self-assembly, and for the production of functional nanostructures for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Hua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joseph R Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marjolaine Thomas
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maria C Arno
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anton Souslov
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Thomas R Wilks
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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7
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Sun H, Zielinska K, Resmini M, Zarbakhsh A. Interactions of NIPAM nanogels with model lipid multi-bilayers: A neutron reflectivity study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 536:598-608. [PMID: 30390585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In dermal drug delivery, the influence of the chemical structure of the carriers on their penetration mechanisms is not yet fully understood. This is a key requirement in order to design highly efficient delivery systems. In this study, neutron reflectivity is used to provide insights into the interactions between thermoresponsive N-isopropylacrylamide based nanogels, cross-linked with 10%, 20% and 30% N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, and skin lipid multi-bilayers models. Ceramide lipid multi-bilayers and ceramide/cholesterol/behenic acid mixed lipid multi-bilayers were used for this work. The results indicated that in both multi-bilayers the lipids were depleted by the nanogels mainly through hydrophobic interactions. The ability of nanogels to associate with skin lipids to form water-dispersible complexes was found to be a function of the percentage cross-linker. An enhanced depletion of lipids was further observed in the presence of benzyl alcohol, a well-known skin penetration enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Joseph Priestley Building, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Zielinska
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Joseph Priestley Building, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Resmini
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Joseph Priestley Building, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Ali Zarbakhsh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Joseph Priestley Building, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
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8
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Hierarchical spidroin micellar nanoparticles as the fundamental precursors of spider silks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11507-11512. [PMID: 30348773 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810203115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many natural silks produced by spiders and insects are unique materials in their exceptional toughness and tensile strength, while being lightweight and biodegradable-properties that are currently unparalleled in synthetic materials. Myriad approaches have been attempted to prepare artificial silks from recombinant spider silk spidroins but have each failed to achieve the advantageous properties of the natural material. This is because of an incomplete understanding of the in vivo spidroin-to-fiber spinning process and, particularly, because of a lack of knowledge of the true morphological nature of spidroin nanostructures in the precursor dope solution and the mechanisms by which these nanostructures transform into micrometer-scale silk fibers. Herein we determine the physical form of the natural spidroin precursor nanostructures stored within spider glands that seed the formation of their silks and reveal the fundamental structural transformations that occur during the initial stages of extrusion en route to fiber formation. Using a combination of solution phase diffusion NMR and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), we reveal direct evidence that the concentrated spidroin proteins are stored in the silk glands of black widow spiders as complex, hierarchical nanoassemblies (∼300 nm diameter) that are composed of micellar subdomains, substructures that themselves are engaged in the initial nanoscale transformations that occur in response to shear. We find that the established micelle theory of silk fiber precursor storage is incomplete and that the first steps toward liquid crystalline organization during silk spinning involve the fibrillization of nanoscale hierarchical micelle subdomains.
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9
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Cheung M, Adaniya H, Cassidy C, Yamashita M, Li KL, Taba S, Shintake T. Improved sample dispersion in cryo-EM using “perpetually-hydrated” graphene oxide flakes. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:75-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Arno MC, Brannigan RP, Policastro GM, Becker ML, Dove AP. pH-Responsive, Functionalizable Spyrocyclic Polycarbonate: A Versatile Platform for Biocompatible Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3427-3434. [PMID: 29927242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles are widely investigated to enhance the selectivity of therapeutics to targeted sites, as well as to increase circulation lifetime and water solubility of poorly soluble drugs. In contrast to the encapsulation of the cargo into the nanostructures, the conjugation directly to the polymer backbone allows better control on the loading and selective triggered release. In this work we report a simple procedure to create biodegradable polycarbonate graft copolymer nanoparticles via a ring opening polymerization and subsequent postpolymerization modification strategies. The polymer, designed with both pH-responsive acetal linkages and a norbornene group, allows for highly efficient postpolymerization modifications through a range of chemistries to conjugate imaging agents and solubilizing arms to direct self-assembly. To demonstrate the potential of this approach, polycarbonate-based nanoparticles were tested for biocompatibility and their ability to be internalized in A549 and IMR-90 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Arno
- School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham , B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - Ruairí P Brannigan
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham , B15 2TT , United Kingdom
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11
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Nishimura T, Toh WL, Akiyoshi K. Synthesis and Characterization of Shell-Cross-Linked Glycopolymer Bilayer Vesicles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800384. [PMID: 30062786 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vesicles composed of self-assembled lipids or amphiphilic polymers have significant potential in applications such as delivery of cargo for therapeutics. However, they are fragile under physiological conditions such as inside living cells or the bloodstream, in which a vast number of other molecules are present in high concentrations. This is because vesicles are in dynamic equilibrium between unimers and vesicles. Therefore, the development of more robust vesicles by covalent cross-linking of the shell was focused on. Cross-linked polymer vesicles were prepared by the self-assembly of maltopentaose-b-poly(propylene glycol) followed by the reaction between divinyl sulfone and the hydroxyl group in a maltopentaose unit. It was found that two equivalents of DVS to the polymer is an optimal condition for the cross-linking without changing in size. The bilayer structures were retained after the cross-linking reactions. Importantly, the cross-linked polymer vesicles retained their size and polydispersity even in 50:50 v/v methanol/water solution. This work highlights the potential of the divinyl sulfone shell cross-link as a promising tool for stabilization of glycopolymer vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.,ERATO Akiyoshi Bio-Nanotransporter Project, JST, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8530, Japan
| | - Wei-Lun Toh
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.,ERATO Akiyoshi Bio-Nanotransporter Project, JST, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, 615-8530, Japan
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12
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Cheung M, Adaniya H, Cassidy C, Yamashita M, Li KL, Taba S, Shintake T. Improved sample dispersion in cryo-EM using "perpetually-hydrated" graphene oxide flakes. J Struct Biol 2018:S1047-8477(18)30083-2. [PMID: 29551713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For many macromolecular complexes, the inability to uniformly disperse solubilized specimen particles within vitreous ice films precludes their analysis by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Here, we introduce a sample preparation process using "perpetually-hydrated" graphene oxide flakes as particle support films, and report vastly improved specimen dispersion. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the presence of graphene oxide flakes in vitreous ice results in a significant reduction in electron beam-induced specimen decomposition. The new method introduced in this study incorporates hydrated graphene oxide flakes into a standard sample preparation regime, without the need for additional tools or devices, making it a cost-effective and easily adoptable alternative to currently available sample preparation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cheung
- Quantum Wave Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Kunigami District Okinawa Prefecture, 904-0412 Japan.
| | - Hidehito Adaniya
- Quantum Wave Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Kunigami District Okinawa Prefecture, 904-0412 Japan
| | - Cathal Cassidy
- Quantum Wave Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Kunigami District Okinawa Prefecture, 904-0412 Japan
| | - Masao Yamashita
- Quantum Wave Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Kunigami District Okinawa Prefecture, 904-0412 Japan
| | - Kun-Lung Li
- Quantum Wave Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Kunigami District Okinawa Prefecture, 904-0412 Japan
| | - Seita Taba
- Quantum Wave Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Kunigami District Okinawa Prefecture, 904-0412 Japan
| | - Tsumoru Shintake
- Quantum Wave Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Kunigami District Okinawa Prefecture, 904-0412 Japan
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13
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Wang W, Staub MC, Zhou T, Smith DM, Qi H, Laird ED, Cheng S, Li CY. Polyethylene nano crystalsomes formed at a curved liquid/liquid interface. NANOSCALE 2017; 10:268-276. [PMID: 29210419 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08106e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization is incommensurate with nanoscale curved space due to the lack of three dimensional translational symmetry of the latter. Herein, we report the formation of single-crystal-like, nanosized polyethylene (PE) capsules using a miniemulsion solution crystallization method. The miniemulsion was formed at elevated temperatures using PE organic solution as the oil phase and sodium dodecyl sulfate as the surfactant. Subsequently, cooling the system stepwisely for controlled crystallization led to the formation of hollow, nanosized PE crystalline capsules, which are named as crystalsomes since they mimic the classical self-assembled structures such as liposome, polymersome and colloidosome. We show that the formation of the nanosized PE crystalsomes is driven by controlled crystallization at the curved liquid/liquid interface of the miniemulson droplet. The morphology, structure and mechanical properties of the PE crystalsomes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force spectroscopy. Electron diffraction showed the single-crystal-like nature of the crystalsomes. The incommensurateness between the nanocurved interface and the crystalline packing led to reduced crystallinity and crystallite size of the PE crystalsome, as observed from the X-ray diffraction measurements. Moreover, directly quenching the emulsion below the spinodal line led to the formation of hierarchical porous PE crystalsomes due to the coupling of the PE crystallization and liquid/liquid phase separation. We anticipate that this unique crystalsome represents a new type of nanostructure that might be used as nanodrug carriers and ultrasound contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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14
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Arno M, Inam M, Coe Z, Cambridge G, Macdougall LJ, Keogh R, Dove AP, O’Reilly RK. Precision Epitaxy for Aqueous 1D and 2D Poly(ε-caprolactone) Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16980-16985. [PMID: 29078700 PMCID: PMC5789388 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of monodisperse nanostructures of highly controlled size and morphology with spatially distinct functional regions is a current area of high interest in materials science. Achieving this control directly in a biologically relevant solvent, without affecting cell viability, opens the door to a wide range of biomedical applications, yet this remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report the preparation of biocompatible and biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) 1D (cylindrical) and 2D (platelet) micelles in water and alcoholic solvents via crystallization-driven self-assembly. Using epitaxial growth in an alcoholic solvent, we show exquisite control over the dimensions and dispersity of these nanostructures, allowing access to uniform morphologies and predictable dimensions based on the unimer-to-seed ratio. Furthermore, for the first time, we report epitaxial growth in aqueous solvent, achieving precise control over 1D nanostructures in water, an essential feature for any relevant biological application. Exploiting this further, a strong, biocompatible and fluorescent hydrogel was obtained as a result of living epitaxial growth in aqueous solvent and cell culture medium. MC3T3 and A549 cells were successfully encapsulated, demonstrating high viability (>95% after 4 days) in these novel hydrogel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zachary Coe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Cambridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J. Macdougall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Keogh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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15
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Doncom KEB, Blackman LD, Wright DB, Gibson MI, O'Reilly RK. Dispersity effects in polymer self-assemblies: a matter of hierarchical control. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4119-4134. [PMID: 28598465 PMCID: PMC5718301 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00818f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advanced applications of polymeric self-assembled structures require a stringent degree of control over such aspects as functionality location, morphology and size of the resulting assemblies. A loss of control in the polymeric building blocks of these assemblies can have drastic effects upon the final morphology or function of these structures. Gaining precise control over various aspects of the polymers, such as chain lengths and architecture, blocking efficiency and compositional distribution is a challenge and, hence, measuring the intrinsic mass and size dispersity within these areas is an important aspect of such control. It is of great importance that a good handle on how to improve control and accurately measure it is achieved. Additionally dispersity of the final structure can also play a large part in the suitability for a desired application. In this Tutorial Review, we aim to highlight the different aspects of dispersity that are often overlooked and the effect that a lack of control can have on both the polymer and the final assembled structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay E B Doncom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
| | - Lewis D Blackman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
| | - Daniel B Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK. and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
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16
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The direct synthesis of sulfobetaine-containing amphiphilic block copolymers and their self-assembly behavior. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Rolph MS, Inam M, O'Reilly RK. The application of blocked isocyanate chemistry in the development of tunable thermoresponsive crosslinkers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01706e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel monomer, methacryloyl pyrazole, and its subsequent reaction with diisocyanates to produce thermoresponsive crosslinkers is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Inam
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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18
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Yu W, Inam M, Jones JR, Dove AP, O'Reilly RK. Understanding the CDSA of poly(lactide) containing triblock copolymers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01056g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using crystallization driven assembly (CDSA) the simple preparation of well-defined tuneable 1D and 2D structures based on poly(lactide) triblock copolymers is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
| | - Maria Inam
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
| | - Joseph R. Jones
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
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19
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Rolph MS, Pitto-Barry A, O'Reilly RK. The hydrolytic behavior of N,N′-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate-functionalized polymeric stars. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00219j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Well-definedN,N′-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate (DMAEA) functionalized polymeric stars have been synthesizedviaan arm-first approach.
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20
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Papadimitriou SA, Robin MP, Ceric D, O'Reilly RK, Marino S, Resmini M. Fluorescent polymeric nanovehicles for neural stem cell modulation. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17340-17349. [PMID: 27722391 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06440j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are emerging as strong candidates for applications in drug delivery and offer an alternative platform to modulate the differentiation and activity of neural stem cells. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of two different classes of polymeric nanoparticles: N-isopropylacrylamide-based thermoresponsive nanogels RM1 and P(TEGA)-b-P(d,lLA)2 nano-micelles RM2. We covalently linked the nanoparticles with fluorescent tags and demonstrate their ability to be internalized and tracked in neural stem cells from the postnatal subventricular zone, without affecting their proliferation, multipotency and differentiation characteristics up to 150 μg ml-1. The difference in chemical structure of RM1 and RM2 does not appear to impact toxicity however it influences the loading capacity. Nanogels RM1 loaded with retinoic acid improve solubility of the drug which is released at 37 °C, resulting in an increase in the number of neurons, comparable to what can be obtained with a solution of the free drug solubilised with a small percentage of DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Papadimitriou
- School of Biological and Chemical Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - M P Robin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - D Ceric
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - R K O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - S Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - M Resmini
- School of Biological and Chemical Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
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21
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Hu F, Du G, Ye L, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Jiang L. Novel amphiphilic poly(2-oxazoline)s bearing l-prolinamide moieties as the pendants: Synthesis, micellization and catalytic activity in aqueous aldol reaction. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Kang Y, Pitto-Barry A, S Rolph M, Hua Z, Hands-Portman I, Kirby N, O'Reilly RK. Use of complementary nucleobase-containing synthetic polymers to prepare complex self-assembled morphologies in water. Polym Chem 2016; 7:2836-2846. [PMID: 27358655 PMCID: PMC4894073 DOI: 10.1039/c6py00263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic nucleobase-containing block copolymers with poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) as the hydrophilic block and nucleobase-containing blocks as the hydrophobic segments were successfully synthesized using RAFT polymerization and then self-assembled via solvent switch in aqueous solutions. Effects of the common solvent on the resultant morphologies of the adenine (A) and thymine (T) homopolymers, and A/T copolymer blocks and blends were investigated. These studies highlighted that depending on the identity of the common solvent, DMF or DMSO, spherical micelles or bicontinuous micelles were obtained. We propose that this is due to the presence of A-T interactions playing a key role in the morphology and stability of the resultant nanoparticles, which resulted in a distinct system compared to individual adenine or thymine polymers. Finally, the effects of annealing on the self-assemblies were explored. It was found that annealing could lead to better-defined spherical micelles and induce a morphology transition from bicontinuous micelles to onion-like vesicles, which was considered to occur due to a structural rearrangement of complementary nucleobase interactions resulting from the annealing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Anaïs Pitto-Barry
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Marianne S Rolph
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Zan Hua
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Ian Hands-Portman
- School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road , Clayton Vic 3168 , Australia
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
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23
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Sun L, Pitto-Barry A, Thomas AW, Inam M, Doncom K, Dove AP, O'Reilly RK. Core functionalization of semi-crystalline polymeric cylindrical nanoparticles using photo-initiated thiol-ene radical reactions. Polym Chem 2016; 7:2337-2341. [PMID: 27478513 PMCID: PMC4936379 DOI: 10.1039/c5py01970b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sequential ring-opening and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was used to form a triblock copolymer of tetrahydropyran acrylate (THPA), 5-methyl-5-allyloxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one (MAC) and l-lactide. Concurrent deprotection of the THPA block and crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) was undertaken and allowed for the formation of cylindrical micelles bearing allyl handles in a short outer core segment. These handles were further functionalized by different thiols using photo-initiated thiol-ene radical reactions to demonstrate that the incorporation of an amorphous PMAC block within the core does not disrupt CDSA and can be used to load the cylindrical nanoparticles with cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ;
| | - Anaïs Pitto-Barry
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ;
| | - Anthony W Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ;
| | - Maria Inam
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ;
| | - Kay Doncom
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ;
| | - Andrew P Dove
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ; ; Department of Materials Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ;
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24
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Alibolandi M, Alabdollah F, Sadeghi F, Mohammadi M, Abnous K, Ramezani M, Hadizadeh F. Dextran-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymersome for oral delivery of insulin: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Control Release 2016; 227:58-70. [PMID: 26907831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is the first line therapy in type 1 diabetes and usually patients suffer from three or more daily insulin injections. It is obvious that patient compliance can be improved greatly if insulin could be formulated in an oral dosage form. In the current study, polymersomes based on amphiphilic copolymers of dextran (DEX)5000-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)13,000 and DEX25000-PLGA48000 were synthesized and used for the encapsulation of insulin. The polymersomes were prepared using a modified direct hydration method by blending an aqueous solution of insulin with DEX-PLGA copolymers at room temperature. The in vitro insulin release through the nanopolymersomal system was studied in HCl 0.1N (pH1.2) and phosphate buffered saline (pH7.4). The results demonstrated that the average insulin encapsulation efficiency was >90%. The in vitro release experiment demonstrated that while insulin release in the simulated gastric condition was negligible, a significant amount of insulin was released in the simulated intestinal condition. According to the results of a circular dichroism test, secondary and tertiary structures of the released insulin were identical to that of standard insulin. Permeability studies across MDCK cells showed that permeability levels after 240 min were 16.89 ± 0.39% with DEX5000-PLGA13000 and 9.34 ± 0.79% with DEX25000-PLGA48000, indicating a noticeable increase compared with free insulin. Significant hypoglycemic effects in the in vivo diabetic rat model revealed the efficacy of the DEX-PLGA-based polymersomes as oral insulin carriers. Thus, insulin-loaded, self-assembled DEX-PLGA polymersomes showed promising in vitro and in vivo efficiency and can be considered as a potential oral insulin carrier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alabdollah
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohammadi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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25
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Radzinski SC, Foster JC, Matson JB. Preparation of Bottlebrush Polymers via a One-Pot Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) and Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) Grafting-Through Strategy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:616-21. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Radzinski
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - John B. Matson
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
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26
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Patterson JP, Collins D, Michaud J, Axson JL, Sultana CM, Moser T, Dommer AC, Conner J, Grassian VH, Stokes MD, Deane GB, Evans JE, Burkart MD, Prather KA, Gianneschi N. Sea Spray Aerosol Structure and Composition Using Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:40-47. [PMID: 26878061 PMCID: PMC4731829 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The composition and surface properties of atmospheric aerosol particles largely control their impact on climate by affecting their ability to uptake water, react heterogeneously, and nucleate ice in clouds. However, in the vacuum of a conventional electron microscope, the native surface and internal structure often undergo physicochemical rearrangement resulting in surfaces that are quite different from their atmospheric configurations. Herein, we report the development of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy where laboratory generated sea spray aerosol particles are flash frozen in their native state with iterative and controlled thermal and/or pressure exposures and then probed by electron microscopy. This unique approach allows for the detection of not only mixed salts, but also soft materials including whole hydrated bacteria, diatoms, virus particles, marine vesicles, as well as gel networks within hydrated salt droplets-all of which will have distinct biological, chemical, and physical processes. We anticipate this method will open up a new avenue of analysis for aerosol particles, not only for ocean-derived aerosols, but for those produced from other sources where there is interest in the transfer of organic or biological species from the biosphere to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Douglas
B. Collins
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jennifer
M. Michaud
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jessica L. Axson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Camile M. Sultana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Trevor Moser
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Abigail C. Dommer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jack Conner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - M. Dale Stokes
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Grant B. Deane
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - James E. Evans
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Michael D. Burkart
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan
C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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27
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Robin MP, Osborne SAM, Pikramenou Z, Raymond JE, O'Reilly RK. Fluorescent Block Copolymer Micelles That Can Self-Report on Their Assembly and Small Molecule Encapsulation. Macromolecules 2016; 49:653-662. [PMID: 27065494 PMCID: PMC4819497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Block copolymer micelles have been
prepared with a dithiomaleimide
(DTM) fluorophore located in either the core or shell. Poly(triethylene
glycol acrylate)-b-poly(tert-butyl
acrylate) (P(TEGA)-b-P(tBA)) was
synthesized by RAFT polymerization, with a DTM-functional acrylate
monomer copolymerized into either the core forming P(tBA) block or the shell forming P(TEGA) block. Self-assembly by direct
dissolution afforded spherical micelles with Rh of ca. 35 nm. Core-labeled micelles (CLMs)
displayed bright emission (Φf = 17%) due to good
protection of the fluorophore, whereas shell-labeled micelles (SLMs)
had lower efficiency emission due to collisional quenching in the
solvated corona. The transition from micelles to polymer unimers upon
dilution could be detected by measuring the emission intensity of
the solutions. For the core-labeled micelles, the fluorescence lifetime
was also responsive to the supramolecular state, the lifetime being
significantly longer for the micelles (τAv,I = 19
ns) than for the polymer unimers (τAv,I = 9 ns).
The core-labeled micelles could also self-report on the presence of
a fluorescent hydrophobic guest molecule (Nile Red) as a result of
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the DTM fluorophore
and the guest. The sensitivity of the DTM fluorophore to its environment
therefore provides a simple handle to obtain detailed structural information
for the labeled polymer micelles. A case will also be made for the
application superiority of core-labeled micelles over shell-labeled
micelles for the DTM fluorophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew P Robin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Shani A M Osborne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Jeffery E Raymond
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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28
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Hua Z, Pitto-Barry A, Kang Y, Kirby N, Wilks TR, O'Reilly RK. Micellar nanoparticles with tuneable morphologies through interactions between nucleobase-containing synthetic polymers in aqueous solution. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00716c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the preparation of nucleobase-containing synthetic amphiphilic diblock copolymers using RAFT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Hua
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | - Yan Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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29
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Doncom KEB, Pitto-Barry A, Willcock H, Lu A, McKenzie BE, Kirby N, O'Reilly RK. Complementary light scattering and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering studies of the micelle-to-unimer transition of polysulfobetaines. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:3666-3676. [PMID: 25811110 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00602c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AB and ABA di- and triblock copolymers where A is the hydrophilic poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA) block and B is a thermo-responsive sulfobetaine block [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide (PDMAPS) were synthesised by aqueous RAFT polymerisation with narrow dispersity (ĐM ≤ 1.22), as judged by aqueous SEC analysis. The di- and triblock copolymers self-assembled in salt-free water to form micelles with a PDMAPS core and the self-assembly of these polymers was explored by SLS and TEM analysis. The micelles were shown, by DLS analysis, to undergo a micelle-to-unimer transition at a critical temperature, which was dependent upon the length of the POEGMA block. Increasing the length of the third, POEGMA, block decreased the temperature at which the micelle-to-unimer transition occurred as a result of the increased hydrophilicity of the polymer. The dissociation of the micelles was further studied by SLS and synchrotron SAXS. SAXS analysis revealed that the micelle dissociation began at temperatures below that indicated by DLS analysis and that both micelles and unimers coexist. This highlights the importance of using multiple complementary techniques in the analysis of self-assembled structures. In addition the micelle-to-unimer morphology transition was employed to encapsulate and release a hydrophobic dye, Nile Red, as shown by fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay E B Doncom
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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30
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van de Put MWP, Patterson JP, Bomans PHH, Wilson NR, Friedrich H, van Benthem RATM, de With G, O'Reilly RK, Sommerdijk NAJM. Graphene oxide single sheets as substrates for high resolution cryoTEM. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1265-70. [PMID: 25516333 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CryoTEM is an important tool in the analysis of soft matter, where generally defocus conditions are used to enhance the contrast in the images, but this is at the expense of the maximum resolution that can be obtained. Here, we demonstrate the use of graphene oxide single sheets as support for the formation of 10 nm thin films for high resolution cryoTEM imaging, using DNA as an example. With this procedure, the overlap of objects in the vitrified film is avoided. Moreover, in these thin films less background scattering occurs and as a direct result, an increased contrast can be observed in the images. Hence, imaging closer to focus as compared with conventional cryoTEM procedures is achieved, without losing contrast. In addition, we demonstrate an ~1.8 fold increase in resolution, which is crucial for accurate size analysis of nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel W P van de Put
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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31
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Kang Y, Pitto-Barry A, Willcock H, Quan WD, Kirby N, Sanchez AM, O'Reilly RK. Exploiting nucleobase-containing materials – from monomers to complex morphologies using RAFT dispersion polymerization. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of nucleobase-containing polymers was successfully performed by RAFT dispersion polymerization in both chloroform and 1,4-dioxane and self-assembly was induced by the polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | | | - Wen-Dong Quan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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32
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Kang Y, Pitto-Barry A, Maitland A, O'Reilly RK. RAFT dispersion polymerization: a method to tune the morphology of thymine-containing self-assemblies. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00617a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and self-assembly of thymine-containing polymers were performed using RAFT dispersion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | - Anna Maitland
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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33
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Liu L, Liu Y, Wu W, Miller CM, Dickey EC. Visualization of film-forming polymer particles with a liquid cell technique in a transmission electron microscope. Analyst 2015; 140:6330-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy technique provides the opportunity to image room-temperature film-forming polymer particles in solution. Together with staining technique, it can also be used as a tool to characterize the internal structure of polymer particles in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Liu
- Analytical Instrumentation Facility
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | | | - Elizabeth C. Dickey
- Analytical Instrumentation Facility
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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34
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Structural reorganization of cylindrical nanoparticles triggered by polylactide stereocomplexation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5746. [PMID: 25517544 PMCID: PMC4281646 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-crystallization of polymers with different configurations/tacticities provides access to materials with enhanced performance. The stereocomplexation of isotactic poly(L-lactide) and poly(D-lactide) has led to improved properties compared with each homochiral material. Herein, we report the preparation of stereocomplex micelles from a mixture of poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) and poly(D-lactide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) diblock copolymers in water via crystallization-driven self-assembly. During the formation of these stereocomplex micelles, an unexpected morphological transition results in the formation of dense crystalline spherical micelles rather than cylinders. Furthermore, mixture of cylinders with opposite homochirality in either THF/H2O mixtures or in pure water at 65 °C leads to disassembly into stereocomplexed spherical micelles. Similarly, a transition is also observed in a related PEO-b-PLLA/PEO-b-PDLA system, demonstrating wider applicability. This new mechanism for morphological reorganization, through competitive crystallization and stereocomplexation and without the requirement for an external stimulus, allows for new opportunities in controlled release and delivery applications. A polymer stereocomplex can possess quite different properties to its constituent homopolymers. Here, the authors prepare stereocomplex micelles of amphiphilic block-copolymers via crystallization-driven self-assembly, and observe a change from cylindrical to mixed spherical micelle morphology.
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35
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Schrettl S, Stefaniu C, Schwieger C, Pasche G, Oveisi E, Fontana Y, Morral AFI, Reguera J, Petraglia R, Corminboeuf C, Brezesinski G, Frauenrath H. Functional carbon nanosheets prepared from hexayne amphiphile monolayers at room temperature. Nat Chem 2014; 6:468-76. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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36
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Hansell CF, Lu A, Patterson JP, O'Reilly RK. Exploiting the tetrazine-norbornene reaction for single polymer chain collapse. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:4102-4107. [PMID: 24604159 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06706h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) have been formed using polystyrenes decorated with pendent norbornenes and a bifunctional tetrazine crosslinker. Characterisation by size exclusion chromatography and (1)H NMR gives evidence for the formation of SCNPs by the tetrazine-norbornene reaction, whilst light scattering, neutron scattering, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy show that discrete well-defined nanoparticles are formed and their size in solution calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire F Hansell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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37
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Willcock H, Lu A, Hansell CF, Chapman E, Collins IR, O'Reilly RK. One-pot synthesis of responsive sulfobetaine nanoparticles by RAFT polymerisation: the effect of branching on the UCST cloud point. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00998j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Patterson JP, Robin MP, Chassenieux C, Colombani O, O'Reilly RK. The analysis of solution self-assembled polymeric nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2412-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60454c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial review provides a guide for the characterisation and analysis of soft nanomaterials based on polymeric self-assemblies using scattering and microscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christophe Chassenieux
- LUNAM Université
- Université du Maine
- IMMM UMR CNRS 6283
- PCI Department
- 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France
| | - Olivier Colombani
- LUNAM Université
- Université du Maine
- IMMM UMR CNRS 6283
- PCI Department
- 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France
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39
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Mabire AB, Robin MP, Willcock H, Pitto-Barry A, Kirby N, O'Reilly RK. Dual effect of thiol addition on fluorescent polymeric micelles: ON-to-OFF emissive switch and morphology transition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:11492-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04713c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reaction with a thiol causes solution-state self-assembled block copolymer nanoparticles to undergo a simultaneous morphology transition from micelles to vesicles coupled to an ON-to-OFF switch in particle fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B. Mabire
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry, UK
| | | | - Helen Willcock
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry, UK
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40
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Sun L, Petzetakis N, Pitto-Barry A, Schiller TL, Kirby N, Keddie DJ, Boyd BJ, O’Reilly RK, Dove AP. Tuning the Size of Cylindrical Micelles from Poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) Diblock Copolymers Based on Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401634s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Nikos Petzetakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Anaïs Pitto-Barry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Tara L. Schiller
- Department of Materials
Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Keddie
- Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Andrew P. Dove
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Department of Materials
Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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41
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Wilks TR, Bath J, de Vries JW, Raymond JE, Herrmann A, Turberfield AJ, O'Reilly RK. "Giant surfactants" created by the fast and efficient functionalization of a DNA tetrahedron with a temperature-responsive polymer. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8561-8572. [PMID: 24041260 DOI: 10.1021/nn402642a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) was employed to synthesize DNA block copolymers (DBCs) with a range of polymer blocks including temperature-responsive poly(N-isoproylacrylamide) (poly(NIPAM)) and highly hydrophobic poly(styrene). Exceptionally high yields were achieved at low DNA concentrations, in organic solvents, and in the absence of any solid support. The DNA segment of the DBC remained capable of sequence-specific hybridization: it was used to assemble a precisely defined nanostructure, a DNA tetrahedron, with pendant poly(NIPAM) segments. In the presence of an excess of poly(NIPAM) homopolymer, the tetrahedron-poly(NIPAM) conjugate nucleated the formation of large, well-defined nanoparticles at 40 °C, a temperature at which the homopolymer precipitated from solution. These composite nanoparticles were observed by dynamic light scattering and cryoTEM, and their hybrid nature was confirmed by AFM imaging. As a result of the large effective surface area of the tetrahedron, only very low concentrations of the conjugate were required in order for this surfactant-like behavior to be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Wilks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
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42
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Kang Y, Lu A, Ellington A, Jewett MC, O’Reilly RK. Effect of Complementary Nucleobase Interactions on the Copolymer Composition of RAFT Copolymerizations. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:581-586. [PMID: 35581785 DOI: 10.1021/mz4001833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methacryloyl-type monomers containing adenine and thymine have been successfully synthesized with good yields. The homopolymerization and copolymerization of these two new functional monomers were carried out using RAFT polymerization. The reactivity ratios of monomer pairs were measured and calculated using a nonlinear least-squares (NLLS) method, and the results confirmed that the monomer reactivities were dependent on the solvent used for polymerization. The presence and absence of hydrogen bonding affected the resultant copolymer composition where moderate alternating copolymers had a tendency to be formed in CHCl3, while in DMF, statistical copolymers were formed. Furthermore, the glass transition temperatures of the copolymers were investigated, and the self-assembly of block copolymers made in solvents with different polarity were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road,
Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Annhelen Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road,
Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Ellington
- Chemistry and Biochemistry
Department, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, United States
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road,
Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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43
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Robin MP, Mabire AB, Damborsky JC, Thom ES, Winzer-Serhan UH, Raymond JE, O’Reilly RK. New Functional Handle for Use as a Self-Reporting Contrast and Delivery Agent in Nanomedicine. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9518-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ja403587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew P. Robin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL,
United Kingdom
| | - Anne B. Mabire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL,
United Kingdom
| | - Joanne C. Damborsky
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Texas A&M University System, Bryan, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Thom
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Texas A&M University System, Bryan, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Ursula H. Winzer-Serhan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Texas A&M University System, Bryan, Texas 77807, United States
| | | | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL,
United Kingdom
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44
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Mastroianni SE, Epps TH. Interfacial manipulations: controlling nanoscale assembly in bulk, thin film, and solution block copolymer systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:3864-3878. [PMID: 23406541 DOI: 10.1021/la304800t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured soft materials from self-assembled block copolymers (BCP)s and polymer blends can enable the reliable, high-throughput, and cost-effective generation of nanoscale structural motifs for many emerging technologies. Our research group has studied the phase behavior of BCPs in bulk, thin film, and solution environments with a particular focus on using interfacial manipulations to control self-assembly and to access a vast array of nanoscale morphologies and orientations. These interfacial manipulations can be synthetic alterations that are directly incorporated into the BCP chain to modify polymer-polymer interactions, post-polymerization and non-synthetic modifications that affect block interactions, or changes to the polymer specimen's external surroundings to control self-assembly in a confining environment. Herein, we describe methods that we have employed to manipulate BCP self-assembly for various application targets, and we discuss the key effects of such manipulations on the resulting nanoscale morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Mastroianni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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45
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Petzetakis N, Robin MP, Patterson JP, Kelley EG, Cotanda P, Bomans PHH, Sommerdijk NAJM, Dove AP, Epps TH, O'Reilly RK. Hollow block copolymer nanoparticles through a spontaneous one-step structural reorganization. ACS NANO 2013; 7:1120-8. [PMID: 23391297 PMCID: PMC3589578 DOI: 10.1021/nn400272p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous one-step synthesis of hollow nanocages and nanotubes from spherical and cylindrical micelles based on poly(acrylic acid)-b-polylactide (P(AA)-b-P(LA)) block copolymers (BCPs) has been achieved. This structural reorganization, which occurs simply upon drying of the samples, was elucidated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We show that it was necessary to use stain-free imaging to examine these nanoscale assemblies, as the hollow nature of the particles was obscured by application of a heavy metal stain. Additionally, the internal topology of the P(AA)-b-P(LA) particles could be tuned by manipulating the drying conditions to give solid or compartmentalized structures. Upon resuspension, these reorganized nanoparticles retain their hollow structure and display significantly enhanced loading of a hydrophobic dye compared to the original solid cylinders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Petzetakis
- Department of Chemistry, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mathew P. Robin
- Department of Chemistry, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Elizabeth G. Kelley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Pepa Cotanda
- Department of Chemistry, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Paul H. H. Bomans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Technical University Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, The Netherlands
| | - Nico A. J. M. Sommerdijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Technical University Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- Department of Chemistry, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Corresponding Author; R.K.O'
| | - Rachel K. O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Corresponding Author; R.K.O'
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46
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Behrendt JM, Wang Y, Willcock H, Wall L, McCairn MC, O'Reilly RK, Turner ML. Fluorescent nanoparticles from PEGylated polyfluorenes. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py21068e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Greenland BW, Bird MB, Burattini S, Cramer R, O'Reilly RK, Patterson JP, Hayes W, Cardin CJ, Colquhoun HM. Mutual binding of polymer end-groups by complementary π–π-stacking: a molecular “Roman Handshake”. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:454-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35965k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Wilkinson BL, Day S, Chapman R, Perrier S, Apostolopoulos V, Payne RJ. Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of Self-Assembling and Self-Adjuvanting Tricomponent Glycopeptide Cancer-Vaccine Candidates. Chemistry 2012; 18:16540-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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49
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Hansell CF, O’Reilly RK. A "Mix-and-Click" Approach to Double Core-Shell Micelle Functionalization. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:896-901. [PMID: 35607140 DOI: 10.1021/mz300230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A micellar scaffold formed by self-assembly of a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-synthesized amphiphilic diblock copolymer has been prepared to contain two orthogonal click-compatible functionalities in the core and shell. These functionalities (norbornenes in the core and terminal alkynes in the shell) have been used as handles to modify the micellar assembly in the core using tetrazine-norbornene chemistry or the shell using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne reaction. Additionally, both core and shell modifications were carried out in a tandem, one-pot process using the orthogonal chemistries mentioned above. In all cases the reactions were found to be highly efficient, requiring little excess of the modifying small molecule and very simple to perform under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire F. Hansell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United
Kingdom
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United
Kingdom
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50
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Biomimetic radical polymerization via cooperative assembly of segregating templates. Nat Chem 2012; 4:491-7. [PMID: 22614385 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Segregation and templating approaches have been honed by billions of years of evolution to direct many complex biological processes. Nature uses segregation to improve biochemical control by organizing reactants into defined, well-regulated environments, and the transfer of genetic information is a primary function of templating. The ribosome, wherein messenger RNA is translated into polypeptides, combines both techniques to allow for ideal biopolymer syntheses. Herein is presented a biomimetic segregation/templating approach to synthetic radical polymerization. Polymerization of a nucleobase-containing vinyl monomer in the presence of a complementary block copolymer template of low molecular weight yields high molecular weight (M(w) up to ~400,000 g mol(-1)), extremely low polydispersity (≤1.08) daughter polymers. Control is attained by segregation of propagating radicals in discrete micelle cores (via cooperative assembly of dynamic template polymers). Significantly reduced bimolecular termination, combined with controlled propagation along a defined number of templates, ensures unprecedented control to afford well-defined high molecular weight polymers.
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