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Tsakem Nangap MJ, Walbadet L, Mbock MA, Adjieufack AI, Ongagna JM, Fokou R, Tenlep LN, Tchatat MB, Tsouh Fokou PV, Boyom FF, Gounoue Kamkumo R, Tsofack FN, Dimo T. In vitro, in vivo and in silico antiplasmodial profiling of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus asper HOOK F. Leaf (Malvaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118536. [PMID: 39004192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plasmodium resistance to antimalarial drugs raises the urgent need to seek for alternative treatments. Aqueous extract of Hibiscus asper leaves is currently used in malaria management but remains less documented. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aims to evaluate antimalarial effects of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus asper. UHPLC/MS, was used to identify some likely compounds present in the plant that were thereafter docked to some malaria parasite proteins. STUDY DESIGN In vitro anti-plasmodium and antioxidant, UHPLC/Ms analysis, in vivo antimalarial of the plant extract, and in silico molecular docking prediction of some identified compounds were performed to investigate the pharmacological effects of H. asper. MATERIAL AND METHODS The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the extract was carried out on Plasmodium falciparum strains using SYBR-green dye; then, the curative antimalarial activity was conducted on Plasmodium berghei NK65-infected male Wistar rats. The UHPLC/MS analysis was used to identify plant compounds, followed by interactions (docking affinity) between some compounds and parasitic enzymes such as P. falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase (2BSX) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6FQY) to explore potential mechanisms of action at the molecular level. RESULTS No hemolysis effect of the extract was observed at concentrations up to 100 mg/mL. In vitro test of the aqueous leaves extract of H. asper showed inhibitory activity against P. falciparum Dd2 and 3D7 strains with IC50 values of 19.75 and 21.97 μg/mL, respectively. The curative antimalarial test of the H. asper extract in infected rats exhibited significant inhibition of the parasite growth (p < 0.001) with inhibition percentage of 95.11%, 97.68% and 95.59% at all the doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) respectively. The extract corrected major physiological alterations such as liver and kidney impairments, oxidative stress and architectural disorganization in liver, spleen and kidneys tissues. The UHPLC/MS analysis identified 7 compounds, namely chlorogenic acid, azulene, quercetin, rhodine, 1-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl benzene and phthalan. Out of seven compounds identified in the extract quercetin and phthalan showed higher in silico inhibitory activity against P. falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase and Plasmodium falciparum 6-phosphosgluconate dehydrogenase parasite enzymes. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that H. asper could be a promising complementary medicine to manage malaria. Meanwhile, the affinity of annoted compounds with these enzymes should be further confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Jaurès Tsakem Nangap
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon; Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon
| | - Lucain Walbadet
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon; Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon; Département des Sciences de La Vie et de La Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure de N'Djamena, BP 206, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Michel Arnaud Mbock
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon; Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Cameroon
| | - Abel Idrice Adjieufack
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon
| | - Jean Moto Ongagna
- Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Cameroon
| | - Roberto Fokou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon; Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon
| | - Loïc Ngwem Tenlep
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon; Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon
| | - Mariscal Brice Tchatat
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon
| | - Patrick Valère Tsouh Fokou
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon
| | - Raceline Gounoue Kamkumo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon; Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon.
| | | | - Théophile Dimo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon
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Chen TH, Ando A, Shamoto O, Fuse S. Effect of Brønsted Acids on the Activation of Mixed Anhydride/Mixed Carbonic Anhydride and C-Terminal-Free N-Methylated Peptide Synthesis in a Micro-Flow Reactor. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401402. [PMID: 38719730 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Amidations employing mixed (carbonic) anhydrides have long been favoured in peptide synthesis because of their cost-effectiveness and less waste generation. Despite their long history, no study has compared the effects of additives on the activation of mixed anhydrides and carbonic anhydrides. In this study, we investigated the amidation of mixed (carbonic) anhydride in the presence of a base and/or Brønsted acids. The use of NMI⋅HCl significantly improved the conversion of the mixed carbonic anhydride, while expediting nucleophilic attacks on the desired carbonyl group. In contrast, in the case of mixed anhydrides, neither the conversion nor the desired nucleophilic attack improved significantly. We developed a C-terminus-free N-methylated peptide synthesis method using mixed carbonic anhydrides in a micro-flow reactor. Fourteen N-alkylated peptides were synthesized in moderate to high yields (55-99 %) without severe racemization (<1 %). Additionally, a significant enhancement in the amidation between mixed carbonic anhydrides and bis-TMS-protected N-methyl amino acids with the inclusion of NMI⋅HCl was observed for the first time. In addition, we observed unexpected C-terminal epimerization of the C-terminus-free N-methyl peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ho Chen
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Otoka Shamoto
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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Jeong D, Oh W, Park JW. 3D-Continuous Nanoporous Covalent Framework Membrane Nanoreactors with Quantitatively Loaded Ultrafine Pd Nanocatalysts. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309490. [PMID: 38651888 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The confinement effect of catalytic nanoreactors containing metal catalysts within nanometer-sized volumes has attracted significant attention for their potential to enhance reaction rate and selectivity. Nevertheless, unregulated catalyst loading, aggregation, leaching, and limited reusability remain obstacles to achieving an efficient nanoreactor. A robust and durable catalytic membrane nanoreactor prepared by incorporating palladium nanocatalysts within a 3D-continuous nanoporous covalent framework membrane is presented. The reduction of palladium precursor occurs on the pore surface within 3D nanochannels, producing ultrafine palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) with their number density adjustable by varying metal precursor concentrations. The precise catalyst loading enables controlling the catalytic activity of the reactor while preventing excess metal usage. The facile preparation of Pd NP-loaded free-standing membrane materials allows hydrodechlorination in both batch and continuous flow modes. In batch mode, the catalytic activity is proportional to the loaded Pd amount and membrane area, while the membrane retains its activity upon repeated use. In continuous mode, the conversion remains above 95% for over 100 h, with the reactant solution passing through a single 50 µm-thick Pd-loaded membrane. The efficient nanoporous film-type catalytic nanoreactor may find applications in catalytic reactions for small chemical devices as well as in conventional chemistry and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawoon Jeong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Bukgu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Wangsuk Oh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Bukgu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Bukgu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
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4
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Soutome H, Yamashita H, Shimizu Y, Takumi M, Ashikari Y, Nagaki A. Convergent approach for direct cross-coupling enabled by flash irreversible generation of cationic and anionic species. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4873. [PMID: 38871696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In biosynthesis multiple kinds of reactive intermediates are generated, transported, and reacted across different parts of organisms, enabling highly sophisticated synthetic reactions. Herein we report a convergent synthetic approach, which utilizes dual intermediates of cationic and carbanionic species in a single step, hinted at by the ideal reaction conditions. By reactions of unsaturated precursors, such as enamines, with a superacid in a flow microreactor, cationic species, such as iminium ions, are generated rapidly and irreversibly, and before decomposition, they are transported to react with rapidly and independently generated carbanions, enabling direct C-C bond formation. Taking advantage of the reactivity of these double reactive intermediates, the reaction take place within a few seconds, enabling synthetic reactions which are not applicable in conventional reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Soutome
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Yokohama Technical Center, AGC Inc, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takumi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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5
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Guan F, Wen J. Flash Organometallic Catalysis Uncovered by Continuous Microfluidic Devices. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300646. [PMID: 38291001 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The flash organometallic catalysis is a new concept that refers to the study of fast and controlled organometallic catalytic reactions by using microfluidic devices. Flash reactions' kinetics (ms-s scale) is often ignored due to the lack of proper research tool in organometallic chemistry. The development of microfluidic systems offers the opportunity to discover under-studied mechanisms and new reactions. In this concept, the basic theory of kinetic measurement in a microreactor is briefly reviewed and then two examples on studying flash organometallic catalytic transformation are introduced. One example is the discovery of a highly active palladium catalytic species for Suzuki Coupling and the other example is the study of a neglected isomerization catalytic cycle with a time scale of seconds before isomerization-hydroformylation by customized microfluidic devices. The last part is summary and prospect of this new area. Customizing a microfluidic device with good engineering design for a target reaction supports flash reactions' kinetic experimentation and could become a general strategy in chemistry lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfu Guan
- Department of Chemical Process R&D, Lianyungang Institute of Research, Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 7 Kunlunshan Road, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Jialin Wen
- Department of Chemical Process R&D, Lianyungang Institute of Research, Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 7 Kunlunshan Road, Lianyungang, 222000, China
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6
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Kang JH, Kim DP. Ultrafast Flow Synthesis of o-Functionalized Benzenesulfonyl Fluorides and Subsequent SuFEx Connections via Lithiated Chemistry. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38780078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein we present a flow-based, rapid, and straightforward approach to synthesize diverse functionalized sulfonyl fluorides by harnessing an aryllithium intermediate. The aryllithium intermediate was fully utilized under optimized conditions (0.016 s, -18 °C) to afford various functionalized sulfonyl fluorides and also intramolecular SuFEx cyclization products in high yields (27-94%). Furthermore, the integrated synthesis incorporating subsequent SuFEx connections with even unstable organolithium nucleophiles facilitated one-flow molecular assembly in high yields (42-72%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ho Kang
- Center for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Center for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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7
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Matsuura Y, Fuse S. Rapid in situ generation of 2-(halomethyl)-5-phenylfuran and nucleophilic addition in a microflow reactor. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3448-3452. [PMID: 38595317 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00358f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
2,5-Disubstituted furans are frequently found in pharmaceuticals and bioactive natural products. Nucleophilic substitution reactions on the carbon atom adjacent to the furan ring are useful for producing various furan derivatives. However, the formation of 5-substituted 2-halomethylfuran and the subsequent nucleophilic substitution reactions are often limited by severe undesired reactions caused by the highly reactive halomethylfurans. This paper reports the successful rapid synthesis of various 2,5-disubstituted furans using microflow technology, which suppresses undesired reactions including dimerization and ring opening of the furans. We observed that Brønsted acids had a significant effect on the nucleophilic substitution reaction and the use of HBr and HI gave the best results. A plausible mechanism of the Brønsted acid-mediated nucleophilic substitutions in the developed approach was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Matsuura
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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8
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Sugisawa N, Nakabayashi K, Sugisawa H, Fuse S. One-Flow Syntheses of Unsymmetrical Sulfamides and N-Substituted Sulfamate Esters. Org Lett 2024; 26:2739-2744. [PMID: 37306668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We developed one-flow syntheses of unsymmetrical sulfamides and N-substituted sulfamate esters by changing a nucleophile and a tertiary amine from inexpensive and commercially available chlorosulfonic acid. In the synthesis of N-substituted sulfamate esters, unexpected symmetrical sulfite formation was suppressed by changing the tertiary amine. The effect of tertiary amines was proposed using linear regression. Our approach rapidly (≤90 s) provides desired products containing acidic and/or basic labile groups without tedious purification under mild (20 °C) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Sugisawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakabayashi
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugisawa
- Science & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama, 227-8502, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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9
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Nakabayashi K, Kitamura H, Fuse S. Microflow, Sequential Coupling and Cyclization Approach for Synthesis of Cyclic Phosphotriesters from PCl 3. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400256. [PMID: 38556466 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
An approach for the synthesis of cyclic phosphotriesters with various ring sizes (5- to 8-membered rings) from phosphorus trichloride and diols was developed. The major challenge in developing this approach is the suppression of the undesired reactions caused by substrates containing multiple highly reactive sites. These undesired reactions were successfully suppressed by microflow technology, which can precisely control the reaction time and temperature. Two optimal conditions were developed, depending on the speed of cyclization. Fifteen cyclic phosphotriesters and their analogs were synthesized. A plausible mechanism for suppressing undesired reactions is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Nakabayashi
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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10
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Tanaka Y, Kitamura H, Fuse S. Microflow Synthesis of Unsymmetrical H-Phosphonates via Sequential and Direct Substitution of Chlorine Atoms in Phosphorus Trichloride with Alkoxy Groups. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1777-1783. [PMID: 38163754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical H-phosphonates were synthesized by a rapid (<15 s) and mild (20 °C) process in a microflow reactor as the first example of the sequential direct substitution of the chlorine atoms in PCl3 with alkoxyl/aryloxy groups using equivalent amounts of PCl3 and alcohols. The optimal base concentration differed in each step, presumably attributed to differences in the Brønsted basicity of the electrophilic intermediates. Phosphite hydrolysis was observed, and the structure-hydrolysis relationship was quantitatively evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Tanaka
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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11
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Fuse S, Kanda S, Masui H. One-Flow Synthesis of Substituted Indoles via Sequential 1,2-Addition/Nucleophilic Substitution of Indolyl-3-Carbaldehydes. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300909. [PMID: 37962410 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Substituted indoles are important as drugs. A number of valuable indoles have been synthesized via nucleophilic substitution at the 3'-position of indoles. However, the preparation of an indolylmethyl electrophile containing a tertiary carbon at the 3'-position and its subsequent nucleophilic substitution are challenging owing to the instability of the electrophile. Herein, we demonstrated the rapid one-flow synthesis of indoles via sequential 1,2-addition/nucleophilic substitution of indolyl-3-carbaldehydes. The use of a microflow technology helped in suppressing the undesired reactions caused by the unstable intermediates, resulting in significantly higher yields and reproducibility compared to those under batch conditions. A crown ether was effective when 1-alkylindole-3-carboxaldehyde was used as a substrate. However, the crown ether exerted a detrimental effect when 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde was used. A total of 15 structurally diverse indole derivatives were obtained in generally acceptable to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sena Kanda
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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12
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Lee TC, Tong Y, Fu WC. Advances in Continuous Flow Fluorination Reactions. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300723. [PMID: 37707985 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluorination reactions are important in constructing organofluorine motifs, which contribute to favorable biological properties in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. However, fluorination reagents and reactions are associated with various problems, such as their hazardous nature, high exothermicity, and poor selectivity and scalability. Continuous flow has emerged as a transformative technology to provide many advantages relative to batch syntheses. This review article summarizes recent continuous flow techniques that address the limitations and challenges of fluorination reactions. Approaches based on different flow techniques are discussed, including gas-liquid reactions, packed-bed reactors, in-line purifications, streamlined multistep synthesis, large-scale reactions well as flow photoredox- and electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Chun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Tong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Chung Fu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Biremond T, Riomet M, Jubault P, Poisson T. Photocatalytic and Electrochemical Borylation and Silylation Reactions. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300172. [PMID: 37358334 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high versatility borylated and silylated compounds are inevitable synthons for organic chemists. To escape the classical hydroboration/hydrosilylation paradigm, chemists turned their attention to more modern and green methods such as photoredox chemistry and electrosynthesis. This account focuses on novel methods for the generation of boryl and silyl radicals to forge C-B and C-Si bonds from our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Biremond
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Margaux Riomet
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
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14
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Zhang Q, Xie T, Yi X, Xing G, Feng S, Chen S, Li Y, Lin JM. Microfluidic Aqueous Two-Phase Focusing of Chemical Species for In Situ Subcellular Stimulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45640-45650. [PMID: 37733946 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Confinement of chemical species in a controllable micrometer-level (several to a dozen micrometers) space in an aqueous environment is essential for precisely manipulating chemical events in subcellular regions. However, rapid diffusion and hard-to-control micrometer-level fluids make it a tough challenge. Here, a versatile open microfluidic method based on an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is developed to restrict species inside an open space with micron-level width. Unequal standard chemical potentials of the chemical species in two phases and space-time correspondence in the microfluidic system prevent outward diffusion across the phase interface, retaining the target species inside its preferred phase flow and creating a sharp boundary with a dramatic concentration change. Then, the chemical flow (the preferred phase with target chemical species) is precisely manipulated by a microfluidic probe, which can be compressed to a micron-level width and aimed at an arbitrary position of the sample. As a demonstration of the feasibility and versatility of the strategy, chemical flow is successfully applied to subcellular regions of various kinds of living single cells. Subcellular regions are successfully labeled (cytomembrane and mitochondria) and damaged. Healing-regeneration behaviors of living single cells are triggered by subcellular damage and analyzed. The method is relatively general regarding the species of chemicals and biosamples, which could promote deeper cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianze Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xizhen Yi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gaowa Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shulang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Inoue K, Mori A, Okano K. Formal Halogen Transfer of Bromoarenes via Stepwise Reactions. Org Lett 2023; 25:6693-6698. [PMID: 37646376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A two-step halogen transfer of bromoarenes is reported. Mono-, di-, and tribromoaryllithiums generated through deprotonative lithiation were converted into organozinc species by in situ zincation, which were then subjected to bromination to provide the corresponding di-, tri-, and tetrabromoarenes, respectively, in 41-95% yields. Regioselective bromine-magnesium exchange with ethylmagnesium chloride followed by electrophilic trapping afforded benzene, pyridine, quinoline, pyrimidine, and thiazole derivatives with the bromo group translocated from the original position in 28-86% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsunori Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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16
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Dunlap JH, Ethier JG, Putnam-Neeb AA, Iyer S, Luo SXL, Feng H, Garrido Torres JA, Doyle AG, Swager TM, Vaia RA, Mirau P, Crouse CA, Baldwin LA. Continuous flow synthesis of pyridinium salts accelerated by multi-objective Bayesian optimization with active learning. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8061-8069. [PMID: 37538827 PMCID: PMC10395269 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01303k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a human-in-the-loop implementation of the multi-objective experimental design via a Bayesian optimization platform (EDBO+) towards the optimization of butylpyridinium bromide synthesis under continuous flow conditions. The algorithm simultaneously optimized reaction yield and production rate (or space-time yield) and generated a well defined Pareto front. The versatility of EDBO+ was demonstrated by expanding the reaction space mid-campaign by increasing the upper temperature limit. Incorporation of continuous flow techniques enabled improved control over reaction parameters compared to common batch chemistry processes, while providing a route towards future automated syntheses and improved scalability. To that end, we applied the open-source Python module, nmrglue, for semi-automated nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis, and compared the acquired outputs against those obtained through manual processing methods from spectra collected on both low-field (60 MHz) and high-field (400 MHz) NMR spectrometers. The EDBO+ based model was retrained with these four different datasets and the resulting Pareto front predictions provided insight into the effect of data analysis on model predictions. Finally, quaternization of poly(4-vinylpyridine) with bromobutane illustrated the extension of continuous flow chemistry to synthesize functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Dunlap
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
- UES, Inc. Dayton OH 45431 USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ethier
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
- UES, Inc. Dayton OH 45431 USA
| | - Amelia A Putnam-Neeb
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
- National Research Council Research Associate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
| | - Sanjay Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Haosheng Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | | | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Richard A Vaia
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
| | - Peter Mirau
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
| | - Christopher A Crouse
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
| | - Luke A Baldwin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
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17
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Sugisawa N, Ando A, Fuse S. Rapid and column-chromatography-free peptide chain elongation via a one-flow, three-component coupling approach. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6986-6991. [PMID: 37389269 PMCID: PMC10306071 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01333b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Short peptides are extremely important as drugs and building blocks for the syntheses of longer peptides. Both solid- and liquid-phase peptide syntheses suffer from a large number of synthetic steps, high cost, and/or tedious purification. Here, we developed a rapid, mild, inexpensive, and column-chromatography-free peptide chain elongation via a one-flow, three-component coupling (3CC) approach that is the first to use α-amino acid N-carboxy anhydrides (α-NCAs) both as electrophiles and nucleophiles. We demonstrated the high-yielding and column-chromatography-free syntheses of 17 tripeptides, as well as a gram-scale synthesis of a tripeptide. The total synthesis of beefy meaty peptide was achieved by repeating the 3CC approach with the addition of only one column chromatographic purification. We also demonstrated a one-flow tripeptide synthesis via in situ preparation of α-NCA starting from three readily available protected amino acids. With this study, we achieved dramatic reductions in both time and cost compared with typical solid-phase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Sugisawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
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18
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Capaldo L, Wen Z, Noël T. A field guide to flow chemistry for synthetic organic chemists. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4230-4247. [PMID: 37123197 PMCID: PMC10132167 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00992k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry has unlocked a world of possibilities for the synthetic community, but the idea that it is a mysterious "black box" needs to go. In this review, we show that several of the benefits of microreactor technology can be exploited to push the boundaries in organic synthesis and to unleash unique reactivity and selectivity. By "lifting the veil" on some of the governing principles behind the observed trends, we hope that this review will serve as a useful field guide for those interested in diving into flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Zhenghui Wen
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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19
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Masui H, Kanda S, Fuse S. Verification of preparations of (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl electrophiles and development of their microflow rapid generation and substitution. Commun Chem 2023; 6:47. [PMID: 36871078 PMCID: PMC9985609 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although highly reactive (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl electrophiles such as (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl halides are potential precursors for the synthesis of various indole derivatives, some researchers have reported difficulties in their preparation due to concomitant undesired dimerization/oligomerization. Nevertheless, there have been some reports on the preparation of (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl halides. To resolve this contradiction, all the previously reported preparations of (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl halides were examined. However, we could not reproduce any of these preparations, and we revised several structures of indole derivatives. Here we show the rapid (0.02 s) and mild (25 °C) generation of an (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl electrophile that enables the rapid (0.1 s) and mild (25 °C) nucleophilic substitution in a microflow reactor. Eighteen unprotected indole analogues can be successfully synthesized using the developed microflow nucleophilic substitution with various nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Sena Kanda
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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20
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Ex-situ generation and synthetic utilization of bare trifluoromethyl anion in flow via rapid biphasic mixing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1231. [PMID: 36869027 PMCID: PMC9984407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoroform (CF3H) is the simplest reagent for nucleophilic trifluoromethylation intermediated by trifluoromethyl anion (CF3-). However, it has been well-known that CF3- should be generated in presence of a stabilizer or reaction partner (in-situ method) due to its short lifetime, which results in the fundamental limitation on its synthetic utilization. We herein report a bare CF3- can be ex-situ generated and directly used for the synthesis of diverse trifluoromethylated compounds in a devised flow dissolver for rapid biphasic mixing of gaseous CF3H and liquid reagents that was designed and structurally optimized by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In flow, various substrates including multi-functional compounds were chemoselectively reacted with CF3-, extending to the multi-gram-scale synthesis of valuable compounds by 1-hour operation of the integrated flow system.
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21
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Wakabayashi S, Takumi M, Kamio S, Wakioka M, Ohki Y, Nagaki A. Flow-Chemistry-Enabled Synthesis of 5-Diethylboryl-2,3'-bipyridine and Its Self-Assembly Dynamics. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202882. [PMID: 36394125 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
5-Diethylboryl-2,3'-bipyridine (1), which is inaccessible by conventional batch methods, was synthesized by using a flow microreactor. Compound 1 was obtained as an equilibrium mixture of a cyclic trimer and a cyclic tetramer in solution, the latter of which was crystallized in benzene by vapor diffusion of hexane at 7 °C. The dynamic nature of this system was confirmed by solvent- and concentration-dependent experiments. Notably, the dynamics was verified by using flow NMR spectroscopy, which revealed that the time required to reach equilibrium was influenced by the solvent ratio (<18 s, 24-28 s, and 34-42 s in 2 : 1, 1 : 1, and 1 : 2 mixtures of [D6 ]acetone and C6 D6 , respectively). Compound 1 and 3-[4'-(diethylboryl)phenyl]pyridine (2) exhibited different self-assembly behavior in solution and crystals. Density functional theory calculations suggested that this difference was largely due to enhanced planarity between two consecutive aromatic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Wakabayashi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0293, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takumi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kamio
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masayuki Wakioka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ohki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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22
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Jayaram A, Govindan K, Kannan VR, Thavasianandam Seenivasan V, Chen NQ, Lin WY. Iodine-Promoted Oxidative Cyclization of Acylated and Alkylated Derivatives from Epoxides toward the Synthesis of Aza Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1749-1761. [PMID: 36649653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A new method for directly synthesizing acylated and alkylated quinazoline derivatives by the epoxide ring-opening reaction in the presence of I2/DMSO with 2-aminobenzamide is described herein. The developed mild protocol is efficient and displays a wide variety of functional group tolerance and substrate-controlled high selectivity, and the application of a continuous flow technique allows for faster reaction time and higher yields. Moreover, the robustness of the method is applicable in gram-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alageswaran Jayaram
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Karthick Govindan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Vijaya Raghavan Kannan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Nian-Qi Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Centre, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC
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23
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Spennacchio M, Colella M, Andresini M, Dibenedetto RS, Graziano E, Aramini A, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Unlocking geminal fluorohaloalkanes in nucleophilic fluoroalkylation chemistry: generation and trapping of lithiumfluorocarbenoids enabled by flow microreactors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1373-1376. [PMID: 36649092 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06717j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A direct nucleophilic monofluoroalkylation strategy leveraging on lithium fluorocarbenoids has been developed. Flow microreactor technology allows capitalization of the synthetic potential of these scarcely explored short-lived intermediates - namely 1-fluoro-2-phenylethyllithium, 1-fluoro-3-phenylpropyllithium, and 1-fluorononyllithium - generated through lithium/iodine exchange reaction. This robust protocol was employed to prepare new fluorinated products, adopting various classes of electrophiles. The inherent advantages of microreactor technology contribute to rendering this approach a new valuable tool for direct fluoroalkylation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Spennacchio
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy.
| | - Marco Colella
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy.
| | - Michael Andresini
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy.
| | - Roberta Savina Dibenedetto
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy.
| | - Elena Graziano
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy.
| | - Andrea Aramini
- Department of Discovery, Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Campo di Pile, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy.
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy.
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24
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Nagy BS, Fu G, Hone CA, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. Harnessing a Continuous-Flow Persulfuric Acid Generator for Direct Oxidative Aldehyde Esterifications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201868. [PMID: 36377674 PMCID: PMC10107610 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Persulfuric acid is a well-known oxidant in various industrial-scale purification procedures. However, due to its tendency toward explosive decomposition, its usefulness in organic synthesis remained largely underexplored. Herein, a continuous in situ persulfuric acid generator was developed and applied for oxidative esterification of aldehydes under flow conditions. Sulfuric acid served as a readily available and benign precursor to form persulfuric acid in situ. By taking advantage of the continuous-flow generator concept, safety hazards were significantly reduced, whilst a robust and effective approach was ensured for direct transformations of aldehydes to valuable esters. The process proved useful for the transformation of diverse aliphatic as well as aromatic aldehydes, while its preparative capability was verified by the multigram-scale synthesis of a pharmaceutically relevant key intermediate. The present flow protocol demonstrates the safe, sustainable, and scalable application of persulfuric acid in a manner that would not be amenable to conventional batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence S. Nagy
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Gang Fu
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
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25
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Yang L, Sun Y, Zhang L. Microreactor Technology: Identifying Focus Fields and Emerging Trends by Using CiteSpace II. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200349. [PMID: 36482287 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microreactors have gained widespread attention from academia and industrial researchers due to their exceptionally fast mass and heat transfer and flexible control. In this work, CiteSpace software was used to systematically analyze the relevant literature to gain a comprehensively understand on the research status of microreactors in various fields. The results show that the research depth and application scope of microreactors are continuing to expand. The top 10 most popular research fields are photochemistry, pharmaceutical intermediates, multistep flow synthesis, mass transfer, computational fluid dynamics, μ-TAS (micro total analysis system), nanoparticles, biocatalysis, hydrogen production, and solid-supported reagents. The evolution trends of current focus areas are examined, including photochemistry, mass transfer, biocatalysis and hydrogen production and their milestone literature is analyzed in detail. This article demonstrates the development of different fields of microreactors technology and highlights the unending opportunities and challenges offered by this fascinating technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Economics and Management, School of Intellectual Property, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Sun
- School of Economics and Management, School of Intellectual Property, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
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26
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Masui H, Fuse S. Micro-Flow <i>N</i>-Acylation Using Highly Electrophilic Acyl Ammonium Cations for Peptide and Urethane-Protected <i>N</i>-Carboxyanhydride Syntheses. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Brégent T, Ivanova MV, Poisson T, Jubault P, Legros J. Continuous‐Flow Divergent Lithiation of 2,3‐Dihalopyridines: Deprotolithiation versus Halogen Dance. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202286. [PMID: 36200571 PMCID: PMC10092453 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the first halogen dance (HD) in continuous flow on 2-chloro-3-bromopyridine by selectively trapping a (pyridin-4-yl)lithium species that is known to undergo the halogen-dance process. In addition, this lithiated intermediate was trapped at lower temperature before the HD occurs. The HD process was extended to fluoro-iodopyridines by using various electrophiles to afford 28 examples with yields ranging from 42 to 97 % with very short residence times. Finally, scale up of the reaction was demonstrated, affording a promising space-time yield (STY) of 4.2 kg.h-1 .L-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Brégent
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Maria V. Ivanova
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
- Institut Universitaire de France 1 rue Descartes 75231 Paris France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Julien Legros
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
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28
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Donnelly K, Baumann M. Continuous Flow Technology as an Enabler for Innovative Transformations Exploiting Carbenes, Nitrenes, and Benzynes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8279-8288. [PMID: 35700424 PMCID: PMC9251729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Miniaturization offered
by microreactors provides for superb reaction
control as well as excellent heat and mass transfer. By performing
chemical reactions in microreactors or tubular systems under continuous
flow conditions, increased safety can be harnessed which allows exploitation
of these technologies for the generation and immediate consumption
of high-energy intermediates. This Synopsis demonstrates the use of
flow technology to effectively exploit benzynes, carbenes, and nitrenes
in synthetic chemistry programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Donnelly
- School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, D04 N2E2 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, D04 N2E2 Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Kitamura H, Otake Y, Sugisawa N, Sugisawa H, Ida T, Nakamura H, Fuse S. Sequential Nucleophilic Substitution of Phosphorus Trichloride with Alcohols in a Continuous‐Flow Reactor and Consideration of a Mechanism for Reduced Over‐reaction through the Addition of Imidazole. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200932. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitamura
- School of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Yuma Otake
- School of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Naoto Sugisawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugisawa
- Division of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tomonori Ida
- Division of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- School of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
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30
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Masui H, Fuse S. Recent Advances in the Solid- and Solution-Phase Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins Using Microflow Technology. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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31
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Sho T, Kawashima H, Fujitani T, Choi JC, Kijima M. Preferential Formation of Squalene Monoepoxides via Microflow Reaction of Squalene and m-Chloroperbenzoic Acid. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Sho
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Kawashima
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Fujitani
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Jun-Chul Choi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masashi Kijima
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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32
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Rawat A, Dhakla S, Lama P, Pal TK. Fixation of carbon dioxide to aryl/aromatic carboxylic acids. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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33
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Okabe R, Sugisawa N, Fuse S. A micro-flow rapid dual activation approach for urethane-protected α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3303-3310. [PMID: 35229099 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the rapid dual activation (10 s, 20 °C) of a combination of an α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride and alkyl chloroformate in the synthesis of a urethane-protected α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride in a micro-flow reactor. The key to success was the combined use of two amines that activated both substrates with proper timing. Three amines, i-Pr2NEt, Me2NBn, or N-ethylmorpholine, were used with pyridine in accordance with the steric bulkiness of a side chain in the α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride. A variety of 16 urethane-protected α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides were synthesized in high yields. The role of amines was investigated based on the measurement of the time-dependent (0.5 to 10 s) decrease of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides and alkyl chloroformates in the presence of amines via flash mixing technology using a micro-flow reactor. It was suggested that the in situ generated acylpyridinium cation was highly active and less prone to causing undesired decomposition compared with the acylammonium cation examined in this study. Thus, even at a very low concentration, the acylpyridinium cation facilitated the desired coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Okabe
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Naoto Sugisawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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34
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Kestemont JP, Frost JR, Jacq J, Pasau P, Perl F, Brown J, Tissot M. Scale-Up and Optimization of a Continuous Flow Carboxylation of N-Boc-4,4-difluoropiperidine Using s-BuLi in THF. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jérôme Jacq
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pasau
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Perl
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Julien Brown
- UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthieu Tissot
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Avenue de l’industrie, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
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35
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Ling FWM, Abdulbari HA, Chin SY. Heterogeneous Microfluidic Reactors: A Review and an Insight of Enzymatic Reactions. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona W. M. Ling
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid & Processes (FLUID CENTRE) Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Hayder A. Abdulbari
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid & Processes (FLUID CENTRE) Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Sim Yee Chin
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
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36
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Feng H, Zhang Y, Liu D, Chen R. Residence time characteristic of Taylor reacting flow in a microchannel reactor. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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37
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Mikami R, Shida N, Atobe M. Integrated Flow Emulsion Electrosynthetic System by In Situ Generation of Emulsions, Subsequent Emulsion Electrolysis, and Final Phase Separation. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rio Mikami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Mahito Atobe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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38
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Kang JH, Ahn GN, Lee H, Yim SJ, Lahore S, Lee HJ, Kim H, Kim JT, Kim DP. Scalable Subsecond Synthesis of Drug Scaffolds via Aryllithium Intermediates by Numbered-up 3D-Printed Metal Microreactors. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:43-50. [PMID: 35106371 PMCID: PMC8796307 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-flow microreactors enable ultrafast chemistry; however, their small capacity restricts industrial-level productivity of pharmaceutical compounds. In this work, scale-up subsecond synthesis of drug scaffolds was achieved via a 16 numbered-up printed metal microreactor (16N-PMR) assembly to render high productivity up to 20 g for 10 min operation. Initially, ultrafast synthetic chemistry of unstable lithiated intermediates in the halogen-lithium exchange reactions of three aryl halides and subsequent reactions with diverse electrophiles were carried out using a single microreactor (SMR). Larger production of the ultrafast synthesis was achieved by devising a monolithic module of 4 numbered-up 3D-printed metal microreactor (4N-PMR) that was integrated by laminating four SMRs and four bifurcation flow distributors in a compact manner. Eventually, the 16N-PMR system for the scalable subsecond synthesis of three drug scaffolds was assembled by stacking four monolithic modules of 4N-PMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ho Kang
- Center
for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University
of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Noh Ahn
- Center
for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University
of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Heekwon Lee
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Se-Jun Yim
- Center
for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University
of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Santosh Lahore
- Center
for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University
of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyune-Jea Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea
University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea
University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Tae Kim
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Center
for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University
of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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39
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Flash Electrochemical Approach to Carbocations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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40
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Farah J, Gravel E, Doris E, Malloggi F. Direct integration of gold-carbon nanotube hybrids in continuous-flow microfluidic chips: A versatile approach for nanocatalysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 613:359-367. [PMID: 35042033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A carbon nanotube-based packed-bed microreactor was developed for the on-chip oxidation of silanes. The process is catalyzed by a heterogeneous gold-carbon nanotube hybrid that was embedded in the device using a micrometric restriction zone. Integration of the nanohybrid permitted efficient flow aerobic oxidation of the substrates into the corresponding silanols with high selectivity and under sustainable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Farah
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Edmond Gravel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Eric Doris
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Florent Malloggi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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41
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Chen J, Xie X, Liu J, Yu Z, Su W. Revisiting aromatic diazotization and aryl diazonium salts in continuous flow: highlighted research during 2001–2021. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aryl diazonium salts play an important role in chemical transformations; however their explosive nature limits their applications in batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jiming Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqun Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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42
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Taylor CJ, Manson JA, Clemens G, Taylor BA, Chamberlain TW, Bourne RA. Modern advancements in continuous-flow aided kinetic analysis. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00467k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although kinetic analysis has traditionally been conducted in a batch vessel, continuous-flow aided kinetic analysis continues to swell in popularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Taylor
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jamie A. Manson
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Graeme Clemens
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Brian A. Taylor
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Thomas W. Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard A. Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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43
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Lin S, Liu J, Ma L. Ni@C Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Acetophenone to Phenylethanol under Industrial Mild Conditions in Flow Reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00513h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic hydrogenation of organic substrates containing plenty of unsaturated functional groups is an important step in the industrial preparation of fine chemicals and has always been a hot spot...
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44
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Righetti GIC, Tentori F, Brenna E, Gambarotti C. Development of a flow process for an easy and fast access to 2-pyrone derivatives. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00312k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow synthesis of 3-hydroxy-2-pyrone from galactaric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Isa C. Righetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Tentori
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristian Gambarotti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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45
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Sagandira CR, Nqeketo S, Mhlana K, Sonti T, Gaqa S, Watts P. Towards 4th industrial revolution efficient and sustainable continuous flow manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of end-to-end continuous flow synthesis with downstream processing, process analytical technology (PAT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and automation in ensuring improved accessibility of quality medicines on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinazo Nqeketo
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Kanyisile Mhlana
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Thembela Sonti
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Sibongiseni Gaqa
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Paul Watts
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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46
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Takumi M, Sakaue H, Nagaki A. Flash Electrochemical Approach to Carbocations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202116177. [PMID: 34931424 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel flow electrochemical reactor that accomplishes electrolysis within a few seconds in a single passage was developed. By using the flow reactor system, the flash electrochemical generation of short-lived carbocations, including oxocarbenium ions, N -acyliminium ions, glycosyl cations, and Ferrier cations was achieved within a few seconds, enabling the subsequent reaction with nucleophiles before their decomposition. Moreover, continuous operation based on the present system enabled the rapid synthesis of pharmaceutical precursors on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takumi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Hodaka Sakaue
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Synthetic Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, Katsura, 615-8510, Kyoto, JAPAN
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47
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Kar S, Sanderson H, Roy K, Benfenati E, Leszczynski J. Green Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3637-3710. [PMID: 34910451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The principles of green chemistry (GC) can be comprehensively implemented in green synthesis of pharmaceuticals by choosing no solvents or green solvents (preferably water), alternative reaction media, and consideration of one-pot synthesis, multicomponent reactions (MCRs), continuous processing, and process intensification approaches for atom economy and final waste reduction. The GC's execution in green synthesis can be performed using a holistic design of the active pharmaceutical ingredient's (API) life cycle, minimizing hazards and pollution, and capitalizing the resource efficiency in the synthesis technique. Thus, the presented review accounts for the comprehensive exploration of GC's principles and metrics, an appropriate implication of those ideas in each step of the reaction schemes, from raw material to an intermediate to the final product's synthesis, and the final execution of the synthesis into scalable industry-based production. For real-life examples, we have discussed the synthesis of a series of established generic pharmaceuticals, starting with the raw materials, and the intermediates of the corresponding pharmaceuticals. Researchers and industries have thoughtfully instigated a green synthesis process to control the atom economy and waste reduction to protect the environment. We have extensively discussed significant reactions relevant for green synthesis, one-pot cascade synthesis, MCRs, continuous processing, and process intensification, which may contribute to the future of green and sustainable synthesis of APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Hans Sanderson
- Department of Environmental Science, Section for Toxicology and Chemistry, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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48
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Wong JYF, Thomson CG, Vilela F, Barker G. Flash chemistry enables high productivity metalation-substitution of 5-alkyltetrazoles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13413-13424. [PMID: 34777760 PMCID: PMC8528014 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04176b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrazoles play a prominent role in medicinal chemistry due to their role as carboxylate bioisosteres but have largely been overlooked as C-H functionalisation substrates. We herein report the development of a high-yielding and general procedure for the heterobenzylic C-H functionalisation of 5-alkyltetrazoles in up to 97% yield under batch conditions using a metalation/electrophilic trapping strategy. Through the use of thermal imaging to identify potentially unsafe exotherms, a continuous flow procedure using a flash chemistry strategy has also been developed, allowing products to be accessed in up to 95% yield. This enabled an extremely high productivity rate of 141 g h-1 to be achieved on an entry-level flow system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y F Wong
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
- Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
- Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
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49
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Colella M, Musci P, Cannillo D, Spennacchio M, Aramini A, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Development of a Continuous Flow Synthesis of 2-Substituted Azetines and 3-Substituted Azetidines by Using a Common Synthetic Precursor. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13943-13954. [PMID: 34291947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The generation and functionalization, under continuous flow conditions, of two different lithiated four-membered aza-heterocycles is reported. N-Boc-3-iodoazetidine acts as a common synthetic platform for the genesis of C3-lithiated azetidine and C2-lithiated azetine depending on the lithiation agent. Flow technology enables easy handling of such lithiated intermediates at much higher temperatures compared to batch processing. Flow technology combined with cyclopentylmethyl ether as an environmentally responsible solvent allows us to address sustainability concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colella
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pantaleo Musci
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Debora Cannillo
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Spennacchio
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Aramini
- Department of Discovery, Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Campo di Pile, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Telescoped lithiation, C-arylation and methoxylation in flow-batch hybrid toward the synthesis of canagliflozin. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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