1
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Mu M, Shu Q, Xu Z, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhao S, Zhang Y. pH-responsive, salt-resistant, and highly stable foam based on a silicone-containing dynamic imine surfactant. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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2
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Matsuo M, Toyota T, Suzuki K, Sugawara T. Evolution of Proliferative Model Protocells Highly Responsive to the Environment. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1635. [PMID: 36295070 PMCID: PMC9605134 DOI: 10.3390/life12101635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss various methods of reproducing life dynamics using a constructive approach. An increase in the structural complexity of a model protocell is accompanied by an increase in the stage of reproduction of a compartment (giant vesicle; GV) from simple reproduction to linked reproduction with the replication of information molecules (DNA), and eventually to recursive proliferation of a model protocell. An encounter between a plural protic catalyst (C) and DNA within a GV membrane containing a plural cationic lipid (V) spontaneously forms a supramolecular catalyst (C@DNA) that catalyzes the production of cationic membrane lipid V. The local formation of V causes budding deformation of the GV and equivolume divisions. The length of the DNA strand influences the frequency of proliferation, associated with the emergence of a primitive information flow that induces phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental conditions. A predominant protocell appears from the competitive proliferation of protocells containing DNA with different strand lengths, leading to an evolvable model protocell. Recently, peptides of amino acid thioesters have been used to construct peptide droplets through liquid-liquid phase separation. These droplets grew, owing to the supply of nutrients, and were divided repeatedly under a physical stimulus. This proposed chemical system demonstrates a new perspective of the origins of membraneless protocells, i.e., the "droplet world" hypothesis. Proliferative model protocells can be regarded as autonomous supramolecular machines. This concept of this review may open new horizons of "evolution" for intelligent supramolecular machines and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneyuki Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Taro Toyota
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sugawara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
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3
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Flores J, Brea RJ, Lamas A, Fracassi A, Salvador-Castell M, Xu C, Baiz CR, Sinha SK, Devaraj NK. Rapid and Sequential Dual Oxime Ligation Enables De Novo Formation of Functional Synthetic Membranes from Water-Soluble Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200549. [PMID: 35546783 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes define the boundaries of life and primarily consist of phospholipids. Living organisms assemble phospholipids by enzymatically coupling two hydrophobic tails to a soluble polar head group. Previous studies have taken advantage of micellar assembly to couple single-chain precursors, forming non-canonical phospholipids. However, biomimetic nonenzymatic coupling of two alkyl tails to a polar head-group remains challenging, likely due to the sluggish reaction kinetics of the initial coupling step. Here we demonstrate rapid de novo formation of biomimetic liposomes in water using dual oxime bond formation between two alkyl chains and a phosphocholine head group. Membranes can be generated from non-amphiphilic, water-soluble precursors at physiological conditions using micromolar concentrations of precursors. We demonstrate that functional membrane proteins can be reconstituted into synthetic oxime liposomes from bacterial extracts in the absence of detergent-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Flores
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Biomimetic Membrane Chemistry (BioMemChem) Group, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, Rúa As Carballeiras, 15701, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lamas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alessandro Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marta Salvador-Castell
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Mayer Hall Addition 4561, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Carlos R Baiz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Sunil K Sinha
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Mayer Hall Addition 4561, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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4
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Flores J, Brea RJ, Lamas A, Fracassi A, Salvador‐Castell M, Xu C, Baiz CR, Sinha SK, Devaraj NK. Rapid and Sequential Dual Oxime Ligation Enables De Novo Formation of Functional Synthetic Membranes from Water‐Soluble Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Flores
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Roberto J. Brea
- Biomimetic Membrane Chemistry (BioMemChem) Group Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) Universidade da Coruña Rúa As Carballeiras 15701 A Coruña Spain
| | - Alejandro Lamas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Alessandro Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Marta Salvador‐Castell
- Department of Physics University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Mayer Hall Addition 4561 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224 USA
| | - Carlos R. Baiz
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224 USA
| | - Sunil K. Sinha
- Department of Physics University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Mayer Hall Addition 4561 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Neal K. Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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5
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Zhang Y, Mu M, Lu P, Zhao S, Fan Y, Liu X, Fang Y. Reversible formation/disruption of dynamic double-tailed surfactants in a binary mixture: effects on interfacial properties and aggregation behavior. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Mu M, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Li Q, Lu P, Zhao S, Zhang Y. pH-responsive worm-based viscoelastic fluid formed by a dynamic covalent gemini surfactant. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Qualls ML, Sagar R, Lou J, Best MD. Demolish and Rebuild: Controlling Lipid Self-Assembly toward Triggered Release and Artificial Cells. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12918-12933. [PMID: 34792362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to modulate the structures of lipid membranes, predicated on our nuanced understanding of the properties that drive and alter lipid self-assembly, has opened up many exciting biological applications. In this Perspective, we focus on two endeavors in which the same principles are invoked to achieve completely opposite results. On one hand, controlled liposome decomposition enables triggered release of encapsulated cargo through the development of synthetic lipid switches that perturb lipid packing in the presence of disease-associated stimuli. In particular, recent approaches have utilized artificial lipid switches designed to undergo major conformational changes in response to a range of target conditions. On the other end of the spectrum, the ability to drive the in situ formation of lipid bilayer membranes from soluble precursors is an important component in the establishment of artificial cells. This work has culminated in chemoenzymatic strategies that enable lipid manufacturing from simple components. Herein, we describe recent advancements in these two unique undertakings that are linked by their reliance on common principles of lipid self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Qualls
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ruhani Sagar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jinchao Lou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Michael D Best
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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8
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Rational design of dynamic imine surfactants for oil-water emulsions: Learning from oil-induced reversible dynamic imine bond formation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:163-170. [PMID: 34506998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Dynamic imine surfactants (DIS) can be constructed by the formation of dynamic imine bonds (Dibs) between aromatic aldehydes and aliphatic amines in water. Because of the nature of Dibs in water, a thermodynamic equilibrium state was achieved between the DIS and aldehyde and amine precursors to form a dynamic combinatorial library (DCL). When the DIS served as sole emulsifier to form oil-H2O emulsions, the precursors migrated between the H2O phase and the oil phase, which altered the DCL equilibrium. The DIS concentration and emulsion stability also changed. EXPERIMENTS By mixing 4-(2-sulfobetaine-ethoxy)-benzaldehyde (SBBA) and aliphatic amines of CnH2n+1NH2 (n = 4, BA; n = 6, HA; n = 8, OA; n = 10, DA) in water, four amphoteric DIS (SBBA-BA/HA/OA/DA) were prepared. Dib formation was characterized using 1H NMR. The DIS surface activity was studied by surface tension and fluorescence probe methods. The reversible switching of DIS and its wormlike micelles were explored. FINDINGS SBBA-OA (or SBBA-DA) DIS was not a suitable emulsifier for stable hydrocarbon (HC)-H2O emulsions. OA and DA were more soluble in the HC phase than the H2O phase. The precursors of OA and DA migrated from the H2O to the HC phase, and the thermodynamic equilibrium state of DCL shifted towards Dib dissociation. The Dib could be regenerated by HC phase removal. A novel strategy where volatile HC (such as pentane) was used as a trigger was developed to switch the DIS reversibly and its self-assemblies (such as wormlike micelles) in water without inorganic salt accumulation. The SBBA-HA (or SBBA-BA) DIS was a suitable emulsifier for stable emulsions because HA and BA were more soluble in the H2O phase.
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9
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Sawada D, Asakura K, Banno T. Pathway-Dependent Phase Transitions of Supramolecular Self-assemblies Containing Cationic Amphiphiles with Azobenzene and Disulfide Groups. Chemistry 2021; 27:13840-13845. [PMID: 34398482 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There have been several attempts to construct supramolecular chemical systems that mimic the phase transitions in living systems. However, most of these phase transitions are one-to-one and induced by one stimulus or chemical; there have been few reports on the pathway-dependent phase transition of supramolecular self-assemblies in multi-step. To induce multistep phase transitions, molecular crystals were prepared that contained a cationic amphiphile bearing azobenzene and disulfide groups. A reducing agent caused the crystals to become vesicles, and adjacent, non-touching vesicles fused under UV and subsequent visible light. Adding a reducing agent to the worm-like aggregates that were generated after UV irradiation of the original crystals resulted in the growth of sheet-like aggregates. 1 H NMR and fluorescence anisotropy measurements showed that a series of phase transitions was induced by changes in the phase structures from molecular conversions of the reactive amphiphiles. The multiple pathway-dependent phase transitions of supramolecular self-assemblies can provide a methodology for developing new stimuli-responsive materials that exhibit the desirable properties under specific circumstances from a systems chemistry viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sawada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kouichi Asakura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Taisuke Banno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
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10
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Kubota R, Tanaka W, Hamachi I. Microscopic Imaging Techniques for Molecular Assemblies: Electron, Atomic Force, and Confocal Microscopies. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14281-14347. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryou Kubota
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Tanaka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- JST-ERATO, Hamachi Innovative Molecular Technology for Neuroscience, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
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11
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Yang Z, He S, Fang Y, Zhang Y. Viscoelastic Fluid Formed by Ultralong-Chain Erucic Acid-Base Ionic Liquid Surfactant Responds to Acid/Alkaline, CO 2, and Light. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3094-3102. [PMID: 33683107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a leftover of grease processing, the efficient utilization of erucic acid is still a challenge. An alternative strategy is to develop erucic acid-derived surfactants. However, erucic acid-based ionic liquid surfactants were barely involved. Here, a novel ionic liquid surfactant, benzyltrimethylammonium erucate (ErBTA), was developed by a simple neutralization reaction, and its aggregations in the diluted and concentrated solution were systematically studied by surface tension, conductivity, rheology, and cryo-TEM techniques. The results showed that ErBTA has a very low metaling point (-7.03 °C) and possesses excellent water solubility (Krafft temperature <4 °C). ErBTA alone starts to form micelles at a very low concentration (0.028 mmol/L) and then to form worm-based viscoelastic fluid at 4.07 mmol/L without any additives, exhibiting excellent self-assembly ability and thickening ability. This viscoelastic fluid formed by ErBTA can simultaneously respond to three stimuli: common acid/alkaline, CO2 gas, and light, accompanied by an interesting gel-sol conversion, reflecting microstructure transition from wormlike micelles to spherical micelles. Although in essence CO2 and light also act as pH regulators in the current system, they provide more sophisticated approaches to tune pH. Such a viscoelastic fluid with the characteristics of easy availability, renewability of raw materials, the simplicity of fabrication, good water-solubility, and excellent thickening ability may be an attractive candidate for clean fracturing in oil/gas recovery and fluid drag reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Shuai He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yinjun Fang
- Zanyu Technology Group Company Ltd., Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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12
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Lu P, He S, Zhou Y, Zhang Y. Oxidation-Induced Breakage of the Imine Bond and Aggregate Transition in a Se-Containing Dynamic Covalent Surfactant. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2833-2842. [PMID: 33615789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the dynamic imine bonds upon a novel trigger except for pH and temperature is still a significant challenge. Here, a Se-containing imine-based dynamic covalent surfactant (HOBAB-BSeEA) was developed for the first time by mixing two precursors in situ: an asymmetric double-chain cationic surfactant bearing a formyl group at the terminal of one hydrophobic tail and a Se-containing amine (2-(benzylselanyl)ethan-1-amine) in order to confirm the effect of redox on the imine bonds. The imine bond in HOBAB-BSeEA can be regulated not only upon changing the pH as well as other common imine-based surfactants but also by oxidation. The conversion efficiency of imine bonds is closely related with the degree of oxidation and pH. Complete oxidation can decrease the conversion efficiency from ∼87 to 48%, which is comparable to the result of changing the pH from 10.0 to 7.0. With the formation and breaking of imine bonds, the surfactant can be reversibly switched between symmetric and asymmetric structures, accompanied by a morphological transition from vesicles to spherical micelles. Although oxidation cannot demolish all imine bonds, it can completely convert vesicles to spherical micelles, which is mainly ascribed to an increase in the polarity of the micellar microenvironment stemming from the oxidation of Se. However, this transition can only be achieved by reducing the pH to 5.0 instead of 7.0. Nile red loaded in HOBAB-BSeEA vesicles can be quickly, controllably, and step-by-step released upon oxidation stimulus but not pH. Understanding the mechanism of oxidation-induced breakage of imine bonds and disruption of vesicles would be useful in designing redox-responsive imine-based carriers that can unload cargoes according to the level of the local reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Shuai He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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13
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Lu P, He S, Zhou Y, Zhang Y. Adsorption, micellization and antimicrobial activity of formyl-containing cationic surfactant in diluted aqueous solutions. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Zul NF, Tajuddin HA, Ahmad N, Zainal Abidin ZH, Sadidarto AB, Abdullah Z. Influence of Hydrogen Bonding on Low Critical Micellar Concentration Value and Formation of Giant Vesicle of Triazole‐Contained Amphiphile. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Faiezin Zul
- Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Hairul Anuar Tajuddin
- Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Noraini Ahmad
- Colloid Chemistry & Nanotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Fundamental and Frontier Sciences in Nanostructure Self‐Assembly (FSSA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Zul Hazrin Zainal Abidin
- Visible Spectroscopy Laboratory, Centre for Ionics University of Malaya (CIUM), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Bayhaki Sadidarto
- Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Zanariah Abdullah
- Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
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15
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Flores J, White BM, Brea RJ, Baskin JM, Devaraj NK. Lipids: chemical tools for their synthesis, modification, and analysis. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4602-4614. [PMID: 32691785 PMCID: PMC7380508 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00154f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipids remain one of the most enigmatic classes of biological molecules. Whereas lipids are well known to form basic units of membrane structure and energy storage, deciphering the exact roles and biological interactions of distinct lipid species has proven elusive. How these building blocks are synthesized, trafficked, and stored are also questions that require closer inspection. This tutorial review covers recent advances on the preparation, derivatization, and analysis of lipids. In particular, we describe several chemical approaches that form part of a powerful toolbox for controlling and characterizing lipid structure. We believe these tools will be helpful in numerous applications, including the study of lipid-protein interactions and the development of novel drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Flores
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Brittany M White
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jeremy M Baskin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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16
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Wanzke C, Jussupow A, Kohler F, Dietz H, Kaila VRI, Boekhoven J. Dynamic Vesicles Formed By Dissipative Self‐Assembly. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.201900044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caren Wanzke
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Alexander Jussupow
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Fabian Kohler
- Physik DepartmentTechnical University of Munich Am Coulombwall 4a 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Hendrik Dietz
- Physik DepartmentTechnical University of Munich Am Coulombwall 4a 85748 Garching Germany
- Institute for Advanced StudyTechnical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 2a 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Ville R. I. Kaila
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
- Institute for Advanced StudyTechnical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 2a 85748 Garching Germany
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17
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Continuous expansion of a synthetic minimal cellular membrane. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:543-549. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20190020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A critical aspect of a synthetic minimal cell is expansion of the surrounding boundary layer. This layer should consist of phospholipids (mimics) as these molecules assemble into a bilayer, creating a functional barrier with specific phospholipid species that are essential for membrane related processes. As a first step towards synthetic cells, an in vitro phospholipid biosynthesis pathway has been constructed that utilizes fatty acids as precursors to produce a wide variety of phospholipid species, thereby driving membrane growth. This now needs to be developed further into a sustainable expanding system, meanwhile keeping simplicity in mind. The non-enzymatic synthesis of phospholipid-like molecules forms a realistic alternative for natural enzymatic-based pathways, that nowadays can even support functional membrane proteins. Eventually, coupling to in vitro transcription/translation is required, for which efficient mechanisms of insertion and folding of the involved membrane proteins need to be developed. Such an integrated system will form a suitable foundation of a synthetic minimal cell that eventually can be coupled to other cellular processes such as division.
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18
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Exterkate M, Driessen AJM. Synthetic Minimal Cell: Self-Reproduction of the Boundary Layer. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5293-5303. [PMID: 30949617 PMCID: PMC6443216 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A critical aspect in the bottom-up construction of a synthetic minimal cell is to develop an entity that is capable of self-reproduction. A key role in this process is the expansion and division of the boundary layer that surrounds the compartment, a process in which content loss has to be avoided and the barrier function maintained. Here, we describe the latest developments regarding self-reproduction of a boundary layer with a focus on the growth and division of phospholipid-based membranes in the context of a synthetic minimal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Exterkate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology,
Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J. M. Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology,
Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Budding and Division of Giant Vesicles Linked to Phospholipid Production. Sci Rep 2019; 9:165. [PMID: 30655551 PMCID: PMC6336860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-reproduction of supramolecular assemblies based on the synthesis and self-assembly of building blocks is a critical step towards the construction of chemical systems with autonomous, adaptive, and propagation properties. In this report, we demonstrate that giant vesicles can grow and produce daughter vesicles by synthesizing and incorporating phospholipids in situ from ad-hoc precursors. Our model involves acyl chain elongation via copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction and the ensuing production of synthetic phospholipids to induce budding and division. In addition, the growth and budding of giant vesicles were compatible with the encapsulation and transfer of macromolecules as large as lambda phage DNA to the buds. This chemical system provides a useful model towards the implementation of cell-like compartments capable of propagation and transport of biological materials.
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20
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Yewdall NA, Mason AF, van Hest JCM. The hallmarks of living systems: towards creating artificial cells. Interface Focus 2018; 8:20180023. [PMID: 30443324 PMCID: PMC6227776 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the astonishing diversity and complexity of living systems, they all share five common hallmarks: compartmentalization, growth and division, information processing, energy transduction and adaptability. In this review, we give not only examples of how cells satisfy these requirements for life and the ways in which it is possible to emulate these characteristics in engineered platforms, but also the gaps that remain to be bridged. The bottom-up synthesis of life-like systems continues to be driven forward by the advent of new technologies, by the discovery of biological phenomena through their transplantation to experimentally simpler constructs and by providing insights into one of the oldest questions posed by mankind, the origin of life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513 (STO 3.31), Eindhoven, MB, The Netherlands
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21
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Seoane A, Brea RJ, Fuertes A, Podolsky KA, Devaraj NK. Biomimetic Generation and Remodeling of Phospholipid Membranes by Dynamic Imine Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8388-8391. [PMID: 29886740 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic liposomes have a wide array of applications in several areas, ranging from medicinal chemistry to synthetic biology. Due to their biocompatibility and biological relevance, there is particular interest in the formation of synthetic phospholipid vesicles and the development of methods to tune their properties in a controlled manner. However, while true biological membranes are capable of responding to environmental stimuli by enzymatically remodeling their composition, synthetic liposomes are typically static once formed. Herein we report the chemoselective reaction of the natural amine-containing lysosphingomyelin with a series of long-chain aldehydes to form imines. This transformation results in the formation of phospholipid liposomes that are in dynamic equilibrium with the aldehyde-amine form. The reversibility of the imine linkage is exploited in the synthesis of vesicles that are capable of responding to external stimuli such as temperature or the addition of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Seoane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Alberto Fuertes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Kira A Podolsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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22
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Sun P, Lu F, Wu A, Yin Y, Shi L, Zheng L. Construction of pH-Responsive Supramolecular Assemblies Based on Dynamic Covalent Bonds for Tunable Drug Release. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shandong University; Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Fei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shandong University; Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Aoli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shandong University; Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Yue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shandong University; Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Lijuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province; Taiyuan University of Technology; Taiyuan, 030024 China
| | - Liqiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shandong University; Jinan, 250100 China
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23
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Exterkate M, Caforio A, Stuart MCA, Driessen AJM. Growing Membranes In Vitro by Continuous Phospholipid Biosynthesis from Free Fatty Acids. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:153-165. [PMID: 28922922 PMCID: PMC5778391 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the key aspects that defines a cell as a living entity is its ability to self-reproduce. In this process, membrane biogenesis is an essential element. Here, we developed an in vitro phospholipid biosynthesis pathway based on a cascade of eight enzymes, starting from simple fatty acid building blocks and glycerol 3-phosphate. The reconstituted system yields multiple phospholipid species that vary in acyl-chain and polar headgroup compositions. Due to the high fidelity and versatility, complete conversion of the fatty acid substrates into multiple phospholipid species is achieved simultaneously, leading to membrane expansion as a first step toward a synthetic minimal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Exterkate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, and ‡Department of Electron Microscopy, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonella Caforio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, and ‡Department of Electron Microscopy, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C. A. Stuart
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, and ‡Department of Electron Microscopy, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J. M. Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, and ‡Department of Electron Microscopy, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Konetski D, Mavila S, Wang C, Worrell B, Bowman CN. Production of dynamic lipid bilayers using the reversible thiol–thioester exchange reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8108-8111. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03471k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coupling of phospholipid precursors using the reversible thiol–thioester exchange reaction enables downstream remodeling and functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Konetski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
| | - Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
- Formlabs Inc
| | - Brady Worrell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
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25
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Bhattacharya A, Brea RJ, Devaraj NK. De novo vesicle formation and growth: an integrative approach to artificial cells. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7912-7922. [PMID: 29619165 PMCID: PMC5858084 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02339a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of synthetic membranes provides a powerful tool to reconstruct the structure and function of living cells.
The assembly of artificial cells provides a novel strategy to reconstruct life's functions and shed light on how life emerged on Earth and possibly elsewhere. A major challenge to the development of artificial cells is the establishment of simple methodologies to mimic native membrane generation. An ambitious strategy is the bottom-up approach, which aims to systematically control the assembly of highly ordered membrane architectures with defined functionality. This perspective will cover recent advances and the current state-of-the-art of minimal lipid architectures that can faithfully reconstruct the structure and function of living cells. Specifically, we will overview work related to the de novo formation and growth of biomimetic membranes. These studies give us a deeper understanding of the nature of living systems and bring new insights into the origin of cellular life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahanjit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
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26
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Yuasa H, Asakura K, Banno T. Sequential dynamic structuralisation by in situ production of supramolecular building blocks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8553-8556. [PMID: 28707692 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04301e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We herein report an example of sequential dynamic higher structuralisation from disordered droplets into higher-ordered structures, resulting in the formation of a hydrogel. This is a potential model for understanding complicated biosystems in which lower-ordered structures evolve into higher-ordered structures that interact with specific molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Yuasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Kouichi Asakura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Taisuke Banno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
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27
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Li W, McManus D, Liu H, Casiraghi C, Webb SJ. Aqueous dispersions of nanostructures formed through the self-assembly of iminolipids with exchangeable hydrophobic termini. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [PMID: 28642943 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02868g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The addition of amines to an aldehyde surfactant, which was designed to be analogous to didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, gave exchangeable "iminolipids" that self-assembled to give stable aqueous dispersions of nano-sized vesicles. For example, sonication of suspensions of the n-hexylamine-derived iminolipid gave vesicles 50 to 200 nm in diameter that could encapsulate a water-soluble dye. The iminolipids could undergo dynamic exchange with added amines, and the resulting equilibrium constants (Krel) were quantified by 1H NMR spectroscopy. In the absence of lipid self-assembly, in CDCl3, the assayed primary amines gave very similar Krel values. However in D2O the value of Krel generally increased with increasing amine hydrophobicity, consistent with partitioning into a self-assembled bilayer. Amines with aromatic groups showed significantly higher values of Krel in D2O compared to similarly hydrophobic alkylamines, suggesting that π-π interactions favor lipid self-assembly. Given this synergistic relationship, π-rich pyrenyliminolipids were created and used to exfoliate graphite, leading to aqueous dispersions of graphene flakes that were stable over several months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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28
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Tian J, Yang F, Cui H, Zhou Y, Ruan X, Gu N. A Novel Approach to Making the Gas-Filled Liposome Real: Based on the Interaction of Lipid with Free Nanobubble within the Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:26579-26584. [PMID: 26567461 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanobubbles with a size less than 1 μm could make a promising application in ultrasound molecular imaging and drug delivery. However, the fabrication of stable gas encapsulation nanobubbles is still challenging. In this study, a novel method for preparation of lipid- encapsulated nanobubbles was reported. The dispersed phospholipid molecules in the prefabricated free nanobubbles solution can be assembled to form controllable stable lipid encapsulation gas-filled ultrasound-sensitive liposome (GU-Liposome). The optimized preparation parameters and formation mechanism of GU-Liposome were investigated in detail. Results showed that this type of GU-Liposome had mean diameter of 194.4 ± 6.6 nm and zeta potential of -25.2 ± 1.9 mV with layer by layer self-assembled lipid structure. The acoustic imaging analysis in vitro indicated that ultrasound imaging enhancement could be acquired by both perfusion imaging and accumulation imaging. The imaging enhancement level and duration time was related with the ratios of lipid to gas in the GU-Liposome structure. All in all, by this novel and controllable nanobubble construction technique, it will broaden the future theranostic applications of nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano-Science and Technology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Technologies , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huating Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaobo Ruan
- Xuzhou Central Hospital , Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano-Science and Technology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Technologies , Suzhou 215123, China
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29
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Brea RJ, Hardy MD, Devaraj NK. Towards self-assembled hybrid artificial cells: novel bottom-up approaches to functional synthetic membranes. Chemistry 2015; 21:12564-70. [PMID: 26149747 PMCID: PMC4617832 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in utilizing bottom-up approaches to develop synthetic cells. A popular methodology is the integration of functionalized synthetic membranes with biological systems, producing "hybrid" artificial cells. This Concept article covers recent advances and the current state-of-the-art of such hybrid systems. Specifically, we describe minimal supramolecular constructs that faithfully mimic the structure and/or function of living cells, often by controlling the assembly of highly ordered membrane architectures with defined functionality. These studies give us a deeper understanding of the nature of living systems, bring new insights into the origin of cellular life, and provide novel synthetic chassis for advancing synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Urey Hall 4120, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-534-9503 Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Michael D Hardy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Urey Hall 4120, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-534-9503 Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Urey Hall 4120, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-534-9503 Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu.
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30
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Walde P, Umakoshi H, Stano P, Mavelli F. Emergent properties arising from the assembly of amphiphiles. Artificial vesicle membranes as reaction promoters and regulators. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:10177-97. [PMID: 24921467 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article deals with artificial vesicles and their membranes as reaction promoters and regulators. Among the various molecular assemblies which can form in an aqueous medium from amphiphilic molecules, vesicle systems are unique. Vesicles compartmentalize the aqueous solution in which they exist, independent on whether the vesicles are biological vesicles (existing in living systems) or whether they are artificial vesicles (formed in vitro from natural or synthetic amphiphiles). After the formation of artificial vesicles, their aqueous interior (the endovesicular volume) may become - or may be made - chemically different from the external medium (the exovesicular solution), depending on how the vesicles are prepared. The existence of differences between endo- and exovesicular composition is one of the features on the basis of which biological vesicles contribute to the complex functioning of living organisms. Furthermore, artificial vesicles can be formed from mixtures of amphiphiles in such a way that the vesicle membranes become molecularly, compositionally and organizationally highly complex, similarly to the lipidic matrix of biological membranes. All the various properties of artificial vesicles as membranous compartment systems emerge from molecular assembly as these properties are not present in the individual molecules the system is composed of. One particular emergent property of vesicle membranes is their possible functioning as promoters and regulators of chemical reactions caused by the localization of reaction components, and possibly catalysts, within or on the surface of the membranes. This specific feature is reviewed and highlighted with a few selected examples which range from the promotion of decarboxylation reactions, the selective binding of DNA or RNA to suitable vesicle membranes, and the reactivation of fragmented enzymes to the regulation of the enzymatic synthesis of polymers. Such type of emergent properties of vesicle membranes may have been important for the prebiological evolution of protocells, the hypothetical compartment systems preceding the first cells in those chemical and physico-chemical processes that led to the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walde
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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31
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Brea RJ, Cole CM, Devaraj NK. In situ vesicle formation by native chemical ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14102-5. [PMID: 25346090 PMCID: PMC4418804 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid vesicles are of intense fundamental and practical interest, yet methods for their de novo generation from reactive precursors are limited. A non-enzymatic and chemoselective method to spontaneously generate phospholipid membranes from water-soluble starting materials would be a powerful tool for generating vesicles and studying lipid membranes. Here we describe the use of native chemical ligation (NCL) to rapidly prepare phospholipids spontaneously from thioesters. While NCL is one of the most popular tools for synthesizing proteins and nucleic acids, to our knowledge this is the first example of using NCL to generate phospholipids de novo. The lipids are capable of in situ synthesis and self-assembly into vesicles that can grow to several microns in diameter. The selectivity of the NCL reaction makes in situ membrane formation compatible with biological materials such as proteins. This work expands the application of NCL to the formation of phospholipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J. Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Urey Hall 4120, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, Fax: (+1) 858-534-9503, Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Christian M. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Urey Hall 4120, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, Fax: (+1) 858-534-9503, Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Neal K. Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Urey Hall 4120, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, Fax: (+1) 858-534-9503, Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu
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32
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Brea RJ, Cole CM, Devaraj NK. In Situ Vesicle Formation by Native Chemical Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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