1
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Sui X, Xu B, Kostko O, Yu XY. Investigation of pyruvic acid photolysis at the air-liquid interface as a source of aqueous secondary organic aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172729. [PMID: 38670353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Pyruvic acid (PA) is a ubiquitous 2-oxocarboxylic acid in the atmosphere. Its photochemical process at the air-liquid (a-l) interface has been suggested as an important source of aqueous secondary organic aerosols. We investigated the photochemical reaction pathways of PA at the a-l interface using synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet single-photon ionization mass spectrometry (VUV SPI-MS) coupled with the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) microreactor. Results from mass spectral analysis and the determination of appearance energies (AEs) indicate that photolysis of PA can generate radicals, then they recombine with carboxylic acids and simple molecular oligomers. Furthermore, the preliminary products could form larger oligomers via radical reaction or esterification in the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups. Mass spectral comparison shows that most photochemical reactions would complete within 4 h. The expanded photochemistry-driven reaction flowchart of PA is proposed based on the newly discovered products. Our results reveal that the interfacial PA photochemical reactions have different mechanisms from the bulk liquid due to the interfacial properties, such as molecular density, composition, and ion concentration. Our findings show that in situ mass spectral analysis with bright photon ionization is useful to elucidate the contribution of a-l interfacial reactions leading to aqSOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sui
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830-6136, United States.
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2
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Zhang H, Li X, Han Y, Liu Z. Direct Work Function Measurement Using in-situ Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy and Its Application on Copper Oxidation Process. Chemphyschem 2024:e202300838. [PMID: 38708615 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The work function (WF) measurement plays a critical role in engineering energy materials and energy devices. However, the ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environments of photoemission method limit the practical application for absolute work function measurements of materials, especially under complex working conditions. To understand the energy level of materials under complex chemical environments, the in-situ measurements of work function is necessary in complex metal/semiconductor system for various application. In this paper, we describe the utilization of ambient pressure X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (APXPS) with utilization of low photon energy X-ray for absolute WF measurements at BL02B of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. We herein present the WF measurement during oxygen adsorption on Pt(111) and oxidation of Cu(111) in ambient oxygen environment as demonstration of the APXPS capability for WF measurement. After oxygen chemisorption on Pt and formation of Cu2O, the WF will increase. This is due to charge transfer from metal to chemisorbed oxygen atoms. After the formation of bulk Cu2O and CuO, the WF value almost remain at ~5.5 eV. We believe the direct measurement of absolute work function via APXPS could help bridge the gap between the physical properties and the surface chemical species for metal/semiconductor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiaobao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yong Han
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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3
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Zhang N, Ren G, Li L, Wang Z, Yu P, Li X, Zhou J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Liu Z, Liu X. Dynamical evolution of CO 2 and H 2O on garnet electrolyte elucidated by ambient pressure X-ray spectroscopies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2777. [PMID: 38555416 PMCID: PMC10981710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Garnet-type Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZO) is considered a promising solid electrolyte, but the surface degradation in air hinders its application for all-solid-state battery. Recent studies have mainly focused on the final products of the LLZO surface reactions due to lacking of powerful in situ characterization methods. Here, we use ambient pressure X-ray spectroscopies to in situ investigate the dynamical evolution of LLZO surface in different gas environments. The newly developed ambient pressure mapping of resonant Auger spectroscopy clearly distinguishes the lithium containing species, including LiOH, Li2O, Li2CO3 and lattice oxygen. The reaction of CO2 with LLZO to form Li2CO3 is found to be a thermodynamically favored self-limiting reaction. On the contrary, the reaction of H2O with LLZO lags behind that of CO2, but intensifies at high pressure. More interestingly, the results provide direct spectroscopic evidence for the existence of Li+/H+ exchange and reveal the importance of the initial layer formed on clean electrolyte surface in determining their air stability. This work demonstrates that the newly developed in situ technologies pave a new way to investigate the oxygen evolution and surface degradation mechanism in energy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Guoxi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Lili Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiaobao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
| | - Linjuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Center for Transformative Science, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
- Center for Transformative Science, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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4
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Groppo E, Rojas-Buzo S, Bordiga S. The Role of In Situ/ Operando IR Spectroscopy in Unraveling Adsorbate-Induced Structural Changes in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12135-12169. [PMID: 37882638 PMCID: PMC10636737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts undergo thermal- and/or adsorbate-induced dynamic changes under reaction conditions, which consequently modify their catalytic behavior. Hence, it is increasingly crucial to characterize the properties of a catalyst under reaction conditions through the so-called "operando" approach. Operando IR spectroscopy is probably one of the most ubiquitous and versatile characterization methods in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, but its potential in identifying adsorbate- and thermal-induced phenomena is often overlooked in favor of other less accessible methods, such as XAS spectroscopy and high-resolution microscopy. Without detracting from these techniques, and while aware of the enormous value of a multitechnique approach, the purpose of this Review is to show that IR spectroscopy alone can provide relevant information in this field. This is done by discussing a few selected case studies from our own research experience, which belong to the categories of both "single-site"- and nanoparticle-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry,
NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Sergio Rojas-Buzo
- Department of Chemistry,
NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry,
NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
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5
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Gao J, Xie Y, Zeng P, Zhang L. Strategies for Optimizing the Zn Anode/Electrolyte Interfaces Toward Stable Zn-Based Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300855. [PMID: 37702129 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous rechargeable Zn-ion batteries (ARZIBs) have attracted extensive attention because of the advantages of high energy density, high safety, and low cost. However, the commercialization of ARZIBs is still challenging, mainly because of the low efficiency of Zn anodes. Several undesirable reactions (e.g., Zn dendrite and byproduct formation) always occur at the Zn anode/electrolyte interfaces, resulting in low Coulombic efficiency and rapid decay of ARZIBs. Motivated by the great interest in addressing these issues, various optimization strategies and related mechanisms have been proposed to stabilize the Zn anode-electrolyte interfaces and enlengthen the cycling lifespan of ARZIBs. Therefore, considering the rapid development of this field, updating the optimization strategies in a timely manner and understanding their protection mechanisms are highly necessary. This review provides a brief overview of the Zn anode/electrolyte interfaces from the fundamentals and challenges of Zn anode chemistry to related optimization strategies and perspectives. Specifically, these strategies are systematically summarized and classified, while several representative works are presented to illustrate the effect and corresponding mechanism in detail. Finally, future challenges and research directions for the Zn anode/electrolyte interfaces are comprehensively clarified, providing guidelines for accurate evaluation of the interfaces and further fostering the development of ARZIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechang Gao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yawen Xie
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Pan Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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6
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Maibach J, Rizell J, Matic A, Mozhzhukhina N. Toward Operando Characterization of Interphases in Batteries. ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2023; 5:2431-2444. [PMID: 37680543 PMCID: PMC10482148 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.3c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrode/electrolyte interfaces are the most important and least understood components of Li-ion and next-generation batteries. An improved understanding of interphases in batteries will undoubtedly lead to breakthroughs in the field. Traditionally, evaluating those interphases involves using ex situ surface sensitive and/or imaging techniques. Due to their very dynamic and reactive nature, ex situ sample manipulation is undesirable. From this point of view, operando surface sensitive techniques represent a major opportunity to push boundaries in battery development. While numerous bulk spectroscopic, scattering, and imaging techniques are well established and widely used, surface sensitive operando techniques remain challenging and, to a larger extent, restricted to the model systems. Here, we give a perspective on techniques with the potential to characterize solid/liquid interfaces in both model and realistic battery configurations. The focus is on techniques that provide chemical and structural information at length and time scales relevant for the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and evolution, while also probing representative electrode areas. We highlight the following techniques: vibrational spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), neutron and X-ray reflectometry, and grazing incidence scattering techniques. Comprehensive overviews, as well as promises and challenges, of these techniques when used operando on battery interphases are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Maibach
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Josef Rizell
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Matic
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nataliia Mozhzhukhina
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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7
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Roger M, Artiglia L, Boucly A, Buttignol F, Agote-Arán M, van Bokhoven JA, Kröcher O, Ferri D. Improving time-resolution and sensitivity of in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of a powder catalyst by modulated excitation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7482-7491. [PMID: 37449079 PMCID: PMC10337771 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) is a powerful tool to characterize the surface structure of heterogeneous catalysts in situ. In order to improve the time resolution and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of photoemission spectra, we collected consecutive APXP spectra during the periodic perturbation of a powder Pd/Al2O3 catalyst away from its equilibrium state according to the modulated excitation approach (ME). Averaging of the spectra along the alternate pulses of O2 and CO improved the S/N ratio demonstrating that the time resolution of the measurement can be limited solely to the acquisition time of one spectrum. Through phase sensitive analysis of the averaged time-resolved spectra, the formation/consumption dynamics of three oxidic species, two metal species, adsorbed CO on Pd0 as well as Pdn+ (n > 2) was followed along the gas switches. Pdn+ and 2-fold surface PdO species were recognised as most reactive to the gas switches. Our approach demonstrates that phase sensitive detection of time-resolved XPS data allows following the dynamics of reactive species at the solid-gas interface under different reaction environments with unprecedented precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roger
- Paul Scherrer Institut Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute for Chemical Sciences and Engineering CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - L Artiglia
- Paul Scherrer Institut Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - A Boucly
- Paul Scherrer Institut Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - F Buttignol
- Paul Scherrer Institut Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute for Chemical Sciences and Engineering CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - M Agote-Arán
- Paul Scherrer Institut Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - J A van Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institut Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - O Kröcher
- Paul Scherrer Institut Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute for Chemical Sciences and Engineering CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - D Ferri
- Paul Scherrer Institut Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
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8
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Bañuelos JL, Borguet E, Brown GE, Cygan RT, DeYoreo JJ, Dove PM, Gaigeot MP, Geiger FM, Gibbs JM, Grassian VH, Ilgen AG, Jun YS, Kabengi N, Katz L, Kubicki JD, Lützenkirchen J, Putnis CV, Remsing RC, Rosso KM, Rother G, Sulpizi M, Villalobos M, Zhang H. Oxide- and Silicate-Water Interfaces and Their Roles in Technology and the Environment. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6413-6544. [PMID: 37186959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial reactions drive all elemental cycling on Earth and play pivotal roles in human activities such as agriculture, water purification, energy production and storage, environmental contaminant remediation, and nuclear waste repository management. The onset of the 21st century marked the beginning of a more detailed understanding of mineral aqueous interfaces enabled by advances in techniques that use tunable high-flux focused ultrafast laser and X-ray sources to provide near-atomic measurement resolution, as well as by nanofabrication approaches that enable transmission electron microscopy in a liquid cell. This leap into atomic- and nanometer-scale measurements has uncovered scale-dependent phenomena whose reaction thermodynamics, kinetics, and pathways deviate from previous observations made on larger systems. A second key advance is new experimental evidence for what scientists hypothesized but could not test previously, namely, interfacial chemical reactions are frequently driven by "anomalies" or "non-idealities" such as defects, nanoconfinement, and other nontypical chemical structures. Third, progress in computational chemistry has yielded new insights that allow a move beyond simple schematics, leading to a molecular model of these complex interfaces. In combination with surface-sensitive measurements, we have gained knowledge of the interfacial structure and dynamics, including the underlying solid surface and the immediately adjacent water and aqueous ions, enabling a better definition of what constitutes the oxide- and silicate-water interfaces. This critical review discusses how science progresses from understanding ideal solid-water interfaces to more realistic systems, focusing on accomplishments in the last 20 years and identifying challenges and future opportunities for the community to address. We anticipate that the next 20 years will focus on understanding and predicting dynamic transient and reactive structures over greater spatial and temporal ranges as well as systems of greater structural and chemical complexity. Closer collaborations of theoretical and experimental experts across disciplines will continue to be critical to achieving this great aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Leobardo Bañuelos
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Eric Borguet
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Gordon E Brown
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Randall T Cygan
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - James J DeYoreo
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Patricia M Dove
- Department of Geosciences, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE UMR8587, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julianne M Gibbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2Canada
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Anastasia G Ilgen
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Young-Shin Jun
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Nadine Kabengi
- Department of Geosciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Lynn Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - James D Kubicki
- Department of Earth, Environmental & Resource Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Johannes Lützenkirchen
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung─INE, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Christine V Putnis
- Institute for Mineralogy, University of Münster, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Richard C Remsing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kevin M Rosso
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Gernot Rother
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Marialore Sulpizi
- Department of Physics, Ruhr Universität Bochum, NB6, 65, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mario Villalobos
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, LANGEM, Instituto De Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Huichun Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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9
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Zhu Y, Wang J, Patel SB, Li C, Head AR, Boscoboinik JA, Zhou G. Tuning the surface reactivity of oxides by peroxide species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215189120. [PMID: 36943886 PMCID: PMC10068848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215189120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mars-van Krevelen mechanism is the foundation for oxide-catalyzed oxidation reactions and relies on spatiotemporally separated redox steps. Herein, we demonstrate the tunability of this separation with peroxide species formed by excessively adsorbed oxygen, thereby modifying the catalytic activity and selectivity of the oxide. Using CuO as an example, we show that a surface layer of peroxide species acts as a promotor to significantly enhance CuO reducibility in favor of H2 oxidation but conversely as an inhibitor to suppress CuO reduction against CO oxidation. Together with atomistic modeling, we identify that this opposite effect of the peroxide on the two oxidation reactions stems from its modification on coordinately unsaturated sites of the oxide surface. By differentiating the chemical functionality between lattice oxygen and peroxide, these results are closely relevant to a wide range of catalytic oxidation reactions using excessively adsorbed oxygen to activate lattice oxygen and tune the activity and selectivity of redox sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY13902
| | - Jianyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY13902
| | - Shyam Bharatkumar Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY13902
| | - Chaoran Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY13902
| | - Ashley R. Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY11973
| | | | - Guangwen Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY13902
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10
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Wu LW, Liu C, Han Y, Yu Y, Liu Z, Huang YF. In Situ Spectroscopic Identification of the Electron-Transfer Intermediates of Photoelectrochemical Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer of Water Oxidation on Au. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2035-2039. [PMID: 36649589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Experimental elucidation of the decoupling of electron and proton transfer at a molecular level is essential for thoroughly understanding the kinetics of heterogeneous (photo)electrochemical proton-coupled electron transfer water oxidation. Here we illustrate the electron-transfer intermediates of positively charged surface oxygenated species on Au (Au-OH+) and their correlations with the rate of water oxidation by in situ microphotoelectrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. At the intermediate stage of water oxidation, a characteristic blue shift of the vibration of Au-OH species in laser-power-density-dependent measurements was assigned to the light-induced production of Au-OH+ in water oxidation. The photothermal effect was excluded according to the vibrational frequencies of Au-OH species as the temperature was increased in a variable-temperature SERS measurement. Density functional theory calculations evidenced that the frequency blue shift is from the positively charged Au-OH species. The photocurrent-dependent frequency blue shift indicated that Au-OH+ is the key electron-transfer intermediate in water oxidation by decoupled electron and proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yi-Fan Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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11
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Freiberg AT, Qian S, Wandt J, Gasteiger HA, Crumlin EJ. Surface Oxygen Depletion of Layered Transition Metal Oxides in Li-Ion Batteries Studied by Operando Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4743-4754. [PMID: 36623251 PMCID: PMC9880953 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new operando spectro-electrochemical setup was developed to study oxygen depletion from the surface of layered transition metal oxide particles at high degrees of delithiation. An NCM111 working electrode was paired with a chemically delithiated LiFePO4 counter electrode in a fuel cell-inspired membrane electrode assembly (MEA). A propylene carbonate-soaked Li-ion conducting ionomer served as an electrolyte, providing both good electrochemical performance and direct probing of the NCM111 particles during cycling by ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The irreversible emergence of an oxygen-depleted phase in the O 1s spectra of the layered oxide particles was observed upon the first delithiation to high state-of-charge, which is in excellent agreement with oxygen release analysis via mass spectrometry analysis of such MEAs. By comparing the metal oxide-based O 1s spectral features to the Ni 2p3/2 intensity, we can calculate the transition metal-to-oxygen ratio of the metal oxide close to the particle surface, which shows good agreement with the formation of a spinel-like stoichiometry as an oxygen-depleted phase. This new setup enables a deeper understanding of interfacial changes of layered oxide-based cathode active materials for Li-ion batteries upon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T.S. Freiberg
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Garching
bei MünchenD-85748, Germany
| | - Simon Qian
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Garching
bei MünchenD-85748, Germany
| | - Johannes Wandt
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Garching
bei MünchenD-85748, Germany
| | - Hubert A. Gasteiger
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Garching
bei MünchenD-85748, Germany
| | - Ethan J. Crumlin
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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12
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D’Acunto G, Tsyshevsky R, Shayesteh P, Gallet JJ, Bournel F, Rochet F, Pinsard I, Timm R, Head AR, Kuklja M, Schnadt J. Bimolecular Reaction Mechanism in the Amido Complex-Based Atomic Layer Deposition of HfO 2. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:529-538. [PMID: 36711051 PMCID: PMC9879184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The surface chemistry of the initial growth during the first or first few precursor cycles in atomic layer deposition is decisive for how the growth proceeds later on and thus for the quality of the thin films grown. Yet, although general schemes of the surface chemistry of atomic layer deposition have been developed for many processes and precursors, in many cases, knowledge of this surface chemistry remains far from complete. For the particular case of HfO2 atomic layer deposition on a SiO2 surface from an alkylamido-hafnium precursor and water, we address this lack by carrying out an operando atomic layer deposition experiment during the first cycle of atomic layer deposition. Ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory together show that the decomposition of the metal precursor on the stoichiometric SiO2 surface in the first half-cycle of atomic layer deposition proceeds via a bimolecular reaction mechanism. The reaction leads to the formation of Hf-bonded methyl methylene imine and free dimethylamine. In addition, ligand exchange takes place involving the surface hydroxyls adsorbed at defect sites of the SiO2 surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio D’Acunto
- Department
of Physics, Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roman Tsyshevsky
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Payam Shayesteh
- Department
of Physics, Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jean-Jacques Gallet
- CNRS
Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers,
Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette
Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Bournel
- CNRS
Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers,
Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette
Cedex, France
| | - François Rochet
- CNRS
Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Indiana Pinsard
- Department
of Physics, Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rainer Timm
- Department
of Physics, Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ashley R. Head
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, New
York 11973-5000, United
States
| | - Maija Kuklja
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- Department
of Physics, Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Leidinger P, Panighel M, Pérez Dieste V, Villar-Garcia IJ, Vezzoni P, Haag F, Barth JV, Allegretti F, Günther S, Patera LL. Probing dynamic covalent chemistry in a 2D boroxine framework by in situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1068-1075. [PMID: 36541666 PMCID: PMC9851174 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04949j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry is a powerful approach to design covalent organic frameworks, where high crystallinity is achieved through reversible bond formation. Here, we exploit near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to elucidate the reversible formation of a two-dimensional boroxine framework. By in situ mapping the pressure-temperature parameter space, we identify the regions where the rates of the condensation and hydrolysis reactions become dominant, being the key to enable the thermodynamically controlled growth of crystalline frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Leidinger
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Vezzoni
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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14
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Chen H, Blatnik MA, Ritterhoff CL, Sokolović I, Mirabella F, Franceschi G, Riva M, Schmid M, Čechal J, Meyer B, Diebold U, Wagner M. Water Structures Reveal Local Hydrophobicity on the In 2O 3(111) Surface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21163-21173. [PMID: 36449748 PMCID: PMC9798908 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Clean oxide surfaces are generally hydrophilic. Water molecules anchor at undercoordinated surface metal atoms that act as Lewis acid sites, and they are stabilized by H bonds to undercoordinated surface oxygens. The large unit cell of In2O3(111) provides surface atoms in various configurations, which leads to chemical heterogeneity and a local deviation from this general rule. Experiments (TPD, XPS, nc-AFM) agree quantitatively with DFT calculations and show a series of distinct phases. The first three water molecules dissociate at one specific area of the unit cell and desorb above room temperature. The next three adsorb as molecules in the adjacent region. Three more water molecules rearrange this structure and an additional nine pile up above the OH groups. Despite offering undercoordinated In and O sites, the rest of the unit cell is unfavorable for adsorption and remains water-free. The first water layer thus shows ordering into nanoscopic 3D water clusters separated by hydrophobic pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040Vienna, Austria
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute
of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian116023, China
- University
of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Matthias A. Blatnik
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040Vienna, Austria
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Brno University of Technology, 61200Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Christian L. Ritterhoff
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Computer Chemistry Center
(CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052Erlangen, Germany
| | - Igor Sokolović
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Michele Riva
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schmid
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Čechal
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Brno University of Technology, 61200Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Computer Chemistry Center
(CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Diebold
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Margareta Wagner
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040Vienna, Austria
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Brno University of Technology, 61200Brno, Czech
Republic
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15
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Cai J, Ling Y, Zhang H, Yang B, Yang F, Liu Z. Formation of Different Rh–O Species on Rh(110) and Their Reaction with CO. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yunjian Ling
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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16
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Liu C, Dong Q, Han Y, Zang Y, Zhang H, Xie X, Yu Y, Liu Z. Understanding fundamentals of electrochemical reactions with tender X-rays: A new lab-based operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy method for probing liquid/solid and gas/solid interfaces across a variety of electrochemical systems. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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17
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Elismaili M, Gonzalez-Rodriguez D, Xu H. Gas-liquid interface of a Lennard-Jones binary mixture controlled by differential activity: phase transition and interfacial stability. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:86. [PMID: 36289116 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We perform molecular dynamics simulations of a two-dimensional binary mixture of Lennard-Jones particles, characterized by some degree of "activity" inside. Starting from a base state that features a gas-liquid interface and a completely segregated system at thermodynamic equilibrium, we introduce differential scalar activity between the two species by prescribing two different effective temperatures. The differential activity is measured as the ratio of the two temperatures. Previous studies showed segregation in a homogeneously mixed system induced by high activity. In this study, we investigate the effect of activity on a pre-existing gas-liquid interface between two separated species. Whereas a high activity ratio induces the formation of new interfaces, we show that a low activity ratio destabilizes existing ones. Moreover, the combination of a pre-existent interface with differential activity leads to partial crystallization and thus to triple phase coexistence (solid, liquid and gas), which is observed over a wide range of moderate differential activities. Findings from this idealized system can guide our understanding of interfacial behaviors in certain biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Xu
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC, F-57000 Metz, France.
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18
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Lian X, Gao J, Ding Y, Liu Y, Chen W. Unraveling Catalytic Reaction Mechanism by In Situ Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8264-8277. [PMID: 36036437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Probing surface chemistry during reactions closer to realistic conditions is crucial for the understanding of mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis. Near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is one of the state-of-the-art surface-sensitive techniques used to characterize catalyst surfaces in gas phases. This Perspective begins with a brief overview of the development of the NAP-XPS technique and its representative applications in identifying the active sites at a molecular level. Next, recent in situ NAP-XPS investigations of several model catalysts in the CO2 hydrogenation reaction are mainly discussed. Finally, we highlight the major challenges facing NAP-XPS and future improvements to facilities for probing intermediates with higher resolutions under real ambient pressure reactions in heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lian
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jiajia Gao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yishui Ding
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, PR China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
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19
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Shalom BO, Andrés MA, Yu Y, Head AR, Eren B. Electrochemically controlled solid liquid interfaces probed with lab-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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20
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Chien TE, Hohmann L, Harding DJ. Near-ambient pressure velocity map imaging. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:034201. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0098495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new velocity map imaging instrument for studying molecular beam surface scattering in a near-ambient pressure (NAP-VMI) environment. The instrument offers the possibility to study chemical reaction dynamics and kinetics where higher pressures are either desired or unavoidable, adding a new tool to help close the “pressure gap” between surface science and applied catalysis. NAP-VMI conditions are created by two sets of ion optics that guide ions through an aperture and map their velocities. The aperture separates the high pressure ionization region and maintains the necessary vacuum in the detector region. The performance of the NAP-VMI is demonstrated with results from N2O photodissociation and N2 scattering from a Pd(110) surface, which are compared under vacuum and at near-ambient pressure (1 × 10−3 mbar). NAP-VMI has the potential to be applied to, and useful for, a broader range of experiments, including photoelectron spectroscopy and scattering with liquid microjets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Chien
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Lea Hohmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Dan J. Harding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
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21
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Xu G, Feng M, Wang S, Cheng Y, Chen JJ. Kinetic Regulation Engineering and In‐Situ Spectroscopy Studies on Transition‐Metal‐Based Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Xu
- Nantong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Mingyue Feng
- Nantong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Nantong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yu Cheng
- Nantong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jia-Jia Chen
- Xiamen University Chemistry Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen CHINA
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22
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Li X, Zhang H, Ran Y, Ye M, Yang F, Han Y, Liu Z. Beam-Induced Effects on Platinum Oxidation during Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5677-5682. [PMID: 35709366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) is commonly used to identify active phases of Pt-based catalysts. Unavoidable beam-induced chemistry under in situ conditions with high-flux X-rays is important yet has often been disregarded. To evaluate beam effects on Pt oxidation, we revisited surface species on Pt(111) and Pt(110) in O2 environments using APXPS. The observed X-ray-induced phenomena strongly depended on pressure and surface orientation. Below 1 mbar of O2, we found only chemisorbed oxygen species on both surfaces. No significant change in Pt(111) was observed with long-time illumination under ≤2 mbar of O2. Under ∼5 mbar with similar oxygen exposure, beam-induced oxidation was apparent on Pt(111) with the formation of abundant surface oxide and chemisorbed oxygen. However, such beam-induced oxidation was strongly suppressed on Pt(110). Understanding these "pressure gap" and surface orientation-dependent beam-induced phenomena is essential for our interpretation of the in situ X-ray results, particularly for higher-pressure experiments with brighter synchrotron sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yihua Ran
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yong Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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23
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Amann P, Klötzer B, Degerman D, Köpfle N, Götsch T, Lömker P, Rameshan C, Ploner K, Bikaljevic D, Wang HY, Soldemo M, Shipilin M, Goodwin CM, Gladh J, Halldin Stenlid J, Börner M, Schlueter C, Nilsson A. The state of zinc in methanol synthesis over a Zn/ZnO/Cu(211) model catalyst. Science 2022; 376:603-608. [PMID: 35511988 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj7747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The active chemical state of zinc (Zn) in a zinc-copper (Zn-Cu) catalyst during carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide (CO2/CO) hydrogenation has been debated to be Zn oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, metallic Zn, or a Zn-Cu surface alloy. We used x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at 180 to 500 millibar to probe the nature of Zn and reaction intermediates during CO2/CO hydrogenation over Zn/ZnO/Cu(211), where the temperature is sufficiently high for the reaction to rapidly turn over, thus creating an almost adsorbate-free surface. Tuning of the grazing incidence angle makes it possible to achieve either surface or bulk sensitivity. Hydrogenation of CO2 gives preference to ZnO in the form of clusters or nanoparticles, whereas in pure CO a surface Zn-Cu alloy becomes more prominent. The results reveal a specific role of CO in the formation of the Zn-Cu surface alloy as an active phase that facilitates efficient CO2 methanol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Amann
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Degerman
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norbert Köpfle
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Götsch
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Lömker
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Rameshan
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin Ploner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Djuro Bikaljevic
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Soldemo
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher M Goodwin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Gladh
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Halldin Stenlid
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mia Börner
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Schlueter
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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F S Codeço C, Klyushin AY, Carbonio EA, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Jones T, Rocha TCR. Insights into the electronic structure of hydroxyl on Ag(110) under near ambient conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8832-8838. [PMID: 35353099 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02929k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adsorbed hydroxyl is a key intermediate present in many catalytic reactions and electrochemical processes. In particular, hydroxyl adsorbed on noble metal surfaces has attracted attention due to its role in water-gas shift, selective oxidation of hydrocarbons and water splitting. In this work, from a well-defined oxygen covered Ag(110) surface with O-p(2 × 1) reconstruction, we prepared a fully hydroxylated surface phase in equilibrium with water and oxygen in the gas phase under near ambient conditions. In situ soft X-ray spectroscopy combined with density functional theory revealed distinctive modifications in the electronic structure of the adsorbate layer upon hydroxylation. We show that both the core and valence electronic states of OH adsorbates have higher binding energies relative to the Fermi level than the states for the O adsorbate. The OH orbitals interact with the d band of Ag giving rise to hybridized orbitals with bonding and anti-bonding symmetry, with larger energy splitting than the oxygen adsorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla F S Codeço
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexander Yu Klyushin
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emilia A Carbonio
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Stiftstrasse 34 - 36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Stiftstrasse 34 - 36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Travis Jones
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tulio C R Rocha
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research on Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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25
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Shirai S, Horiba T, Hirai H. Calculation of Core-Excited and Core-Ionized States Using Variational Quantum Deflation Method and Applications to Photocatalyst Modeling. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10840-10853. [PMID: 35382310 PMCID: PMC8973155 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of performing quantum-chemical calculations using quantum computers has attracted much interest. Variational quantum deflation (VQD) is a quantum-classical hybrid algorithm for the calculation of excited states with noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. Although the validity of this method has been demonstrated, there have been few practical applications, primarily because of the uncertain effect of calculation conditions on the results. In the present study, calculations of the core-excited and core-ionized states for common molecules based on the VQD method were examined using a classical computer, focusing on the effects of the weighting coefficients applied in the penalty terms of the cost function. Adopting a simplified procedure for estimating the weighting coefficients based on molecular orbital levels allowed these core-level states to be successfully calculated. The O 1s core-ionized state for a water molecule was calculated with various weighting coefficients, and the resulting ansatz states were systematically examined. The application of this technique to functional materials was demonstrated by calculating the core-level states for titanium dioxide (TiO2) and nitrogen-doped TiO2 models. The results demonstrate that VQD calculations employing an appropriate cost function can be applied to the analysis of functional materials in conjunction with an experimental approach.
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26
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Pérez-Dieste V. Characterization of model and real catalysts by APXPS. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202227301005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, I first briefly summarize some of the recent advances relevant for the investigation of heterogeneous catalysis with Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (APXPS). In the second part, two examples of the research done at the CIRCE beamline of the synchrotron ALBA are described: CO oxidation on a model curved crystal Pd(111) catalyst and methanol steam reforming on powder bimetallic supported catalysts, PdCu/ monoclinic and cubic zirconia.
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Kokkonen E, Kaipio M, Nieminen HE, Rehman F, Miikkulainen V, Putkonen M, Ritala M, Huotari S, Schnadt J, Urpelainen S. Ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy setup for synchrotron-based in situ and operando atomic layer deposition research. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:013905. [PMID: 35104956 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An ambient pressure cell is described for conducting synchrotron-based x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements during atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes. The instrument is capable of true in situ and operando experiments in which it is possible to directly obtain elemental and chemical information from the sample surface using XPS as the deposition process is ongoing. The setup is based on the ambient pressure XPS technique, in which sample environments with high pressure (several mbar) can be created without compromising the ultrahigh vacuum requirements needed for the operation of the spectrometer and the synchrotron beamline. The setup is intended for chemical characterization of the surface intermediates during the initial stages of the deposition processes. The SPECIES beamline and the ALD cell provide a unique experimental platform for obtaining new information on the surface chemistry during ALD half-cycles at high temporal resolution. Such information is valuable for understanding the ALD reaction mechanisms and crucial in further developing and improving ALD processes. We demonstrate the capabilities of the setup by studying the deposition of TiO2 on a SiO2 surface by using titanium(IV) tetraisopropoxide and water as precursors. Multiple core levels and the valence band of the substrate surface were followed during the film deposition using ambient pressure XPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kokkonen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - M Kaipio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - H-E Nieminen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - F Rehman
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - V Miikkulainen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - M Putkonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Ritala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - S Urpelainen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Kucharski S, Ferrer P, Venturini F, Held G, Walton AS, Byrne C, Covington JA, Ayyala SK, Beale AM, Blackman C. Direct in situ spectroscopic evidence of the crucial role played by surface oxygen vacancies in the O 2-sensing mechanism of SnO 2. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6089-6097. [PMID: 35685800 PMCID: PMC9132051 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01738e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductometric gas sensors (CGS) provide a reproducible gas response at a low cost but their operation mechanisms are still not fully understood. In this paper, we elucidate the nature of interactions between SnO2, a common gas-sensitive material, and O2, a ubiquitous gas central to the detection mechanisms of CGS. Using synchrotron radiation, we investigated a working SnO2 sensor under operando conditions via near-ambient pressure (NAP) XPS with simultaneous resistance measurements, and created a depth profile of the variable near-surface stoichiometry of SnO2−x as a function of O2 pressure. Our results reveal a correlation between the dynamically changing surface oxygen vacancies and the resistance response in SnO2-based CGS. While oxygen adsorbates were observed in this study we conclude that these are an intermediary in oxygen transport between the gas phase and the lattice, and that surface oxygen vacancies, not the observed oxygen adsorbates, are central to response generation in SnO2-based gas sensors. NAP-XPS characterisation of SnO2 under operando conditions shows that resistance change, band bending and surface O-vacancy concentration are correlated with ambient O2 concentration, challenging current preconceptions of gas sensor function.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kucharski
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower St, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Federica Venturini
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Georg Held
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Alex S. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Conor Byrne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Sai Kiran Ayyala
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Andrew M. Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower St, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Didcot, UK
| | - Chris Blackman
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower St, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
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29
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Flavell W. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Prospects for photoelectron spectroscopy. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:9-57. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00071g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented of recent advances in photoelectron spectroscopy, focussing on advances in in situ and time-resolved measurements, and in extending the sampling depth of the technique. The future...
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Tang Y, Li Y, Feng Tao F. Activation and catalytic transformation of methane under mild conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:376-423. [PMID: 34904592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00783a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, worldwide scientists have been motivated by the promising production of chemicals from the widely existing methane (CH4) under mild conditions for both chemical synthesis with low energy consumption and climate remediation. To achieve this goal, a whole library of catalytic chemistries of transforming CH4 to various products under mild conditions is required to be developed. Worldwide scientists have made significant efforts to reach this goal. These significant efforts have demonstrated the feasibility of oxidation of CH4 to value-added intermediate compounds including but not limited to CH3OH, HCHO, HCOOH, and CH3COOH under mild conditions. The fundamental understanding of these chemical and catalytic transformations of CH4 under mild conditions have been achieved to some extent, although currently neither a catalyst nor a catalytic process can be used for chemical production under mild conditions at a large scale. In the academic community, over ten different reactions have been developed for converting CH4 to different types of oxygenates under mild conditions in terms of a relatively low activation or catalysis temperature. However, there is still a lack of a molecular-level understanding of the activation and catalysis processes performed in extremely complex reaction environments under mild conditions. This article reviewed the fundamental understanding of these activation and catalysis achieved so far. Different oxidative activations of CH4 or catalytic transformations toward chemical production under mild conditions were reviewed in parallel, by which the trend of developing catalysts for a specific reaction was identified and insights into the design of these catalysts were gained. As a whole, this review focused on discussing profound insights gained through endeavors of scientists in this field. It aimed to present a relatively complete picture for the activation and catalytic transformations of CH4 to chemicals under mild conditions. Finally, suggestions of potential explorations for the production of chemicals from CH4 under mild conditions were made. The facing challenges to achieve high yield of ideal products were highlighted and possible solutions to tackle them were briefly proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Institute of Molecular Catalysis and In situ/operando Studies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350000, China.
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Franklin Feng Tao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, KS 66045, USA.
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31
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Golder KM, Böller B, Stienen G, Sickerling J, Wintterlin J. A highly sensitive gas chromatograph for in situ and operando experiments on catalytic reactions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:124103. [PMID: 34972407 DOI: 10.1063/5.0068021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We describe an automated gas sampling and injection unit for a gas chromatograph (GC). It has specially been designed for low concentrations of products formed in catalytic in situ and operando experiments when slow reactions on single crystal models are investigated. The unit makes use of a buffer volume that is filled with gas samples from the reactor at a reduced pressure. The gas samples are then compressed by He to the injection pressure of 1000 mbar and pushed into two sample loops of the GC, without major intermixing with He. With an additional cryo trap at one of the GC column heads, the design aims at concentrating the gas samples and focusing the peaks. The performance is characterized by experiments on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, using H2/CO mixtures (syngas) at 200 and 950 mbar and a Co(0001) single crystal sample as model catalyst. Chromatograms recorded during the reaction display sharp, well separated peaks of saturated and unsaturated C1 to C4 hydrocarbons formed by the reaction, whereas the syngas matrix only gives moderate signals that can be well separated from the product peaks. Detection and quantification limits of 0.4 and 1.3 ppb, respectively, have been achieved and turnover numbers as low as 10-5 s-1 could be measured. The system can be combined with all known analysis techniques used in in situ and operando experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Golder
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80377 Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Böller
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80377 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Joost Wintterlin
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80377 Munich, Germany
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32
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Wang J, Wang J, Sheng Z, Du R, Yan L, Zhang X. Solid-Liquid-Vapor Triphase Gel. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13501-13511. [PMID: 34739232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gels are soft functional materials with solid networks and open pores filled with solvents (for wet gels) or air (for aerogels), displaying broad applications in tissue engineering, catalysis, environmental remediation, energy storage, etc. However, currently known gels feature only a single (either solid-liquid or solid-vapor) interface, largely limiting their application territories. Therefore, it is both fundamentally intriguing and practically significant to develop conceptually new gel materials that possess solid-liquid-vapor multiple interfaces. Herein, we demonstrate a unique solid-liquid-vapor triphase gel, named as aerohydrogel, by gelling of a poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous solution with glutaraldehyde in the presence of superhydrophobic silica aerogel microparticles. Owing to its continuous solid, liquid, and vapor phases, the resultant aerohydrogel simultaneously displays solid-liquid, solid-vapor, and liquid-vapor interfaces, leading to excellent properties including tunable density (down to 0.43 g·cm-3), considerable hydrophobicity, and excellent elasticity (compressive ratio of up to 80%). As a proof-of-concept application, the aerohydrogel exhibits a higher evaporative cooling efficiency than its hydrogel counterpart and a better cooling capability than the commercial phase change cooling film, respectively, showing promising performance in cooling various devices. Moreover, the resulting aerohydrogel could be facilely tailored with specific (e.g., magnetic) properties for emerging applications such as solar steam generation. This work extends biphase gel (hydrogel or aerogel) to solid-liquid-vapor triphase gel, as well as provides a promising strategy for designing more aerohydrogels serving as soft functional materials for applications in various emerging fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhizhi Sheng
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ran Du
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Yan
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xuetong Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, U.K
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33
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Anantharaj S, Karthik PE, Noda S. The Significance of Properly Reporting Turnover Frequency in Electrocatalysis Research. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sengeni Anantharaj
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Pitchiah Esakki Karthik
- Department of Chemical Engineering Hanyang University 222 Wangsimni ro, Seongdong-gu Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Suguru Noda
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
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34
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Anantharaj S, Karthik PE, Noda S. The Significance of Properly Reporting Turnover Frequency in Electrocatalysis Research. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23051-23067. [PMID: 34523770 PMCID: PMC8596788 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For decades, turnover frequency (TOF) has served as an accurate descriptor of the intrinsic activity of a catalyst, including those in electrocatalytic reactions involving both fuel generation and fuel consumption. Unfortunately, in most of the recent reports in this area, TOF is often not properly reported or not reported at all, in contrast to the overpotentials at a benchmarking current density. The current density is significant in determining the apparent activity, but it is affected by catalyst-centric parasitic reactions, electrolyte-centric competing reactions, and capacitance. Luckily, a properly calculated TOF can precisely give the intrinsic activity free from these phenomena in electrocatalysis. In this Viewpoint we ask: 1) What makes the commonly used activity markers unsuitable for intrinsic activity determination? 2) How can TOF reflect the intrinsic activity? 3) Why is TOF still underused in electrocatalysis? 4) What methods are used in TOF determination? and 5) What is essential in the more accurate calculation of TOF? Finally, the significance of normalizing TOF by Faradaic efficiency (FE) is stressed and we give our views on the development of universal analytical tools to determine the exact number of active sites and real surface area for all kinds of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sengeni Anantharaj
- Department of Applied ChemistrySchool of Advanced Science and EngineeringWaseda University3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-kuTokyo169-8555Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and EngineeringWaseda University3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-kuTokyo169-8555Japan
| | - Pitchiah Esakki Karthik
- Department of Chemical EngineeringHanyang University222 Wangsimni ro, Seongdong-guSeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Suguru Noda
- Department of Applied ChemistrySchool of Advanced Science and EngineeringWaseda University3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-kuTokyo169-8555Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and EngineeringWaseda University3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-kuTokyo169-8555Japan
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35
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Rupprechter G. Operando Surface Spectroscopy and Microscopy during Catalytic Reactions: From Clusters via Nanoparticles to Meso-Scale Aggregates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004289. [PMID: 33694320 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Operando characterization of working catalysts, requiring per definitionem the simultaneous measurement of catalytic performance, is crucial to identify the relevant catalyst structure, composition and adsorbed species. Frequently applied operando techniques are discussed, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. In contrast to these area-averaging spectroscopies, operando surface microscopy by photoemission electron microscopy delivers spatially-resolved data, directly visualizing catalyst heterogeneity. For thorough interpretation, the experimental results should be complemented by density functional theory. The operando approach enables to identify changes of cluster/nanoparticle structure and composition during ongoing catalytic reactions and reveal how molecules interact with surfaces and interfaces. The case studies cover the length-scales from clusters via nanoparticles to meso-scale aggregates, and demonstrate the benefits of specific operando methods. Restructuring, ligand/atom mobility, and surface composition alterations during the reaction may have pronounced effects on activity and selectivity. The nanoscale metal/oxide interface steers catalytic performance via a long ranging effect. Combining operando spectroscopy with switching gas feeds or concentration-modulation provides further mechanistic insights. The obtained fundamental understanding is a prerequisite for improving catalytic performance and for rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, Vienna, 1060, Austria
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36
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Pishgar S, Gulati S, Strain JM, Liang Y, Mulvehill MC, Spurgeon JM. In Situ Analytical Techniques for the Investigation of Material Stability and Interface Dynamics in Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100322. [PMID: 34927994 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry are critical to technologies like fuel cells, electrolysis, and solar fuels. Material stability and interfacial phenomena are central to the performance and long-term viability of these technologies. Researchers need tools to uncover the fundamental processes occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Numerous analytical instruments are well-developed for material characterization, but many are ex situ techniques often performed under vacuum and without applied bias. Such measurements miss dynamic phenomena in the electrolyte under operational conditions. However, innovative advancements have allowed modification of these techniques for in situ characterization in liquid environments at electrochemically relevant conditions. This review explains some of the main in situ electrochemical characterization techniques, briefly explaining the principle of operation and highlighting key work in applying the method to investigate material stability and interfacial properties for electrocatalysts and photoelectrodes. Covered methods include spectroscopy (in situ UV-vis, ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), and in situ Raman), mass spectrometry (on-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS)), and microscopy (in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)). Each technique's capabilities and advantages/disadvantages are discussed and summarized for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Pishgar
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Saumya Gulati
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Jacob M Strain
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Matthew C Mulvehill
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Joshua M Spurgeon
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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37
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Kim J, Choi H, Kim D, Park JY. Operando Surface Studies on Metal-Oxide Interfaces of Bimetal and Mixed Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongjin Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Choi
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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38
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Sajja R, You Y, Qi R, Goutham S, Bhardwaj A, Rakowski A, Haigh S, Keerthi A, Radha B. Hydrocarbon contamination in angström-scale channels. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:9553-9560. [PMID: 34018493 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00001b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific molecular adsorption such as airborne contamination occurs on most surfaces including those of 2D materials and alters their properties. While surface contamination is studied using a plethora of techniques, the effect of contamination on confined systems such as nanochannels/pores leading to their clogging is still lacking. We report a systematic investigation of hydrocarbon adsorption in angstrom (Å) slit channels of varying heights. Hexane is chosen to mimic the hydrocarbon contamination and the clogging of the Å-channels is evaluated via a helium gas flow measurement. The level of hexane adsorption, in other words, the degree of clogging depends on the size difference between the channels and hexane. A dynamic transition of the clogging and revival process is shown in sub-2 nm thin channels. Long-term storage and stability of our Å-channels are demonstrated here for up to three years, alleviating the contamination and unclogging the channels using thermal treatment. This study highlights the importance of the nanochannels' stability and demonstrates the self-cleansing nature of sub-2 nm thin channels enabling a robust platform for molecular transport and separation studies. We provide a method to assess the cleanliness of nanoporous membranes, which is vital for the practical applications of nanofluidics in various fields such as molecular sensing, separation and power generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravalika Sajja
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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39
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Kalha C, Fernando NK, Bhatt P, Johansson FOL, Lindblad A, Rensmo H, Medina LZ, Lindblad R, Siol S, Jeurgens LPH, Cancellieri C, Rossnagel K, Medjanik K, Schönhense G, Simon M, Gray AX, Nemšák S, Lömker P, Schlueter C, Regoutz A. Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: a snapshot of the state-of-the-art in 2020. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:233001. [PMID: 33647896 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abeacd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) is establishing itself as an essential technique for the characterisation of materials. The number of specialised photoelectron spectroscopy techniques making use of hard x-rays is steadily increasing and ever more complex experimental designs enable truly transformative insights into the chemical, electronic, magnetic, and structural nature of materials. This paper begins with a short historic perspective of HAXPES and spans from developments in the early days of photoelectron spectroscopy to provide an understanding of the origin and initial development of the technique to state-of-the-art instrumentation and experimental capabilities. The main motivation for and focus of this paper is to provide a picture of the technique in 2020, including a detailed overview of available experimental systems worldwide and insights into a range of specific measurement modi and approaches. We also aim to provide a glimpse into the future of the technique including possible developments and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curran Kalha
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie K Fernando
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Prajna Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Fredrik O L Johansson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lindblad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - León Zendejas Medina
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Lindblad
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Siol
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lars P H Jeurgens
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Cancellieri
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kai Rossnagel
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katerina Medjanik
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Institut für Physik, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerd Schönhense
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Institut für Physik, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc Simon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexander X Gray
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States of America
| | - Slavomír Nemšák
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Patrick Lömker
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Regoutz
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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40
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Pielsticker L, Nicholls R, Beeg S, Hartwig C, Klihm G, Schlögl R, Tougaard S, Greiner M. Inelastic electron scattering by the gas phase in near ambient pressure XPS measurements. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pielsticker
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions Max Plank Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Rachel Nicholls
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions Max Plank Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Sebastian Beeg
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions Max Plank Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Caroline Hartwig
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions Max Plank Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Gudrun Klihm
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions Max Plank Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions Max Plank Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Fritz‐Haber Institute of the Max‐Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Sven Tougaard
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Mark Greiner
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions Max Plank Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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41
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Eads CN, Boscoboinik JA, Head AR, Hunt A, Waluyo I, Stacchiola DJ, Tenney SA. Enhanced Catalysis under 2D Silica: A CO Oxidation Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calley N. Eads
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - J. Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Ashley R. Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Dario J. Stacchiola
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Samuel A. Tenney
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
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42
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Eads CN, Boscoboinik JA, Head AR, Hunt A, Waluyo I, Stacchiola DJ, Tenney SA. Enhanced Catalysis under 2D Silica: A CO Oxidation Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10888-10894. [PMID: 33462957 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interfacially confined microenvironments have recently gained attention in catalysis, as they can be used to modulate reaction chemistry. The emergence of a 2D nanospace at the interface between a 2D material and its support can promote varying kinetic and energetic schemes based on molecular level confinement effects imposed in this reduced volume. We report on the use of a 2D oxide cover, bilayer silica, on catalytically active Pd(111) undergoing the CO oxidation reaction. We "uncover" mechanistic insights about the structure-activity relationship with and without a 2D silica overlayer using in situ IR and X-ray spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. We find that the CO oxidation reaction on Pd(111) benefits from confinement effects imposed on surface adsorbates under 2D silica. This interaction results in a lower and more dispersed coverage of CO adsorbates with restricted CO adsorption geometries, which promote oxygen adsorption and lay the foundation for the formation of a reactive surface oxide that produces higher CO2 formation rates than Pd alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calley N Eads
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ashley R Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Dario J Stacchiola
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Samuel A Tenney
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
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43
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Kersell H, Chen P, Martins H, Lu Q, Brausse F, Liu BH, Blum M, Roy S, Rude B, Kilcoyne A, Bluhm H, Nemšák S. Simultaneous ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and grazing incidence x-ray scattering in gas environments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:044102. [PMID: 34243438 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an experimental system to simultaneously measure surface structure, morphology, composition, chemical state, and chemical activity for samples in gas phase environments. This is accomplished by simultaneously measuring x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and grazing incidence x-ray scattering in gas pressures as high as the multi-Torr regime while also recording mass spectrometry. Scattering patterns reflect near-surface sample structures from the nano-scale to the meso-scale, and the grazing incidence geometry provides tunable depth sensitivity of structural measurements. Scattered x rays are detected across a broad range of angles using a newly designed pivoting-UHV-manipulator for detector positioning. At the same time, XPS and mass spectrometry can be measured, all from the same sample spot and under ambient conditions. To demonstrate the capabilities of this system, we measured the chemical state, composition, and structure of Ag-behenate on a Si(001) wafer in vacuum and in O2 atmosphere at various temperatures. These simultaneous structural, chemical, and gas phase product probes enable detailed insights into the interplay between the structure and chemical state for samples in gas phase environments. The compact size of our pivoting-UHV-manipulator makes it possible to retrofit this technique into existing spectroscopic instruments installed at synchrotron beamlines. Because many synchrotron facilities are planning or undergoing upgrades to diffraction limited storage rings with transversely coherent beams, a newly emerging set of coherent x-ray scattering experiments can greatly benefit from the concepts we present here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath Kersell
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Pengyuan Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Henrique Martins
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Qiyang Lu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Felix Brausse
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bo-Hong Liu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Monika Blum
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sujoy Roy
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bruce Rude
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Arthur Kilcoyne
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Slavomír Nemšák
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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44
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Zhu S, Scardamaglia M, Kundsen J, Sankari R, Tarawneh H, Temperton R, Pickworth L, Cavalca F, Wang C, Tissot H, Weissenrieder J, Hagman B, Gustafson J, Kaya S, Lindgren F, Källquist I, Maibach J, Hahlin M, Boix V, Gallo T, Rehman F, D’Acunto G, Schnadt J, Shavorskiy A. HIPPIE: a new platform for ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at the MAX IV Laboratory. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:624-636. [PMID: 33650575 PMCID: PMC7941293 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752100103x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
HIPPIE is a soft X-ray beamline on the 3 GeV electron storage ring of the MAX IV Laboratory, equipped with a novel ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) instrument. The endstation is dedicated to performing in situ and operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments in the presence of a controlled gaseous atmosphere at pressures up to 30 mbar [1 mbar = 100 Pa] as well as under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. The photon energy range is 250 to 2200 eV in planar polarization and with photon fluxes >1012 photons s-1 (500 mA ring current) at a resolving power of greater than 10000 and up to a maximum of 32000. The endstation currently provides two sample environments: a catalysis cell and an electrochemical/liquid cell. The former allows APXPS measurements of solid samples in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere (with a mixture of up to eight gases and a vapour of a liquid) and simultaneous analysis of the inlet/outlet gas composition by online mass spectrometry. The latter is a more versatile setup primarily designed for APXPS at the solid-liquid (dip-and-pull setup) or liquid-gas (liquid microjet) interfaces under full electrochemical control, and it can also be used as an open port for ad hoc-designed non-standard APXPS experiments with different sample environments. The catalysis cell can be further equipped with an IR reflection-absorption spectrometer, allowing for simultaneous APXPS and IR spectroscopy of the samples. The endstation is set up to easily accommodate further sample environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Zhu
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Kundsen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 692, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hamed Tarawneh
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert Temperton
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Louisa Pickworth
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Filippo Cavalca
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Material Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Héloïse Tissot
- Material Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Weissenrieder
- Material Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Hagman
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sarp Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Fredrik Lindgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Källquist
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Maibach
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Maria Hahlin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Virginia Boix
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tamires Gallo
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Foqia Rehman
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Giulio D’Acunto
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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45
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Kokkonen E, Lopes da Silva F, Mikkelã MH, Johansson N, Huang SW, Lee JM, Andersson M, Bartalesi A, Reinecke BN, Handrup K, Tarawneh H, Sankari R, Knudsen J, Schnadt J, Såthe C, Urpelainen S. Upgrade of the SPECIES beamline at the MAX IV Laboratory. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:588-601. [PMID: 33650571 PMCID: PMC7941297 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The SPECIES beamline has been transferred to the new 1.5 GeV storage ring at the MAX IV Laboratory. Several improvements have been made to the beamline and its endstations during the transfer. Together the Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering endstations are capable of conducting photoelectron spectroscopy in elevated pressure regimes with enhanced time-resolution and flux and X-ray scattering experiments with improved resolution and flux. Both endstations offer a unique capability for experiments at low photon energies in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray range. In this paper, the upgrades on the endstations and current performance of the beamline are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esko Kokkonen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Felipe Lopes da Silva
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Oulu, Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Niclas Johansson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Shih-Wen Huang
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenn-Min Lee
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Margit Andersson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Benjamin N. Reinecke
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karsten Handrup
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamed Tarawneh
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Tampere University, PO Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jan Knudsen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Conny Såthe
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuli Urpelainen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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46
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Chaveanghong S, Nakamura T, Takagi Y, Cagnon B, Uruga T, Tada M, Iwasawa Y, Yokoyama T. Sulfur poisoning of Pt and PtCo anode and cathode catalysts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells studied by operando near ambient pressure hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3866-3873. [PMID: 33538733 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06020h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the S adsorption behaviours on Pt (average particle diameter of ∼2.6 nm) and Pt3Co (∼3.0 nm) anode and cathode electrode catalysts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) under working conditions for the fresh state just after the aging process and also the degraded state after accelerated degradation tests (ADT), by studying near ambient pressure hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). S 1s HAXPES of both the anode and cathode electrodes shows not only the principal S species from the sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) in the Nafion electrolyte but also other characteristic S species such as zero-valent S (S0) adsorbed on the carbon support and anionic S (S2-) adsorbed on the Pt electrode. The S2- species on Pt should be ascribed to S contamination poisoning the Pt catalyst electrode. The S2- species on the cathode can be oxidatively removed by applying a high cathode-anode bias voltage (≥0.8 V) to form SO32-, while at the anode the S2- species cannot be eliminated because of reductive environment in hydrogen gas. The important finding is the difference in S adsorption behaviours between the Pt/C and Pt3Co/C electrodes after ADT. After ADT, the Pt/C anode electrode exhibits much larger S2- adsorption than the Pt3Co/C anode electrode. This indicates that the Pt3Co/C anode is more desirable than the Pt/C one from the viewpoint of S poisoning. The reason for more tolerance of the Pt3Co/C anode catalyst against S poisoning after ADT can be ascribed to the more negative charge of the surface Pt atoms in the Pt3Co/C catalyst than those in the Pt/C one, thus yielding a weaker interaction between the surface Pt and the anionic S species as S2-, SO32-, and SO42-. A similar behaviour was observed also in the cathode catalyst. The present findings will nevertheless provide important information to design novel Pt-based PEFC electrodes with higher performance and longer durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwilai Chaveanghong
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
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47
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Dupuy R, Richter C, Winter B, Meijer G, Schlögl R, Bluhm H. Core level photoelectron spectroscopy of heterogeneous reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces: Current status, challenges, and prospects. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:060901. [PMID: 33588531 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-vapor interfaces, particularly those between aqueous solutions and air, drive numerous important chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere and in the environment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is an excellent method for the investigation of these interfaces due to its surface sensitivity, elemental and chemical specificity, and the possibility to obtain information on the depth distribution of solute and solvent species in the interfacial region. In this Perspective, we review the progress that was made in this field over the past decades and discuss the challenges that need to be overcome for investigations of heterogeneous reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces under close-to-realistic environmental conditions. We close with an outlook on where some of the most exciting and promising developments might lie in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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48
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Yokota Y, Kim Y. Molecular Scale Assessments of Electrochemical Interfaces: In Situ and Ex Situ Approaches. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yokota
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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49
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Goodwin CM, Alexander JD, Weston M, Degerman D, Shipilin M, Loemker P, Amann P. A Novel Method to Maintain the Sample Position and Pressure in Differentially Pumped Systems Below the Resolution Limit of Optical Microscopy Techniques. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:137-144. [PMID: 32597682 PMCID: PMC7859668 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820942798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a new method to maintain constant gas pressure over a sample during in situ measurements. The example shown here is a differentially pumped high-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy system, but this technique could be applied to many in situ instruments. By using the pressure of the differential stage as a feedback source to change the sample position, a new level of consistency has been achieved. Depending on the absolute value of the sample-to-aperture distance, this technique allows one to maintain the distance within several hundred nanometers, which is below the limit of typical optical microscopy systems. We show that this method is well suited to compensate for thermal drift. Thus, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data can be acquired continuously while the sample is heated and maintaining constant pressure over the sample. By implementing a precise manipulator feedback system, pressure variations of less than 5% were reached while the temperature was varied by 400 ℃. The system is also shown to be highly stable under significant changes in gas flow. After changing the flow by a factor of two, the pressure returned to the set value within 60 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Goodwin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University,
AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John D. Alexander
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University,
AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University,
AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Degerman
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University,
AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University,
AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Loemker
- Photon Science, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Amann
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University,
AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Han Y, Zhang H, Yu Y, Liu Z. In Situ Characterization of Catalysis and Electrocatalysis Using APXPS. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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