1
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Alhazmi A, Sidney LE, Hopkinson A, Elsheikha HM. Comparative cytotoxicity of Acanthamoeba castellanii-derived conditioned medium on human corneal epithelial and stromal cells. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107288. [PMID: 38901524 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Soluble factors in the secretome of Acanthamoeba castellanii play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). Investigating the pathological effects of A. castellanii-derived conditioned medium (ACCM) on ocular cells can provide insights into the damage inflicted during AK. This study examined ACCM-induced cytotoxicity in primary human corneal stromal cells (CSCs) and a human SV40 immortalized corneal epithelial cell line (ihCECs) at varying ACCM concentrations (25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %). MTT, AlamarBlue, Sulforhodamine B, lactate dehydrogenase, and Caspase-3/7 activation assays were used to assess the impact of ACCM on the cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis. Additionally, fluorescent staining was used to reveal actin cytoskeleton changes. ACCM exposure significantly decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis, and disrupted the actin cytoskeleton, particularly at higher concentrations and longer exposures. Proteases were found to mediate these cytopathogenic effects, highlighting the need for characterization of A. castellanii proteases as key virulence factors in AK pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alhazmi
- Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura E Sidney
- Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Andy Hopkinson
- Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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2
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Chary PS, Shaikh S, Rajana N, Bhavana V, Mehra NK. Unlocking nature's arsenal: Nanotechnology for targeted delivery of venom toxins in cancer therapy. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 162:213903. [PMID: 38824828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present review is to shed light on the nanotechnological approaches adopted to overcome the shortcomings associated with the delivery of venom peptides which possess inherent anti-cancer properties. BACKGROUND Venom peptides although have been reported to demonstrate anti-cancer effects, they suffer from several disadvantages such as in vivo instability, off-target adverse effects, limited drug loading and low bioavailability. This review presents a comprehensive compilation of different classes of nanocarriers while underscoring their advantages, disadvantages and potential to carry such peptide molecules for in vivo delivery. It also discusses various nanotechnological aspects such as methods of fabrication, analytical tools to assess these nanoparticulate formulations, modulation of nanocarrier polymer properties to enhance loading capacity, stability and improve their suitability to carry toxic peptide drugs. CONCLUSION Nanotechnological approaches bear great potential in delivering venom peptide-based molecules as anticancer agents by enhancing their bioavailability, stability, efficacy as well as offering a spatiotemporal delivery approach. However, the challenges associated with toxicity and biocompatibility of nanocarriers must be duly addressed. PERSPECTIVES The everlasting quest for new breakthroughs for safer delivery of venom peptides in human subjects is fuelled by unmet clinical needs in the current landscape of chemotherapy. In addition, exhaustive efforts are required in obtaining and purifying the venom peptides followed by designing and optimizing scale up technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padakanti Sandeep Chary
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Samia Shaikh
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naveen Rajana
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Valamla Bhavana
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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3
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Liu XY, Ma JY, Wang Y, Duan JL, Feng LJ, Zhu FP, Sun XD, Yan Z, Yuan XZ. Chemical Dynamics of Selenium Nanoparticles in Archaeal Systems. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15661-15670. [PMID: 38841753 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Methanogenic archaea, characterized by their cell membrane lipid molecules consisting of isoprenoid chains linked to glycerol-1-phosphate via ether bonds, exhibit exceptional adaptability to extreme environments. However, this distinct lipid architecture also complicates the interactions between methanogenic archaea and nanoparticles. This study addresses this challenge by exploring the interaction and transformation of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) within archaeal Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A. We demonstrated that the effects of SeNPs are highly concentration-dependent, with chemical stimulation of cellular processes at lower SeNPs concentrations as well as oxidative stress and metabolic disruption at higher concentrations. Notably, we observed the formation of a protein corona on SeNPs, characterized by the selective adsorption of enzymes critical for methylotrophic methanogenesis and those involved in selenium methylation, suggesting potential alterations in protein function and metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the intracellular transformation of SeNPs into both inorganic and organic selenium species highlighted their bioavailability and dynamic transformation within archaea. These findings provide vital insights into the nano-bio interface in archaeal systems, contributing to our understanding of archaeal catalysis and its broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Ya Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Lu Duan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Li-Juan Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Fan-Ping Zhu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
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4
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Ruijter N, van der Zee M, Katsumiti A, Boyles M, Cassee FR, Braakhuis H. Improving the dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein (DCFH) assay for the assessment of intracellular reactive oxygen species formation by nanomaterials. NANOIMPACT 2024; 35:100521. [PMID: 38901707 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2024.100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
To facilitate Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) strategies during the development of nanomaterials (NMs), quick and easy in vitro assays to test for hazard potential at an early stage of NM development are essential. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the induction of oxidative stress are considered important mechanisms that can lead to NM toxicity. In vitro assays measuring oxidative stress are therefore commonly included in NM hazard assessment strategies. The fluorescence-based dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein (DCFH) assay for cellular oxidative stress is a simple and cost-effective assay, making it a good candidate assay for SSbD hazard testing strategies. It is however subject to several pitfalls and caveats. Here, we provide further optimizations to the assay using 5-(6)-Chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA-AE, referred to as DCFH probe), known for its improved cell retention. We measured the release of metabolic products of the DCFH probe from cells to supernatant, direct reactions of CM-H2DCFDA-AE with positive controls, and compared the commonly used plate reader-based DCFH assay protocol with fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry-based protocols. After loading cells with DCFH probe, translocation of several metabolic products of the DCFH probe to the supernatant was observed in multiple cell types. Translocated DCFH products are then able to react with test substances including positive controls. Our results also indicate that intracellularly oxidized fluorescent DCF is able to translocate from cells to the supernatant. In either way, this will lead to a fluorescent supernatant, making it difficult to discriminate between intra- and extra-cellular ROS production, risking misinterpretation of possible oxidative stress when measuring fluorescence on a plate reader. The use of flow cytometry instead of plate reader-based measurements resolved these issues, and also improved assay sensitivity. Several optimizations of the flow cytometry-based DCFH ISO standard (ISO/TS 19006:2016) were suggested, including loading cells with DCFH probe before incubation with the test materials, and applying an appropriate gating strategy including live-death staining, which was not included in the ISO standard. In conclusion, flow cytometry- and fluorescence microscopy-based read-outs are preferred over the classical plate reader-based read-out to assess the level of intracellular oxidative stress using the cellular DCFH assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Ruijter
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Margriet van der Zee
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Science Lines, Emmalaan 8, 3451 CT Vleuten, the Netherlands
| | - Alberto Katsumiti
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | - Matthew Boyles
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK; Centre for Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hedwig Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; TNO Risk Analysis for Products in Development, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
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5
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Lacueva-Aparicio A, González VJ, Remacha AR, Woods D, Prado E, Ochoa I, Oliván S, Vázquez E. A microphysiological system for handling graphene related materials under flow conditions. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:990-1001. [PMID: 38606529 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The field of nanotechnology has developed rapidly in recent decades due to its broad applications in many industrial and biomedical fields. Notably, 2D materials such as graphene-related materials (GRMs) have been extensively explored and, as such, their safety needs to be assessed. However, GRMs tend to deposit quickly, present low stability in aqueous solutions, and adsorb to plastic materials. Consequently, traditional approaches based on static assays facilitate their deposition and adsorption and fail to recreate human physiological conditions. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology could, however, solve these drawbacks and lead to the development of microphysiological systems (MPSs) that mimic the microenvironment present in human tissues. In light of the above, in the present study a microfluidic system under flow conditions has been optimised to minimise graphene oxide (GO) and few-layer graphene (FLG) adsorption and deposition. For that purpose, a kidney-on-a-chip was developed and optimised to evaluate the effects of exposure to GO and FLG flakes at a sublethal dose under fluid flow conditions. In summary, MPSs are an innovative and precise tool for evaluating the effects of exposure to GRMs and other type of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alodia Lacueva-Aparicio
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, I3A _ IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - Viviana Jehová González
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - Ana Rosa Remacha
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, I3A _ IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniel Woods
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, I3A _ IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eduardo Prado
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, I3A _ IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Oliván
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, I3A _ IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
- Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
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6
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Almeida MB, Galdiano CMR, Silva Benvenuto FSRD, Carrilho E, Brazaca LC. Strategies Employed to Design Biocompatible Metal Nanoparticles for Medical Science and Biotechnology Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38688024 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The applicability of nanomaterials has evolved in biomedical domains thanks to advances in biocompatibility strategies and the mitigation of cytotoxic effects, allowing diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutic approaches. The application of nanoparticles (NP), particularly metal nanoparticles (mNPs), such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag), includes inherent challenges related to the material characteristics, surface modification, and bioconjugation techniques. By tailoring the surface properties through appropriate coating with biocompatible molecules or functionalization with active biomolecules, researchers can reach a harmonious interaction with biological systems or samples (mostly fluids or tissues). Thus, this review highlights the mechanisms associated with the obtention of biocompatible mNP and presents a comprehensive overview of methods that facilitate safe and efficient production. Therefore, we consider this review to be a valuable resource for all researchers navigating this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bortholazzi Almeida
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Sampaio Reis da Silva Benvenuto
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Canniatti Brazaca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
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7
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Lizonova D, Trivanovic U, Demokritou P, Kelesidis GA. Dispersion and Dosimetric Challenges of Hydrophobic Carbon-Based Nanoparticles in In Vitro Cellular Studies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:589. [PMID: 38607123 PMCID: PMC11013865 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Methodologies across the dispersion preparation, characterization, and cellular dosimetry of hydrophilic nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed and used extensively in the field of nanotoxicology. However, hydrophobic NPs pose a challenge for dispersion in aqueous culture media using conventional methods that include sonication followed by mixing in the culture medium of interest and cellular dosimetry. In this study, a robust methodology for the preparation of stable dispersions of hydrophobic NPs for cellular studies is developed by introducing continuous energy over time via stirring in the culture medium followed by dispersion characterization and cellular dosimetry. The stirring energy and the presence of proteins in the culture medium result in the formation of a protein corona around the NPs, stabilizing their dispersion, which can be used for in vitro cellular studies. The identification of the optimal stirring time is crucial for achieving dispersion and stability. This is assessed through a comprehensive stability testing protocol employing dynamic light scattering to evaluate the particle size distribution stability and polydispersity. Additionally, the effective density of the NPs is obtained for the stable NP dispersions using the volumetric centrifugation method, while cellular dosimetry calculations are done using available cellular computational modeling, mirroring approaches used for hydrophilic NPs. The robustness of the proposed dispersion approach is showcased using a highly hydrophobic NP model (black carbon NPs) and two culture media, RPMI medium and SABM, that are widely used in cellular studies. The proposed approach for the dispersion of hydrophobic NPs results in stable dispersions in both culture media used here. The NP effective density of 1.03-1.07 g/cm3 measured here for black carbon NPs is close to the culture media density, resulting in slow deposition on the cells over time. So, the present methodology for dispersion and dosimetry of hydrophobic NPs is essential for the design of dose-response studies and overcoming the challenges imposed by slow particle deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Lizonova
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center (NAMC), Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Una Trivanovic
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center (NAMC), Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Georgios A. Kelesidis
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center (NAMC), Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Shi S, Ou X, Cheng D. Nanoparticle-Facilitated Therapy: Advancing Tools in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:19-34. [PMID: 38187908 PMCID: PMC10771795 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s442775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries, arising from a diverse range of etiologies such as trauma and underlying medical conditions, pose substantial challenges in both clinical management and subsequent restoration of functional capacity. Addressing these challenges, nanoparticles have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality poised to augment the process of peripheral nerve regeneration. However, a comprehensive elucidation of the complicated mechanistic foundations responsible for the favorable effects of nanoparticle-based therapy on nerve regeneration remains imperative. This review aims to scrutinize the potential of nanoparticles as innovative therapeutic carriers for promoting peripheral nerve repair. This review encompasses an in-depth exploration of the classifications and synthesis methodologies associated with nanoparticles. Additionally, we discuss and summarize the multifaceted roles that nanoparticles play, including neuroprotection, facilitation of axonal growth, and efficient drug delivery mechanisms. Furthermore, we present essential considerations and highlight the potential synergies of integrating nanoparticles with emerging technologies. Through this comprehensive review, we highlight the indispensable role of nanoparticles in propelling advancements in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyan Shi
- Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Honghui Hospital North District, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuehai Ou
- Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Honghui Hospital North District, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deliang Cheng
- Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Honghui Hospital North District, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710000, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Graceffa V. Intracellular protein delivery: New insights into the therapeutic applications and emerging technologies. Biochimie 2023; 213:82-99. [PMID: 37209808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The inability to cross the plasma membranes traditionally limited the therapeutic use of recombinant proteins. However, in the last two decades, novel technologies made delivering proteins inside the cells possible. This allowed researchers to unlock intracellular targets, once considered 'undruggable', bringing a new research area to emerge. Protein transfection systems display a large potential in a plethora of applications. However, their modality of action is often unclear, and cytotoxic effects are elevated, whereas experimental conditions to increase transfection efficacy and cell viability still need to be identified. Furthermore, technical complexity often limits in vivo experimentation, while challenging industrial and clinical translation. This review highlights the applications of protein transfection technologies, and then critically discuss the current methodologies and their limitations. Physical membrane perforation systems are compared to systems exploiting cellular endocytosis. Research evidence of the existence of either extracellular vesicles (EVs) or cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs)- based systems, that circumvent the endosomal systems is critically analysed. Commercial systems, novel solid-phase reverse protein transfection systems, and engineered living intracellular bacteria-based mechanisms are finally described. This review ultimately aims at finding new methodologies and possible applications of protein transfection systems, while helping the development of an evidence-based research approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Graceffa
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group (CHAT), Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Intelligent Systems for Health and Environment (MISHE), Atlantic Technological University (ATU), Sligo, Ireland.
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10
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Cheng Q, Duan Y, Fan W, Li D, Zhu C, Ma T, Liu J, Yu M. Cellular uptake, intracellular behavior, and acute/sub-acute cytotoxicity of a PEG-modified quantum dot with promising in-vivo biomedical applications. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20028. [PMID: 37809902 PMCID: PMC10559774 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum Dots (QDs) modified with branched Polyethylene Glycol-amine (6- or 8-arm PEG-amine) coupled with methoxy PEG (mPEG) hold great promise for in vivo biomedical applications due to a long half-life in blood and negligible toxicity. However, the potential risks regarding their concomitant prolonged co-incubation with cardiovascular and blood cells remains inconclusive. In the present study, the feasible, effective and convenient proliferating-restricted cell line models representing the circulatory system were established to investigate the cellular internalization followed by intracellular outcomes and resulting acute/sub-acute cytotoxicity of the 6-arm PEG-amine/mPEG QDs. We found a dose-, time- and cell type-dependent cellular uptake of the 6-arm PEG-amine/mPEG QDs, which was ten-fold lower compared to the traditional linear PEG-modified counterpart. The QDs entered cells via multiple endocytic pathways and were mostly preserved in Golgi apparatus for at least one week instead of degradation in lysosomes, resulting in a minimal acute cytotoxicity, which is much lower than other types of PEG-modified QDs previously reported. However, a sub-acute cytotoxicity of QDs were observed several days post exposure using the concentrations eliciting no-significant acute cytotoxic effects, which was associated with elevated ROS generation caused by QDs remained inside cells. Finally, a non-cytotoxic concentration of the QDs was identified at the sub-acute cytotoxic level. Our study provided important information for clinical translation of branched PEG-amine/mPEG QDs by elucidating the QDs-cell interactions and toxicity mechanism using the proliferation-restricted cell models representing circulatory system. What's more, we emphasized the indispensability of sub-acute cytotoxic effects in the whole biosafety evaluation process of nanomaterials like QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Andrology/Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiping Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongxu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cuiwen Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingxia Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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11
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de Araujo MM, Borgheti-Cardoso LN, Praça FG, Marcato PD, Bentley MVLB. Solid Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoplatform for Topical Delivery of siRNA: In Vitro Biological Activity and Permeation Studies. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:374. [PMID: 37504869 PMCID: PMC10381295 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules have limited transfection efficiency and stability, necessitating the use of delivery systems to be effective in gene knockdown therapies. In this regard, lipid-polymeric nanocarriers have emerged as a promising class of nanoparticles for siRNA delivery, particularly for topical applications. We proposed the use of solid lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (SLPHNs) as topical delivery systems for siRNA. This approach was evaluated by assessing the ability of SLPHNs-siRNA complexes to internalize siRNA molecules and both to penetrate skin layers in vitro and induce gene knocking down in a skin cell line. The SLPHNs were formed by a specific composition of solid lipids, a surfactant polymer as a dispersive agent, and a cationic polymer as a complexing agent for siRNA. The optimized nanocarriers exhibited a spherical shape with a smooth surface. The average diameter of the nanoparticles was found to be 200 nm, and the zeta potential was measured to be +20 mV. Furthermore, these nanocarriers demonstrated excellent stability when stored at 4 °C over a period of 90 days. In vitro and in vivo permeation studies showed that SLPHNs increased the cutaneous penetration of fluorescent-labeled siRNA, which reached deeper skin layers. Efficacy studies were conducted on keratinocytes and fibroblasts, showing that SLPHNs maintained cell viability and high cellular uptake. Furthermore, SLPHNs complexed with siRNA against Firefly luciferase (siLuc) reduced luciferase expression, proving the efficacy of this nanocarrier in providing adequate intracellular release of siRNA for silencing specific genes. Based on these results, the developed carriers are promising siRNA delivery systems for skin disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Moreno de Araujo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia Neves Borgheti-Cardoso
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Garcia Praça
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscyla Daniely Marcato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
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12
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Roe MM, Do T, Turner S, Jevitt AM, Chlebicz M, White K, Oomens AGP, Rankin S, Kovats S, Gappa-Fahlenkamp H. Blood myeloid cells differentiate to lung resident cells and respond to pathogen stimuli in a 3D human tissue-engineered lung model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1212230. [PMID: 37485324 PMCID: PMC10361305 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1212230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory infections remain a leading global health concern. Models that recapitulate the cellular complexity of the lower airway of humans will provide important information about how the immune response reflects the interactions between diverse cell types during infection. We developed a 3D human tissue-engineered lung model (3D-HTLM) composed of primary human pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells with added blood myeloid cells that allows assessment of the innate immune response to respiratory infection. Methods: The 3D-HTLM consists of small airway epithelial cells grown at air-liquid interface layered on fibroblasts within a collagen matrix atop a permeable membrane with pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells layered underneath. After the epithelial and endothelial layers had reached confluency, an enriched blood monocyte population, containing mostly CD14+ monocytes (Mo) with minor subsets of CD1c+ classical dendritic cells (cDC2s), monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs), and CD16+ non-classical monocytes, was added to the endothelial side of the model. Results: Immunofluorescence imaging showed the myeloid cells migrate through and reside within each layer of the model. The myeloid cell subsets adapted to the lung environment in the 3D-HTLM, with increased proportions of the recovered cells expressing lung tissue resident markers CD206, CD169, and CD163 compared with blood myeloid cells, including a population with features of alveolar macrophages. Myeloid subsets recovered from the 3D-HTLM displayed increased expression of HLA-DR and the co-stimulatory markers CD86, CD40, and PDL1. Upon stimulation of the 3D-HTLM with the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the CD31+ endothelial cells increased expression of ICAM-1 and the production of IL-10 and TNFα was dependent on the presence of myeloid cells. Challenge with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) led to increased expression of macrophage activation and antiviral pathway genes by cells in the 3D-HTLM. Discussion: The 3D-HTLM provides a lower airway environment that promotes differentiation of blood myeloid cells into lung tissue resident cells and enables the study of respiratory infection in a physiological cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandi M. Roe
- Kovats Lab, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Taylor Do
- Fahlenkamp Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Sean Turner
- Kovats Lab, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Allison M. Jevitt
- Rankin Lab, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Program, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Magdalena Chlebicz
- Kovats Lab, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Karley White
- Fahlenkamp Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Antonius G. P. Oomens
- Oomens Lab, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Susannah Rankin
- Rankin Lab, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Program, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Susan Kovats
- Kovats Lab, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Heather Gappa-Fahlenkamp
- Fahlenkamp Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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13
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Hautanen V, Morikka J, Saarimäki LA, Bisenberger J, Toimela T, Serra A, Greco D. The in vitro immunomodulatory effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by multilayer analysis. NANOIMPACT 2023; 31:100476. [PMID: 37437691 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) induced immunotoxicity is crucial for determining hazards posed to human health. MWCNT exposure most commonly occurs via the airways, where macrophages are first line responders. Here we exploit an in vitro assay, measuring dose-dependent secretion of a wide panel of cytokines, as a measure of immunotoxicity following the non-lethal, multi-dose exposure (IC5, IC10 and IC20) to 7 MWCNTs with different intrinsic properties. We find that a tangled structure, and small aspect ratio are key properties predicting MWCNT induced immunotoxicity, mediated predominantly by IL1B cytokine secretion. To assess the mechanism of action giving rise to MWCNT immunotoxicity, transcriptomics analysis was linked to cytokine secretion in a multilayer model established through correlation analysis across exposure concentrations. This reinforced the finding that tangled MWCNTs have greater immunomodulatory potency, displaying enrichment of immune system, signal transduction and pattern recognition associated pathways. Together our results further elucidate how structure, length and aspect ratio, critical intrinsic properties of MWCNTs, are tied to immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Hautanen
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, Helsinki, Uusimaa 00014, Finland
| | - Jack Morikka
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Laura Aliisa Saarimäki
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Jan Bisenberger
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Tarja Toimela
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Angela Serra
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland; Tampere Institute for Advanced Study, Tampere University, Kalevantie 4, Tampere 33100, Finland
| | - Dario Greco
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, Helsinki, Uusimaa 00014, Finland; Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Netto ART, Hrusa MD, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Schnichels S, Hurst J. Two Methods for the Isolation and Cultivation of Porcine Primary Corneal Cells. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:mps6030050. [PMID: 37218910 DOI: 10.3390/mps6030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In ophthalmic research, there is a strong need for in vitro corneal cell models. Here, we describe different protocols for the cultivation of primary corneal cells that were isolated from porcine eyes. This primary cell culture can be used to test new therapeutic options for corneal diseases, such as dry eye disease, traumatic injuries, or corneal infections, and to study limbal epithelial stem cell (LESC) expansion. Two different isolation methods were performed: the outgrowth and the collagenase method. To perform the outgrowth protocol, small explants of the corneal limbus were generated and incubated in culture flasks in an incubator for 4-5 weeks. Regarding the collagenase method, to extract corneal cells, porcine corneas were removed, cut into small pieces, and incubated with collagenase. After incubation and centrifugation, the cells were seeded in 6- or 12-well plates and incubated in an incubator for 2-3 weeks. The differences between corneal cell cultivation with fetal bovine serum (FBS) and without it are also discussed. Therefore, the main advantages of the outgrowth method are that it requires fewer porcine eyes, and it takes less time to be performed compared to the collagenase method. On the other hand, with the collagenase method, mature cells are obtained earlier, at about 2 to 3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rocha Teixeira Netto
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Clinical Research University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Dieter Hrusa
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Clinical Research University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl-Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Clinical Research University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Clinical Research University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - José Hurst
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Clinical Research University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Gou X, Ma C, Ji H, Yan L, Wang P, Wang Z, Lin Y, Chatterjee N, Yu H, Zhang X. Prediction of zebrafish embryonic developmental toxicity by integrating omics with adverse outcome pathway. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130958. [PMID: 36860045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
New approach methodologies (NAMs), especially omics-based high-throughput bioassays have been developed rapidly, providing rich mechanistic information such as molecular initiation events (MIEs) and (sub)cellular key events (KEs) in adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). However, how to apply the knowledge of MIEs/KEs to predict adverse outcomes (AOs) induced by chemicals represents a new challenge for computational toxicology. Here, an integrated method named ScoreAOP was developed and evaluated to predict chemicals' developmental toxicity for zebrafish embryos by integrating four related AOPs and dose-dependent reduced zebrafish transcriptome (RZT). The rules of ScoreAOP included 1) sensitivity of responsive KEs demonstrated by point of departure of KEs (PODKE), 2) evidence reliability and 3) distance between KEs and AOs. Moreover, eleven chemicals with different modes of action (MoAs) were tested to evaluate ScoreAOP. Results showed that eight of the eleven chemicals caused developmental toxicity at tested concentration in apical tests. All the tested chemicals' developmental defects were predicted using ScoreAOP, whereas eight out of the eleven chemicals predicted by ScoreMIE which was developed to score MIEs disturbed by chemicals based on in vitro bioassays data. Finally, in terms of mechanism explanation, ScoreAOP clustered chemicals with different MoAs while ScoreMIE failed, and ScoreAOP revealed the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a significant role in dysfunction of cardiovascular system, resulting in zebrafish developmental defects and mortality. In conclusion, ScoreAOP represents a promising approach to apply mechanism information obtained from omics to predict AOs induced by chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huimin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yishan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nivedita Chatterjee
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, China.
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16
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Al-Rekabi Z, Dondi C, Faruqui N, Siddiqui NS, Elowsson L, Rissler J, Kåredal M, Mudway I, Larsson-Callerfelt AK, Shaw M. Uncovering the cytotoxic effects of air pollution with multi-modal imaging of in vitro respiratory models. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221426. [PMID: 37063998 PMCID: PMC10090883 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Annually, an estimated seven million deaths are linked to exposure to airborne pollutants. Despite extensive epidemiological evidence supporting clear associations between poor air quality and a range of short- and long-term health effects, there are considerable gaps in our understanding of the specific mechanisms by which pollutant exposure induces adverse biological responses at the cellular and tissue levels. The development of more complex, predictive, in vitro respiratory models, including two- and three-dimensional cell cultures, spheroids, organoids and tissue cultures, along with more realistic aerosol exposure systems, offers new opportunities to investigate the cytotoxic effects of airborne particulates under controlled laboratory conditions. Parallel advances in high-resolution microscopy have resulted in a range of in vitro imaging tools capable of visualizing and analysing biological systems across unprecedented scales of length, time and complexity. This article considers state-of-the-art in vitro respiratory models and aerosol exposure systems and how they can be interrogated using high-resolution microscopy techniques to investigate cell-pollutant interactions, from the uptake and trafficking of particles to structural and functional modification of subcellular organelles and cells. These data can provide a mechanistic basis from which to advance our understanding of the health effects of airborne particulate pollution and develop improved mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Al-Rekabi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Camilla Dondi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Nilofar Faruqui
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Nazia S. Siddiqui
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Linda Elowsson
- Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rissler
- Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lund, Sweden
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Monica Kåredal
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ian Mudway
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, London, UK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Shaw
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
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Xiong R, Sauvage F, Fraire JC, Huang C, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K. Photothermal Nanomaterial-Mediated Photoporation. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:631-643. [PMID: 36892059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusDelivering biological effector molecules in cultured cells is of fundamental importance to any study or application in which the modulation of gene expression is required. Examples range from generating engineered cell lines for studying gene function to the engineering of cells for cell-based therapies such as CAR-T cells and gene-corrected stem cells for regenerative medicine. It remains a great challenge, however, to deliver biological effector molecules across the cell membrane with minimal adverse effects on cell viability and functionality. While viral vectors have been frequently used to introduce foreign nucleic acids into cells, their use is associated with safety concerns such as immunogenicity, high manufacturing cost, and limited cargo capacity.For photoporation, depending on the laser energy, membrane permeabilization happens either by local heating or by laser-induced water vapor nanobubbles (VNB). In our first study on this topic, we demonstrated that the physical force exerted by suddenly formed VNB leads to more efficient intracellular delivery as compared to mere heating. Next, we explored the use of different photothermal nanomaterials, finding that graphene quantum dots display enhanced thermal stability compared to the more traditionally used gold nanoparticles, hence providing the possibility to increase the delivery efficiency by repeated laser activation. To enable its use for the production of engineered therapeutic cells, it would be better if contact with cells with nondegradable nanoparticles is avoided as it poses toxicity and regulatory concerns. Therefore, we recently demonstrated that photoporation can be performed with biodegradable polydopamine nanoparticles as well. Alternatively, we demonstrated that nanoparticle contact can be avoided by embedding the photothermal nanoparticles in a substrate made from biocompatible electrospun nanofibers. With this variety of photoporation approaches, over the years we demonstrated the successful delivery of a broad variety of biologics (mRNA, siRNA, Cas9 ribonucleoproteins, nanobodies, etc.) in many different cell types, including hard-to-transfect cells such as T cells, embryonic stem cells, neurons, and macrophages.In this Account, we will first start with a brief introduction of the general concept and a historical development of photoporation. In the next two sections, we will extensively discuss the various types of photothermal nanomaterials which have been used for photoporation. We discriminate two types of photothermal nanomaterials: single nanostructures and composite nanostructures. The first one includes examples such as gold nanoparticles, graphene quantum dots, and polydopamine nanoparticles. The second type includes polymeric films and nanofibers containing photothermal nanoparticles as well as composite nanoscale biolistic nanostructures. A thorough discussion will be given for each type of photothermal nanomaterial, from its synthesis and characterization to its application in photoporation, with its advantages and disadvantages. In the final section, we will provide an overall discussion and elaborate on future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranhua Xiong
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Félix Sauvage
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chaobo Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Bessa MJ, Brandão F, Rosário F, Moreira L, Reis AT, Valdiglesias V, Laffon B, Fraga S, Teixeira JP. Assessing the in vitro toxicity of airborne (nano)particles to the human respiratory system: from basic to advanced models. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:67-96. [PMID: 36692141 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2166638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have been conducted to address the potential adverse health risks attributed to exposure to nanoscale materials. While in vivo studies are fundamental for identifying the relationship between dose and occurrence of adverse effects, in vitro model systems provide important information regarding the mechanism(s) of action at the molecular level. With a special focus on exposure to inhaled (nano)particulate material toxicity assessment, this review provides an overview of the available human respiratory models and exposure systems for in vitro testing, advantages, limitations, and existing investigations using models of different complexity. A brief overview of the human respiratory system, pathway and fate of inhaled (nano)particles is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Bessa
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Brandão
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Rosário
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciana Moreira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Reis
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Departamento de Biología, Universidade da Coruña, Grupo NanoToxGen, Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía - CICA, A Coruña, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Blanca Laffon
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidade da Coruña, Grupo DICOMOSA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía - CICA, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sónia Fraga
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Peynshaert K, Devoldere J, De Smedt S, Remaut K. Every nano-step counts: a critical reflection on do's and don'ts in researching nanomedicines for retinal gene therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:259-271. [PMID: 36630275 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2167979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinal disease affects millions of people worldwide, generating a massive social and economic burden. Current clinical trials for retinal diseases are dominated by gene augmentation therapies delivered with recombinant viruses as key players. As an alternative, nanoparticles hold great promise for the delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics as well. Nevertheless, despite numerous attempts, 'nano' is in practice not as successful as aspired and major breakthroughs in retinal gene therapy applying nanomaterials are yet to be seen. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the advantages of nanomaterials and give an overview of nanoparticles designed for retinal nucleic acid delivery up to now. We furthermore critically reflect on the predominant issues that currently limit nano to progress to the clinic, where faulty study design and the absence of representative models play key roles. EXPERT OPINION Since the current approach of in vitro - in vivo experimentation is highly inefficient and creates misinformation, we advocate for a more prominent role for ex vivo testing early on in nanoparticle research. In addition, we elaborate on several concepts, including systematic studies and open science, which could aid in pushing the field of nanomedicine beyond the preclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Peynshaert
- Lab of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Belgium.,Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Belgium Belgium
| | - Joke Devoldere
- Lab of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Belgium.,Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Belgium Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smedt
- Lab of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Belgium.,Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Belgium Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Lab of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Belgium.,Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Belgium Belgium
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20
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Analysis of HDACi-Coupled Nanoparticles: Opportunities and Challenges. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2589:129-144. [PMID: 36255622 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2788-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), like valproic acid (VPA), is often associated with rapid drug metabolization and untargeted tissue distribution. This requires high-dose application that can lead to unintended side effects. Hence, drug carrier systems such as nanoparticles (NPs) are developed to circumvent these disadvantages by enhancing serum half-life as well as organ specificity.This chapter gives a summary of the biological characterization of HDACi-coupled NPs in vitro, including investigation of cellular uptake, biocompatibility, as well as intracellular drug release and activity. Suitable methods, opportunities, and challenges will be discussed to provide general guidelines for the analysis of HDACi drug carrier systems with a special focus on recently developed cellulose-based VPA-coupled NPs.
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21
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Admella J, Torrents E. A Straightforward Method for the Isolation and Cultivation of Galleria mellonella Hemocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13483. [PMID: 36362269 PMCID: PMC9657452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella is an alternative animal model of infection. The use of this species presents a wide range of advantages, as its maintenance and rearing are both easy and inexpensive. Moreover, its use is considered to be more ethically acceptable than other models, it is conveniently sized for manipulation, and its immune system has multiple similarities with mammalian immune systems. Hemocytes are immune cells that help encapsulate and eliminate pathogens and foreign particles. All of these reasons make this insect a promising animal model. However, cultivating G. mellonella hemocytes in vitro is not straightforward and it has many difficult challenges. Here, we present a methodologically optimized protocol to establish and maintain a G. mellonella hemocyte primary culture. These improvements open the door to easily and quickly study the toxicity of nanoparticles and the interactions of particles and materials in an in vitro environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Admella
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 643 Diagonal Ave., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Landsiedel R, Honarvar N, Seiffert SB, Oesch B, Oesch F. Genotoxicity testing of nanomaterials. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1833. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Free University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Naveed Honarvar
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | | | - Barbara Oesch
- Oesch‐Tox Toxicological Consulting and Expert Opinions, GmbH & Co KG Ingelheim Germany
| | - Franz Oesch
- Oesch‐Tox Toxicological Consulting and Expert Opinions, GmbH & Co KG Ingelheim Germany
- Institute of Toxicology Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
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23
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Liu YY, Sun ZX, Liu J, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Cao A, Sun YP, Wang H. On the Cellular Uptake and Exocytosis of Carbon Dots─Significant Cell Type Dependence and Effects of Cell Division. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4378-4389. [PMID: 36044400 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular uptake and exocytosis processes of nanoparticles (NPs) is essential for developing the nanomedicines and assessing the health risk of nanomaterials. Considerable efforts have been made to reveal how physicochemical properties of NPs influence these processes. However, little attention has been paid to how cell type impacts these processes, especially exocytosis. Herein, the uptake and exocytosis of the carbon dots (CDs) obtained from the carbonization of citric acid with polyethylenimine (PEI) oligomers (CDs-PEI) in five human cell lines (HeLa, A549, BEAS-2B, A431, and MDA-MB-468) are analyzed to understand how cell type influences the fate of CDs in cells. The cell division is taken into account by the correction of cell number for accurate quantification of the uptake and exocytosis of CDs-PEI. The results indicate that the cell type significantly affects the cellular uptake, trafficking, and exocytosis of CDs-PEI. Among the cell types investigated, MDA-MB-468 cells have the greatest capacity for both uptake and exocytosis, and HeLa cells have the least capacity. The kinetics of the exocytosis largely follows a single exponential decay function, with the remaining CDs-PEI in cells reaching plateaus within 24 h. The kinetic parameters are cell-dependent but insensitive to the initial intracellular CDs-PEI content. Generally, the Golgi apparatus pathways are more important in exocytosis than the lysosomal pathway, and the locations of CDs-PEI in the beginning of exocytosis are not correlated with their exocytosis pathways. The findings on the cell type-dependent cellular uptake and exocytosis reported here may be valuable to the future design of high-performance and safe CDs and related nanomaterials in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zao-Xia Sun
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuanfang Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Aoneng Cao
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ya-Ping Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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24
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Juarez-Moreno K, Chávez-García D, Hirata G, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Monolayer (2D) or spheroids (3D) cell cultures for nanotoxicological studies? Comparison of cytotoxicity and cell internalization of nanoparticles. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 85:105461. [PMID: 36049398 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture monolayers are commonly used for toxicological assessments of nanomaterials. Despite their facile handling, they exhibit several constraints due to their structural and complexity differences with three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell models, such as spheroids. Here, we conducted a comparative nanotoxicological study of fibroblasts (L929) and melanoma (B16-F10) cells, grown in 2D and 3D arrangements. The cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, genotoxicity, cell morphology complexity, and uptake of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and folic acid-functionalized upconversion nanoparticles (FA-UCNPs) were compared in the two culture arrangements. AgNPs cytotoxicity was higher in spheroids than in monolayer cultures. Furthermore, apoptotic cell percentages and ROS production were higher in 3D than in 2D cell cultures. More importantly, 2D cultures required twice the concentration of AgNPs than the 3D cell models to reach a considerable DNA damage index (c.a. 200). Therefore, spheroids are more sensitive to the genotoxic effects of AgNPs. FA-UCNPs exerted negligible cell toxicity in 2D and 3D cell models. Moreover, AgNPs induced disaggregation and downsizing of spheroids in a facile and concentration-dependent manner. Internalization of FA-UCNPs in spheroids was 20% higher than in the 2D cell arrangements. Collectively, our findings, demonstrated that spheroids are a more sensitive model than monolayers for the assessment of nanoparticle biocompatibility and internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Juarez-Moreno
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
| | | | - Gustavo Hirata
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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25
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Camassa LMA, Elje E, Mariussen E, Longhin EM, Dusinska M, Zienolddiny-Narui S, Rundén-Pran E. Advanced Respiratory Models for Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials—Performance of Mono-, Co- and Tricultures. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152609. [PMID: 35957046 PMCID: PMC9370172 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro models are needed to support next-generation risk assessment (NGRA), moving from hazard assessment based mainly on animal studies to the application of new alternative methods (NAMs). Advanced models must be tested for hazard assessment of nanomaterials (NMs). The aim of this study was to perform an interlaboratory trial across two laboratories to test the robustness of and optimize a 3D lung model of human epithelial A549 cells cultivated at the air–liquid interface (ALI). Potential change in sensitivity in hazard identification when adding complexity, going from monocultures to co- and tricultures, was tested by including human endothelial cells EA.hy926 and differentiated monocytes dTHP-1. All models were exposed to NM-300K in an aerosol exposure system (VITROCELL® cloud-chamber). Cyto- and genotoxicity were measured by AlamarBlue and comet assay. Cellular uptake was investigated with transmission electron microscopy. The models were characterized by confocal microscopy and barrier function tested. We demonstrated that this advanced lung model is applicable for hazard assessment of NMs. The results point to a change in sensitivity of the model by adding complexity and to the importance of detailed protocols for robustness and reproducibility of advanced in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Elje
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, FHI, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eleonora Marta Longhin
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Shan Zienolddiny-Narui
- National Institute of Occupational Health in Norway, 0033 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: (S.Z.-N.); (E.R.-P.); Tel.: +47-2319-5284 (S.Z.-N.); +47-6389-8237 (E.R.-P.)
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.-N.); (E.R.-P.); Tel.: +47-2319-5284 (S.Z.-N.); +47-6389-8237 (E.R.-P.)
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26
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Algar WR, Krause KD. Developing FRET Networks for Sensing. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2022; 15:17-36. [PMID: 35300526 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061020-014925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a widely used fluorescence-based sensing mechanism. To date, most implementations of FRET sensors have relied on a discrete donor-acceptor pair for detection of each analytical target. FRET networks are an emerging concept in which target recognition perturbs a set of interconnected FRET pathways between multiple emitters. Here, we review the energy transfer topologies and scaffold materials for FRET networks, propose a general nomenclature, and qualitatively summarize the dynamics of the competitive, sequential, homoFRET, and heteroFRET pathways that constitute FRET networks. Implementations of FRET networks for sensing are also described, including concentric FRET probes, other single-vector multiplexing, and logic gates and switches. Unresolved questions and future research directions for current systems are discussed, as are potential but currently unexplored applications of FRET networks in sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Katherine D Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
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27
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Forest V. Experimental and Computational Nanotoxicology-Complementary Approaches for Nanomaterial Hazard Assessment. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081346. [PMID: 35458054 PMCID: PMC9031966 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The growing development and applications of nanomaterials lead to an increasing release of these materials in the environment. The adverse effects they may elicit on ecosystems or human health are not always fully characterized. Such potential toxicity must be carefully assessed with the underlying mechanisms elucidated. To that purpose, different approaches can be used. First, experimental toxicology consisting of conducting in vitro or in vivo experiments (including clinical studies) can be used to evaluate the nanomaterial hazard. It can rely on variable models (more or less complex), allowing the investigation of different biological endpoints. The respective advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo models are discussed as well as some issues associated with experimental nanotoxicology. Perspectives of future developments in the field are also proposed. Second, computational nanotoxicology, i.e., in silico approaches, can be used to predict nanomaterial toxicity. In this context, we describe the general principles, advantages, and limitations especially of quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models and grouping/read-across approaches. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of these different approaches based on examples and highlight their complementarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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28
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Kim IY, Kwak M, Kim J, Lee TG, Heo MB. Comparative Study on Nanotoxicity in Human Primary and Cancer Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060993. [PMID: 35335806 PMCID: PMC8955245 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial toxicity tests using normal and cancer cells may yield markedly different results. Here, nanomaterial toxicity between cancer and primary human cells was compared to determine the basic cell line selection criteria for nanomaterial toxicity analyses. Specifically, we exposed two cancer (A549 and HepG2) and two normal cell lines (NHBE and HH) cell lines to SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and evaluated the cytotoxicity (MTS assay), cell death mode, and intracellular NP retention. MTS assay results revealed higher sensitivity of HH cells to SiO2 NPs than HepG2 cells, while no difference was observed between NHBE and A549 cells. In addition, SiO2 NPs primarily induced necrosis in all the cell lines. Moreover, we evaluated NP accumulation by treating the cell lines with fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled SiO2 NPs. After 48 h of treatment, less than 10% of A549 and HepG2 cells and more than 30% of NHBE and HH cells contained the labeled NPs. Collectively, our results suggest that cell viability, death mode, and intracellular compound accumulation could be assessed using cancer cells. However, the outcomes of certain investigations, such as intracellular NP retention, may differ between cancer and normal cells.
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29
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Forest V, Mercier C, Pourchez J. Considerations on dosimetry for in vitro assessment of e-cigarette toxicity. Respir Res 2022; 23:358. [PMID: 36528600 PMCID: PMC9758947 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (or e-cigarettes) can be used as smoking cessation aid. Some studies tend to show that they are less hazardous than tobacco cigarettes, even if it does not mean they are completely safe. The huge variation in study designs assessing in vitro toxicity of e-cigarettes aerosol makes it difficult to make comparisons and draw robust and irrefutable conclusions. In this paper, we review this heterogeneity (in terms of e-cigarette products, biological models, and exposure conditions) with a special focus on the wide disparity in the doses used as well as in the way they are expressed. Finally, we discuss the major issue of dosimetry and show how dosimetry tools enable to align data between different exposure systems or data from different laboratories and therefore allow comparisons to help further exploring the risk potential of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Forest
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS 62362, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
| | - Clément Mercier
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS 62362, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS 62362, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
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30
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Peters JT, Wechsler ME, Peppas NA. Advanced biomedical hydrogels: molecular architecture and its impact on medical applications. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab060. [PMID: 34925879 PMCID: PMC8678442 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are cross-linked polymeric networks swollen in water, physiological aqueous solutions or biological fluids. They are synthesized by a wide range of polymerization methods that allow for the introduction of linear and branched units with specific molecular characteristics. In addition, they can be tuned to exhibit desirable chemical characteristics including hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity. The synthesized hydrogels can be anionic, cationic, or amphiphilic and can contain multifunctional cross-links, junctions or tie points. Beyond these characteristics, hydrogels exhibit compatibility with biological systems, and can be synthesized to render systems that swell or collapse in response to external stimuli. This versatility and compatibility have led to better understanding of how the hydrogel's molecular architecture will affect their physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties. We present a critical summary of the main methods to synthesize hydrogels, which define their architecture, and advanced structural characteristics for macromolecular/biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Peters
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Marissa E Wechsler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, and Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St., Bldg. B, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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31
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Manuja A, Kumar B, Kumar R, Chhabra D, Ghosh M, Manuja M, Brar B, Pal Y, Tripathi B, Prasad M. Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles: Toxicity concerns associated with their physical state and remediation for biomedical applications. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1970-1978. [PMID: 34934635 PMCID: PMC8654697 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles show promise for various applications, including diagnosis, treatment, theranostics, sensors, cosmetics, etc. Their altered chemical, optical, magnetic, and structural properties have differential toxicity profiles. Depending upon their physical state, these NPs can also change their properties due to alteration in pH, interaction with proteins, lipids, blood cells, and genetic material. Metallic nanomaterials (comprised of a single metal element) tend to be relatively stable and do not readily undergo dissolution. Contrarily, metal oxide and metal alloy-based nanomaterials tend to exhibit a lower degree of stability and are more susceptible to dissolution and ion release when introduced to a biological milieu, leading to reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress to cells. Since NPs have considerable mobility in various biological tissues, the investigation related to their adverse effects is a critical issue and required to be appropriately addressed before their biomedical applications. Short and long-term toxicity assessment of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles or their nano-formulations is of paramount importance to ensure the global biome's safety; otherwise, to face a fiasco. This article provides a comprehensive introspection regarding the effects of metal/metal oxides' physical state, their surface properties, the possible mechanism of actions along with the potential future strategy for remediation of their toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Manuja
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Balvinder Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Dharvi Chhabra
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Mayukh Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, UP, 231001, India
| | - Mayank Manuja
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Basanti Brar
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Yash Pal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - B.N. Tripathi
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
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32
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Schneemilch M, Quirke N. Predicting nanoparticle uptake by biological membranes: theory and simulation. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.1996574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Quirke
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London, UK
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33
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Xiong R, Hua D, Van Hoeck J, Berdecka D, Léger L, De Munter S, Fraire JC, Raes L, Harizaj A, Sauvage F, Goetgeluk G, Pille M, Aalders J, Belza J, Van Acker T, Bolea-Fernandez E, Si T, Vanhaecke F, De Vos WH, Vandekerckhove B, van Hengel J, Raemdonck K, Huang C, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K. Photothermal nanofibres enable safe engineering of therapeutic cells. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1281-1291. [PMID: 34675410 PMCID: PMC7612007 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-sensitized photoporation is an upcoming approach for the intracellular delivery of biologics, combining high efficiency and throughput with excellent cell viability. However, as it relies on close contact between nanoparticles and cells, its translation towards clinical applications is hampered by safety and regulatory concerns. Here we show that light-sensitive iron oxide nanoparticles embedded in biocompatible electrospun nanofibres induce membrane permeabilization by photothermal effects without direct cellular contact with the nanoparticles. The photothermal nanofibres have been successfully used to deliver effector molecules, including CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes and short interfering RNA, to adherent and suspension cells, including embryonic stem cells and hard-to-transfect T cells, without affecting cell proliferation or phenotype. In vivo experiments furthermore demonstrated successful tumour regression in mice treated with chimeric antibody receptor T cells in which the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) is downregulated after nanofibre photoporation with short interfering RNA to PD1. In conclusion, cell membrane permeabilization with photothermal nanofibres is a promising concept towards the safe and more efficient production of engineered cells for therapeutic applications, including stem cell or adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranhua Xiong
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (Nanjing Forestry University-Ghent University), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dawei Hua
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (Nanjing Forestry University-Ghent University), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelter Van Hoeck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominika Berdecka
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurens Léger
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn De Munter
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Raes
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Félix Sauvage
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Pille
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey Aalders
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joke Belza
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Van Acker
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Bolea-Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chaobo Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (Nanjing Forestry University-Ghent University), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (Nanjing Forestry University-Ghent University), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Prasad M, Kumar R, Buragohain L, Kumari A, Ghosh M. Organoid Technology: A Reliable Developmental Biology Tool for Organ-Specific Nanotoxicity Evaluation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696668. [PMID: 34631696 PMCID: PMC8495170 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials are bestowed with certain inherent physicochemical properties unlike their parent materials, rendering them suitable for the multifaceted needs of state-of-the-art biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications. The log-phase development of nano-science along with improved "bench to beside" conversion carries an enhanced probability of human exposure with numerous nanoparticles. Thus, toxicity assessment of these novel nanoscale materials holds a key to ensuring the safety aspects or else the global biome will certainly face a debacle. The toxicity may span from health hazards due to direct exposure to indirect means through food chain contamination or environmental pollution, even causing genotoxicity. Multiple ways of nanotoxicity evaluation include several in vitro and in vivo methods, with in vitro methods occupying the bulk of the "experimental space." The underlying reason may be multiple, but ethical constraints in in vivo animal experiments are a significant one. Two-dimensional (2D) monoculture is undoubtedly the most exploited in vitro method providing advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, high throughput, and reproducibility. However, it often fails to mimic a tissue or organ which possesses a defined three-dimensional structure (3D) along with intercellular communication machinery. Instead, microtissues such as spheroids or organoids having a precise 3D architecture and proximate in vivo tissue-like behavior can provide a more realistic evaluation than 2D monocultures. Recent developments in microfluidics and bioreactor-based organoid synthesis have eased the difficulties to prosper nano-toxicological analysis in organoid models surpassing the obstacle of ethical issues. The present review will enlighten applications of organoids in nanotoxicological evaluation, their advantages, and prospects toward securing commonplace nano-interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Lukumoni Buragohain
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | | | - Mayukh Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Assessing the Biocompatibility of Multi-Anchored Glycoconjugate Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in a Normal Human Colon Cell Line CCD-18Co. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102465. [PMID: 34684906 PMCID: PMC8537094 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that iron oxide nanoparticles with dopamine-anchored heterobifunctional polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer, namely PEO-IONPs, and bio-functionalized with sialic-acid specific glycoconjugate moiety (Neu5Ac(α2-3)Gal(β1-4)-Glcβ-sp), namely GM3-IONPs, can be effectively used as antibacterial agents against target Escherichia coli. In this study, we evaluated the biocompatibility of PEO-IONPs and GM3-IONPs in a normal human colon cell line CCD-18Co via measuring cell proliferation, membrane integrity, and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glutathione GSH, dihydrorhodamine (DHR) 123, and caspase 3/7 levels. PEO-IONPs caused a significant decrease in cell viability at concentrations above 100 μg/mL whereas GM3-IONPs did not cause a significant decrease in cell viability even at the highest dose of 500 μg/mL. The ATP synthase activity of CCD-18Co was significantly diminished in the presence of PEO-IONPs but not GM3-IONPs. PEO-IONPs also compromised the membrane integrity of CCD-18Co. In contrast, cells exposed to GM3-IONPs showed significantly different cell morphology, but with no apparent membrane damage. The interaction of PEO-IONPs or GM3-IONPs with CCD-18Co resulted in a substantial decrease in the intracellular GSH levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Conversely, levels of DHR-123 increased with IONP concentrations. Levels of caspase 3/7 proteins were found to be significantly elevated in cells exposed to PEO-IONPs. Based on the results, we assume GM3-IONPs to be biocompatible with CCD-18Co and could be further evaluated for selective killing of pathogens in vivo.
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Cypriyana P J J, S S, Angalene J LA, Samrot AV, Kumar S S, Ponniah P, Chakravarthi S. Overview on toxicity of nanoparticles, it's mechanism, models used in toxicity studies and disposal methods – A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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Di Ianni E, Erdem JS, Møller P, Sahlgren NM, Poulsen SS, Knudsen KB, Zienolddiny S, Saber AT, Wallin H, Vogel U, Jacobsen NR. In vitro-in vivo correlations of pulmonary inflammogenicity and genotoxicity of MWCNT. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:25. [PMID: 34301283 PMCID: PMC8299626 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have received attention due to extraordinary properties, resulting in concerns for occupational health and safety. Costs and ethical concerns of animal testing drive a need for in vitro models with predictive power in respiratory toxicity. The aim of this study was to assess pro-inflammatory response (Interleukin-8 expression, IL-8) and genotoxicity (DNA strand breaks) caused by MWCNT with different physicochemical properties in different pulmonary cell models and correlate these to previously published in vivo data. Seven MWCNT were selected; two long/thick (NRCWE-006/Mitsui-7 and NM-401), two short/thin (NM-400 and NM-403), a pristine (NRCWE-040) and two surface modified; hydroxylated (NRCWE-041) and carboxylated (NRCWE-042). Carbon black Printex90 (CB) was included as benchmark material. Human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) and monocyte-derived macrophages (THP-1a) were exposed to nanomaterials (NM) in submerged conditions, and two materials (NM-400 and NM-401) in co-cultures of A549/THP-1a and lung fibroblasts (WI-38) in an air-liquid interface (ALI) system. Effective doses were quantified by thermo-gravimetric-mass spectrometry analysis (TGA-MS). To compare genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, we developed a scoring system based on a categorization of effects into standard deviation (SD) units (< 1, 1, 2, 3 or 4 standard deviation increases) for the increasing genotoxicity. Results Effective doses were shown to be 25 to 53%, and 21 to 57% of the doses administered to A549 and THP-1a, respectively. In submerged conditions (A549 and THP-1a cells), all NM induced dose-dependent IL-8 expression. NM-401 and NRCWE-006 caused the strongest pro-inflammatory response. In the ALI-exposed co-culture, only NM-401 caused increased IL-8 expression, and no DNA strand breaks were observed. Strong correlations were found between in vitro and in vivo inflammation when doses were normalized by surface area (also proxy for diameter and length). Significantly increased DNA damage was found for all MWCNT in THP-1a cells, and for short MWCNT in A549 cells. A concordance in genotoxicity of 83% was obtained between THP-1a cells and broncho-alveolar lavaged (BAL) cells. Conclusion This study shows correlations of pro-inflammatory potential in A549 and THP-1a cells with neutrophil influx in mice, and concordance in genotoxic response between THP-1a cells and BAL cells, for seven MWCNT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-021-00413-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Di Ianni
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sarah Søs Poulsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina Bram Knudsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Evaxion Biotech, DK-1260, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Thoustrup Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Håkan Wallin
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,DTU Food, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Raun Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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38
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Nano-Biomaterials for Retinal Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081880. [PMID: 34443710 PMCID: PMC8399153 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscience and nanotechnology have revolutionized key areas of environmental sciences, including biological and physical sciences. Nanoscience is useful in interconnecting these sciences to find new hybrid avenues targeted at improving daily life. Pharmaceuticals, regenerative medicine, and stem cell research are among the prominent segments of biological sciences that will be improved by nanostructure innovations. The present review was written to present a comprehensive insight into various emerging nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, hybrid nanostructures, and nanoscaffolds, that have been useful in mice for ocular tissue engineering and regeneration. Furthermore, the current status, future perspectives, and challenges of nanotechnology in tracking cells or nanostructures in the eye and their use in modified regenerative ophthalmology mechanisms have also been proposed and discussed in detail. In the present review, various research findings on the use of nano-biomaterials in retinal regeneration and retinal remediation are presented, and these findings might be useful for future clinical applications.
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Algar WR, Massey M, Rees K, Higgins R, Krause KD, Darwish GH, Peveler WJ, Xiao Z, Tsai HY, Gupta R, Lix K, Tran MV, Kim H. Photoluminescent Nanoparticles for Chemical and Biological Analysis and Imaging. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9243-9358. [PMID: 34282906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research related to the development and application of luminescent nanoparticles (LNPs) for chemical and biological analysis and imaging is flourishing. Novel materials and new applications continue to be reported after two decades of research. This review provides a comprehensive and heuristic overview of this field. It is targeted to both newcomers and experts who are interested in a critical assessment of LNP materials, their properties, strengths and weaknesses, and prospective applications. Numerous LNP materials are cataloged by fundamental descriptions of their chemical identities and physical morphology, quantitative photoluminescence (PL) properties, PL mechanisms, and surface chemistry. These materials include various semiconductor quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene derivatives, carbon dots, nanodiamonds, luminescent metal nanoclusters, lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles and downshifting nanoparticles, triplet-triplet annihilation nanoparticles, persistent-luminescence nanoparticles, conjugated polymer nanoparticles and semiconducting polymer dots, multi-nanoparticle assemblies, and doped and labeled nanoparticles, including but not limited to those based on polymers and silica. As an exercise in the critical assessment of LNP properties, these materials are ranked by several application-related functional criteria. Additional sections highlight recent examples of advances in chemical and biological analysis, point-of-care diagnostics, and cellular, tissue, and in vivo imaging and theranostics. These examples are drawn from the recent literature and organized by both LNP material and the particular properties that are leveraged to an advantage. Finally, a perspective on what comes next for the field is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Melissa Massey
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelly Rees
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rehan Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katherine D Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ghinwa H Darwish
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - William J Peveler
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Zhujun Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hsin-Yun Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rupsa Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelsi Lix
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michael V Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hyungki Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Xi WS, Li JB, Liu YY, Wu H, Cao A, Wang H. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of low-dose vanadium dioxide nanoparticles to lung cells following long-term exposure. Toxicology 2021; 459:152859. [PMID: 34273449 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium dioxide nanoparticles (VO2 NPs) have been massively produced and widely applied due to their excellent metal-insulator transition property, making it extremely urgent to evaluate their safety, especially for low-dose long-term respiratory occupational exposure. Here, we report a comprehensive cytotoxicity and genotoxicity study on VO2 NPs to lung cell lines A549 and BEAS-2B following a long-term exposure. A commercial VO2 NP, S-VO2, was used to treat BEAS-2B (0.15-0.6 μg/mL) and A549 (0.3-1.2 μg/mL) cells for four exposure cycles, and each exposure cycle lasted for 4 consecutive days; then various bioassays were performed after each cycle. Significant proliferation inhibition was observed in both cell lines after long-term exposure of S-VO2 at low doses that did not cause apparent acute cytotoxicity; however, the genotoxicity of S-VO2, characterized by DNA damage and micronuclei, was only observed in A549 cells. These adverse effects of S-VO2 were exposure time-, dose- and cell-dependent, and closely related to the solubility of S-VO2. The oxidative stress in cells, i.e., enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and suppressed reduced glutathione, was the main toxicity mechanism of S-VO2. The ROS-associated mitochondrial damage and DNA damage led to the genotoxicity, and cell proliferation retard, resulting in the cellular viability loss. Our results highlight the importance and urgent necessity of the investigation on the long-term toxicity of VO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Song Xi
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jia-Bei Li
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Aoneng Cao
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Nabi SU, Ali SI, Rather MA, Sheikh WM, Altaf M, Singh H, Mumtaz PT, Mishra NC, Nazir SU, Bashir SM. Organoids: A new approach in toxicity testing of nanotherapeutics. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:52-72. [PMID: 34060108 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has revolutionized diverse fields, which include agriculture, the consumer market, medicine, and other fields. Widespread use of nanotechnology-based products has led to increased prevalence of these novel formulations in the environment, which has raised concerns regarding their deleterious effects. The application of nanotechnology-based formulations into clinical use is hampered by the lack of the availability of effective in vitro systems, which could accurately assess their in vivo toxic effects. A plethora of studies has shown the hazardous effects of nanoparticle-based formulations in two-dimensional in vitro cell cultures and animal models. These have some associated disadvantages when used for the evaluation of nano-toxicity. Organoid technology fills the space between existing two-dimensional cell line culture and in vivo models. The uniqueness of organoids over other systems for evaluating toxicity caused by nano-drug formulation includes them being a co-culture of diverse cell types, dynamic flow within them that simulates the actual flow of nanoparticles within biological systems, extensive cell-cell, cell-matrix interactions, and a tissue-like morphology. Thus, it mimics the actual tissue microenvironment and, subsequently, provides an opportunity to study drug metabolism and toxico-dynamics of nanotechnology-based novel formulations. The use of organoids in the evaluation of nano-drug toxicity is in its infancy. A limited number of studies conducted so far have shown good predictive value and efficiently significant data correlation with the clinical trials. In this review, we attempt to introduce organoids of the liver, lungs, brain, kidney intestine, and potential applications to evaluate toxicity caused by nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ul Nabi
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sofi Imtiyaz Ali
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Muzafar Ahmad Rather
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Wajid Mohammad Sheikh
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mehvish Altaf
- Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science & Technology, Awantipora, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Hemant Singh
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Peerzada Tajamul Mumtaz
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Narayan Chandra Mishra
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Sheikh Uzma Nazir
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Showkeen Muzamil Bashir
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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42
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Perez JE, Fage F, Pereira D, Abou-Hassan A, Asnacios S, Asnacios A, Wilhelm C. Transient cell stiffening triggered by magnetic nanoparticle exposure. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:117. [PMID: 33902616 PMCID: PMC8074464 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interactions between nanoparticles and the biological environment have long been studied, with toxicological assays being the most common experimental route. In parallel, recent growing evidence has brought into light the important role that cell mechanics play in numerous cell biological processes. However, despite the prevalence of nanotechnology applications in biology, and in particular the increased use of magnetic nanoparticles for cell therapy and imaging, the impact of nanoparticles on the cells’ mechanical properties remains poorly understood. Results Here, we used a parallel plate rheometer to measure the impact of magnetic nanoparticles on the viscoelastic modulus G*(f) of individual cells. We show how the active uptake of nanoparticles translates into cell stiffening in a short time scale (< 30 min), at the single cell level. The cell stiffening effect is however less marked at the cell population level, when the cells are pre-labeled under a longer incubation time (2 h) with nanoparticles. 24 h later, the stiffening effect is no more present. Imaging of the nanoparticle uptake reveals almost immediate (within minutes) nanoparticle aggregation at the cell membrane, triggering early endocytosis, whereas nanoparticles are almost all confined in late or lysosomal endosomes after 2 h of uptake. Remarkably, this correlates well with the imaging of the actin cytoskeleton, with actin bundling being highly prevalent at early time points into the exposure to the nanoparticles, an effect that renormalizes after longer periods. Conclusions Overall, this work evidences that magnetic nanoparticle internalization, coupled to cytoskeleton remodeling, contributes to a change in the cell mechanical properties within minutes of their initial contact, leading to an increase in cell rigidity. This effect appears to be transient, reduced after hours and disappearing 24 h after the internalization has taken place.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Perez
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes MSC, UMR 7057, CNRS & University of Paris, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France.,Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Florian Fage
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes MSC, UMR 7057, CNRS & University of Paris, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - David Pereira
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes MSC, UMR 7057, CNRS & University of Paris, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Ali Abou-Hassan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8234, Physico-Chimie Des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes MSC, UMR 7057, CNRS & University of Paris, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France. .,Faculty of Science and Engineering, UFR 925 Physics, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes MSC, UMR 7057, CNRS & University of Paris, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes MSC, UMR 7057, CNRS & University of Paris, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France. .,Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, 75005, Paris, France.
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Zhang Y, Olofsson K, Fan Y, Sánchez CC, Andrén OCJ, Qin L, Fortuin L, Jonsson EM, Malkoch M. Novel Therapeutic Platform of Micelles and Nanogels from Dopa-Functionalized Triblock Copolymers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007305. [PMID: 33724720 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multi-drug delivery systems constructed from a basic polymeric scaffold, and which have the ability to target a variety of biomedical applications, can streamline the development of nanomedicine to provide both environmental and economical relief. Herein, amphiphilic ABA-triblock copolymers are synthesized and assembled sequentially into micelles and nanogels as drug delivery systems following a thorough evaluation on advanced in vitro models to explore their potential for the treatment of cancer and bacterial infections. Short blocks of 5-methyl-5-allyloxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one (MAC) are oligomerized from PEG6k and thereafter functionalized with dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa)-functional thiols using thiol-ene coupling (TEC) click chemistry. The copolymers self-assemble into well-defined micelles in aqueous solution and are further formulated into nanogels via UV-induced TEC. The resulting spherical micelles and nanogels are stable nanoparticles, with sizes ranging between 100 and 200 nm. The nanogels are found to be non-toxic to a panel of cell lines and mask the toxicity of the potent drugs until their release. The nanogels would be superior to micelles for the elimination of cancer cells supported by both 2D cell culture and a 3D spheroid model. The opposite conclusion could be drawn for bacteria inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Kristina Olofsson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Yanmiao Fan
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Carmen C Sánchez
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Oliver C J Andrén
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Liguo Qin
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Design Science and Basic Components, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Lisa Fortuin
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Eva Malmström Jonsson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Michael Malkoch
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
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44
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Nkanga CI, Steinmetz NF. The pharmacology of plant virus nanoparticles. Virology 2021; 556:39-61. [PMID: 33545555 PMCID: PMC7974633 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanoparticles for medical purposes has made enormous strides in providing new solutions to health problems. The observation that plant virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) can be repurposed and engineered as smart bio-vehicles for targeted drug delivery and imaging has launched extensive research for improving the therapeutic and diagnostic management of various diseases. There is evidence that VNPs are promising high value nanocarriers with potential for translational development. This is mainly due to their unique features, encompassing structural uniformity, ease of manufacture and functionalization by means of expression, chemical biology and self-assembly. While the development pipeline is moving rapidly, with many reports focusing on engineering and manufacturing aspects to tailor the properties and efficacy of VNPs, fewer studies have focused on gaining insights into the nanotoxicity of this novel platform nanotechnology. Herein, we discuss the pharmacology of VNPs as a function of formulation and route of administration. VNPs are reviewed in the context of their application as therapeutic adjuvants or nanocarrier excipients to initiate, enhance, attenuate or impede the formulation's toxicity. The summary of the data however also underlines the need for meticulous VNP structure-nanotoxicity studies to improve our understanding of their in vivo fates and pharmacological profiles to pave the way for translation of VNP-based formulations into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, Center for NanoImmunoEngineering, Moores Cancer Center, Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, United States.
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Iftikhar M, Noureen A, Uzair M, Jabeen F, Abdel Daim M, Cappello T. Perspectives of Nanoparticles in Male Infertility: Evidence for Induced Abnormalities in Sperm Production. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041758. [PMID: 33670275 PMCID: PMC7918762 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advancement in the field of nanotechnology has prompted the need to elucidate the deleterious effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on reproductive health. Many studies have reported on the health safety issues related to NPs by investigating their exposure routes, deposition and toxic effects on different primary and secondary organs but few studies have focused on NPs’ deposition in reproductive organs. Noteworthy, even fewer studies have dealt with the toxic effects of NPs on reproductive indices and sperm parameters (such as sperm number, motility and morphology) by evaluating, for instance, the histopathology of seminiferous tubules and testosterone levels. To date, the research suggests that NPs can easily cross the blood testes barrier and, after accumulation in the testis, induce adverse effects on spermatogenesis. This review aims to summarize the available literature on the risks induced by NPs on the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Iftikhar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.I.); (F.J.)
| | - Aasma Noureen
- Department of Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (T.C.)
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Farhat Jabeen
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.I.); (F.J.)
| | - Mohamed Abdel Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (T.C.)
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Hu L, Zhong H, He Z. Toxicity evaluation of cadmium-containing quantum dots: A review of optimizing physicochemical properties to diminish toxicity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 200:111609. [PMID: 33588242 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) have received extensive attention because of their excellent optical properties and wide utilization in biological and biomedical areas. Nonetheless, there have been intense concerns on the cytotoxicity assessment of cadmium-containing QDs due to free cadmium ions release and nano-size effects. This paper reviews the representative synthetic strategies for preparation of cadmium-containing QDs and their applications. Then the toxicity assessments of QDs from cell studies to animal models are discussed, which can aid in improving our understanding of the cytotoxicity of QDs, and the toxicity mechanism is proposed. Several critical physicochemical properties of QDs are discussed and suggestions are provided for optimizing QDs design in view of minimal cytotoxicity. Finally, accurate detection techniques and systematic methodologies for the toxicity assessment of QDs are expected to achieve further breakthroughs in the future, especially in-situ, real-time, and rapid quantitative analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Zhiguo He
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Pardo A, Gómez-Florit M, Barbosa S, Taboada P, Domingues RMA, Gomes ME. Magnetic Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering: Design Concepts and Remote Actuation Strategies to Control Cell Fate. ACS NANO 2021; 15:175-209. [PMID: 33406360 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Most tissues of the human body are characterized by highly anisotropic physical properties and biological organization. Hydrogels have been proposed as scaffolding materials to construct artificial tissues due to their water-rich composition, biocompatibility, and tunable properties. However, unmodified hydrogels are typically composed of randomly oriented polymer networks, resulting in homogeneous structures with isotropic properties different from those observed in biological systems. Magnetic materials have been proposed as potential agents to provide hydrogels with the anisotropy required for their use on tissue engineering. Moreover, the intrinsic properties of magnetic nanoparticles enable their use as magnetomechanic remote actuators to control the behavior of the cells encapsulated within the hydrogels under the application of external magnetic fields. In this review, we combine a detailed summary of the main strategies to prepare magnetic nanoparticles showing controlled properties with an analysis of the different approaches available to their incorporation into hydrogels. The application of magnetically responsive nanocomposite hydrogels in the engineering of different tissues is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pardo
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco-Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuel Gómez-Florit
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco-Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Condensed Matter Physics Area, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Condensed Matter Physics Area, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rui M A Domingues
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco-Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco-Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Daunys S, Janonienė A, Januškevičienė I, Paškevičiūtė M, Petrikaitė V. 3D Tumor Spheroid Models for In Vitro Therapeutic Screening of Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1295:243-270. [PMID: 33543463 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58174-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer activity of compounds and nanoparticles is most often determined in the cell monolayer. However, three-dimensional (3D) systems, such as tumor spheroids, are more representing the natural tumor microenvironment. They have been shown to have higher invasiveness and resistance to cytotoxic agents and radiotherapy compared to cells growing in 2D monolayer. Furthermore, to improve the prediction of clinical efficacy of drugs, in the past decades, even more sophisticated systems, such as multicellular 3D cultures, closely representing natural tumor microenvironment have been developed. Those cultures are formed from either cell lines or patient-derived tumor cells. Such models are very attractive and could improve the selection of tested materials for clinical trials avoiding unnecessary expensive tests in vivo. The microenvironment in tumor spheroids is different, and those differences or the interaction between several cell populations may contribute to different tumor response to the treatment. Also, different types of nanoparticles may have different behavior in 3D models, depending on their nature, physicochemical properties, the presence of targeting ligands on the surface, etc. Therefore, it is very important to understand in which cases which type of tumor spheroid is more suitable for testing specific types of nanoparticles, which conditions should be used, and which analytical method should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Daunys
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agnė Janonienė
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Indrė Januškevičienė
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Miglė Paškevičiūtė
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Petrikaitė
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Rodrigues da Silva GH, Geronimo G, García-López JP, Ribeiro LNM, de Moura LD, Breitkreitz MC, Feijóo CG, de Paula E. Articaine in functional NLC show improved anesthesia and anti-inflammatory activity in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19733. [PMID: 33184457 PMCID: PMC7665027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthetic failure is common in dental inflammation processes, even when modern agents, such as articaine, are used. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are systems with the potential to improve anesthetic efficacy, in which active excipients can provide desirable properties, such as anti-inflammatory. Coupling factorial design (FD) for in vitro formulation development with in vivo zebrafish tests, six different NLC formulations, composed of synthetic (cetyl palmitate/triglycerides) or natural (avocado butter/olive oil/copaiba oil) lipids were evaluated for loading articaine. The formulations selected by FD were physicochemically characterized, tested for shelf stability and in vitro release kinetics and had their in vivo effect (anti-inflammatory and anesthetic effect) screened in zebrafish. The optimized NLC formulation composed of avocado butter, copaiba oil, Tween 80 and 2% articaine showed adequate physicochemical properties (size = 217.7 ± 0.8 nm, PDI = 0.174 ± 0.004, zeta potential = - 40.2 ± 1.1 mV, %EE = 70.6 ± 1.8) and exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. The anesthetic effect on touch reaction and heart rate of zebrafish was improved to 100 and 60%, respectively, in comparison to free articaine. The combined FD/zebrafish approach was very effective to reveal the best articaine-in-NLC formulation, aiming the control of pain at inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H Rodrigues da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cid. Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Geronimo
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cid. Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Juan P García-López
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Andres Bello University, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lígia N M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cid. Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Ludmilla D de Moura
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cid. Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083862, Brazil
| | - Márcia C Breitkreitz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen G Feijóo
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Andres Bello University, 8370146, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Eneida de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cid. Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083862, Brazil.
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50
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Lim SK, Yoo J, Kim H, Lim YM, Kim W, Shim I, Kim HR, Kim P, Eom IC. Prediction of acute inhalation toxicity using cytotoxicity data from human lung epithelial cell lines. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1038-1049. [PMID: 33085125 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on in vitro systems has focused on mimicking the in vivo situation of cells within the respiratory system. However, few studies have predicted inhalation toxicity using conventional and simple submerged two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models. We investigated the conventional submerged 2-D cell culture model as a method for the prediction of acute inhalation toxicity. Median lethal concentration (LC50 ) (rat, inhalation, 4 h) and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) (lung or bronchial cell, 24 h) data for 59 substances were obtained from the literature and by experiments. Cytotoxicity assays were performed on 44 substances with reported LC50 , but without IC50 , data to obtain the IC50 values. A weak correlation was observed between the IC50 and LC50 of all substances. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and non-VOCs (NVOCs) (16 substances) with a water solubility of ≥1 g/L were strongly correlated between 24-h IC50 and 4-h LC50 , and this had an excellent predictive ability to distinguish between Categories 1-3 and 4 (Globally Harmonized System classification for acute inhalation toxicity). Our results suggest that the submerged 2-D cell culture model may be used to predict in vivo acute inhalation toxicity for substances with a water solubility of ≥1 g/L in SVOCs and NVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kwang Lim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean Yoo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haewon Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Lim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Shim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ig-Chun Eom
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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