1
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Zhao C, Bhagwandin DD, Xu W, Ruffieux P, Khan SI, Pignedoli CA, Fasel R, Rubin Y. Dramatic Acceleration of the Hopf Cyclization on Gold(111): From Enediynes to Peri-Fused Diindenochrysene Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2474-2483. [PMID: 38227949 PMCID: PMC10835731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Hopf et al. reported the high-temperature 6π-electrocyclization of cis-hexa-1,3-diene-5-yne to benzene in 1969. Subsequent studies using this cyclization have been limited by its very high reaction barrier. Here, we show that the reaction barrier for two model systems, (E)-1,3,4,6-tetraphenyl-3-hexene-1,5-diyne (1a) and (E)-3,4-bis(4-iodophenyl)-1,6-diphenyl-3-hexene-1,5-diyne (1b), is decreased by nearly half on a Au(111) surface. We have used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) to monitor the Hopf cyclization of enediynes 1a,b on Au(111). Enediyne 1a undergoes two sequential, quantitative Hopf cyclizations, first to naphthalene derivative 2, and finally to chrysene 3. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that a gold atom from the Au(111) surface is involved in all steps of this reaction and that it is crucial to lowering the reaction barrier. Our findings have important implications for the synthesis of novel graphene nanoribbons. Ullmann-like coupling of enediyne 1b at 20 °C on Au(111), followed by a series of Hopf cyclizations and aromatization reactions at higher temperatures, produces nanoribbons 12 and 13. These results show for the first time that graphene nanoribbons can be synthesized on a Au(111) surface using the Hopf cyclization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Zhao
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dayanni D Bhagwandin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Wangwei Xu
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Saeed I Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yves Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
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2
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Zhao W, Fu GE, Yang H, Zhang T. Two-Dimensional Conjugated Polymers: a New Choice For Organic Thin-Film Transistors. Chem Asian J 2023:e202301076. [PMID: 38151907 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) as a vital component among transistors have shown great potential in smart sensing, flexible displays, and bionics due to their flexibility, biocompatibility and customizable chemical structures. Even though linear conjugated polymer semiconductors are common for constructing channel materials of OTFTs, advanced materials with high charge carrier mobility, tunable band structure, robust stability, and clear structure-property relationship are indispensable for propelling the evolution of OTFTs. Two-dimensional conjugated polymers (2DCPs), featured with conjugated lattice, tailorable skeletons, and functional porous structures, match aforementioned criteria closely. In this review, we firstly introduce the synthesis of 2DCP thin films, focusing on their characteristics compatible with the channels of OTFTs. Subsequently, the physics and operating mechanisms of OTFTs and the applications of 2DCPs in OTFTs are summarized in detail. Finally, the outlook and perspective in the field of OTFTs using 2DCPs are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-En Fu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyong Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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3
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Wang T, Fan Q, Zhu J. Steering On-Surface Reactions by Kinetic and Thermodynamic Strategies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2251-2262. [PMID: 36821589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has emerged as a powerful tool to fabricate various functional low-dimensional nanostructures with atomic precision, thus becoming a promising platform for the preparation of next-generation semiconductive, magnetic, and topological nanodevices. With the aid of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy, both the chemical structures and physical properties of the obtained products can be well characterized. A major challenge in this field is how to efficiently steer reaction pathways and improve the yield/quality of products. To address this problem, in recent years various kinetic and thermodynamic strategies have been successfully employed to control on-surface reactions. In this Perspective, we discuss these strategies in view of basic reaction steps on surfaces, including molecular adsorption, diffusion, and reaction. We hope this Perspective will help readers to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of on-surface reactions and rationally design reaction procedures for the fabrication of high-quality functional nanomaterials on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Qitang Fan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
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4
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Abstract
Belonging to the enyne family, enetriynes comprise a distinct electron-rich all-carbon bonding scheme. However, the lack of convenient synthesis protocols limits the associated application potential within, e.g., biochemistry and materials science. Herein we introduce a pathway for highly selective enetriyne formation via tetramerization of terminal alkynes on a Ag(100) surface. Taking advantage of a directing hydroxyl group, we steer molecular assembly and reaction processes on square lattices. Induced by O2 exposure the terminal alkyne moieties deprotonate and organometallic bis-acetylide dimer arrays evolve. Upon subsequent thermal annealing tetrameric enetriyne-bridged compounds are generated in high yield, readily self-assembling into regular networks. We combine high-resolution scanning probe microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to examine the structural features, bonding characteristics and the underlying reaction mechanism. Our study introduces an integrated strategy for the precise fabrication of functional enetriyne species, thus providing access to a distinct class of highly conjugated π-system compounds.
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5
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Li X, Niu K, Duan S, Tang Y, Hao Z, Xu Z, Ge H, Rosen J, Björk J, Zhang H, Xu X, Chi L. Pyridinic Nitrogen Modification for Selective Acetylenic Homocoupling on Au(111). J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4545-4552. [PMID: 36794794 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
On-surface acetylenic homocoupling has been proposed to construct carbon nanostructures featuring sp hybridization. However, the efficiency of linear acetylenic coupling is far from satisfactory, often resulting in undesired enyne products or cyclotrimerization products due to the lack of strategies to enhance chemical selectivity. Herein, we inspect the acetylenic homocoupling reaction of polarized terminal alkynes (TAs) on Au(111) with bond-resolved scanning probe microscopy. The replacement of benzene with pyridine moieties significantly prohibits the cyclotrimerization pathway and facilitates the linear coupling to produce well-aligned N-doped graphdiyne nanowires. Combined with density functional theory calculations, we reveal that the pyridinic nitrogen modification substantially differentiates the coupling motifs at the initial C-C coupling stage (head-to-head vs head-to-tail), which is decisive for the preference of linear coupling over cyclotrimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Sai Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai, Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanning Tang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengming Hao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haitao Ge
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai, Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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6
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Hu T, Zhang T, Mu H, Wang Z. Intrinsic Second-Order Topological Insulator in Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10905-10911. [PMID: 36394555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As an intriguing topological phase, higher-order topological insulators have attracted tremendous attention, but the candidate materials are limited in artificial and inorganic systems. In this work, we propose a universal approach to search for two-dimensional (2D) second-order topological insulators (SOTIs) in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with C3 symmetric cores. The underlying mechanism is illustrated through tight-binding calculations in a star lattice, showing the 2D SOTI in an overlooked energy window between two Kagome-bands with four types of nontrivial band structures. The emergence of the unique topological edge and corner states can be understood from the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model. Furthermore, using the frontier orbital of the monomer building block as an indicator, the 2D SOTI is directly confirmed in three realistic COFs by first-principles calculations. Our results not only extend the concept of organic topological insulators from first-order to second-order but also demonstrate the universal existence of intrinsic higher-order topology in 2D COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Tingfeng Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Haimen Mu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Zhengfei Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230088, China
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7
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Arepally S, Nandhakumar P, González-Montiel GA, Dzhaparova A, Kim G, Ma A, Nam KM, Yang H, Ha-Yeon Cheong P, Park JK. Unified Electrochemical Synthetic Strategy for [2 + 2 + 2] Cyclotrimerizations: Construction of 1,3,5- and 1,2,4-Trisubstituted Benzenes from Ni(I)-Mediated Reduction of Alkynes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Arepally
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ponnusamy Nandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | | | - Alina Dzhaparova
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Gyeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ahyeon Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ki Min Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, United States
| | - Jin Kyoon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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8
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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9
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Tao L, Zhang Y, Du S. Structures and electronic properties of functional molecules on metal substrates: From single molecule to self‐assemblies. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yu‐yang Zhang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation Beijing China
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation Beijing China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Beijing China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan China
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10
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Arakawa K, Shimada T, Ishida T, Takagi S. "In-water" Dehydration Reaction of an Aromatic Diol on an Inorganic Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11978-11985. [PMID: 34482684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a synthetic saponite surface on the "in-water" dehydration reaction of diol was examined using 4-formyl-1-methylquinolinium salt (MQu+) as a substrate. The equilibrium between aldehyde (MQu+-Aldehyde) and diol (MQu+-Diol) was affected by the surrounding environment. The equilibrium behavior was observed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and UV-vis absorption measurements. Although MQu+ was completely in the form of MQu+-Diol in water, the equilibrium almost shifted to the MQu+-Aldehyde side when MQu+ was adsorbed on the saponite surface in water. In addition, the MQu+-Aldehyde ratio depended on the negative charge density of saponite. The factors that determine MQu+-Aldehyde: MQu+-Diol ratio were discussed from the thermodynamic analysis of the system. These data indicate that the electrostatic interaction between the charged saponite surface and MQu+ stabilized the aldehyde side enthalpically and destabilized it entropically. The major reason for these results is considered to be the difference in adsorption stabilization between MQu+-Aldehyde and MQu+-Diol on saponite surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Arakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimada
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society (ReHES), Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tamao Ishida
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society (ReHES), Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Takagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society (ReHES), Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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11
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Cirera B, Riss A, Mutombo P, Urgel JI, Santos J, Di Giovannantonio M, Widmer R, Stolz S, Sun Q, Bommert M, Fasel R, Jelínek P, Auwärter W, Martín N, Écija D. On-surface synthesis of organocopper metallacycles through activation of inner diacetylene moieties. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12806-12811. [PMID: 34703567 PMCID: PMC8494042 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03703j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of organometallic complexes is at the heart of modern organic chemistry and catalysis. Recently, on-surface synthesis has emerged as a disruptive paradigm to design previously precluded compounds and nanomaterials. Despite these advances, the field of organometallic chemistry on surfaces is still at its infancy. Here, we introduce a protocol to activate the inner diacetylene moieties of a molecular precursor by copper surface adatoms affording the formation of unprecedented organocopper metallacycles on Cu(111). The chemical structure of the resulting complexes is characterized by scanning probe microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, being complemented by density functional theory calculations and scanning probe microscopy simulations. Our results pave avenues to the engineering of organometallic compounds and steer the development of polyyne chemistry on surfaces. The diacetylene skeletons of DNBD precursors are attacked on Cu(111) by copper adatoms resulting in the synthesis of organocopper metallacycles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Cirera
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science 16253 Praha Czech Republic
| | - José I Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain .,Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - José Santos
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain .,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland.,Istituto di Struttura della Materia - CNR (ISM-CNR) via Fosso del Cavaliere 100 00133 Roma Italy
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Samuel Stolz
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland.,Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science 16253 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain .,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
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12
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Abdi G, Alizadeh A, Grochala W, Szczurek A. Developments in Synthesis and Potential Electronic and Magnetic Applications of Pristine and Doped Graphynes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2268. [PMID: 34578583 PMCID: PMC8469384 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Doping and its consequences on the electronic features, optoelectronic features, and magnetism of graphynes (GYs) are reviewed in this work. First, synthetic strategies that consider numerous chemically and dimensionally different structures are discussed. Simultaneous or subsequent doping with heteroatoms, controlling dimensions, applying strain, and applying external electric fields can serve as effective ways to modulate the band structure of these new sp2/sp allotropes of carbon. The fundamental band gap is crucially dependent on morphology, with low dimensional GYs displaying a broader band gap than their bulk counterparts. Accurately chosen precursors and synthesis conditions ensure complete control of the morphological, electronic, and physicochemical properties of resulting GY sheets as well as the distribution of dopants deposited on GY surfaces. The uniform and quantitative inclusion of non-metallic (B, Cl, N, O, or P) and metallic (Fe, Co, or Ni) elements into graphyne derivatives were theoretically and experimentally studied, which improved their electronic and magnetic properties as row systems or in heterojunction. The effect of heteroatoms associated with metallic impurities on the magnetic properties of GYs was investigated. Finally, the flexibility of doped GYs' electronic and magnetic features recommends them for new electronic and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisya Abdi
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (G.A.); (W.G.)
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Abdolhamid Alizadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993893973, Iran;
| | - Wojciech Grochala
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (G.A.); (W.G.)
| | - Andrzej Szczurek
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (G.A.); (W.G.)
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13
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Han D, Zhu J. Surface-assisted fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-based nanoarchitectures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:343001. [PMID: 34111858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0a1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as an alternative to traditional in-solution synthesis, has become an emerging research field and attracted extensive attention over the past decade due to its ability to fabricate nanoarchitectures with exotic properties. Compared to wet chemistry, the on-surface synthesis conducted on atomically flat solid surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum exhibits unprecedented characteristics and advantages, opening novel reaction pathways for chemical synthesis. Various low-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated on solid surfaces (mostly metal surfaces) based on this newly developed approach. This paper reviews the classic and latest works regarding carbon-based low-dimensional nanostructures since the arrival of on-surface synthesis era. These nanostructures are categorized into zero-, one- and two-dimensional classes and each class is composed of numerous sub-nanostructures. For certain specific nanostructures, comprehensive reports are given, including precursor design, substrate choice, synthetic strategies and so forth. We hope that our review will shed light on the fabrication of some significant nanostructures in this young and promising scientific area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
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14
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Zhang C, Jaculbia RB, Tanaka Y, Kazuma E, Imada H, Hayazawa N, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Kim Y. Chemical Identification and Bond Control of π-Skeletons in a Coupling Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9461-9467. [PMID: 34143618 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly unsaturated π-rich carbon skeletons afford versatile tuning of structural and optoelectronic properties of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures. However, methods allowing more precise chemical identification and controllable integration of target sp-/sp2-carbon skeletons during synthesis are required. Here, using the coupling of terminal alkynes as a model system, we demonstrate a methodology to visualize and identify the generated π-skeletons at the single-chemical-bond level on the surface, thus enabling further precise bond control. The characteristic electronic features together with localized vibrational modes of the carbon skeletons are resolved in real space by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). Our approach allows single-chemical-bond understanding of unsaturated carbon skeletons, which is crucial for generating low-dimensional carbon nanostructures and nanomaterials with atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Rafael B Jaculbia
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imada
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norihiko Hayazawa
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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15
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Doll JS, Eichelmann R, Hertwig LE, Bender T, Kohler VJ, Bill E, Wadepohl H, Roşca DA. Iron-Catalyzed Trimerization of Terminal Alkynes Enabled by Pyrimidinediimine Ligands: A Regioselective Method for the Synthesis of 1,3,5-Substituted Arenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julianna S. Doll
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Robert Eichelmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Leif E. Hertwig
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Thilo Bender
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Vincenz J. Kohler
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 24-36, Mülheim/Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dragoş-Adrian Roşca
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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16
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Lawrence J, Mohammed MSG, Rey D, Aguilar-Galindo F, Berdonces-Layunta A, Peña D, de Oteyza DG. Reassessing Alkyne Coupling Reactions While Studying the Electronic Properties of Diverse Pyrene Linkages at Surfaces. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4937-4946. [PMID: 33630588 PMCID: PMC7992190 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The combination of alkyne and halogen functional groups in the same molecule allows for the possibility of many different reactions when utilized in on-surface synthesis. Here, we use a pyrene-based precursor with both functionalities to examine the preferential reaction pathway when it is heated on an Au(111) surface. Using high-resolution bond-resolving scanning tunneling microscopy, we identify multiple stable intermediates along the prevailing reaction pathway that initiate with a clearly dominant Glaser coupling, together with a multitude of other side products. Importantly, control experiments with reactants lacking the halogen functionalization reveal the Glaser coupling to be absent and instead show the prevalence of non-dehydrogenative head-to-head alkyne coupling. We perform scanning tunneling spectroscopy on a rich variety of the product structures obtained in these experiments, providing key insights into the strong dependence of their HOMO-LUMO gaps on the nature of the intramolecular coupling. A clear trend is found of a decreasing gap that is correlated with the conversion of triple bonds to double bonds via hydrogenation and to higher levels of cyclization, particularly with nonbenzenoid product structures. We rationalize each of the studied cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lawrence
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- (J.L.)
| | - Mohammed S. G. Mohammed
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dulce Rey
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- (D.P.)
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- (D.G.d.O.)
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17
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Stolz S, Yakutovich AV, Prinz J, Dienel T, Pignedoli CA, Brune H, Gröning O, Widmer R. Near‐Enantiopure Trimerization of 9‐Ethynylphenanthrene on a Chiral Metal Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stolz
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Physics École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Aliaksandr V. Yakutovich
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Present address: Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais Rue de l'Industrie 17 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Jan Prinz
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Physics École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Thomas Dienel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Harald Brune
- Institute of Physics École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gröning
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
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18
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Stolz S, Yakutovich AV, Prinz J, Dienel T, Pignedoli CA, Brune H, Gröning O, Widmer R. Near-Enantiopure Trimerization of 9-Ethynylphenanthrene on a Chiral Metal Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18179-18183. [PMID: 32589816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselectivity in heterogeneous catalysis strongly depends on the chirality transfer between catalyst surface and all reactants, intermediates, and the product along the reaction pathway. Herein we report the first enantioselective on-surface synthesis of molecular structures from an initial racemic mixture and without the need of enantiopure modifier molecules. The reaction consists of a trimerization via an unidentified bonding motif of prochiral 9-ethynylphenanthrene (9-EP) upon annealing to 500 K on the chiral Pd3 -terminated PdGa{111} surfaces into essentially enantiopure, homochiral 9-EP propellers. The observed behavior strongly contrasts the reaction of 9-EP on the chiral Pd1 -terminated PdGa{111} surfaces, where 9-EP monomers that are in nearly enantiopure configuration, dimerize without enantiomeric excess. Our findings demonstrate strong chiral recognition and a significant ensemble effect in the PdGa system, hence highlighting the huge potential of chiral intermetallic compounds for enantioselective synthesis and underlining the importance to control the catalytically active sites at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stolz
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aliaksandr V Yakutovich
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Present address: Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jan Prinz
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Dienel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Present address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Harald Brune
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gröning
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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19
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Shi G, Zhou J, Li Z, Sun Y, Kantorovich LN, Fang Q, Besenbacher F, Yu M. Graphene‐Like Covalent Organic Framework with a Wide Band Gap Synthesized On Surface via Stepwise Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Ye Sun
- Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Lev N. Kantorovich
- Department of Physics King's College London The Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Qiang Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
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20
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Shi G, Zhou J, Li Z, Sun Y, Kantorovich LN, Fang Q, Besenbacher F, Yu M. Graphene-Like Covalent Organic Framework with a Wide Band Gap Synthesized On Surface via Stepwise Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15958-15962. [PMID: 32516498 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Developing graphene-like two-dimensional materials naturally possessing a band gap has sparked enormous interest. Thanks to the inherent wide band gap and high mobility in the 2D plane, covalent organic frameworks containing triazine rings (t-COFs) hold great promise in this regard, whilst the synthesis of single-layer t-COFs remains highly challenging. Herein, we present the fabrication of a well-defined graphene-like t-COF on Au(111). Instead of single/multiple-step single-type reactions commonly applied for on-surface synthesis, distinct stepwise on-surface reactions, including alkynyl cyclotrimerization, C-O bond cleavage, and C-H bond activation, are triggered on demand, leading to product evolution in a controlled step-by-step manner. Aside from the precise control in sophisticated on-surface synthesis, this work proposes a single-atomic-layer organic semiconductor with a wide band gap of 3.41 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lev N Kantorovich
- Department of Physics, King's College London, The Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Qiang Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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21
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Di Giovannantonio M, Keerthi A, Urgel JI, Baumgarten M, Feng X, Ruffieux P, Narita A, Fasel R, Müllen K. On-Surface Dehydro-Diels-Alder Reaction of Dibromo-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1721-1725. [PMID: 31931559 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis under ultrahigh vacuum conditions is a powerful tool to achieve molecular structures that cannot be accessed via traditional wet chemistry. Nevertheless, only a very limited number of chemical reactions out of the wide variety known from solution chemistry have been reported to proceed readily on atomically flat substrates. Cycloadditions are a class of reactions that are particularly important in the synthesis of sp2-hybridized carbon-based nanostructures. Here, we report on a specific type of [4 + 2] cycloaddition, namely, a dehydro-Diels-Alder (DDA) reaction, performed between bis(phenylethynyl)-benzene precursors on Au(111). Unlike a Diels-Alder reaction, DDA exploits ethynyl groups to achieve the formation of an extra six-membered ring. Despite its extensive use in solution chemistry for more than a century, this reaction has never been reported to occur on surfaces. The specific choice of our precursor molecule has led to the successful synthesis of benzo- and naphtho-fused tetracene and heptacene products bearing styryl groups, as confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy. The two products arise from dimerization and trimerization of the precursor molecules, respectively, and their observation opens perspectives to use DDA reactions as a novel on-surface synthesis tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Ashok Keerthi
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , M13 9PL Manchester , U.K
| | - José I Urgel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | | | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , 904-0495 Okinawa , Japan
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz , Germany
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22
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Kher-Elden MA, Piquero-Zulaica I, Abd El-Aziz KM, Ortega JE, Abd El-Fattah ZM. Metallic bands in chevron-type polyacenes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:33844-33850. [PMID: 36303597 PMCID: PMC9528856 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06007k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present electronic structure calculations based on a single-parameter plane wave expansion method for basic graphene building blocks, namely n-oligophenylenes and n-oligoacenes, revealing excellent agreement with density-functional theory. When oligophenylene molecules are joined through meta (zigzag) or ortho (chevron) junctions, the resulting molecular dimers and polymers exhibit a semiconducting character. While zigzag dimers of oligoacenes also exhibit gapped electronic structures, their chevron-phase features a sharp metallic band at the Fermi energy. This zero-point-energy state, which transforms into Dirac-like band in chevron polymers, survives at the outer elbows of the dimer irrespective of the molecular length, and has the same origin as reported for the polyacetylene and topologically induced edge states at edge-decorated graphene nanoribbons. These findings assist the engineering of topological electronic states at the molecular level and complement the toolbox of quantum phases in carbon-based nanostructures. We present electronic structure calculations based on a single-parameter plane wave expansion method for molecular nanostructures revealing excellent agreement with density functional theory and predicting metallic bands for chevron molecular dimers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Kher-Elden
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Kamel M. Abd El-Aziz
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo, Egypt
| | - J. Enrique Ortega
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Universidad del País Vasco, San Sebastián, Spain
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23
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Zhang R, Xia B, Xu H, Lin N. Identifying Multinuclear Organometallic Intermediates in On‐Surface [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16485-16489. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Department of PhysicsThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Bowen Xia
- Department of PhysicsThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Nian Lin
- Department of PhysicsThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China
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24
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Zhang R, Xia B, Xu H, Lin N. Identifying Multinuclear Organometallic Intermediates in On‐Surface [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Department of Physics The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Bowen Xia
- Department of Physics The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of Physics Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of Physics Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Nian Lin
- Department of Physics The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China
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25
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Zhang C, Kazuma E, Kim Y. Atomic‐Scale Visualization of the Stepwise Metal‐Mediated Dehalogenative Cycloaddition Reaction Pathways: Competition between Radicals and Organometallic Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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26
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Zhang C, Kazuma E, Kim Y. Atomic‐Scale Visualization of the Stepwise Metal‐Mediated Dehalogenative Cycloaddition Reaction Pathways: Competition between Radicals and Organometallic Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17736-17744. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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27
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Li X, Zhang H, Chi L. On-Surface Synthesis of Graphyne-Based Nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804087. [PMID: 30592340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The successful synthesis of stacking graphdiynes has stimulated numerous fascinating applications. However, it still remains challenging to prepare atomically precise 2D graphdiyne and other graphyne-based structures. The development of on-surface synthesis has contributed to many secondary graphyne-based structures that are directive in fabricating extended graphyne networks. Herein, the recent progress concerning on-surface synthesis of graphyne-based nanostructures, especially atomically precise graphdiyne nanowires, is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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28
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Zhang L, Zhang YQ, Chen Z, Lin T, Paszkiewicz M, Hellwig R, Huang T, Ruben M, Barth JV, Klappenberger F. On-Surface Activation of Trimethylsilyl-Terminated Alkynes on Coinage Metal Surfaces. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2382-2393. [PMID: 31120616 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The controlled attachment of protecting groups combined with the ability to selectively abstract them is central to organic synthesis. The trimethylsilyl (TMS) functional group is a popular protecting group in solution. However, insights on its activation behavior under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and surface-confined conditions are scarce. Here we investigate a series of TMS-protected alkyne precursors via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) regarding their compatibility with organic molecular beam epitaxy (OMBE) and their potential deprotection on various coinage metal surfaces. After in-situ evaporation on the substrates held in UHV at room temperature, we find that all molecules arrived and adsorbed as intact units forming ordered supramolecular aggregates stabilized by non-covalent interactions. Thus, TMS-functionalized alkyne precursors with weights up to 1100 atomic mass units are stable against OMBE evaporation in UHV. Furthermore, the TMS activation through thermal annealing is investigated with STM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We observe that deprotection starts to occur between 400 K and 500 K on the copper and gold surfaces, respectively. In contrast, on silver surfaces, the TMS-alkyne bond remains stable up to temperatures where molecular desorption sets in (≈600 K). Hence, TMS functional groups can be utilized as leaving groups on copper and gold surfaces while they serve as protecting groups on silver surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liding Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Zhi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tao Lin
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany.,College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, 518118, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mateusz Paszkiewicz
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Raphael Hellwig
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tianjiao Huang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Département des Matériaux Organiques (DMO), Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
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29
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Zhang R, Xia B, Xu H, Lin N. Kinetically Controlled Synthesis of Four- and Six-Member Cyclic Products via Sequential Aryl-Aryl Coupling on a Au(111) Surface. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2292-2296. [PMID: 31050084 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We synthesize four- and six-member cyclic products via sequential multi-step aryl-aryl coupling reactions of 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexabromotriphenylene molecules on a Au(111) surface. The final products as well as the organo-gold intermediate structures are identified using scanning tunneling microscopy and density-functional theory simulation. By adjusting reaction temperature and post-annealing temperature, we enhance/suppress the yields of the four-member and six-member cyclic products. We propose an underlying mechanism which is associated with different reaction kinetics of the first-order and second-order reactions. This work exemplifies intricate kinetically-controlled on-surface synthesis when multiple reactions of different reaction order are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bowen Xia
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Nian Lin
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
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30
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On-surface synthesis and characterization of individual polyacetylene chains. Nat Chem 2019; 11:924-930. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Gutierrez A, Buchet M, Clair S. Persistent Homology to Quantify the Quality of Surface‐Supported Covalent Networks. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2286-2291. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Gutierrez
- Institute of Discrete MathematicsGraz University of Technology Steyrergasse 30 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Mickaël Buchet
- Institute of Discrete MathematicsGraz University of Technology Steyrergasse 30 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sylvain Clair
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ ToulonCNRS, IM2NP Marseille France
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32
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Chen Z, Lin T, Zhang L, Zhang L, Xiang B, Xu H, Klappenberger F, Barth JV, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M. Surface‐Dependent Chemoselectivity in C−C Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8356-8361. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Liding Zhang
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Bingxi Xiang
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- IPCMS-CNRSUniversité de Strasbourg Strasbourg F-67034 France
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33
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Chen Z, Lin T, Zhang L, Zhang L, Xiang B, Xu H, Klappenberger F, Barth JV, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M. Surface‐Dependent Chemoselectivity in C−C Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Liding Zhang
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Bingxi Xiang
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Department of Physics E20Technical University of Munich (TUM) 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- IPCMS-CNRSUniversité de Strasbourg Strasbourg F-67034 France
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34
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Galeotti G, Di Giovannantonio M, Cupo A, Xing S, Lipton-Duffin J, Ebrahimi M, Vasseur G, Kierren B, Fagot-Revurat Y, Tristant D, Meunier V, Perepichka DF, Rosei F, Contini G. An unexpected organometallic intermediate in surface-confined Ullmann coupling. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:7682-7689. [PMID: 30946426 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ullmann coupling or, more generally, dehalogenative aryl-aryl coupling, is one of the most widely exploited chemical reactions to obtain one- and two-dimensional polymers on metal surfaces. It is generally described as a two-step reaction: (i) dehalogenation, resulting in the formation of a stable intermediate organometallic phase and subsequent (ii) C-C coupling. The topology of the resulting polymer depends on the number and positions of the halogen atoms in the haloaromatic precursor, although its orientation and order are determined by the structure of the intermediate phase. Hitherto, only one intermediate structure, identified as an organometallic (OM) phase, has been reported for such a reaction. Here we demonstrate the formation of two distinct OM phases during the temperature-induced growth of poly(para-phenylene) from 1,4-dibromobenzene precursors on Cu(110). Beyond the already known linear-OM chains, we show that a phase reorganization to a chessboard-like 2D-OM can be activated in a well-defined temperature range. This new intermediate phase, revealed only when the reaction is carried out at low molecular coverages, was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and modeled by density functional theory calculations. Our data show that the 2D-OM remains stable after cooling down the sample and is stabilized by four-Cu clusters at each node. The observation of such unexpected intermediate phase shows the complexity of the mechanisms underlying on-surface synthesis and broadens the understanding of Ullmann coupling, which continues to be astonishing despite its extensive use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Galeotti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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35
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Clair S, de Oteyza DG. Controlling a Chemical Coupling Reaction on a Surface: Tools and Strategies for On-Surface Synthesis. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4717-4776. [PMID: 30875199 PMCID: PMC6477809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is appearing as an extremely promising research field aimed at creating new organic materials. A large number of chemical reactions have been successfully demonstrated to take place directly on surfaces through unusual reaction mechanisms. In some cases the reaction conditions can be properly tuned to steer the formation of the reaction products. It is thus possible to control the initiation step of the reaction and its degree of advancement (the kinetics, the reaction yield); the nature of the reaction products (selectivity control, particularly in the case of competing processes); as well as the structure, position, and orientation of the covalent compounds, or the quality of the as-formed networks in terms of order and extension. The aim of our review is thus to provide an extensive description of all tools and strategies reported to date and to put them into perspective. We specifically define the different approaches available and group them into a few general categories. In the last part, we demonstrate the effective maturation of the on-surface synthesis field by reporting systems that are getting closer to application-relevant levels thanks to the use of advanced control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Clair
- Aix
Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Donostia
International Physics Center, San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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36
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Zhang X, Xue N, Li C, Li N, Wang H, Kocić N, Beniwal S, Palotás K, Li R, Xue Q, Maier S, Hou S, Wang Y. Coordination-Controlled C-C Coupling Products via ortho-Site C-H Activation. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1385-1393. [PMID: 30726665 PMCID: PMC6396320 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The coordination-restricted ortho-site C-H bond activation and dehydrogenative homocoupling of 4,4'-(1,3-phenylene)dipyridine (1,3-BPyB) and 4,4'-(1,4-phenylene)dipyridine (1,4-BPyB) on different metal surfaces were studied by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy, noncontact atomic force microscopy, and density functional theory calculations. The coupling products on Cu(111) exhibited certain configurations subject to the spatial restriction of robust two-fold Cu-N coordination bonds. Compared to the V-shaped 1,3-BPyB, the straight backbone of 1,4-BPyB helped to further reduce the variety of reactive products. By utilizing the three-fold coordination of Fe atoms with 1,4-BPyB molecules on Au(111), a large-scale network containing single products was constructed. Our results offer a promising protocol for controllable on-surface synthesis with the aid of robust coordination interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Xue
- Peking University
Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Li
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nemanja Kocić
- Department
of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sumit Beniwal
- Department
of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Krisztián Palotás
- Institute
for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner
Research Center for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ruoning Li
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiang Xue
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department
of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shimin Hou
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University
Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key
Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department
of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Academy
of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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37
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Selective on-surface covalent coupling based on metal-organic coordination template. Nat Commun 2019; 10:70. [PMID: 30622253 PMCID: PMC6325127 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Control over on-surface reaction pathways is crucial but challenging for the precise construction of conjugated nanostructures at the atomic level. Herein we demonstrate a selective on-surface covalent coupling reaction that is templated by metal-organic coordinative bonding, and achieve a porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanoribbon structure. In contrast to the inhomogeneous polymorphic structures resulting from the debrominated aryl-aryl coupling reaction on Au(111), the incorporation of an Fe-terpyridine (tpy) coordination motif into the on-surface reaction controls the molecular conformation, guides the reaction pathway, and finally yields pure organic sexipyridine-p-phenylene nanoribbons. Emergent molecular conformers and reaction products in the reaction pathways are revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy, density functional theory calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, demonstrating the template effect of Fe-tpy coordination on the on-surface covalent coupling. Our approach opens an avenue for the rational design and synthesis of functional conjugated nanomaterials with atomic precision. Synthesizing precise conjugated nanostructures on a surface requires fine control over the covalent reaction pathways. Here, the authors show that reversible coordinative bonds can be used to template on-surface C-C coupling reactions, guiding the formation of porous organic nanoribbons.
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38
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Weng Q, Li G, Feng X, Nielsch K, Golberg D, Schmidt OG. Electronic and Optical Properties of 2D Materials Constructed from Light Atoms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801600. [PMID: 30085379 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms can form various building blocks for further construction of structurally well-defined 2D materials (2DMs). Both in theory and experiment, it has been documented that the electronic structures and optical properties of 2DMs are well tunable through a rational design of the material structure. Here, the recent progress on 2DMs that are composed of B, C, N, and O elements is introduced, including borophene, graphene, h-BN, g-C3 N4 , organic 2D polymers (2DPs), etc. Attention is put on the band structure/bandgap engineering for these materials through a variety of methodologies, such as chemical modifications, layer number and atomic structure control, change of conjugation degree, etc. The optical properties, such as photoluminescence, thermoluminescence, single photon emission, as well as the associated applications in bioimaging and sensing, are discussed in detail and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunhong Weng
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guodong Li
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universtät Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kornelius Nielsch
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1, Tsukuba, Ibrakai, 3050044, Japan
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universtät Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
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39
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Hellwig R, Uphoff M, Paintner T, Björk J, Ruben M, Klappenberger F, Barth JV. Ho-Mediated Alkyne Reactions at Low Temperatures on Ag(111). Chemistry 2018; 24:16126-16135. [PMID: 30039631 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature approaches to catalytic conversions promise efficiency, selectivity, and sustainable processes. Control over certain coupling reactions can be obtained via the pre-positioning of reactive moieties by self-assembly. However, in the striving field of on-surface synthesis atomistic precision and control remains largely elusive, because the employed coupling reactions proceed at temperatures beyond the thermal stability of the supramolecular templates. Here, utilizing scanning tunneling microscopy, we demonstrate terminal alkyne on-surface reactions mediated by Ho atoms at a weakly reactive Ag(111) substrate at low-temperatures. Density functional theory calculations confirm the catalytic activity of the involved adatoms. Pre-deposited Ho induces alkyne dehydrogenation starting at substrate temperatures as low as 100 K. Ho arriving at molecularly pre-covered surfaces held at 130 and 200 K produces covalent enyne-linked dimers and initiates cyclotrimerization, respectively. Statistical product analysis indicates a two-step pathway for the latter, whereby the enyne intermediates influence the distribution of the products. High chemoselectivity results from the absence of cyclotetramerization and diyne-forming homocoupling. Our analysis indicates that mainly the arriving Ho adatoms enable the coupling. These findings support the concept of dynamic heterogeneity by single-atom catalysts and pave the way for alternative means to control on-surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Hellwig
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Uphoff
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Paintner
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institut de Physique et Chimie de Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
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40
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Klaasen H, Liu L, Meng X, Held PA, Gao HY, Barton D, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Neugebauer J, Fuchs H, Studer A. Reaction Selectivity in On-Surface Chemistry by Surface Coverage Control-Alkyne Dimerization versus Alkyne Trimerization. Chemistry 2018; 24:15303-15308. [PMID: 30079553 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the influence of molecular coverage in on-surface C-C-bond formation on reaction outcome. 6-Ethynyl-2-naphthoic acid (ENA) was chosen as organic component and Ag(111) as substrate. The alkyne moiety in ENA can either react by dimerization to ENA dimers (Glaser coupling or hydroalkynylation) or cyclotrimerization to generate a benzene core as connecting moiety. Dimer formation is preferred at high surface coverage whereas trimerization is the major reaction pathway at low coverage. Mechanistic studies are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Klaasen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lacheng Liu
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster (Germany) and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster (Germany) and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Alexander Held
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hong-Ying Gao
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster (Germany) and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dennis Barton
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,present address: Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162 A, Avenue de la Faïencerie, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster (Germany) and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Rodríguez-Fernández J, Schmidt SB, Lauritsen JV. Sulfur-driven switching of the Ullmann coupling on Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3621-3624. [PMID: 29577149 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01007b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method to selectively switch the Ullmann coupling reaction of 2,8-dibromodibenzothiophene on a Au(111) support. The Ullmann coupling reaction is effective already at low temperature, but the complete inhibition of the same reaction can be achieved on Au(111) pre-exposed to H2S. The marked difference in reactivity of pretreated Au(111) is explained by the S-passivation of free Au atoms emerging from reconstruction sites. The inhibited state can be fully lifted by removing the S via hydrogen gas post-exposure.
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42
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Sun Q, Zhang R, Qiu J, Liu R, Xu W. On-Surface Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018. [PMID: 29513368 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel carbon nanomaterials have aroused significant interest owing to their prospects in various technological applications. The recently developed on-surface synthesis strategy provides a route toward atomically precise fabrication of nanostructures, which paves the way to functional molecular nanostructures in a controlled fashion. A plethora of low-dimensional nanostructures, challenging to traditional solution chemistry, have been recently fabricated. Within the last few decades, an increasing interest and flourishing studies on the fabrication of novel low-dimensional carbon nanostructures using on-surface synthesis strategies have been witnessed. In particular, carbon materials, including fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene nanoribbons, are synthesized with atomic precision by such bottom-up methods. Herein, starting from the basic concepts and progress made in the field of on-surface synthesis, the recent developments of atomically precise fabrication of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Renyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
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43
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Sánchez-Sánchez C, Nicolaï A, Rossel F, Cai J, Liu J, Feng X, Müllen K, Ruffieux P, Fasel R, Meunier V. On-Surface Cyclization of ortho-Dihalotetracenes to Four- and Six-Membered Rings. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17617-17623. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Sánchez
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrien Nicolaï
- Department
of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Frédéric Rossel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jinming Cai
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500 Kunming, China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institut for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department
of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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44
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Lin T, Zhang L, Björk J, Chen Z, Ruben M, Barth JV, Klappenberger F. Terminal Alkyne Coupling on a Corrugated Noble Metal Surface: From Controlled Precursor Alignment to Selective Reactions. Chemistry 2017; 23:15588-15593. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Physik-Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Liding Zhang
- Physik-Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM); Linköping University; 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Zhi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- IPCMS-CNRS University de Strasbourg; 23 Rue de Loess 67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physik-Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physik-Department E20; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 85748 Garching Germany
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45
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Ammon M, Sander T, Maier S. On-Surface Synthesis of Porous Carbon Nanoribbons from Polymer Chains. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12976-12984. [PMID: 28820266 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the on-surface synthesis of porous carbon nanoribbons on Ag(111) via a preprogrammed isomerization of conformationally flexible polymer chains followed by dehydrogenation reactions using thermal annealing. The carbon chains are fabricated by polymerization of prochiral 1,3,5-tris(3-bromophenyl)benzene (mTBPB) directly on the surface using an Ullmann-type reaction. At room temperature, mTBPB partially self-assembles in halogen-bonded 2D networks, which transform into organometallic chains and rings after debromination. The chain and ring formation is facilitated by conformational switching from a C3h to Cs symmetry of mTBPB via rotation of m-phenylene units. The high conformational selectivity toward Cs-conformers is templated by the twofold coordination to Ag adatoms. After thermally induced covalent-linking through aryl-aryl coupling, well-ordered nanoporous chains are created. Finally, the rotation of single phenylene units in combination with dehydrogenation cross-linking reactions within the polymer chains leads to the unexpected formation of porous carbon nanoribbons. We unveil the reaction mechanism in a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy study and demonstrate that the rotation of m-phenylene units is a powerful design tool to promote structural control in the synthesis of cyclic covalent organic nanostructures on metal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ammon
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tim Sander
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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46
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Liu J, Chen QW, Wu K. On-surface construction of low-dimensional nanostructures with terminal alkynes: Linking strategies and controlling methodologies. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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47
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Wang T, Lv H, Fan Q, Feng L, Wu X, Zhu J. Highly Selective Synthesis of cis
-Enediynes on a Ag(111) Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230029 China
| | - Haifeng Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Qitang Fan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230029 China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230029 China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230029 China
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48
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Wang T, Lv H, Fan Q, Feng L, Wu X, Zhu J. Highly Selective Synthesis of cis-Enediynes on a Ag(111) Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4762-4766. [PMID: 28345286 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cis-enediyne-type compounds have received much attention as potent antitumor antibiotics. The conventional synthesis of cis-enediynes in solution typically involves multiple steps and various side reactions. For the first time, selective one-step synthesis of cis-enediyne from a single reactant is reported on a Ag(111) surface with a yield up to 90 %. High selectivity for the formation of cis-enediyne originates from the steric effect posed by weak intermolecular interactions, which protect the cis-enediyne from further reaction. A series of comparative experiments and DFT-based transition-state calculations support the findings. The described synthetic approach for directing reaction pathways on-surface may illuminate potential syntheses of other unstable organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Haifeng Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qitang Fan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
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49
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Steiner C, Gebhardt J, Ammon M, Yang Z, Heidenreich A, Hammer N, Görling A, Kivala M, Maier S. Hierarchical on-surface synthesis and electronic structure of carbonyl-functionalized one- and two-dimensional covalent nanoarchitectures. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14765. [PMID: 28322232 PMCID: PMC5364392 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of nanostructures in a bottom-up approach from specific molecular precursors offers the opportunity to create tailored materials for applications in nanoelectronics. However, the formation of defect-free two-dimensional (2D) covalent networks remains a challenge, which makes it difficult to unveil their electronic structure. Here we report on the hierarchical on-surface synthesis of nearly defect-free 2D covalent architectures with carbonyl-functionalized pores on Au(111), which is investigated by low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy in combination with density functional theory calculations. The carbonyl-bridged triphenylamine precursors form six-membered macrocycles and one-dimensional (1D) chains as intermediates in an Ullmann-type coupling reaction that are subsequently interlinked to 2D networks. The electronic band gap is narrowed when going from the monomer to 1D and 2D surface-confined π-conjugated organic polymers comprising the same building block. The significant drop of the electronic gap from the monomer to the polymer confirms an efficient conjugation along the triphenylamine units within the nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steiner
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Gebhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ammon
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zechao Yang
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Heidenreich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalie Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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50
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