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Nandi AK. A Review on Self-Assembly Driven Optoelectronic Properties of Polythiophene-Peptide and Polythiophene-Polymer Conjugates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9385-9405. [PMID: 38682339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Polythiophene (PT) is an important conducting polymer for its outstanding optoelectronic properties. Here, we delineate the self-assembly-driven optoelectronic properties of PT-peptide and PT-polymer conjugates, taking examples from recent literature reports. PT-peptide conjugates made by both covalent and noncovalent approaches are discussed. Poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) (P3TAA) covalently coupled with Gly-Gly-His tripeptide, C-protected and deprotected tripeptide H2N-F-F-V-OMe, etc. exhibits self-assembly-driven absorbance, fluorescence, photocurrent, and electronic properties. Noncovalent PT-peptide conjugates produced via ionic, H-bonding, and π-stacking interactions show tunable morphology and optoelectronic properties by varying the composition of a component. PT conjugated with Alzheimer's disease peptide (KLVFFAE, Aβ16-22) shows enhanced photocatalytic water splitting, cationic PT(CPT-I)-perylene bisimide-appended dipeptide (PBI-DY), and anionic PT-perylene diimide-appended cationic peptide (PBI-NH3+) conjugates and exhibits self-assembly-driven enhanced photoswitching and organic mixed electronic and ionic conductivity (OMEIC) properties. In the PT-polymer conjugates, self-assembly-driven optoelectronic properties of covalently produced PT-random copolymers, PT-block copolymers, PT-graft-random copolymers, and PT-graft-block copolymer conjugates are discussed. The HOMO-LUMO levels of hyperbranched polymers are optimized to obtain better power conversion efficiency (PCE) in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell than in linear polymers, and P3TAA-ran-P3HT (43 mol % P3TAA) conjugated with MAPbI3 perovskite exhibits higher PCE (10%) than that with only P3TAA hole-transporting material. In the ampholytic polythiophene (APT), on increasing pH, the morphology changes from the vesicle to fibrillar network for the dethreading of the PT chain, resulting in a red shift of the absorbance peak, an enormous increase in PL intensity, lowering of the charge transfer resistance, and an induction of Warburg impedance for the release of quencher I- ions. The PT-g-(PDMAEMA-co-PGLU-HEM) graft copolymer self-assembles with Con-A lectin, causing fluorescence quenching, and acts as a sensor for Con-A with a LOD of 57 mg/L. Varying sequences of the block copolymer containing pH-responsive PDMAEMA and temperature-responsive PDEGMEM grafted to the PT backbone shows different self-assembly, optical, electronic, and photocurrent properties depending on the proximity and preponderance of the block sequence on the PT backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Nandi
- Polymer Science Unit, School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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2
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Abstract
Rapid and specific assaying of molecules that report on a pathophysiological condition, environmental pollution, or drug concentration is pivotal for establishing efficient and accurate diagnostic systems. One of the main components required for the construction of these systems is the recognition element (receptor) that can identify target analytes. Oligonucleotide switching structures, or aptamers, have been widely studied as selective receptors that can precisely identify targets in different analyzed matrices with minimal interference from other components in an antibody-like recognition process. These aptasensors, especially when integrated into sensing platforms, enable a multitude of sensors that can outperform antibody-based sensors in terms of flexibility of the sensing strategy and ease of deployment to areas with limited resources. Research into compounds that efficiently enhance signal transduction and provide a suitable platform for conjugating aptamers has gained huge momentum over the past decade. The multifaceted nature of conjugated polymers (CPs), notably their versatile electrical and optical properties, endows them with a broad range of potential applications in optical, electrical, and electrochemical signal transduction. Despite the substantial body of research demonstrating the enhanced performance of sensing devices using doped or nanostructure-embedded CPs, few reviews are available that specifically describe the use of conjugated polymers in aptasensing. The purpose of this review is to bridge this gap and provide a comprehensive description of a variety of CPs, from a historical viewpoint, underpinning their specific characteristics and demonstrating the advances in biosensors associated with the use of these conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Salimian
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau 64053, France
| | - Corinne Nardin
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau 64053, France
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3
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Nguyen TN, Phung VD, Tran VV. Recent Advances in Conjugated Polymer-Based Biosensors for Virus Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:586. [PMID: 37366951 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, virus pandemics have become a major burden seriously affecting human health and social and economic development. Thus, the design and fabrication of effective and low-cost techniques for early and accurate virus detection have been given priority for prevention and control of such pandemics. Biosensors and bioelectronic devices have been demonstrated as promising technology to resolve the major drawbacks and problems of the current detection methods. Discovering and applying advanced materials have offered opportunities to develop and commercialize biosensor devices for effectively controlling pandemics. Along with various well-known materials such as gold and silver nanoparticles, carbon-based materials, metal oxide-based materials, and graphene, conjugated polymer (CPs) have become one of the most promising candidates for preparation and construction of excellent biosensors with high sensitivity and specificity to different virus analytes owing to their unique π orbital structure and chain conformation alterations, solution processability, and flexibility. Therefore, CP-based biosensors have been regarded as innovative technologies attracting great interest from the community for early diagnosis of COVID-19 as well as other virus pandemics. For providing precious scientific evidence of CP-based biosensor technologies in virus detection, this review aims to give a critical overview of the recent research related to use of CPs in fabrication of virus biosensors. We emphasize structures and interesting characteristics of different CPs and discuss the state-of-the-art applications of CP-based biosensors as well. In addition, different types of biosensors such as optical biosensors, organic thin film transistors (OTFT), and conjugated polymer hydrogels (CPHs) based on CPs are also summarized and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Ngoc Nguyen
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, Ward 13, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Viet-Duc Phung
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Van Tran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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4
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Ionic Push–Pull Polythiophenes: A Further Step towards Eco-Friendly BHJ Organic Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193965. [PMID: 36235914 PMCID: PMC9573585 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new conjugated polymers alternating benzothiadiazole units and thiophene moieties functionalized with ionic phosphonium or sulfonic acid salts in the side chains were synthesized by a postfunctionalization approach of polymeric precursors. The introduction of ionic groups makes the conjugated polymers soluble in water and/or polar solvents, allowing for the fabrication of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells using environmentally friendly conditions. All polymers were fully characterized by spectroscopic, thermal, electrochemical, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron, and atomic force techniques. BHJ solar cells were obtained from halogen-free solvents (i.e., ethanol and/or anisole) by blending the synthesized ionic push–pull polymers with a serinol-fullerene derivative or an ionic homopolymer acting as electron-acceptor (EA) or electron-donor (ED) counterparts, respectively. The device with the highest optical density and the smoothest surface of the active layer was the best-performing, showing a 4.76% photoconversion efficiency.
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6
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Rogolino A, Claes N, Cizaurre J, Marauri A, Jumbo-Nogales A, Lawera Z, Kruse J, Sanromán-Iglesias M, Zarketa I, Calvo U, Jimenez-Izal E, Rakovich YP, Bals S, Matxain JM, Grzelczak M. Metal-Polymer Heterojunction in Colloidal-Phase Plasmonic Catalysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2264-2272. [PMID: 35239345 PMCID: PMC8935371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic catalysis in the colloidal phase requires robust surface ligands that prevent particles from aggregation in adverse chemical environments and allow carrier flow from reagents to nanoparticles. This work describes the use of a water-soluble conjugated polymer comprising a thiophene moiety as a surface ligand for gold nanoparticles to create a hybrid system that, under the action of visible light, drives the conversion of the biorelevant NAD+ to its highly energetic reduced form NADH. A combination of advanced microscopy techniques and numerical simulations revealed that the robust metal-polymer heterojunction, rich in sulfonate functional groups, directs the interaction of electron-donor molecules with the plasmonic photocatalyst. The tight binding of polymer to the gold surface precludes the need for conventional transition-metal surface cocatalysts, which were previously shown to be essential for photocatalytic NAD+ reduction but are known to hinder the optical properties of plasmonic nanocrystals. Moreover, computational studies indicated that the coating polymer fosters a closer interaction between the sacrificial electron-donor triethanolamine and the nanoparticles, thus enhancing the reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rogolino
- Galilean
School of Higher Education, University of
Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Nathalie Claes
- EMAT-University
of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan
171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Judit Cizaurre
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aimar Marauri
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alba Jumbo-Nogales
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-Sebastián, Spain
| | - Zuzanna Lawera
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-Sebastián, Spain
| | - Joscha Kruse
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-Sebastián, Spain
| | - María Sanromán-Iglesias
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ibai Zarketa
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Unai Calvo
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elisa Jimenez-Izal
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Yury P. Rakovich
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT-University
of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan
171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jon M. Matxain
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) Lardizabal Pasealekua 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marek Grzelczak
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-Sebastián, Spain
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7
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Domínguez SE, Vuolle A, Fattori A, Ääritalo T, Cangiotti M, Damlin P, Ottaviani MF, Kvarnström C. Enhancement of charge-assisted hydrogen bond capabilities due to O-alkylation proximity in alkoxy cationic polythiophenes: solution- and solid-state evidence via EPR, AFM and surface free energy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6011-6025. [PMID: 35199803 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04792b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the array of applications for cationic polythiophenes (CPTs), there is still a need for structure-function guidelines and mechanistic understanding of their solution- and solid-state properties. This work presents a solution- and solid-state investigation of the effect of O-alkylation proximity on the hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) capabilities of alkoxy-CPTs, based on comparing an imidazolium alkoxy CPT with strong cation-pi, pi+ and positive charge-assisted hydrogen bonding (+CAHB) capabilities (PIMa), with two isothiouronium alkoxy CPTs with two-point +CAHB capabilities (PT1 & PT2), which have short and long alkoxy side chains, respectively. Our results show that a closer proximity of O-alkylation strengthens the +CAHB capabilities of PT1: in aqueous solutions, PT2 aggregates have a stronger interaction with cationic EPR spin probes than aggregates of PIMa and PT1, which in turn show a similar extent of repulsion towards the cationic spin probes. In solid-state, atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that PIMa generates dendritic structures onto mica, with features of diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA), indicating strong interactions with the anionic substrate due to a high configurational entropy during spreading, regardless of being drop-casted from water or 1,4-dioxane-water (W-DI), despite the latter disturbing H-bonding due to selective solvation. PT1 is also capable of generating dendritic structures resembling ballistic aggregation (BA). However, this occurs only when casting from water, since W-DI generates island-like aggregates resembling attachment limited aggregation (ALA), which is the morphology generated by PT2 regardless of the solvent. Finally, spin-coated films of PIMa and PT1 show similar dispersivity of the surface free energy (SFE), which in turn is larger than that in PT2 films, which are also more affected when casted from W-DI, presenting much larger decreases of dispersivity. These results constitute a novel empirical structure-function guideline that could be useful for optimal design and/or processing of alkoxy CPTs. For example, dendritic patterns have recently gained attention since the colloidal droplet drying is related to engineering applications including inkjet printing, biosensing, and functional material design, while the SFE is relevant for opto- and bio-electronic applications of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs). This information could also be useful when analyzing previous results obtained from alkoxy CPTs with different side chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Antti Vuolle
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Alberto Fattori
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Timo Ääritalo
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Michela Cangiotti
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Pia Damlin
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - M Francesca Ottaviani
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Carita Kvarnström
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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8
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Tailor made synthesis of water-soluble polythiophene-graft-poly(caprolactone-block-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) copolymer and their pH tunable self-assembly and optoelectronic properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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9
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Kiyotake EA, Martin MD, Detamore MS. Regenerative rehabilitation with conductive biomaterials for spinal cord injury. Acta Biomater 2022; 139:43-64. [PMID: 33326879 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The individual approaches of regenerative medicine efforts alone and rehabilitation efforts alone have not yet fully restored function after severe spinal cord injury (SCI). Regenerative rehabilitation may be leveraged to promote regeneration of the spinal cord tissue, and promote reorganization of the regenerated neural pathways and intact spinal circuits for better functional recovery for SCI. Conductive biomaterials may be a linchpin that empowers the synergy between regenerative medicine and rehabilitation approaches, as electrical stimulation applied to the spinal cord could facilitate neural reorganization. In this review, we discuss current regenerative medicine approaches in clinical trials and the rehabilitation, or neuromodulation, approaches for SCI, along with their respective translational limitations. Furthermore, we review the translational potential, in a surgical context, of conductive biomaterials (e.g., conductive polymers, carbon-based materials, metallic nanoparticle-based materials) as they pertain to SCI. While pre-formed scaffolds may be difficult to translate to human contusion SCIs, injectable composites that contain blended conductive components and can form within the injury may be more translational. However, given that there are currently no in vivo SCI studies that evaluated conductive materials combined with rehabilitation approaches, we discuss several limitations of conductive biomaterials, including demonstrating safety and efficacy, that will need to be addressed in the future for conductive biomaterials to become SCI therapeutics. Even so, the use of conductive biomaterials creates a synergistic opportunity to merge the fields of regenerative medicine and rehabilitation and redefine what regenerative rehabilitation means for the spinal cord. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: For spinal cord injury (SCI), the individual approaches of regenerative medicine and rehabilitation are insufficient to fully restore functional recovery; however, the goal of regenerative rehabilitation is to combine these two disparate fields to maximize the functional outcomes. Concepts similar to regenerative rehabilitation for SCI have been discussed in several reviews, but for the first time, this review considers how conductive biomaterials may synergize the two approaches. We cover current regenerative medicine and rehabilitation approaches for SCI, and the translational advantages and disadvantages, in a surgical context, of conductive biomaterials used in biomedical applications that may be additionally applied to SCI. Furthermore, we identify the current limitations and translational challenges for conductive biomaterials before they may become therapeutics for SCI.
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10
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Domínguez SE, Kohn B, Ääritalo T, Damlin P, Scheler U, Kvarnström C. Cationic polythiophene-anionic fullerene pair in water and water-dioxane: studies on hydrogen bonding capabilities, kinetic and thermodynamic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21013-21028. [PMID: 34522930 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05748g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vast array of solution- and solid-state bio-analytical, bioelectronic and optoelectronic applications of cationic polythiophenes (CPTs), the number of studies focused on the role of hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) between these and other molecules is scarce, regardless of whether H-bonding is expected to play an important role in several such applications. Also, despite the advantages of using cosolvents to systematically examine the molecular interactions, there are no such studies for CPTs to our knowledge. This work presents a steady-state UV-vis/fluorescence spectroscopic, kinetic and thermodynamic study on the H-bonding interactions between a water-soluble, cationic-anionic (isothiouronium-tetraphosphonate), polythiophene-fullerene donor-acceptor pair with two-point, charge-assisted H-bonding (CAHB) capabilities, tuned using water or a 1,4-dioxane-water mixture (W-DI). Both solvents generate photoinduced electron transfer (PET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), spontaneous binding, H-bonding, ground-state complexing via multiple site binding, formation of micelle-like aggregates and equivalence points at a similar concentration of the quencher. However, in comparison with water, W-DI promotes less-ordered, less packed micellar aggregates, due to hydrophobic desolvation of the H-bond and larger solvent displacement during the PT1-4Fo complexation. This would decrease the extent of charge-transfer and the size of the sphere-of-quenching, mainly by displacements or rotations of the H-bonds, instead of elongations, together with a possible larger extent of diffusion-controlled static quenching. At [4Fo] larger than the equivalence point the micelles formed in water do not have available binding sites due to a tighter aggregation, causing a decrease in the quenching efficiency, while the micelles formed in W-DI start showing larger quenching efficiencies, possibly due to an increase in entropy that overcomes the desolvation of the H-bonding. These results could be useful when analyzing outputs from systems including CPTs with H-bonding capabilities, operating in (or casted from) solvents with clear differences in polarity and/or H-bonding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf), Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Benjamin Kohn
- Leibniz-Institut für, University of Turku, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Timo Ääritalo
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf), Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Pia Damlin
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf), Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Ulrich Scheler
- Leibniz-Institut für, University of Turku, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carita Kvarnström
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf), Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Vu Quoc T, Do Ba D, Tran Thi Thuy D, Nguyen Ngoc L, Nguyen Thuy C, Vu Thi H, Khanh LD, Doan Thi Yen O, Thai H, Long VC, Talu S, Nguyen Trong D. DFT study on some polythiophenes containing benzo[ d]thiazole and benzo[ d]oxazole: structure and band gap. Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:274-284. [PMID: 34512118 PMCID: PMC8425698 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.1971376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The content of this paper focuses/shed light on the effects of X (X = S in P1 and X = O in P2) in C11H7NSX and R (R = H in P3, R = OCH3 in P4, and R = Cl in P5) in C18H9ON2S2-R on structural features and band gaps of the polythiophenes containing benzo[d]thiazole and benzo[d]oxazole by the Density Function Theory (DFT) method/calculation. The structural features including the electronic structure lattice constant (a), shape, total energy (Etot) per cell, and link length (r), are measured via band gap (Eg) prediction with the package of country density (PDOS) and total country density (DOS) of material studio software. The results obtained showed that the link angle and the link length between atoms were not changed significantly while the Etot was decreased from Etot = - 1904 eV (in P1) to Etot = - 2548 eV (in P2) when replacing O with S; and the Etot of P3 was decreased from Etot = - 3348 eV (in P3) when replacing OCH3, Cl on H of P3 corresponding to Etot = - 3575 eV (P4), - 4264 eV (P5). Similarly, when replacing O in P1 with - S to form P2, the Eg of P1 was dropped from Eg = 0.621 eV to Eg = 0.239 eV for P2. The Eg of P3, P4, and P5 is Eg = 0.006 eV, 0.064 eV, and 0.0645 eV, respectively. When a benzo[d]thiazole was added in P1 (changing into P3), the Eg was extremely strongly decreased, nearly 100 times (from Eg = 0.621 eV to Eg = 0.006 eV). The obtained results serve as a basis for future experimental work and used to fabricate smart electronic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Vu Quoc
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay, Hanoi
| | - Dai Do Ba
- Nguyen Trai High School, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Linh Nguyen Ngoc
- Faculty of Training Bachelor of Practice, Thanh Do University, Kim Chung, Hoai Duc, Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Chinh Nguyen Thuy
- Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Vu Thi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay, Hanoi
| | - Linh Duong Khanh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay, Hanoi
| | - Oanh Doan Thi Yen
- Publishing House for Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Thai
- Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Cao Long
- Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Stefan Talu
- Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, The Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Cluj county, Romania
| | - Dung Nguyen Trong
- Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
- Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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12
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Rinoldi C, Lanzi M, Fiorelli R, Nakielski P, Zembrzycki K, Kowalewski T, Urbanek O, Grippo V, Jezierska-Woźniak K, Maksymowicz W, Camposeo A, Bilewicz R, Pisignano D, Sanai N, Pierini F. Three-Dimensional Printable Conductive Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogel for Neural Tissue Applications. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3084-3098. [PMID: 34151565 PMCID: PMC8462755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Intrinsically
conducting polymers (ICPs) are widely used to fabricate
biomaterials; their application in neural tissue engineering, however,
is severely limited because of their hydrophobicity and insufficient
mechanical properties. For these reasons, soft conductive polymer
hydrogels (CPHs) are recently developed, resulting in a water-based
system with tissue-like mechanical, biological, and electrical properties.
The strategy of incorporating ICPs as a conductive component into
CPHs is recently explored by synthesizing the hydrogel around ICP
chains, thus forming a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN).
In this work, a novel conductive semi-IPN hydrogel is designed and
synthesized. The hybrid hydrogel is based on a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-isopropylmethacrylamide)
hydrogel where polythiophene is introduced as an ICP to provide the
system with good electrical properties. The fabrication of the hybrid
hydrogel in an aqueous medium is made possible by modifying and synthesizing
the monomers of polythiophene to ensure water solubility. The morphological,
chemical, thermal, electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties
of semi-IPNs were fully investigated. Additionally, the biological
response of neural progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells in
contact with the conductive semi-IPN was evaluated in terms of neural
differentiation and proliferation. Lastly, the potential of the hydrogel
solution as a 3D printing ink was evaluated through the 3D laser printing
method. The presented results revealed that the proposed 3D printable
conductive semi-IPN system is a good candidate as a scaffold for neural
tissue applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rinoldi
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Massimiliano Lanzi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Roberto Fiorelli
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, United States
| | - Paweł Nakielski
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zembrzycki
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Olga Urbanek
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Valentina Grippo
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jezierska-Woźniak
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 11-041, Poland
| | - Wojciech Maksymowicz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 11-041, Poland
| | - Andrea Camposeo
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Renata Bilewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Dario Pisignano
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy.,Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nader Sanai
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, United States
| | - Filippo Pierini
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
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13
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Reiber T, Zavoiura O, Dose C, Yushchenko DA. Fluorophore Multimerization as an Efficient Approach towards Bright Protein Labels. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorge Reiber
- Department of Chemical Biology Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG Friedrich-Ebert Straße 68 51429 Bergisch Gladbach Germany
| | - Oleksandr Zavoiura
- Department of Chemical Biology Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG Friedrich-Ebert Straße 68 51429 Bergisch Gladbach Germany
| | - Christian Dose
- Department of Chemical Biology Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG Friedrich-Ebert Straße 68 51429 Bergisch Gladbach Germany
| | - Dmytro A. Yushchenko
- Department of Chemical Biology Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG Friedrich-Ebert Straße 68 51429 Bergisch Gladbach Germany
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo namesti 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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14
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Influence of the Active Layer Structure on the Photovoltaic Performance of Water-Soluble Polythiophene-Based Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101640. [PMID: 34070205 PMCID: PMC8158483 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new side-chain C60-fullerene functionalized thiophene copolymer bearing tributylphosphine-substituted hexylic lateral groups was successfully synthesized by means of a fast and effective post-polymerization reaction on a regioregular ω-alkylbrominated polymeric precursor. The growth of the polymeric intermediate was followed by NMR spectrometry in order to determine the most convenient reaction time. The obtained copolymer was soluble in water and polar solvents and was used as a photoactive layer in single-material organic photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells. The copolymer photovoltaic efficiency was compared with that of an OPV cell containing a water-soluble polythiophenic homopolymer, functionalized with the same tributylphosphine-substituted hexylic side chains, in a blend with a water-soluble C60-fullerene derivative. The use of a water-soluble double-cable copolymer made it possible to enhance the control on the nanomorphology of the active blend, thus reducing phase-segregation phenomena, as well as the macroscale separation between the electron acceptor and donor components. Indeed, the power conversion efficiency of OPV cells based on a single material was higher than that obtained with the classical architecture, involving the presence of two distinct ED and EA materials (PCE: 3.11% vs. 2.29%, respectively). Moreover, the synthetic procedure adopted to obtain single material-based cells is more straightforward and easier than that used for the preparation of the homopolymer-based BHJ solar cell, thus making it possible to completely avoid the long synthetic pathway which is required to prepare water-soluble fullerene derivatives.
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15
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Tran VV, Tran NHT, Hwang HS, Chang M. Development strategies of conducting polymer-based electrochemical biosensors for virus biomarkers: Potential for rapid COVID-19 detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 182:113192. [PMID: 33819902 PMCID: PMC7992312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, accurate, portable, and large-scale diagnostic technologies for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are crucial for controlling the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The current standard technologies, i.e., reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, serological assays, and computed tomography (CT) exhibit practical limitations and challenges in case of massive and rapid testing. Biosensors, particularly electrochemical conducting polymer (CP)-based biosensors, are considered as potential alternatives owing to their large advantages such as high selectivity and sensitivity, rapid detection, low cost, simplicity, flexibility, long self-life, and ease of use. Therefore, CP-based biosensors can serve as multisensors, mobile biosensors, and wearable biosensors, facilitating the development of point-of-care (POC) systems and home-use biosensors for COVID-19 detection. However, the application of these biosensors for COVID-19 entails several challenges related to their degradation, low crystallinity, charge transport properties, and weak interaction with biomarkers. To overcome these problems, this study provides scientific evidence for the potential applications of CP-based electrochemical biosensors in COVID-19 detection based on their applications for the detection of various biomarkers such as DNA/RNA, proteins, whole viruses, and antigens. We then propose promising strategies for the development of CP-based electrochemical biosensors for COVID-19 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Van Tran
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Nhu Hoa Thi Tran
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, HoChiMinh City 700000, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University, HoChiMinh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
| | - Mincheol Chang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea; Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea; School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
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16
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Quaternary ammonium functionalized cationic polythiophene for the detection and imaging of gram-positive bacteria. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Welsh TA, Draper ER. Water soluble organic electrochromic materials. RSC Adv 2021; 11:5245-5264. [PMID: 35424438 PMCID: PMC8694694 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10346b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic materials in electrochromic device applications possess a number of advantages over transition metal oxides like WO3 such as ease of synthesis and tunability, flexibility, and derivability from renewable feedstocks. However, these advantages are offset by the need to use organic solvents in their processing which are often flammable and/or toxic. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to the longterm economic and environmental sustainability of organic electronics research to develop water soluble organic materials. Herein, we describe the advances made in developing water soluble organic electronic materials for electrochromic applications. We here classify electrochromic materials into two broad categories: those that transition between colourless and coloured states (Type I) and those that transition between differently coloured states (Type II). The methods by which organic electrochromes are made water soluble are described in detail along with their potential applications in order to promote research in water soluble organic electronic materials in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Welsh
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Emily R Draper
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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18
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Xu J, Xu J, Moon H, Sintim HO, Lee H. Zwitterionic liquid crystalline polythiophene as an antibiofouling biomaterial. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:349-356. [PMID: 33242321 PMCID: PMC8176281 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02264k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To address a key challenge of conjugated polymers in biomedical applications having poor antifouling properties that eventually leads to the failure and reduced lifetime of bioelectronics in the body, herein we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of our newly designed multifunctional zwitterionic liquid crystalline polymer PCBTh-C8C10, which is facilely synthesized using oxidative polymerization. A conjugated polythiophene backbone, a multifunctional zwitterionic side chain, and a mesogenic unit are integrated into one segment. By DSC and POM characterization, we verify that the introduction of 3,5-bis(2-octyl-1-dodecyloxy)benzene as a mesogenic unit into the polythiophene backbone allows the formation of the liquid crystalline mesophase of the resulting polymer. We also demonstrate that the PCBTh-C8C10 coated surface exhibits good conductivity, stability, hydrophilicity, and remarkable antibiofouling properties against protein adsorption, cell growth, and bacteria attachment. This new zwitterionic liquid crystalline polymer having good antibiofouling features will be widely recognized as a promising biomaterial that is applicable in implantable organic bioelectronics via inhibiting the foreign body response. A deep understanding of structure-property relationships of zwitterionic conjugated polymers has also been provided in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjia Xu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Jian Xu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Haesoo Moon
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
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19
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Gao X, Guo M, Liu M, Zhang L, Yao Z. A fluorometric and colorimetric approach for the rapid detection of berberine hydrochloride based on an anionic polythiophene derivative. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 36:668-673. [PMID: 33179429 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we develop a dual-output sensor with fluorometric and colorimetric responses, for the rapid and simple detection of berberine hydrochloride (BRH) in 100% aqueous solution based on an anionic polythiophene derivative, poly(2-(2-(4-methylthiophen-3-yloxy)-ethyl) malonic acid) (PTMA). The sensing performance and mechanism were carefully examined by absorption and emission spectra. It can be applied to quantitatively detect BRH in aqueous solution with a detection limit 0.27 μM. The appealing performance of the sensor was demonstrated to originate from the electrostatic and π-π interactions between PTMA and BRH, which promoted the conformational change and aggregation of the PTMA backbone. Moreover, this method allowed rapid detection of BRH in urine samples and BRH tablets with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Guo
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Technical Center for Safety of Industrial Products of Tianjin Customs District, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Port Non-Traditional Security (NTS) Risk Prevention and Control Science and Technology, Laboratory of Emergency Inspection and Testing for Toxicological Safety Assessment of Import and Export Food Safety of General Administration of Customs, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Yao
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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20
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Delgado-Pinar E, Pineiro M, Sérgio Seixas de Melo J. A water-soluble bithiophene with increased photoluminescence efficiency and metal recognition ability. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12319-12326. [PMID: 32841310 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01385d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A new water-soluble tri-tert-butyl-bithiophenesulfonamide (α2-tbS) was synthesized and a comprehensive spectroscopic and photophysical study was undertaken in organic solvents and water at different pH values. In contrast to the behaviour found for the parent (and un-substituted) α,α'-bithiophene (α2), in which radiationless decay processes are the main excited-state deactivation channels, the tert-butylsulfonamide derivative presents a significant fluorescence quantum yield (φF) (ca. one order of magnitude higher than that of α2). The high φF allowed further exploring α2-tbS as a selective fluorimetric sensor for metal ions. A strong selectivity towards Cu(ii) is observed at neutral pH values, whereas at pH = 9.5 a strong quenching upon the addition of Hg(ii) is observed. An additional high sensitivity of 0.64 ± 0.02 ppm towards Cu(ii) was observed, well below 1.25 ppm (∼20 μM), the maximum value allowed in drinking water by the EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Delgado-Pinar
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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21
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Lee DC, Sellers DL, Liu F, Boydston AJ, Pun SH. Synthesis and Characterization of Anionic Poly(cyclopentadienylene vinylene) and Its Use in Conductive Hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13430-13436. [PMID: 32378290 PMCID: PMC7485123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of π-conjugated polymers (CPs) in conductive hydrogels remains challenging due to the water-insoluble nature of most CPs. Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) are promising alternatives because they have tunable electronic properties and high water-solubility, but they are often difficult to synthesize and thus have not been widely adopted. Herein, we report the synthesis of an anionic poly(cyclopentadienylene vinylene) (aPCPV) from an insulating precursor under mild conditions and in high yield. Functionalized aPCPV is a highly water-soluble CPE that exhibits low cytotoxicity, and we found that doping hydrogels with aPCPV imparts conductivity. We also anticipate that this synthetic strategy, due to its ease and high efficiency, will be widely used to create families of not-yet-explored π-conjugated vinylene polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Lee
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3946 W Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Drew L Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3946 W Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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22
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Lee DC, Sellers DL, Liu F, Boydston AJ, Pun SH. Synthesis and Characterization of Anionic Poly(cyclopentadienylene vinylene) and Its Use in Conductive Hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Lee
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute University of Washington 3946 W Stevens Way NE Seattle WA 98105 USA
| | - Drew L. Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering University of Washington 3720 15th Avenue NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering University of Washington 3720 15th Avenue NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute University of Washington 3946 W Stevens Way NE Seattle WA 98105 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Washington 3720 15th Avenue NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
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23
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Yeasmin S, Ammanath G, Ali Y, Boehm BO, Yildiz UH, Palaniappan A, Liedberg B. Colorimetric Urinalysis for On-Site Detection of Metabolic Biomarkers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31270-31281. [PMID: 32551533 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, colorimetric assays have been developed for cost-effective and rapid on-site urinalysis. Most of these assays were employed for detection of biomarkers such as glucose, uric acid, ions, and albumin that are abundant in urine at micromolar to millimolar levels. In contrast, direct assaying of urinary biomarkers such as glycated proteins, low-molecular-weight reactive oxygen species, and nucleic acids that are present at significantly lower levels (nanomolar to picomolar) remain challenging due to the interferences from the urine sample matrix. State-of-the-art assays for detection of trace amounts of urinary biomarkers typically utilize time-consuming and equipment-dependent sample pretreatment or clean-up protocols prior to assaying, which limits their applicability for on-site analysis. Herein, we report a colorimetric assay for on-site detection of trace amount of generic biomarkers in urine without involving tedious sample pretreatment protocols. The detection strategy is based on monitoring the changes in optical properties of poly(3-(4-methyl-3'-thienyloxy)propyltriethylammonium bromide) upon interacting with an aptamer or a peptide nucleic acid in the presence and absence of target biomarkers of relevance for the diagnosis of metabolic complications and diabetes. As a proof of concept, this study demonstrates facile assaying of advanced glycation end products, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and hepatitis B virus DNA in urine samples at clinically relevant concentrations, with limits of detection of ∼850 pM, ∼650 pM, and ∼ 1 nM, respectively. These analytes represent three distinct classes of biomarkers: (i) glycated proteins, (ii) low-molecular-weight reactive oxygen species, and (iii) nucleic acids. Hence, the proposed methodology is applicable for rapid detection of generic biomarkers in urine, without involving sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel, thereby enabling on-site urinalysis. At the end of the contribution, we discuss the opportunity to translate the homogeneous assay into a paper-based format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjida Yeasmin
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 637553 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Gopal Ammanath
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 637553 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Yusuf Ali
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore
| | - Bernhard O Boehm
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore
| | - Umit Hakan Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Alagappan Palaniappan
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 637553 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 637553 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
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24
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Zhou L, Lv F, Liu L, Wang S. Water-Soluble Conjugated Organic Molecules as Optical and Electrochemical Materials for Interdisciplinary Biological Applications. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3211-3222. [PMID: 31609571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apart from the wide applications in the field of electronic and optoelectronic devices, conjugated molecules have been established as useful functional materials for biological applications. By introducing hydrophilic side chains to conjugated backbones, water-soluble conjugated polymers or oligomers (CPs or COs) inherit the attractive optical and electronic properties from conjugated molecules, while their water solubility ensures interaction with biological substrates such as biomacromolecules, microorganisms, and living cells for further biological applications. Benefiting from high brightness, large extinction coefficients, excellent photostability, low cytotoxicity, stability in bodily fluids, and versatile structural modifications, water-soluble conjugated polymers and oligomers have offered powerful alternatives in a variety of biological applications including biological and chemical sensors, fluorescence imaging, disease diagnostics, and therapy. This Account will focus on our recent advances in design, synthesis, and interdisciplinary biological applications of a series of new water-soluble CP and CO materials, starting with a brief introduction to water-soluble CPs and COs and various methods and strategies developed for the preparation of advanced water-soluble CPs and COs. Since their properties can be tuned by rational design and synthesis at the level of the conjugated repeat unit and versatile pendant groups, CPs and COs provide a diverse toolbox for satisfying interdisciplinary biological applications. The application of water-soluble CPs and COs in the past five years can be broadly categorized into four areas. Specifically, integrating the unique optoelectronic properties of water-soluble CPs and COs with self-assembly and supramolecular strategies, efficacy regulation of antibiotic and anticancer drugs has been achieved, meanwhile drug resistance could be overcome and drug resistant "superbacteria" can be inhibited. For applications regulating cellular functions and biological processes, we introduce CPs and COs with the ability to regulate intracellular oxidative stress, cell-cell communication, cellular proliferation, cell membrane permeability, and quorum sensing of bacteria cells. By covalent linkage of reactive groups upon CPs and COs, these molecules are endowed with abilities like disassembly of amyloid polypeptides, biased distribution in cells, selective imaging of organelles, and distinguished interactions with biomolecules. For photothermal therapy (PTT) applications, photothermal-responsive conjugated polymer materials have been utilized for remote control of gene expression in living cells and in vivo photothermal therapy of cancer. Beyond these applications, we have achieved new interdisciplinary applications of water-soluble CP and CO materials for biological optoelectronic devices including photosynthesis, photocatalysis, and bioenergy. Specific features or properties of water-soluble CPs and COs are leveraged to bring opportunities for each of these applications. These studies open a new frontier for development of new functional conjugated molecule materials and provide better understanding of their interactions with biological systems as well as structure/property relationships. Current limitations confronted by CPs and COs are raised, and developmental direction for the future is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zhou
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Shu Wang
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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25
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So RC, Carreon-Asok AC. Molecular Design, Synthetic Strategies, and Applications of Cationic Polythiophenes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11442-11509. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina C. So
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Katipunan, Quezon City 1108, Philippines
| | - Analyn C. Carreon-Asok
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Katipunan, Quezon City 1108, Philippines
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University−Ateneo de Cagayan University, Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro City 9000, Philippines
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26
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Synthesis of soluble poly(azomethine)s containing thiophene and their fluorescence quantum yields. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Efficient synthesis of a rod-coil conjugated graft copolymer by combination of thiol-maleimide chemistry and MOF-catalyzed photopolymerization. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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A novel route to synthesis polythiophene with great yield and high electrical conductivity without post doping process. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pakhira M, Ghosh R, Rath SP, Chatterjee DP, Nandi AK. Zwitterionic Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Graft Copolymer with Unexpected Fluorescence Property. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5525-5533. [PMID: 30889953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growth of research on the nonconjugated polymer exhibiting fluorescence property and it would be exciting if fluorescence property is developed in zwitterionic polymers because of their good water solubility. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) grafted with poly(dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) is fractionated and a highly water-soluble fraction (PVDM-1) is quaternized with 1,3-propane sultone, producing a zwitterionic polymer, PVDF- g-PDMAEMA-sultone (PVDMS). PVDM-1 shows the fluorescence property with very low quantum yield (1%) in water, but on quaternization, fluorescence quantum yield increases to 8%. Transmission electron microscopy results indicate that the PVDM-1 cast from water has vesicular morphology, whereas PVDMS exhibits aggregated vesicular morphology. The 1H NMR spectra indicate the presence of 72 mol % DMAEMA in PVDM-1 wherein 66% of -NMe2 groups is quaternized upon postpolymerization modification. PVDM-1 exhibits absorption peaks at 210, 276, and 457 nm with a hump at 430 nm, whereas PVDMS exhibits two absorption peaks at 203 and 297 nm. PVDM-1 exhibits a broad emission peak at 534 nm, whereas PVDMS exhibits a sharp emission peak at 438 nm. An attempt has been made from density functional theory calculations to shed light on the origin of fluorescence in both PVDM-1 and in the zwitterionic PVDMS. The excitonic decay occurs from the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of carbonyl group to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of tertiary amine group for PVDM-1, whereas in PVDMS, the excitonic transition occurs from the LUMO situated over the quaternary ammonium group to the HOMO located on the electron-rich terminal sulfonate group.
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30
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Research Progress on Conducting Polymer-Based Biomedical Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9061070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) have attracted significant attention in a variety of research fields, particularly in biomedical engineering, because of the ease in controlling their morphology, their high chemical and environmental stability, and their biocompatibility, as well as their unique optical and electrical properties. In particular, the electrical properties of CPs can be simply tuned over the full range from insulator to metal via a doping process, such as chemical, electrochemical, charge injection, and photo-doping. Over the past few decades, remarkable progress has been made in biomedical research including biosensors, tissue engineering, artificial muscles, and drug delivery, as CPs have been utilized as a key component in these fields. In this article, we review CPs from the perspective of biomedical engineering. Specifically, representative biomedical applications of CPs are briefly summarized: biosensors, tissue engineering, artificial muscles, and drug delivery. The motivation for use of and the main function of CPs in these fields above are discussed. Finally, we highlight the technical and scientific challenges regarding electrical conductivity, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and the loading capacity of biomolecules that are faced by CPs for future work. This is followed by several strategies to overcome these drawbacks.
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31
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Wang F, Xia H, Pu S, Yan N, Song J, Tian Y, Wei J, Yan L. Novel polythiophene derivative for dual-channel cell imaging. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17335-17340. [PMID: 35519859 PMCID: PMC9064552 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent materials play an extremely important role in understanding the microbiological world. New fluorescent materials which have good photophysical properties, low cytotoxicity, and multi-channel fluorescent imaging capability are still urgently needed, even though many kinds of fluorescent materials have already been synthesized. In this work, a new polythiophene derivative (PT-OH-PPR) modified with a porphyrin group in its side chain was designed and fabricated through FeCl3 oxidative polymerization. The obtained PT-OH-PPR has wide absorption and emission spectral range, good water solubility and low cytotoxicity. Importantly it could be enriched in the cytoplasm of A549 cells and be excited by two excitation wavelengths (488 nm and 559 nm), which provides a promising application in dual-channel cell imaging. PT-OH-PPR has good optical properties, good water solubility and low cytotoxicity, and could be used as a dual-channel cell imaging material.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Chang'an University
- Xi'an 710064
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Transportation Materials
| | - Huiyun Xia
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Chang'an University
- Xi'an 710064
- China
| | - Siyu Pu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Chang'an University
- Xi'an 710064
- China
| | - Ni Yan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Chang'an University
- Xi'an 710064
- China
| | - Jiale Song
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Chang'an University
- Xi'an 710064
- China
| | - Yefei Tian
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Chang'an University
- Xi'an 710064
- China
| | - Junji Wei
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Chang'an University
- Xi'an 710064
- China
| | - Luke Yan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Chang'an University
- Xi'an 710064
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Transportation Materials
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L. Mako
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Joan M. Racicot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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33
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Long side-chain grafting imparts intrinsic adhesiveness to poly(thiophene phenylene) conjugated polymer. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Ghosh R, Das S, Bhattacharyya K, Chatterjee DP, Biswas A, Nandi AK. Light-Induced Conformational Change of Uracil-Anchored Polythiophene-Regulating Thermo-Responsiveness. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:12401-12411. [PMID: 30234308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the electronic structure of a π-conjugated polymer from the responsive side chains is generally done to get desired optoelectronic properties, and it would be very fruitful when light is used as an exciting tool that can also affect the backbone chain conformation. For this purpose, polythiophene- g-poly-[ N-(6-methyluracilyl)- N, N-dimethylamino chloride]ethyl methacrylate (PTDU) is synthesized. On exposure to diffuse sunlight, the uracil moieties of the grafted chains cause the absorption maximum of PTDU solution to show gradual blue shift of 87 nm and a gradual blue shift of 46 nm in the emission maximum, quenching its fluorescence with time. These effects occur specifically at the absorption range of polythiophene (PT) chromophore on direct exposure of light of different wavelengths, and the optimum wavelength is found to be 420 nm. Impedance study suggests a decrease in charge transfer resistance upon exposure because of conformational change of PTDU. Theoretical study indicates that on exposure to visible light, uracil moieties move toward the backbone to facilitate photoinduced electron transfer between the PT and the uracil, attributing to the variation in optoelectronic properties. Morphological and light-scattering studies exhibit a decrease in particle size because of coiling of the PT backbone and squeezing of the grafted chain on light exposure. The transparent orange-colored PTDU solution becomes hazy with a hike in emission intensity on addition of sodium halides and becomes reversibly transparent or hazy on heating or cooling. The screening of cationic centers of PTDU by varying halide anion concentration tunes the phase transition temperature. Thus, the light-induced variation in the backbone conformation is responsible for tuning the optoelectronic properties and regulates the thermos-responsiveness of the PTDU solution in the presence of halide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakanta Ghosh
- Polymer Science Unit , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur , Kolkata 700 032 , India
| | - Sujoy Das
- Polymer Science Unit , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur , Kolkata 700 032 , India
| | - Kalishankar Bhattacharyya
- Polymer Science Unit , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur , Kolkata 700 032 , India
| | - Dhruba P Chatterjee
- Polymer Science Unit , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur , Kolkata 700 032 , India
| | - Atosi Biswas
- Polymer Science Unit , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur , Kolkata 700 032 , India
| | - Arun K Nandi
- Polymer Science Unit , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur , Kolkata 700 032 , India
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35
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Effect of the incorporation of an Ag nanoparticle interlayer on the photovoltaic performance of green bulk heterojunction water-soluble polythiophene solar cells. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Maity N, Ghosh R, Nandi AK. Optoelectronic Properties of Self-Assembled Nanostructures of Polymer Functionalized Polythiophene and Graphene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7585-7597. [PMID: 29390187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this Feature Article, we discuss the variation of optoelectronic properties with the aggregation style of polythiophene (PT) graft copolymers and polymer-modified graphene systems. Grafting of flexible polymers on a PT chain exhibits several self-organized patterns under various conditions, causing different optical and electronic properties, arising from the different conformational states of the conjugated chain. Graphene, a zero band gap material, is functionalized with polymers both covalently and noncovalently to create a finite band gap importing new optoelectronic properties. The polymer-triggered self-assembled nanostructures of PT and graphene-based materials bring unique optical/electronic properties suitable for sensing toxic ions, nitroaromatics, and surfactants, for drug delivery, and also for fabricating molecular logic gates, electronic rectifiers, photocurrent devices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabasmita Maity
- Polymer Science Unit , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032 , India
| | - Radhakanta Ghosh
- Polymer Science Unit , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032 , India
| | - Arun K Nandi
- Polymer Science Unit , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032 , India
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37
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Duddukuri NK, Thatikonda S, Godugu C, Kumar RA, Doijad. N. Synthesis of Novel Thiophene-Chalcone Derivatives as Anticancer- and Apoptosis-Inducing Agents. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandan Kumar Duddukuri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Sowjanya Thatikonda
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Rathod Aravind Kumar
- Centre for Semio chemicals; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Nandkumar Doijad.
- Animal house facility; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Hyderabad 500037 India
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38
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Liu C, Zhang Q, An N, Wang J, Zhao L, Lu Y. A new water-soluble polythiophene derivative as a probe for real-time monitoring adenosine 5'-triphosphatase activity in lysosome of living cells. Talanta 2018; 182:396-404. [PMID: 29501170 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Detection of the adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in lysosome of living cells is of great importance for clinical diagnosis of many related diseases, including cancer. In this work, a new water-soluble polythiophene derivative named ZnPT bearing both quaternary ammonium salt groups and dipicolylamine-Zn2+ (DPA-Zn2+) complexes in its side chain, was designed and synthesized for this propose. The probe mainly localized to lysosome with good biocompatibility and membrane penetration. The real-time, continuous, direct, and label-free assays were achieved through a fluorescence "turn-on" mode by taking advantages of the reaction specificity of ATPase with ATP and the high binding selectivity of ZnPT toward ATP substrate over its hydrolysis product (ADP). This well designed strategy should provide a facile and effective way for investigating ATPase-relevant biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Nianqi An
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yan Lu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
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39
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Synthesis, spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of Co(II)-terpyridine based metallopolymer. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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40
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Ghosh R, Chatterjee DP, Das S, Mukhopadhyay TK, Datta A, Nandi AK. Influence of Hofmeister I - on Tuning Optoelectronic Properties of Ampholytic Polythiophene by Varying pH and Conjugating with RNA. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:12739-12749. [PMID: 29028346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A significant tuning of optoelectronic properties of polythiophene (PT) chains due to Hofmeister iodide (I-) ion is demonstrated in ampholytic polythiophene [polythiophene-g-poly{(N,N,N-trimethylamino iodide)ethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid}, APT] at different pHs. In acidic medium, the absorption and emission signals of PT chromophore exhibit appreciable blue shift in the presence of I- as counteranion only. The cooperative effect of undissociated -COOH and quaternary ammonium groups immobilize I- near the apolar PT chain causing threading of grafted chains and hence twisting of the backbone attributing to the blue shift. As medium pH is increased, dethreading of the PT backbone occurs due to ionization of -COOH group, releasing quencher iodide ions from the vicinity of the PT chains resulting in a red shift in absorption and a sharp hike in fluorescence intensity (390 times) for an increase of excitons lifetime. With an increase of pH, morphology changes from a multivesicular aggregate with vacuoles to smaller size vesicles and finally to nanofibrillar network structure. Dethreading is also found when APT interacts with RNA showing a significant hike of fluorescence (22 times) for displacing iodide ions forming a nanofibrillar network morphology. Threading and dethreading also affect the resistance, capacitance, and Warburg impedance values of APT. Molecular dynamics simulation of a model APT chain in a water box supports the threading at lower pH where the iodide ions pose nearer to the PT chain than that at higher pH causing dethreading. So the influence of Hofmeister I- ion is established for tuning the optoelectronic properties of a novel PT based polyampholyte by changing pH or by conjugating with RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakanta Ghosh
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Dhruba P Chatterjee
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Sujoy Das
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Titas K Mukhopadhyay
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Arun K Nandi
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
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41
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Huang W, Yan H, Niu S, Du Y, Yuan L. Unprecedented strong blue photoluminescence from hyperbranched polycarbonate: From its fluorescence mechanism to applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary Conditions, Ministry of Education, School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Province, School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
| | - Hongxia Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary Conditions, Ministry of Education, School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Province, School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
| | - Song Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary Conditions, Ministry of Education, School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Province, School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
| | - Yuqun Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary Conditions, Ministry of Education, School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Province, School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
| | - Luyao Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary Conditions, Ministry of Education, School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shaanxi Province, School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
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42
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Kuwabara K, Masaki H, Imai H, Oaki Y. Substrate coating by conductive polymers through spontaneous oxidation and polymerization. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7895-7900. [PMID: 28561844 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01838j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A variety of substrates and substances were coated with conductive polymers at low temperature under ambient pressure. The substrate coating with heteroaromatic polymers proceeded through spontaneous oxidation and polymerization of the monomers, such as pyrrole (Py) and thiophene (Tp) derivatives. The monomer liquid, the solid nitrate oxidant, and the substrate were put in a closed vessel. The vapor of the activated monomer was spontaneously generated on the surface of the solid nitrate oxidant through the diffusion of the monomer vapor. The monomer and its activated species were adsorbed and polymerized on the surface of any substrate in the reaction vessel. The thickness was controlled by the reaction time. The substituents of the monomers had an influence on the coating rate. The morphology of the coated polymers was changed by the substrates with different wettabilities. The thin coating of the heteroaromatic polymer was applied to the preparation of an electrode for charge storage based on the redox reaction. The thin coating on the current collector showed an enhanced high-rate charge-discharge performance. The present synthetic approach can be applied to the coating of polymer materials on a variety of substrates from the monomer vapor under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Kuwabara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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43
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Boufflet P, Casey A, Xia Y, Stavrinou PN, Heeney M. Pentafluorobenzene end-group as a versatile handle for para fluoro "click" functionalization of polythiophenes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2215-2225. [PMID: 28507677 PMCID: PMC5408564 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient method of introducing pentafluorobenzene (PFB) as a single end-group in polythiophene derivatives is reported via in situ quenching of the polymerization. We demonstrate that the PFB-group is a particularly useful end-group due to its ability to undergo fast nucleophilic aromatic substitutions. Using this molecular handle, we are able to quantitatively tether a variety of common nucleophiles to the polythiophene backbone. The mild conditions required for the reaction allows sensitive functional moieties, such as biotin or a cross-linkable trimethoxysilane, to be introduced as end-groups. The high yield enabled the formation of a diblock rod-coil polymer from equimolar reactants under transition metal-free conditions at room temperature. We further demonstrate that water soluble polythiophenes end-capped with PFB can be prepared via the hydrolysis of an ester precursor, and that such polymers are amenable to functionalization under aqueous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Boufflet
- Dept. Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Abby Casey
- Dept. Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Yiren Xia
- Dept. Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK
- Dept. of Engineering Science , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PJ , UK
| | - Paul N Stavrinou
- Dept. of Engineering Science , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PJ , UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Dept. Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
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44
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Durgadevi N, Swarnalatha V. Polythiophene functionalized hydrophobic cellulose kitchen wipe sponge and cellulose fabric for effective oil–water separation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil–water separation using polythiophene coated cellulose sponge and fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Durgadevi
- Department of Sciences
- Amrita School of Engineering
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
- Amrita University
- Coimbatore
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45
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Das S, Routh P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee DP, Nandi AK. Water-soluble ionic polythiophenes for biological and analytical applications. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Das
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata - 700032 India
| | - Parimal Routh
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata - 700032 India
| | - Radhakanta Ghosh
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata - 700032 India
| | - Dhruba P Chatterjee
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata - 700032 India
| | - Arun K Nandi
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata - 700032 India
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46
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Pharmacological evaluation of poly(3-methylthiophene) and its titanium(IV)phosphate nanocomposite: DNA interaction, molecular docking, and cytotoxic activity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 164:244-255. [PMID: 27710872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and pathogenic microbial diseases have terribly affected human health over a longer period of time. In response to the increasing casualties due to cancer and microbial diseases, unique poly(3-methylthiophene) and poly(3-methylthiophene)-titanium(IV)phosphate composite were prepared via in-situ oxidative chemical polymerization in this work. The poly(3-methylthiophene) and poly(3-methylthiophene)-titanium(IV)phosphate composite were well characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. DNA binding studies by UV-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopic investigations indicated strong binding affinities of poly(3-methylthiophene) and poly(3-methylthiophene)-titanium(IV)phosphate nanocomposite; leading to structural damage of DNA. Poly(3-methylthiophene)-titanium(IV)phosphate nanocomposite showed stronger interactions with DNA as compared to poly(3-methylthiophene) and from dye displacement assay it was confirmed that mode of binding of both the formulations was intercalative. The antimicrobial screening revealed that polymer and its composite displayed stronger antibacterial effects than ampicillin against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium. Besides, the poly(3-methylthiophene) and poly(3-methylthiophene)-titanium(IV)phosphate nanocomposite showed dose dependent effects towards estrogen receptor positive breast cancer (MCF-7) and estrogen receptor negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines; with poly(3-methylthiophene)-titanium(IV)phosphate nanocomposite showing better activities against both cell lines. In all in-vitro biological investigations, poly(3-methylthiophene)-titanium(IV)phosphate composite showed superior properties to that of the pure poly(3-methylthiophene), which encouraged us to suggest its potential as future therapeutic gear in drug delivery and other allied fields.
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Ghosh R, Das S, Chatterjee DP, Nandi AK. Surfactant-Triggered Fluorescence Turn "on/off" Behavior of a Polythiophene-graft-Polyampholyte. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:8413-8423. [PMID: 27465928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polythiophene-graft-polyampholyte (PTP) is synthesized using N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and tert-butyl methacrylate monomers by grafting from polythiophene backbone, followed by hydrolysis. The resulting polymer exhibits aqueous solubility via formation of small-sized miceller aggregates with hydrophobic polythiophene at the center and radiating polyionic side chains (cationic or anionic depending on the pH of the medium) at the outer periphery. The critical micelle concentration of PTP in acidic solution (0.025 mg/mL, pH = 2.7) is determined from fluorescence spectroscopy. PTP exhibits reversible fluorescence on and off response in both acidic and basic medium with the sequential addition of differently charged ionic surfactants, repeatedly. The fluorescence intensity of PTP at pH 2.7 increases with the addition of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS), due to the self-aggregation forming compound micelles. The fluorescence intensity of these solutions again decreases on addition of a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), because of assembling of SDBS with CTAB, thus deassembling the PTP-SDBS aggregates. At pH 9.2, these turn on and turn off responses are also shown by PTP with the sequential addition of cationic surfactant (CTAB) and anionic surfactant (SDBS), respectively. This result shows that PTP has potential for surfactant-induced reversible fluorescence turn on and off using ionic surfactant (SDBS and CTAB) through self-assembling and deassembling of the ionic aggregates. The reversible aggregation and disaggregation process of PTP with the surfactants at both acidic and basic pH is supported from dynamic light scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of the above systems studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy also supports the above aggregation and disaggregation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakanta Ghosh
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Sandip Das
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | | | - Arun K Nandi
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
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de Bettencourt-Dias A, Rossini JSK. Ligand Design for Luminescent Lanthanide-Containing Metallopolymers. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9954-9963. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey S. K. Rossini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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Guo B, Yao Z, Liu L, Wu HC. Revealing different aggregational states of a conjugated polymer in solution by a nanopore sensor. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5287-5293. [PMID: 30155179 PMCID: PMC6020615 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00296j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanopores are effective and powerful tools for the analysis of conformational and aggregational states of conjugated polymers in solution.
The functionalities of conjugated polymers are determined not only by local molecular structure, but also by the mesoscale conformational and morphological states of the polymer chains. Simulation studies have successfully established the connections between molecular structure and conformational states of certain conjugated polymers. However, experimental tools that can accurately discriminate between different conformational and morphological states of conjugated polymers are still scarce. Here, we use a nanopore sensor to analyze different aggregational states of a polythiophene derivative by threading the polymer through the pore under applied potentials. When the fluorescence of the polythiophene is quenched by pH tuning or the presence of Dy3+, the UV-vis and fluorescence spectra of the two solutions appear indistinguishable. However, threading the polymer molecules of these two solutions through an α-hemolysin nanopore affords entirely different translocation profiles owing to their different aggregational states. We further substantiate the results by conducting aggregational interconversion experiments and TEM measurements. This work has clearly indicated that nanopores are promising tools for the analysis of aggregational changes of conjugated polymers and may open new avenues for the investigation of aggregational states of biomacromolecules in the context of early disease diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety , Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-88235745
| | - Zhiyi Yao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety , Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-88235745
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety , Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-88235745
| | - Hai-Chen Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety , Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-88235745.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
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50
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Otero TF, Martinez JG. Electro-chemo-biomimetics from conducting polymers: fundamentals, materials, properties and devices. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:2069-2085. [PMID: 32263174 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00060f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated conducting polymers, intrinsic conducting polymers or conducting polymers are complex and mixed materials; their electroactive fractions follow reversible oxidation/reduction reactions giving reversible volume variations to lodge or expel charge-balance counterions and osmotic-balance solvent molecules. The material content (reactive macromolecules, ions and water) mimics the dense intracellular matrix gel of living cells. Here the electropolymerization mechanism is reviewed highlighting the presence of parallel reactions resulting in electroactive and non-electroactive fractions of the final material. Conducting polymers are classified into nine different material families. Each of those families follows a prevalent reaction-driven exchange of anions or cations during oxidation/reduction (p-doping/p-dedoping or n-doping/n-dedoping). Polyaniline families also follow reaction-driven exchange of protons. The polymer/counterion composition changes for several orders of magnitude in a reversible way with the reversible reaction. The value of each of the different composition-dependent properties of the material also shifts in a reversible way driven by the reaction. Each property mimics another change in functional biological organs. A family of biomimetic devices is being developed based on each biomimetic property. Those electrochemical devices work driven by reactions of the constitutive material, as biological organs do. The simultaneous variation of several composition-dependent properties during the reaction announces an unparalleled technological world of multifunctional devices: several tools working simultaneously in one device. Such properties and devices are driven by electrochemical reactions: they are Faradaic devices and must be characterized by using electrochemical cells and electro-chemical methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Otero
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials and Devices, Campus Alfonso XIII, 30203, Cartagena, Spain.
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