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Crawford C, Liporagi-Lopes L, Coelho C, Santos Junior SR, Moraes Nicola A, Wear MP, Vij R, Oscarson S, Casadevall A. Semisynthetic Glycoconjugate Vaccine Candidates against Cryptococcus neoformans. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2089-2100. [PMID: 38819951 PMCID: PMC11184550 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus classified by the World Health Organization as a critically important pathogen, which poses a significant threat to immunocompromised individuals. In this study, we present the chemical synthesis and evaluation of two semisynthetic vaccine candidates targeting the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) of C. neoformans. These semisynthetic glycoconjugate vaccines contain an identical synthetic decasaccharide (M2 motif) antigen. This antigen is present in serotype A strains, which constitute 95% of the clinical cryptococcosis cases. This synthetic oligosaccharide was conjugated to two proteins (CRM197 and Anthrax 63 kDa PA) and tested for immunogenicity in mice. The conjugates elicited a specific antibody response that bound to the M2 motif but also exhibited additional cross-reactivity toward M1 and M4 GXM motifs. Both glycoconjugates produced antibodies that bound to GXM in ELISA assays and to live fungal cells. Mice immunized with the CRM197 glycoconjugate produced weakly opsonic antibodies and displayed trends toward increased median survival relative to mice given a mock PBS injection (18 vs 15 days, p = 0.06). These findings indicate promise, achieving a successful vaccine demands further optimization of the glycoconjugate. This antigen could serve as a component in a multivalent GXM motif vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor
J. Crawford
- Centre
for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Department
of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
| | - Livia Liporagi-Lopes
- Department
of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
| | - Carolina Coelho
- Department
of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
| | - Samuel R. Santos Junior
- Department
of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
| | - André Moraes Nicola
- Department
of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
| | - Maggie P. Wear
- Department
of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
| | - Raghav Vij
- Department
of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre
for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department
of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21205, Maryland, United States
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2
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Crawford CJ, Liporagi-Lopes L, Coelho C, Santos SR, Nicola AM, Wear MP, Vij R, Oscarson S, Casadevall A. Semi-synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine candidate against Cryptococcus neoformans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578725. [PMID: 38352552 PMCID: PMC10862886 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus classified by the World Health Organization as a critically important pathogen, posing a significant threat to immunocompromised individuals. In this study, we present the chemical synthesis and evaluation of two semi-synthetic vaccine candidates targeting the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) of C. neoformans. These semi-synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines contain the identical synthetic decasaccharide (M2 motif) antigen. This motif is present in serotype A strains, which constitute 95% of clinical cryptococcosis cases. This synthetic oligosaccharide was conjugated to two proteins (CRM197 and Anthrax 63 kDa PA) and tested for immunogenicity in mice. The conjugates elicited a specific antibody response that bound to the M2 motif but also exhibited additional cross-reactivity towards M1 and M4 GXM motifs. Both glycoconjugates produced antibodies that bound to GXM in ELISA assays and to live fungal cells. Mice immunized with the CRM197 glycoconjugate produced opsonic antibodies and displayed trends toward increased median survival relative to mice given a mock PBS injection (18 vs 15 days, p = 0.06). While these findings indicate promise, achieving a successful vaccine demands further optimization of the glycoconjugate. It could serve as a component in a multi-valent GXM motif vaccine, enhancing both strength and breadth of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Crawford
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Present Address: Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Livia Liporagi-Lopes
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Present Address: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Coelho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Present Address: MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter Devon UK
| | - Samuel R Santos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - André Moraes Nicola
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Present Address: Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Maggie P Wear
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Raghav Vij
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Present address: Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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3
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Cross reacting material (CRM197) as a carrier protein for carbohydrate conjugate vaccines targeted at bacterial and fungal pathogens. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:775-798. [PMID: 35872318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of conjugate glycovaccines which contain recombinant diphtheria toxoid CRM197 as a carrier protein. A special focus is given to synthetic methods used for preparation of neoglycoconjugates of CRM197 with oligosaccharide epitopes of cell surface carbohydrates of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Syntheses of commercial vaccines and laboratory specimen on the basis of CRM197 are outlined briefly.
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4
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Del Bino L, Østerlid KE, Wu DY, Nonne F, Romano MR, Codée J, Adamo R. Synthetic Glycans to Improve Current Glycoconjugate Vaccines and Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15672-15716. [PMID: 35608633 PMCID: PMC9614730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is emerging as the next potential pandemic. Different microorganisms, including the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-typhoidal Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungus Candida auris, have been identified by the WHO and CDC as urgent or serious AMR threats. Others, such as group A and B Streptococci, are classified as concerning threats. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been demonstrated to be an efficacious and cost-effective measure to combat infections against Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and, more recently, Salmonella typhi. Recent times have seen enormous progress in methodologies for the assembly of complex glycans and glycoconjugates, with developments in synthetic, chemoenzymatic, and glycoengineering methodologies. This review analyzes the advancement of glycoconjugate vaccines based on synthetic carbohydrates to improve existing vaccines and identify novel candidates to combat AMR. Through this literature survey we built an overview of structure-immunogenicity relationships from available data and identify gaps and areas for further research to better exploit the peculiar role of carbohydrates as vaccine targets and create the next generation of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kitt Emilie Østerlid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dung-Yeh Wu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeroen Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Carboni F, Kitowski A, Sorieul C, Veggi D, Marques MC, Oldrini D, Balducci E, Brogioni B, Del Bino L, Corrado A, Angiolini F, Dello Iacono L, Margarit I, Romano MR, Bernardes GJL, Adamo R. Retaining the structural integrity of disulfide bonds in diphtheria toxoid carrier protein is crucial for the effectiveness of glycoconjugate vaccine candidates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2440-2449. [PMID: 35310500 PMCID: PMC8864718 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01928g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of glycoconjugate vaccines marks an important point in the fight against various infectious diseases. The covalent conjugation of relevant polysaccharide antigens to immunogenic carrier proteins enables the induction of a long-lasting and robust IgG antibody response, which is not observed for pure polysaccharide vaccines. Although there has been remarkable progress in the development of glycoconjugate vaccines, many crucial parameters remain poorly understood. In particular, the influence of the conjugation site and strategy on the immunogenic properties of the final glycoconjugate vaccine is the focus of intense research. Here, we present a comparison of two cysteine selective conjugation strategies, elucidating the impact of both modifications on the structural integrity of the carrier protein, as well as on the immunogenic properties of the resulting glycoconjugate vaccine candidates. Our work suggests that conjugation chemistries impairing structurally relevant elements of the protein carrier, such as disulfide bonds, can have a dramatic effect on protein immunogenicity. The introduction of glycoconjugate vaccines marks an important point in the fight against various infectious diseases.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annabel Kitowski
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Marta C. Marques
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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6
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Precise protein conjugation technology for the construction of homogenous glycovaccines. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 38:69-75. [PMID: 34895642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of vaccines for the treatment and prevention of bacterial or viral diseases in the early 19th century marked a crucial turning point in medical history. Since then, extensive immunization campaigns have eradicated smallpox and drastically reduced the number of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and measles cases worldwide. Although a broad selection of vaccines is available, there remains a need to develop additional vaccine candidates against a range of dangerous infectious diseases, preferably based on precise syntheses that lead to homogenous formulations. Different strategies for the construction of this type of vaccine candidates are being pursued. Glycoconjugate vaccines are successful in the fight against bacterial and viral infectious diseases. However, their exact mechanism of action remains largely unknown and the large-scale production of chemically defined constructs is challenging. In particular, the conjugation of the carbohydrate antigen to the protein carrier has proved to be crucial for the properties of these vaccines. This review highlights some of the latest findings and developments in the construction of glycoconjugate vaccines by means of site-specific chemical reactions.
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7
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Del Bino L, Romano MR. Role of carbohydrate antigens in antifungal glycoconjugate vaccines and immunotherapy. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 38:45-55. [PMID: 34895640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of fungal infection is a growing public health concern that in the latest years is becoming a serious threat to humans, particularly for immunocompromised individuals. Invasive fungal infections (IFIs), which are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, are on the rise due to the availability of only a few old antifungal agents. In addition to this, the growing use of antibiotics makes the population increasingly susceptible to these infections. Since carbohydrates are the main component of the fungal cell wall, the study of fungal glycans as potential targets for the fight against IFIs has aroused much interest in recent decades. In most fungal species the saccharides of the core are made up of chitin and β-glucans, while the outer layer carbohydrates vary according to the fungal species, such as mannans for Candida albicans, galactomannans for Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae, α-glucans for Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans, glucuronoxylomannans (GXM) and galactoxylomannans (GalXM) for Criptococcus neoformans. Being surface antigens, fungal carbohydrates are a logical target for the development of antifungal glycoconjugate vaccines and for immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies. This review summarizes recent findings on active and passive immunization strategies based on fungal carbohydrates explored preclinically for three of the major fungal pathogens: Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus.
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8
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Fittolani G, Tyrikos-Ergas T, Vargová D, Chaube MA, Delbianco M. Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1981-2025. [PMID: 34386106 PMCID: PMC8353590 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence, length and substitution of a polysaccharide influence its physical and biological properties. Thus, sequence controlled polysaccharides are important targets to establish structure-properties correlations. Polymerization techniques and enzymatic methods have been optimized to obtain samples with well-defined substitution patterns and narrow molecular weight distribution. Chemical synthesis has granted access to polysaccharides with full control over the length. Here, we review the progress towards the synthesis of well-defined polysaccharides. For each class of polysaccharides, we discuss the available synthetic approaches and their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denisa Vargová
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Manishkumar A Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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9
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Kim Y, Hyun JY, Shin I. Multivalent glycans for biological and biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10567-10593. [PMID: 34346405 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01606c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of glycans by proteins plays a crucial role in a variety of physiological processes in cells and living organisms. In addition, interactions of glycans with proteins are involved in the development of diverse diseases, such as pathogen infection, inflammation and tumor metastasis. It is well-known that multivalent glycans bind to proteins much more strongly than do their monomeric counterparts. Owing to this property, numerous multivalent glycans have been utilized to elucidate glycan-mediated biological processes and to discover glycan-based biomedical agents. In this review, we discuss recent advances (2014-2020) made in the development and biological and biomedical applications of synthetic multivalent glycans, including neoglycopeptides, neoglycoproteins, glycodendrimers, glycopolymers, glyconanoparticles and glycoliposomes. We hope this review assists researchers in the design and development of novel multivalent glycans with predictable activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Hyun
- Department of Drug Discovery, Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea.
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Cloutier M, Gauthier C. Progress toward the Development of Glycan-Based Vaccines against Campylobacteriosis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:969-986. [PMID: 32579844 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As one of the main causes of bacterial diarrhea and a major risk factor for triggering Guillain-Barré autoimmune syndrome, campylobacteriosis, that is, Campylobacter spp. infections, represents a major health issue worldwide. There is thus a pressing need for developing an effective and broad-coverage campylobacteriosis vaccine. Campylobacter jejuni, an encapsulated, multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacterium, expresses virulence-associated capsular polysaccharides (CPSs), which constitute exquisite targets for the design of glycoconjugate vaccines. In that context, synthetic carbohydrate chemistry acts as a crucial enabling technology for the preparation of homogeneous constructs while allowing antigenic epitopes to be deciphered and probed at the molecular level. This review aims at covering recent developments in CPS-based campylobacteriosis vaccines as well as in the total syntheses of C. jejuni-related mono- and oligosaccharide mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Cloutier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
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11
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Khatun F, Dai CC, Rivera-Hernandez T, Hussein WM, Khalil ZG, Capon RJ, Toth I, Stephenson RJ. Immunogenicity Assessment of Cell Wall Carbohydrates of Group A Streptococcus via Self-Adjuvanted Glyco-lipopeptides. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:390-405. [PMID: 33533246 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the immunogenic moieties and their precise structure of carbohydrates plays an important role for developing effective carbohydrate-based subunit vaccines. This study assessed the structure-immunogenicity relationship of carbohydrate moieties of a single repeating unit of group A carbohydrate (GAC) present on the cell wall of group A Streptococcus (GAS) using a rationally designed self-adjuvanted lipid-core peptide, instead of a carrier protein. Immunological evaluation of fully synthetic glyco-lipopeptides (particle size: 300-500 nm) revealed that construct consisting of higher rhamnose moieties (trirhamnosyl-lipopeptide) was able to induce enhanced immunogenic activity in mice, and GlcNAc moiety was not found to be an essential component of immunogenic GAC mimicked epitope. Trirhamnosyl-lipopeptide also showed 75-97% opsonic activity against four different clinical isolates of GAS and was comparable to a subunit peptide vaccine (J8-lipopeptide) which illustrated 65-96% opsonic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farjana Khatun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Charles C. Dai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zeinab G. Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Rachel J. Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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12
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Krylov VB, Nifantiev NE. Synthetic carbohydrate based anti-fungal vaccines. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 35-36:35-43. [PMID: 33388126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim B Krylov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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13
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Enotarpi J, Tontini M, Balocchi C, van der Es D, Auberger L, Balducci E, Carboni F, Proietti D, Casini D, Filippov DV, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Colombo C, Romano MR, Berti F, Costantino P, Codeé JDC, Lay L, Adamo R. A stabilized glycomimetic conjugate vaccine inducing protective antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4434. [PMID: 32895393 PMCID: PMC7477203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide (MenA CPS) consists of (1 → 6)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate repeating units, O-acetylated at position C3 or C4. Glycomimetics appear attractive to overcome the CPS intrinsic lability in physiological media, due to cleavage of the phosphodiester bridge, and to develop a stable vaccine with longer shelf life in liquid formulation. Here, we generate a series of non-acetylated carbaMenA oligomers which are proven more stable than the CPS. An octamer (DP8) inhibits the binding of a MenA specific bactericidal mAb and polyclonal serum to the CPS, and is selected for further in vivo testing. However, its CRM197 conjugate raises murine antibodies towards the non-acetylated CPS backbone, but not the natural acetylated form. Accordingly, random O-acetylation of the DP8 is performed, resulting in a structure (Ac-carbaMenA) showing improved inhibition of anti-MenA CPS antibody binding and, after conjugation to CRM197, eliciting anti-MenA protective murine antibodies, comparably to the vaccine benchmark.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Bacterial Capsules/immunology
- Biomimetics/methods
- Glycoconjugates/chemical synthesis
- Glycoconjugates/immunology
- Mice
- Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A/chemistry
- Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A/drug effects
- Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemical synthesis
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/chemistry
- Vaccines, Conjugate/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Enotarpi
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Polymeric Materials (LaMPo), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Daan van der Es
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ludovic Auberger
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Polymeric Materials (LaMPo), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Polymeric Materials (LaMPo), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jeroen D C Codeé
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Polymeric Materials (LaMPo), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Petit B, Mitaine-Offer AC, Fernández FR, Papini AM, Delaude C, Miyamoto T, Tanaka C, Rovero P, Lacaille-Dubois MA. Triterpene glycosides from Blighia welwitschii and evaluation of their antibody recognition capacity in multiple sclerosis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 176:112392. [PMID: 32512361 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) in a multifactorial autoimmune disease in which reliable biomarkers are needed for therapeutic monitoring and diagnosis. Autoantibodies (autoAbs) are known biomarker candidates although their detection in biological fluids requires a thorough characterization of their associated antigens. Over the past twenty years, a reverse chemical-based approach aiming to screen putative autoantigens has underlined the role of glycans, in particular glucose, in MS. Despite the progress achieved, a lack of consensus regarding the nature of innate antigens as well as difficulties proposing new synthetic glucose-based structures have proved to be obstacles. Here is proposed a strategy to extend the current methodology to the field of natural glycosides, in order to dramatically increase the diversity of glycans that could be tested. Triterpene saponins from the Sapindaceace family represent an optimal starting material as their abundant description in the literature has revealed a prevalence of glucose-based oligosaccharides. Blighia welwitschii (Sapindaceae) was thus selected as a case study and twelve triterpene saponins were isolated and characterized. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR as well as mass spectrometry, revealing seven undescribed compounds. A selection of natural glycosides exhibiting various oligosaccharide moieties were then tested as antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to recognize IgM antibodies (Abs) in MS patients' sera. Immunoassay results indicated a correlation between the glycan structures and their antibody recognition capacity, allowing the determination of structure-activity relationships that were coherent with previous studies. This approach might help to identify sugar epitopes putatively involved in MS pathogenesis, which remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Petit
- PEPITE EA 4267, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 87900, 21079, Dijon, Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Claire Mitaine-Offer
- PEPITE EA 4267, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 87900, 21079, Dijon, Cedex, France.
| | - Feliciana Real Fernández
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NeuroFarBa Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, EA 4505 PeptLab@UCP, University of Cergy Pontoise, 95031, Cergy, Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Clément Delaude
- Centre de Recherche Phytochimique, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie-B6, Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège I, Belgium
| | - Tomofumi Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NeuroFarBa Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marie-Aleth Lacaille-Dubois
- PEPITE EA 4267, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 87900, 21079, Dijon, Cedex, France
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15
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Stefanetti G, Allan M, Usera A, Micoli F. Click chemistry compared to thiol chemistry for the synthesis of site-selective glycoconjugate vaccines using CRM 197 as carrier protein. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:611-622. [PMID: 32535667 PMCID: PMC7501094 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation chemistry is one of the main parameters affecting immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines and a rational approach toward a deeper understanding of their mechanism of action will greatly benefit from highly-defined and well-characterized structures. Herein, different conjugation methods were investigated with the aim of controlling glycosylation site and glycosylation density on the carrier protein. S. Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen and CRM197 carrier protein were used as models. In particular, thiol and click chemistry were examined, both involving the linkage of the terminal reducing sugar unit of the O-Antigen chain to different amino acids on the carrier protein. Thiol chemistry allowed O-Antigen conjugation only when the carrier protein was activated on the lysines and with a relative high number of linkers, while click chemistry allowed conjugate generation even when just one position on the protein was activated and to both lysine and tyrosine sites. The study highlights click chemistry as a leading approach for the synthesis of well-defined glycoconjugates, useful to investigate the relationship between conjugate design and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stefanetti
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - M Allan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - A Usera
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - F Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute For Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, 53100, Italy
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16
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López-Puertollano D, Agulló C, Mercader JV, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Click Chemistry-Assisted Bioconjugates for Hapten Immunodiagnostics. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:956-964. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López-Puertollano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Josep V. Mercader
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
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17
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MacCalman TE, Phillips-Jones MK, Harding SE. Glycoconjugate vaccines: some observations on carrier and production methods. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2020; 35:93-125. [PMID: 32048549 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2019.1703614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines use protein carriers to improve the immune response to polysaccharide antigens. The protein component allows the vaccine to interact with T cells, providing a stronger and longer-lasting immune response than a polysaccharide interacting with B cells alone. Whilst in theory the mere presence of a protein component in a vaccine should be sufficient to improve vaccine efficacy, the extent of improvement varies. In the present review, a comparison of the performances of vaccines developed with and without a protein carrier are presented. The usefulness of analytical tools for macromolecular integrity assays, in particular nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, analytical ultracentrifugation and SEC coupled to multi-angle light scattering (MALS) is indicated. Although we focus mainly on bacterial capsular polysaccharide-protein vaccines, some consideration is also given to research on experimental cancer vaccines using zwitterionic polysaccharides which, unusually for polysaccharides, are able to invoke T-cell responses and have been used in the development of potential all-polysaccharide-based cancer vaccines.A general trend of improved immunogenicity for glycoconjugate vaccines is described. Since the immunogenicity of a vaccine will also depend on carrier protein type and the way in which it has been linked to polysaccharide, the effects of different carrier proteins and production methods are also reviewed. We suggest that, in general, there is no single best carrier for use in glycoconjugate vaccines. This indicates that the choice of carrier protein is optimally made on a case-by-case basis, based on what generates the best immune response and can be produced safely in each individual case.Abbreviations: AUC: analytical ultracentrifugation; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CD: circular dichroism spectroscopy; CPS: capsular polysaccharide; CRM197: Cross Reactive Material 197; DT: diphtheria toxoid; Hib: Haemophilius influenzae type b; MALS: multi-angle light scattering; Men: Neisseria menigitidis; MHC-II: major histocompatibility complex class II; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; OMP: outer membrane protein; PRP: polyribosyl ribitol phosphate; PSA: Polysaccharide A1; Sa: Salmonella; St.: Streptococcus; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; Sta: Staphylococcus; TT: tetanus toxoid; ZPS: zwitterionic polysaccharide(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E MacCalman
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mary K Phillips-Jones
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen E Harding
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Kulturhistorisk Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Gold(I)-promoted synthesis of a β-(1,3)-glucan hexadecasaccharide via the highly convergent strategy. Carbohydr Res 2019; 482:107735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Trabbic KR, Whalen K, Abarca-Heideman K, Xia L, Temme JS, Edmondson EF, Gildersleeve JC, Barchi JJ. A Tumor-Selective Monoclonal Antibody from Immunization with a Tumor-Associated Mucin Glycopeptide. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5662. [PMID: 30952968 PMCID: PMC6450958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously studied the generation of immune responses after vaccination with tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen (TACA)-containing glycopeptides from the tandem repeat (TR) sequence of MUC4, an aberrantly expressed mucin in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. A specific lead antigen from that study containing the Thomsen-Friedenreich TACA disaccharide facilitated the pursuit of a monoclonal antibody to this synthetic hapten. Initial evaluation of polyclonal antiserum resulting from immunization with a KLH conjugate of this glycopeptide into rabbits showed high titer antibodies by ELISA assays, and selective immunoreactivity with MUC4+ cells by western blot and flow cytometry techniques. Glycan microarray analysis showed an intriguing binding pattern where the antiserum showed near complete specificity for MUC4 TR glycopeptides and peptides, relative to all components on the array. Tissue staining also showed distinct tumor specificity to pancreatic tumor tissue in relation to normal pancreatic tissue, with a preference for more aggressive tumor foci. Based on this data, we produced a monoclonal antibody whose binding and reactivity profile was similar to that of the polyclonal serum, with the added benefit of being more specific for the N-terminal glycosylated peptide domain. This epitope represents a novel immunogen to potentially develop diagnostic antibodies or immunotherapies against various MUC4-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Trabbic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Li Xia
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Pathology and Histotechnology Lab, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joseph J Barchi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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20
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Bhat AH, Maity S, Giri K, Ambatipudi K. Protein glycosylation: Sweet or bitter for bacterial pathogens? Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:82-102. [PMID: 30632429 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1547681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation systems in many bacteria are often associated with crucial biological processes like pathogenicity, immune evasion and host-pathogen interactions, implying the significance of protein-glycan linkage. Similarly, host protein glycosylation has been implicated in antimicrobial activity as well as in promoting growth of beneficial strains. In fact, few pathogens notably modulate host glycosylation machineries to facilitate their survival. To date, diverse chemical and biological strategies have been developed for conjugate vaccine production for disease control. Bioconjugate vaccines, largely being produced by glycoengineering using PglB (the N-oligosaccharyltransferase from Campylobacter jejuni) in suitable bacterial hosts, have been highly promising with respect to their effectiveness in providing protective immunity and ease of production. Recently, a novel method of glycoconjugate vaccine production involving an O-oligosaccharyltransferase, PglL from Neisseria meningitidis, has been optimized. Nevertheless, many questions on defining antigenic determinants, glycosylation markers, species-specific differences in glycosylation machineries, etc. still remain unanswered, necessitating further exploration of the glycosylation systems of important pathogens. Hence, in this review, we will discuss the impact of bacterial protein glycosylation on its pathogenesis and the interaction of pathogens with host protein glycosylation, followed by a discussion on strategies used for bioconjugate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Hussain Bhat
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Sudipa Maity
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Kuldeep Giri
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
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21
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Berti F, Adamo R. Antimicrobial glycoconjugate vaccines: an overview of classic and modern approaches for protein modification. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:9015-9025. [PMID: 30277489 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines obtained by chemical linkage of a carbohydrate antigen to a protein are part of routine vaccinations in many countries. Licensed antimicrobial glycan-protein conjugate vaccines are obtained by random conjugation of native or sized polysaccharides to lysine, aspartic or glutamic amino acid residues that are generally abundantly exposed on the protein surface. In the last few years, the structural approaches for the definition of the polysaccharide portion (epitope) responsible for the immunological activity has shown potential to aid a deeper understanding of the mode of action of glycoconjugates and to lead to the rational design of more efficacious and safer vaccines. The combination of technologies to obtain more defined carbohydrate antigens of higher purity and novel approaches for protein modification has a fundamental role. In particular, methods for site selective glycoconjugation like chemical or enzymatic modification of specific amino acid residues, incorporation of unnatural amino acids and glycoengineering, are rapidly evolving. Here we discuss the state of the art of protein engineering with carbohydrates to obtain glycococonjugates vaccines and future perspectives.
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22
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Micoli F, Costantino P, Adamo R. Potential targets for next generation antimicrobial glycoconjugate vaccines. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:388-423. [PMID: 29547971 PMCID: PMC5995208 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates have been proven optimal targets for vaccine development. Conjugation of polysaccharides to a carrier protein triggers a T-cell-dependent immune response to the glycan moiety. Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are produced by chemical conjugation of capsular polysaccharides to prevent meningitis caused by meningococcus, pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b. However, other classes of carbohydrates (O-antigens, exopolysaccharides, wall/teichoic acids) represent attractive targets for developing vaccines. Recent analysis from WHO/CHO underpins alarming concern toward antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as the so called ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) and additional pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and Group A Streptococcus. Fungal infections are also becoming increasingly invasive for immunocompromised patients or hospitalized individuals. Other emergencies could derive from bacteria which spread during environmental calamities (Vibrio cholerae) or with potential as bioterrorism weapons (Burkholderia pseudomallei and mallei, Francisella tularensis). Vaccination could aid reducing the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and provide protection by herd immunity also to individuals who are not vaccinated. This review analyzes structural and functional differences of the polysaccharides exposed on the surface of emerging pathogenic bacteria, combined with medical need and technological feasibility of corresponding glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena
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23
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Anomeric O-Functionalization of Carbohydrates for Chemical Conjugation to Vaccine Constructs. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071742. [PMID: 30018207 PMCID: PMC6099650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates mediate a wide range of biological interactions, and understanding these processes benefits the development of new therapeutics. Isolating sufficient quantities of glycoconjugates from biological samples remains a significant challenge. With advances in chemical and enzymatic carbohydrate synthesis, the availability of complex carbohydrates is increasing and developing methods for stereoselective conjugation these polar head groups to proteins and lipids is critically important for pharmaceutical applications. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of commonly employed strategies for installing a functionalized linker at the anomeric position as well as examples of further transformations that have successfully led to glycoconjugation to vaccine constructs for biological evaluation as carbohydrate-based therapeutics.
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24
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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25
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Micoli F, Adamo R, Costantino P. Protein Carriers for Glycoconjugate Vaccines: History, Selection Criteria, Characterization and New Trends. Molecules 2018; 23:E1451. [PMID: 29914046 PMCID: PMC6100388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are composed of a carbohydrate moiety covalently linked to a protein carrier. Polysaccharides are T-cell independent antigens able to directly stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. Disease burden caused by polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria is highest in the first year of life, where plain polysaccharides are not generally immunogenic, limiting their use as vaccines. This limitation has been overcome by covalent coupling carbohydrate antigens to proteins that provide T cell epitopes. In addition to the protein carriers currently used in licensed glycoconjugate vaccines, there is a search for new protein carriers driven by several considerations: (i) concerns that pre-exposure or co-exposure to a given carrier can lead to immune interference and reduction of the anti-carbohydrate immune response; (ii) increasing interest to explore the dual role of proteins as carrier and protective antigen; and (iii) new ways to present carbohydrates antigens to the immune system. Protein carriers can be directly coupled to activated glycans or derivatized to introduce functional groups for subsequent conjugation. Proteins can be genetically modified to pre-determine the site of glycans attachment by insertion of unnatural amino acids bearing specific functional groups, or glycosylation consensus sequences for in vivo expression of the glycoconjugate. A large portion of the new protein carriers under investigation are recombinant ones, but more complex systems such as Outer Membrane Vesicles and other nanoparticles are being investigated. Selection criteria for new protein carriers are based on several aspects including safety, manufacturability, stability, reactivity toward conjugation, and preclinical evidence of immunogenicity of corresponding glycoconjugates. Characterization panels of protein carriers include tests before conjugation, after derivatization when applicable, and after conjugation. Glycoconjugate vaccines based on non-covalent association of carrier systems to carbohydrates are being investigated with promising results in animal models. The ability of these systems to convert T-independent carbohydrate antigens into T-dependent ones, in comparison to traditional glycoconjugates, needs to be assessed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy.
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26
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De Benedetto G, Salvini L, Gotta S, Cescutti P, Micoli F. Investigation on Sugar–Protein Connectivity in Salmonella O-Antigen Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1736-1747. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi De Benedetto
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Ed. C11, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Salvini
- Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Gotta
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Cescutti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Ed. C11, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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27
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Ma Z, Zhang H, Wang PG, Liu XW, Chen M. Peptide adjacent to glycosylation sites impacts immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccine. Oncotarget 2018; 9:75-82. [PMID: 29416597 PMCID: PMC5787506 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccine is composed of polysaccharides (PSs) covalently linked with carrier protein. Glycosylation site selection, as a significant factor leading to heterogeneities of glycoconjugate structure, draws more and more attentions for its impact on the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccine. To elucidate the relationship between glycosylation connectivity and immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccine, in this study, anti-E. coli O157:H7 glycoconjugate O-PS-MBP with defined connectivity, and three selected peptide segments GS1, GS2, GS3 derived from O-PS-MBP was synthesized. Immunogenicity results showed that only peptides adjacent to the glycosylation sites (GS1 and GS2) promoted the generation of PS-specific IgG antibodies and contributed to PS-specific IgG subclass distribution. Furthermore, GS1 and GS2 had significant priming effect for eliciting PS-specific IgG antibodies. These results indicated that different locations of glycosylation sites could lead to diverse presentation of peptides and glycopeptides to APCs and influence the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccine, which extend the current understanding of mechanism for adaptive immune system activation by glycoconjugate vaccine, and have implications for rational glycoconjugate vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrui Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Huajie Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Xian-Wei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Min Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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28
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Interplay of Carbohydrate and Carrier in Antibacterial Glycoconjugate Vaccines. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 175:355-378. [PMID: 30143807 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a serious health concern and are responsible for millions of illnesses and deaths each year in communities around the world. Vaccination is an important public health measure for reducing and eliminating this burden, and regions with comprehensive vaccination programs have achieved significant reductions in infection and mortality. This is often accomplished by immunization with bacteria-derived carbohydrates, typically in conjunction with other biomolecules, which induce immunological memory and durable protection against bacterial human pathogens. For many species, however, vaccines are currently unavailable or have suboptimal efficacy characterized by short-lived memory and incomplete protection, especially among at-risk populations. To address this challenge, new tools and techniques have emerged for engineering carbohydrates and conjugating them to carrier molecules in a tractable and scalable manner. Collectively, these approaches are yielding carbohydrate-based vaccine designs with increased immunogenicity and protective efficacy, thereby opening up new opportunities for this important class of antigens. In this chapter we detail the current understanding of how carbohydrates interact with the immune system to provide immunity; how glycoengineering, especially in the context of glycoconjugate vaccines, can be used to modify and enhance immune responses; and current trends and strategies being pursued for the rational design of next-generation glycosylated antibacterial vaccines. Graphical Abstract.
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Braganza CD, Santoso KT, Dangerfield EM, La Flamme AC, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Evaluation of anti α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-α-d-Glcp (GAGA4) IgM antibodies as a biomarker for multiple sclerosis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:28086-28093. [PMID: 35542693 PMCID: PMC9084297 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04897e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains challenging due to the complex pathophysiological and clinical characteristics of the disease. Consequently, there has been immense interest in finding a non-invasive diagnostic test for MS. Recent studies found that serum anti-α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-α-d-Glcp (GAGA4) IgM antibodies were upregulated in MS patients, and this finding led to the development of a commercial diagnostic test (gMS® Dx test), although the test has poor selectivity and has not been independently validated. Herein, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the use and reliability of several anti-glucose IgM antibodies, including those against GAGA4, as diagnostic biomarkers for MS. In contrast to previous studies, our results show that serum anti-GAGA4 IgM antibody levels are not significantly higher in MS patients, which could potentially explain the poor selectivity of the commercial test. Anti-glucose IgM antibodies are not upregulated in RRMS patients and thus are not a suitable biomarker for MS.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chriselle D. Braganza
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Kristiana T. Santoso
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Emma M. Dangerfield
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Anne C. La Flamme
- Centre for Biodiscovery
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
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Abstract
Since 2004, when the first synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine against the pneumonia and meningitis causing bacterium Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) approved for human use in Cuba was reported, 34 million doses of the synthetic vaccine have been already distributed in several countries under the commercial name of Quimi-Hib. However, despite the success of this product, no other synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine has been licensed in the following 13 years. As well as avoiding the need to handle pathogens, synthetic glycoconjugates offer clear advantages in terms of product characterization and the possibility to understand the parameters influencing immunogenicity. Nevertheless, large scale application of synthetic sugars has been perceived as challenging because of manufacturing costs and process complexity compared to natural polysaccharides. Chemoenzymatic approaches, one-pot protocols, and automated solid-phase synthesis are rendering carbohydrate production considerably more attractive for industrialization. Here we identify three areas where chemical approaches can advance this progress: (i) chemical or enzymatic methods enabling the delivery of the minimal polysaccharide portion responsible for an effective immune response; (ii) site-selective chemical or enzymatic conjugation strategies for the exploration of the conjugation point in immune responses against carbohydrate-based vaccines, and the consistent preparation of more homogeneous products; (iii) multicomponent constructs targeting receptors responsible for immune response modulation in order to control its quality and magnitude. We discuss how synthesis of bacterial oligosaccharides is useful toward understanding the polysaccharide portion responsible for immunogenicity, and for developing robust and consistent alternatives to natural heterogeneous polysaccharides. The synthesis of sugar analogues can lead to the identification of hydrolytically more stable versions of oligosaccharide antigens. The study of bacterial polysaccharide biosynthesis aids the development of in vitro hazard-free oligosaccharide production. Novel site-selective conjugation methods contribute toward deciphering the role of conjugation sites in the immunogenicity of glycoconjugates and prove to be particularly useful when glycans are conjugated to protein serving as carrier and antigen. The orthogonal incorporation of two different carbohydrate haptens enables the reduction of vaccine components. Finally, coordinated conjugation of glycans and small molecule immunopotentiators supports simplification of vaccine formulation and localization of adjuvant. Synergistic advancement of these areas, combined with competitive manufacturing processes, will contribute to a better understanding of the features guiding the immunological activity of glycoconjugates and, ultimately, to the design of improved, safer vaccines.
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Dosekova E, Filip J, Bertok T, Both P, Kasak P, Tkac J. Nanotechnology in Glycomics: Applications in Diagnostics, Therapy, Imaging, and Separation Processes. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:514-626. [PMID: 27859448 PMCID: PMC5659385 DOI: 10.1002/med.21420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively covers the most recent achievements (from 2013) in the successful integration of nanomaterials in the field of glycomics. The first part of the paper addresses the beneficial properties of nanomaterials for the construction of biosensors, bioanalytical devices, and protocols for the detection of various analytes, including viruses and whole cells, together with their key characteristics. The second part of the review focuses on the application of nanomaterials integrated with glycans for various biomedical applications, that is, vaccines against viral and bacterial infections and cancer cells, as therapeutic agents, for in vivo imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and for selective drug delivery. The final part of the review describes various ways in which glycan enrichment can be effectively done using nanomaterials, molecularly imprinted polymers with polymer thickness controlled at the nanoscale, with a subsequent analysis of glycans by mass spectrometry. A short section describing an active glycoprofiling by microengines (microrockets) is covered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Dosekova
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of SciencesDubravska cesta 9845 38BratislavaSlovakia
| | - Jaroslav Filip
- Center for Advanced MaterialsQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Tomas Bertok
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of SciencesDubravska cesta 9845 38BratislavaSlovakia
| | - Peter Both
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced MaterialsQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Jan Tkac
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of SciencesDubravska cesta 9845 38BratislavaSlovakia
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Khatun F, Stephenson RJ, Toth I. An Overview of Structural Features of Antibacterial Glycoconjugate Vaccines That Influence Their Immunogenicity. Chemistry 2017; 23:4233-4254. [PMID: 28097690 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell-surface-derived or mimicked carbohydrate moieties that act as protective antigens are used in the development of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines. The carbohydrate antigen must have a minimum length or size to maintain the conformational structure of the antigenic epitope(s). The presence or absence of O-acetate, phosphate, glycerol phosphate and pyruvate ketal plays a vital role in defining the immunogenicity of the carbohydrate antigen. The nature of the carrier protein, spacer and conjugation pattern used to develop the glycoconjugate vaccine also defines its overall spatial orientation which in turn affects its avidity and selectivity of interaction with the desired target(s). In addition, the ratio of carbohydrate to protein in glycoconjugate vaccines also makes an important contribution in determining the optimum immunological response. This Review article presents the importance of these variables in the development of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines and their effects on immune efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farjana Khatun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Rachel J Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Woolloongabba, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
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Hu QY, Berti F, Adamo R. Towards the next generation of biomedicines by site-selective conjugation. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1691-719. [PMID: 26796469 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugates represent an emerging class of medicines, which offer therapeutic opportunities overtaking those of the individual components. Many novel bioconjugates have been explored in order to address various emerging medical needs. The last decade has witnessed the exponential growth of new site-selective bioconjugation techniques, however very few methods have made the way into human clinical trials. Here we discuss various applications of site-selective conjugation in biomedicines, including half-life extension, antibody-drug conjugates, conjugate vaccines, bispecific antibodies and cell therapy. The review is intended to highlight both the progress and challenges, and identify a potential roadmap to address the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ying Hu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Francesco Berti
- GSK Vaccines (former Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Roberto Adamo
- GSK Vaccines (former Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Paulovičová E, Paulovičová L, Pilišiová R, Jančinová V, Yashunsky DV, Karelin AA, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. The evaluation of β-(1 → 3)-nonaglucoside as an anti-Candida albicans immune response inducer. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1294-307. [PMID: 27310441 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetically prepared bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate of linear β-(1 → 3)-nonaglucoside ligand (G9) has been applied as a biological response immunomodulator in vivo and ex vivo. Active immunization of Balb/c mice revealed effective induction of specific humoral responses in comparison with Candida β-D-glucan and Candida whole cells. Induced post-vaccination serum exhibited a growth-inhibition effect on the multi-azole-resistant clinical strain Candida albicans CCY 29-3-164 in experimental mucocutaneous infection ex vivo. Evaluation of immune cell proliferation and the cytotoxic potential of the G9-ligand has revealed its bioavailability and an immunostimulative effect in vaccination-sensitized Balb/c mice splenocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Paulovičová
- Department of Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Paulovičová
- Department of Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ružena Pilišiová
- Department of Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viera Jančinová
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84236, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dmitry V Yashunsky
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Karelin
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury E Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Liao G, Zhou Z, Liao J, Zu L, Wu Q, Guo Z. 6-O-Branched Oligo-β-glucan-Based Antifungal Glycoconjugate Vaccines. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:123-31. [PMID: 27624963 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid growth in fungal infections and drug-resistant fungal strains, antifungal vaccines have become an especially attractive strategy to tackle this important health problem. β-Glucans, a class of extracellular carbohydrate antigens abundantly and consistently expressed on fungal cell surfaces, are intriguing epitopes for antifungal vaccine development. β-Glucans have a conserved β-1,3-glucan backbone with sporadic β-1,3- or β-1,6-linked short glucans as branches at the 6-O-positions, and the branches may play a critical role in their immunologic functions. To study the immunologic properties of branched β-glucans and develop β-glucan-based antifungal vaccines, three branched β-glucan oligosaccharides with 6-O-linked β-1,6-tetraglucose, β-1,3-diglucose, and β-1,3-tetraglucose branches on a β-1,3-nonaglucan backbone, which mimic the structural epitopes of natural β-glucans, were synthesized and coupled with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) to form novel synthetic conjugate vaccines. These glycoconjugates were proved to elicit strong IgG antibody responses in mice. It was also discovered that the number, size, and structure of branches linked to the β-glucan backbone had a significant impact on the immunologic property. Moreover, antibodies induced by the synthetic oligosaccharide-KLH conjugates were able to recognize and bind to natural β-glucans and fungal cells. Most importantly, these conjugates elicited effective protection against systemic Candida albicans infection in mice. Thus, branched oligo-β-glucans were identified as functional epitopes for antifungal vaccine design and the corresponding protein conjugates as promising antifungal vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Liao
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jun Liao
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Luning Zu
- PLA 404 Hospital, 8 Yuquan Road, Weihai, Shandong Province 264200, China
| | - Qiuye Wu
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Evaluation of the non-toxic mutant of the diphtheria toxin K51E/E148K as carrier protein for meningococcal vaccines. Vaccine 2016; 34:1405-11. [PMID: 26845738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 is a common carrier protein for glycoconjugate vaccines, which has been proven an effective protein vector for, among others, meningococcal carbohydrates. The wide-range use of this protein in massive vaccine production requires constant increase of production yields and adaptability to an ever-growing market. Here we compare CRM197 with the alternative diphtheria non-toxic variant DT-K51E/E148K, an inactive mutant that can be produced in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. Biophysical characterization of DT-K51E/E148K suggested high similarity with CRM197, with main differences in their alpha-helical content, and a suitable purity for conjugation and vaccine preparation. Meningococcal serogroup A (MenA) glycoconjugates were synthesized using CRM197 and DT-K51E/E148K as carrier proteins, obtaining the same conjugation yields and comparable biophysical profiles. Mice were then immunized with these CRM197 and DT-K51E/E148K conjugates, and essentially identical immunogenic and protective effects were observed. Overall, our data indicate that DT-K51E/E148K is a readily produced protein that now allows the added flexibility of E. coli production in vaccine development and that can be effectively used as protein carrier for a meningococcal conjugate vaccine.
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Tsvetkov YE, Khatuntseva EA, Yashunsky DV, Nifantiev NE. Synthetic β-(1→3)-d-glucooligosaccharides: model compounds for the mechanistic study of β-(1→3)-d-glucan bioactivities and design of antifungal vaccines. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-0969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Recent advances in the molecular design of synthetic vaccines. Nat Chem 2015; 7:952-60. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Stefanetti G, Saul A, MacLennan CA, Micoli F. Click Chemistry Applied to the Synthesis of Salmonella Typhimurium O-Antigen Glycoconjugate Vaccine on Solid Phase with Sugar Recycling. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2507-13. [PMID: 26549104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase conjugation method was developed and applied to the synthesis of an O-antigen based glycoconjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium, with CRM197 as the carrier protein. Copper-free click chemistry was used as the conjugation chemistry, after derivatizing the sugar and the protein components with alkyne and azido linkers, respectively. This chemistry has the advantage of not deactivating functional groups during the conjugation step, thereby allowing the recycling of unreacted components. The activated carrier protein was adsorbed to an anion exchange matrix and quantitatively conjugated to the O-antigen. The resulting conjugate was eluted from the resin free of unconjugated sugar which was previously removed by simple washing steps. Unreacted O-antigen was recycled by addition to a new batch of resin-CRM197 resulting in further quantitative protein conjugation. This process has advantages in relation to reduction of costs for production of conjugate vaccines, allowing unreacted sugar recovery and simplifying the purification of the glycoconjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefanetti
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (former Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health NVGH) , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Allan Saul
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (former Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health NVGH) , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute , Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (former Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health NVGH) , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Yashunsky DV, Tsvetkov YE, Grachev AA, Chizhov AO, Nifantiev NE. Synthesis of 3-aminopropyl glycosides of linear β-(1 → 3)-D-glucooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2015; 419:8-17. [PMID: 26595660 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
3-Aminopropyl glycosides of a series of linear β-(1 → 3)-linked D-glucooligosaccharides containing from 3 to 13 monosaccharide units were efficiently prepared. The synthetic scheme featured highly regioselective glycosylation of 4,6-O-benzylidene-protected 2,3-diol glycosyl acceptors with a disaccharide thioglycoside donor bearing chloroacetyl groups at O-2' and -3' as a temporary protection of the diol system. Iteration of the deprotection and glycosylation steps afforded the series of the title oligoglucosides differing in length by two monosaccharide units. A novel procedure for selective removal of acetyl groups in the presence of benzoyl ones consisting in a brief treatment with a large excess of hydrazine hydrate has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Yashunsky
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury E Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Grachev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- Division of Structural Studies, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Fallarini S, Buzzi B, Giovarruscio S, Polito L, Brogioni G, Tontini M, Berti F, Adamo R, Lay L, Lombardi G. A Synthetic Disaccharide Analogue from Neisseria meningitidis A Capsular Polysaccharide Stimulates Immune Cell Responses and Induces Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Production in Mice When Protein-Conjugated. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:487-96. [PMID: 27623315 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Some new phosphonoester-linked oligomers, stabilized analogues of the corresponding phosphate-bridged oligomers of Neisseria meningitidis A (MenA) capsular polysaccharide (CPS), were conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA), as a protein carrier model, and studied for immunological activities. We determined (i) in vitro, their biocompatibility (CAM test) and activity in inducing both T cell proliferation (CFSE method) and IL-2 release (ELISA), and (ii) in vivo, their ability to stimulate specific IgG antibody production (ELISA). All HSA-conjugated compounds induce T cell proliferation (40% of proliferation at 10(2) μM), whereas only the phosphonodisaccharide was effective (28% of proliferation at 10(2) μM) among the unconjugated forms. IL-2 release confirmed these results. In addition, the HSA-conjugated showed in vivo the capacity of eliciting the production of specific IgG antibodies. In conclusion, we obtained novel biocompatible, water-stable, and immunoactive MenA CPS analogues. A short disaccharide fragment showed the unusual behavior of triggering T cell proliferation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fallarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale, A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Benedetta Buzzi
- Department of Chemistry and CRC “Materiali Polimerici”
(LaMPo), University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Giovarruscio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale, A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, ISTM-CNR, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Brogioni
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marta Tontini
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Berti
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC “Materiali Polimerici”
(LaMPo), University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Lombardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale, A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Stefanetti G, Hu Q, Usera A, Robinson Z, Allan M, Singh A, Imase H, Cobb J, Zhai H, Quinn D, Lei M, Saul A, Adamo R, MacLennan CA, Micoli F. Sugar–Protein Connectivity Impacts on the Immunogenicity of Site‐Selective
Salmonella
O‐Antigen Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute For Global Health S.r.l., A GSK Company, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena (Italy)
| | - Qi‐Ying Hu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Aimee Usera
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Zack Robinson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Martin Allan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Alok Singh
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Hidetomo Imase
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Jennifer Cobb
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Huili Zhai
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Douglas Quinn
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Ming Lei
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Allan Saul
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute For Global Health S.r.l., A GSK Company, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena (Italy)
| | | | - Calman A. MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ (UK)
| | - Francesca Micoli
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute For Global Health S.r.l., A GSK Company, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena (Italy)
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Stefanetti G, Hu QY, Usera A, Robinson Z, Allan M, Singh A, Imase H, Cobb J, Zhai H, Quinn D, Lei M, Saul A, Adamo R, MacLennan CA, Micoli F. Sugar-Protein Connectivity Impacts on the Immunogenicity of Site-Selective Salmonella O-Antigen Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13198-203. [PMID: 26350581 PMCID: PMC4648054 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of glycoconjugates with defined connectivity were synthesized to investigate the impact of coupling Salmonella typhimurium O-antigen to different amino acids of CRM197 protein carrier. In particular, two novel methods for site-selective glycan conjugation were developed to obtain conjugates with single attachment site on the protein, based on chemical modification of a disulfide bond and pH-controlled transglutaminase-catalyzed modification of lysine, respectively. Importantly, conjugation at the C186-201 bond resulted in significantly higher anti O-antigen bactericidal antibody titers than coupling to K37/39, and in comparable titers to conjugates bearing a larger number of saccharides. This study demonstrates that the conjugation site plays a role in determining the immunogenicity in mice and one single attachment point may be sufficient to induce high levels of bactericidal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute For Global Health S.r.l., A GSK Company, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena (Italy)
| | - Qi-Ying Hu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA).
| | - Aimee Usera
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Zack Robinson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Martin Allan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Alok Singh
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Hidetomo Imase
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Jennifer Cobb
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Huili Zhai
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Douglas Quinn
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Ming Lei
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Allan Saul
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute For Global Health S.r.l., A GSK Company, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena (Italy)
| | | | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ (UK)
| | - Francesca Micoli
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute For Global Health S.r.l., A GSK Company, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena (Italy).
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Nilo A, Passalacqua I, Fabbrini M, Allan M, Usera A, Carboni F, Brogioni B, Pezzicoli A, Cobb J, Romano MR, Margarit I, Hu QY, Berti F, Adamo R. Exploring the Effect of Conjugation Site and Chemistry on the Immunogenicity of an anti-Group B Streptococcus Glycoconjugate Vaccine Based on GBS67 Pilus Protein and Type V Polysaccharide. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1839-49. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Nilo
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Irene Passalacqua
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Fabbrini
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Martin Allan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aimee Usera
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Filippo Carboni
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Brogioni
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pezzicoli
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jennifer Cobb
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | - Qi-Ying Hu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Francesco Berti
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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45
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Nilo A, Morelli L, Passalacqua I, Brogioni B, Allan M, Carboni F, Pezzicoli A, Zerbini F, Maione D, Fabbrini M, Romano MR, Hu QY, Margarit I, Berti F, Adamo R. Anti-Group B Streptococcus Glycan-Conjugate Vaccines Using Pilus Protein GBS80 As Carrier and Antigen: Comparing Lysine and Tyrosine-directed Conjugation. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1737-46. [PMID: 25906283 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive Streptococcus agalactiae or group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of invasive infections in pregnant women, newborns, and elderly people. Vaccination of pregnant women represents the best strategy for prevention of neonatal disease, and GBS polysaccharide-based conjugate vaccines are currently under clinical testing. The potential of GBS pilus proteins selected by genome-based reverse vaccinology as protective antigens for anti-streptococcal vaccines has also been demonstrated. Dressing pilus proteins with surface glycan antigens could be an attractive approach to extend vaccine coverage. We have recently developed an efficient method for tyrosine-directed ligation of large glycans to proteins via copper-free azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition. This method enables targeting of predetermined sites of the protein, ensuring that protein epitopes are preserved prior to glycan coupling and a higher consistency in glycoconjugate batches. Herein, we compared conjugates of the GBS type II polysaccharide (PSII) and the GBS80 pilus protein obtained by classic lysine random conjugation and by the recently developed tyrosine-directed ligation. PSII conjugated to CRM197, a carrier protein used for vaccines in the market, was used as a control. We found that the constructs made from PSII and GBS80 were able to elicit murine antibodies recognizing individually the glycan and protein epitopes on the bacterial surface. The generated antibodies were efficacious in mediating opsonophagocytic killing of strains expressing exclusively PSII or GBS80 proteins. The two glycoconjugates were also effective in protecting newborn mice against GBS infection following vaccination of the dams. Altogether, these results demonstrated that polysaccharide-conjugated GBS80 pilus protein functions as a carrier comparably to CRM197, while maintaining its properties of protective protein antigen. Glycoconjugation and reverse vaccinology can, therefore, be combined to design vaccines with broad coverage. This approach opens a path to a new generation of vaccines. Tyrosine-ligation allows creation of more homogeneous vaccines, correlation of the immune response to defined connectivity points, and fine-tuning of the conjugation site in glycan-protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Nilo
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Morelli
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Irene Passalacqua
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Brogioni
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Martin Allan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Filippo Carboni
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pezzicoli
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Zerbini
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Domenico Maione
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Fabbrini
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Qi-Ying Hu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Francesco Berti
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Liao G, Burgula S, Zhou Z, Guo Z. A Convergent Synthesis of 6- O-Branched β-Glucan Oligosaccharides. European J Org Chem 2015; 2015:2942-2951. [PMID: 26257577 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucans are important carbohydrate antigens on the surface of fungal cells useful for antifungal vaccine development. This paper has described a highly convergent and efficient strategy for the synthesis of structurally defined branched β-glucan oligosaccharides that can be used for detailed studies of β-glucans and for the design of β-glucan-based vaccines. The strategy was highlighted by assembling the title compounds via preactivation-based glycosylation with thioglycosides as glycosyl donors. It was used to successfully prepare β-glucan oligosaccharides that had a β-1,3-linked nonaglucan backbone with β-1,6-glucotetraose, β-1,3-glucodiose and β-1,3-glucotetraose branches at the 6-O-position of the nonaglucan central sugar unit. The structure and size of the glycosyl donors and acceptors used in the syntheses did not significantly affect the glycosylation efficiency, suggesting that the strategy can be generally useful for the synthesis of more complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Srinivas Burgula
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Boutureira
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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48
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Liao G, Zhou Z, Burgula S, Liao J, Yuan C, Wu Q, Guo Z. Synthesis and immunological studies of linear oligosaccharides of β-glucan as antigens for antifungal vaccine development. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:466-76. [PMID: 25671314 DOI: 10.1021/bc500575a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antifungal vaccines have recently engendered considerable excitement for counteracting the resurgence of fungal infections. In this context, β-glucan, which is abundantly expressed on all fungal cell surfaces, functionally necessary for fungi, and immunologically active, is an attractive target antigen. Aiming at the development of effective antifungal vaccines based on β-glucan, a series of its oligosaccharide derivatives was designed, synthesized, and coupled with a carrier protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), to form new semisynthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. In this article, a convergent and effective synthetic strategy using preactivation-based iterative glycosylation was developed for the designed oligosaccharides. The strategy can be widely useful for rapid construction of large oligo-β-glucans with shorter oligosaccharides as building blocks. The KLH conjugates of the synthesized β-glucan hexa-, octa-, deca-, and dodecasaccharides were demonstrated to elicit high titers of antigen-specific total and IgG antibodies in mice, suggesting the induction of functional T cell-mediated immunity. Moreover, it was revealed that octa-, deca-, and dodeca-β-glucans were much more immunogenic than the hexamer and that the octamer was the best among these. The results suggested that the optimal oligosaccharide sequence of β-glucan required for exceptional immunogenicity was a hepta- or octamer and that longer glucans are not necessarily better antigens, a finding that may be of general importance. Most importantly, the octa-β-glucan-KLH conjugate provoked protective immunity against Candida albicans infection in a systemic challenge model in mice, suggesting the great potential of this glycoconjugate as a clinically useful immunoprophylactic antifungal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Liao
- †Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- †Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Srinivas Burgula
- †Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jun Liao
- †Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.,‡School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- §Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Qiuye Wu
- ‡School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- †Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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49
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Nilo A, Allan M, Brogioni B, Proietti D, Cattaneo V, Crotti S, Sokup S, Zhai H, Margarit I, Berti F, Hu QY, Adamo R. Tyrosine-directed conjugation of large glycans to proteins via copper-free click chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:2105-11. [PMID: 25415860 DOI: 10.1021/bc500438h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that the insertion of alkyne-containing bifunctional linkers into the tyrosine residues of the carrier protein, followed by the copper mediated azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition of carbohydrates, is a robust approach for the preparation of glycoconjugates with defined glycans, carrier, and connectivity. Conjugation of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) capsular polysaccharides to streptococcal pilus protein could extend the vaccine coverage to a variety of strains. Application of our protocol to these large charged polysaccharides occurred at low yields. Herein we developed a tyrosine-directed conjugation approach based on the copper-free click chemistry of sugars modified with cyclooctynes, which enables efficient condensation of synthetic carbohydrates. Most importantly, this strategy was demonstrated to be more effective than the corresponding copper catalyzed reaction for the insertion of GBS onto the tyrosine residues of GBS pilus proteins, previously selected as vaccine antigens through the so-called reverse vaccinology. Integrity of protein epitopes in the modified proteins was ascertained by competitive ELISA, and conjugation of polysaccharide to protein was confirmed by SDS page electrophoresis and immunoblot assays. The amount of conjugated polysaccharide was estimated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). The described technology is particularly suitable for proteins used with the dual role of vaccine antigen and carrier for the carbohydrate haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Nilo
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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