1
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Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya K, Choudhury S, Singha NK. Designing a New Class of Mechanophoric Polymer Based on Epoxy-Functionalized Rhodamine Derivative. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400065. [PMID: 38453154 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Mechanophoric polymers are an interesting class of smart polymers which contains a special force-sensitive molecular motif that can lead to a chemical change within the polymer network in response to mechanical force. This investigation reports the design of a mechanophoric polymer based on epoxy-functionalized rhodamine via a monomeric approach. In this case, rhodamine (Rh) is modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) through an epoxy-amine reaction to design a vinyl-functionalized multi-armed macromonomer (Rh-GMA), which is reacted with butyl acrylate (BA) to prepare the crosslinked polymeric film. The crosslinked polymeric film demonstrates mechanophoric properties under UV and stretching conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadhin Chakraborty
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Koushik Bhattacharya
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Soumyadip Choudhury
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Nikhil K Singha
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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2
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Wang ZJ, Wang S, Jiang J, Hu Y, Nakajima T, Maeda S, Craig SL, Gong JP. Effect of the Activation Force of Mechanophore on Its Activation Selectivity and Efficiency in Polymer Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13336-13346. [PMID: 38697646 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, more than 100 different mechanophores with a broad range of activation forces have been developed. For various applications of mechanophores in polymer materials, it is crucial to selectively activate the mechanophores with high efficiency, avoiding nonspecific bond scission of the material. In this study, we embedded cyclobutane-based mechanophore cross-linkers (I and II) with varied activation forces (fa) in the first network of the double network hydrogels and quantitively investigated the activation selectivity and efficiency of these mechanophores. Our findings revealed that cross-linker I, with a lower activation force relative to the bonds in the polymer main chain (fa-I/fa-chain = 0.8 nN/3.4 nN), achieved efficient activation with 100% selectivity. Conversely, an increase of the activation force of mechanophore II (fa-II/fa-chain = 2.5 nN/3.4 nN) led to a significant decrease of its activation efficiency, accompanied by a substantial number of nonspecific bond scission events. Furthermore, with the coexistence of two cross-linkers, significantly different activation forces resulted in the almost complete suppression of the higher-force one (i.e., I and III, fa-I/fa-III = 0.8 nN/3.4 nN), while similar activation forces led to simultaneous activations with moderate efficiencies (i.e., I and IV, fa-I/fa-IV = 0.8 nN/1.6 nN). These findings provide insights into the prevention of nonspecific bond rupture during mechanophore activation and enhance our understanding of the damage mechanism within polymer networks when using mechanophores as detectors. Besides, it establishes a principle for combining different mechanophores to design multiple mechanoresponsive functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Jian Wang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Julong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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3
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Tseng YL, Zeng T, Robb MJ. Incorporation of a self-immolative spacer enables mechanically triggered dual payload release. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1472-1479. [PMID: 38274055 PMCID: PMC10806706 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06359c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers that release functional small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising materials for a variety of applications including drug delivery, catalysis, and sensing. While many different mechanophores have been developed that enable the triggered release of a variety of small molecule payloads, most mechanophores are limited to one specific payload molecule. Here, we leverage the unique fragmentation of a 5-aryloxy-substituted 2-furylcarbinol derivative to design a novel mechanophore capable of the mechanically triggered release of two distinct cargo molecules. Critical to the mechanophore design is the incorporation of a self-immolative spacer to facilitate the release of a second payload. By varying the relative positions of each cargo molecule conjugated to the mechanophore, dual payload release occurs either concurrently or sequentially, demonstrating the ability to fine-tune the release profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Tseng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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4
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Alonso M, Bettens T, Eeckhoudt J, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Wandering through quantum-mechanochemistry: from concepts to reactivity and switches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:21-35. [PMID: 38086672 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04907h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry has experienced a renaissance in recent years witnessing, at the molecular level, a remarkable interplay between theory and experiment. Molecular mechanochemistry has welcomed a broad spectrum of quantum-chemical methods to evaluate the influence of an external mechanical force on molecular properties. In this contribution, an overview is given on recent work on quantum mechanochemistry in the Brussels Quantum Chemistry group (ALGC). The effect of an external force was scrutinized both in fundamental topics, like reactivity descriptors in Conceptual DFT, and in applied topics, such as designing molecular force probes and tuning the stereoselectivity of certain types of reactions. In the conceptual part, a brief overview of the techniques introducing mechanical forces into a quantum-mechanical description of a molecule is followed by an introduction to conceptual DFT. The evolution of the electronic chemical potential (or electronegativity), chemical hardness and electrophilicity are investigated when a chemical bond in a series of diatomics is put under mechanical stress. Its counterpart, the influence of mechanical stress on bond angles, is analyzed by varying the strain present in alkyne triple bonds by applying a bending force, taking the strain promoted alkyne-azide coupling cycloaddition as an example. The increase of reactivity of the alkyne upon bending is probed by Fukui functions and the local softness. In the applied part, a new molecular force probe is presented based on an intramolecular 6π-electrocyclization in constrained polyenes operating under thermal conditions. A cyclic process is conceived where ring opening and closure are triggered by applying or removing an external pulling force. The efficiency of mechanical activation strongly depends on the magnitude of the applied force and the distance between the pulling points. The idea of pulling point distances as a tool to identify new mechanochemical processes is then tested in [28]hexaphyrins with an intricate equilibrium between Möbius aromatic and Hückel antiaromatic topologies. A mechanical force is shown to trigger the interconversion between the two topologies, using the distance matrix as a guide to select appropriate pulling points. In a final application, the Felkin-Anh model for the addition of nucleophiles to chiral carbonyls under the presence of an external mechanical force is scrutinized. By applying a force for restricting the conformational freedom of the chiral ketone, otherwise inaccessible reaction pathways are promoted on the force-modified potential energy surfaces resulting in a diastereoselectivity different from the force-free reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tom Bettens
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jochen Eeckhoudt
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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5
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Cai Y, Binder WH. Triggered Crosslinking of Main-Chain Enediyne Polyurethanes via Bergman Cyclization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300440. [PMID: 37877520 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Crosslinking chemistries occupy an important position in polymer modification with a particular importance when triggered in response to external stimuli. Enediyne (EDY) moieties are used as functional entities in this work, known to undergo a pericyclic Bergman cyclization (BC) to induce a triggered crosslinking of polyurethanes (PU) via the intermediately formed diradicals. Diamino-EDYs, where the distance between the enyne-moieties is known to be critical to induce a BC, are placed repetitively as main-chain structural elements in isophorone-based PUs to induce reinforcement upon heating, compression, or stretching. A 7-day compression under room temperature results in a ≈69% activation of the BC, together with the observation of an increase in tensile strength by 62% after 25 stretching cycles. The occurrence of BC is further proven by the decreased exothermic values in differential scanning calorimetry, together with characteristic peaks of the formed benzene moieties via IR spectroscopy. Purely heat-induced crosslinking contributes to 191% of the maximum tensile strength in comparison to the virgin PU. The BC herein forms an excellent crosslinking strategy, triggered by heat or force in PU materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cai
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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6
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He X, Tian Y, O’Neill RT, Xu Y, Lin Y, Weng W, Boulatov R. Coumarin Dimer Is an Effective Photomechanochemical AND Gate for Small-Molecule Release. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23214-23226. [PMID: 37821455 PMCID: PMC10603814 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive gating of chemical reactions is of considerable practical and conceptual interest. For example, photocleavable protective groups and gating mechanophores allow the kinetics of purely thermally activated reactions to be controlled optically or by mechanical load by inducing the release of small-molecule reactants. Such release only in response to a sequential application of both stimuli (photomechanochemical gating) has not been demonstrated despite its unique expected benefits. Here, we describe computational and experimental evidence that coumarin dimers are highly promising moieties for realizing photomechanochemical control of small-molecule release. Such dimers are transparent and photochemically inert at wavelengths >300 nm but can be made to dissociate rapidly under tensile force. The resulting coumarins are mechanochemically and thermally stable, but rapidly release their payload upon irradiation. Our DFT calculations reveal that both strain-free and mechanochemical kinetics of dimer dissociation are highly tunable over an unusually broad range of rates by simple substitution. In head-to-head dimers, the phenyl groups act as molecular levers to allow systematic and predictable variation in the force sensitivity of the dissociation barriers by choice of the pulling axis. As a proof-of-concept, we synthesized and characterized the reactivity of one such dimer for photomechanochemically controlled release of aniline and its application for controlling bulk gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun He
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Robert T. O’Neill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
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7
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O'Neill RT, Boulatov R. Experimental quantitation of molecular conditions responsible for flow-induced polymer mechanochemistry. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1214-1223. [PMID: 37430105 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Fragmentation of macromolecular solutes in rapid flows is of considerable fundamental and practical importance. The sequence of molecular events preceding chain fracture is poorly understood, because such events cannot be visualized directly but must be inferred from changes in the bulk composition of the flowing solution. Here we describe how analysis of same-chain competition between fracture of a polystyrene chain and isomerization of a chromophore embedded in its backbone yields detailed characterization of the distribution of molecular geometries of mechanochemically reacting chains in sonicated solutions. In our experiments the overstretched (mechanically loaded) chain segment grew and drifted along the backbone on the same timescale as, and in competition with, the mechanochemical reactions. Consequently, only <30% of the backbone of a fragmenting chain is overstretched, with both the maximum force and the maximum reaction probabilities located away from the chain centre. We argue that quantifying intrachain competition is likely to be mechanistically informative for any flow fast enough to fracture polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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8
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McFadden ME, Overholts AC, Osler SK, Robb MJ. Validation of an Accurate and Expedient Initial Rates Method for Characterizing Mechanophore Reactivity. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:440-445. [PMID: 36944217 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding structure-mechanochemical reactivity relationships is important for informing the rational design of new stimuli-responsive polymers. To this end, establishing accurate reaction kinetics for mechanophore activation is a key objective. Here, we validate an initial rates method that enables the accurate and rapid determination of rate constants for ultrasound-induced mechanochemical transformations. Experimental reaction profiles are well-aligned with theoretical models, which support that the initial rates method effectively deconvolutes the kinetics of specific mechanophore activation from the competitive process of nonspecific chain scission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Anna C Overholts
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Skylar K Osler
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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9
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Luo SM, Barber RW, Overholts AC, Robb MJ. Competitive Activation Experiments Reveal Significantly Different Mechanochemical Reactivity of Furan–Maleimide and Anthracene–Maleimide Mechanophores. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 3:202-208. [PMID: 37065719 PMCID: PMC10103189 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, our understanding of mechanochemical reactivity has advanced considerably. Nevertheless, an incomplete knowledge of structure-activity relationships and the principles that govern mechanochemical transformations limits molecular design. The experimental development of mechanophores has thus benefited from simple computational tools like CoGEF, from which quantitative metrics like rupture force can be extracted to estimate reactivity. Furan-maleimide (FM) and anthracene-maleimide (AM) Diels-Alder adducts are widely studied mechanophores that undergo retro-Diels-Alder reactions upon mechanical activation in polymers. Despite possessing significantly different thermal stability, similar rupture forces predicted by CoGEF calculations suggest that these compounds exhibit similar mechanochemical reactivity. Here, we directly probe the relative mechanochemical reactivity of FM and AM adducts through competitive activation experiments. Ultrasound-induced mechanochemical activation of bis-adduct mechanophores comprising covalently tethered FM and AM subunits reveals pronounced selectivity-as high as ∼13:1-for reaction of the FM adduct compared to the AM adduct. Computational models provide insight into the greater reactivity of the FM mechanophore, indicating a more efficient mechanochemical coupling for the FM adduct compared to the AM adduct. The methodology employed here to directly interrogate the relative reactivity of two different mechanophores using a tethered bis-adduct configuration may be useful for other systems where more common sonication-based approaches are limited by poor sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella M. Luo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ross W. Barber
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Anna C. Overholts
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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10
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Thazhathethil S, Muramatsu T, Tamaoki N, Weder C, Sagara Y. Excited State Charge-Transfer Complexes Enable Fluorescence Color Changes in a Supramolecular Cyclophane Mechanophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209225. [PMID: 35950260 PMCID: PMC9804172 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromic mechanophores are reporter molecules that indicate mechanical events through changes of their photophysical properties. Supramolecular mechanophores in which the activation is based on the rearrangement of luminophores and/or quenchers without any covalent bond scission, remain less well investigated. Here, we report a cyclophane-based supramolecular mechanophore that contains a 1,6-bis(phenylethynyl)pyrene luminophore and a pyromellitic diimide quencher. In solution, the blue monomer emission of the luminophore is largely quenched and a faint reddish-orange emission originating from a charge-transfer (CT) complex is observed. A polyurethane elastomer containing the mechanophore displays orange emission in the absence of force, which is dominated by the CT-emission. Mechanical deformation causes a decrease of the CT-emission and an increase of blue monomer emission, due to the spatial separation between the luminophore and quencher. The ratio of the two emission intensities correlates with the applied stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakkeeb Thazhathethil
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 OokayamaMeguro-ku, Tokyo152-8552Japan,Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido UniversityN20, W10SapporoHokkaido001-0020Japan
| | - Tatsuya Muramatsu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 OokayamaMeguro-ku, Tokyo152-8552Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido UniversityN20, W10SapporoHokkaido001-0020Japan
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 OokayamaMeguro-ku, Tokyo152-8552Japan
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11
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Inacker S, Fanelli J, Ivlev SI, Hampp NA. Intramolecular Coumarin-Dimer Containing Polyurethanes: Optical Tuning via Single- and Two-Photon Absorption Processes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Inacker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Julian Fanelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sergei I. Ivlev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Norbert A. Hampp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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12
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Thazhathethil S, Muramatsu T, Tamaoki N, Weder C, Sagara Y. Excited State Charge‐Transfer Complexes Enable Fluorescence Color Changes in a Supramolecular Cyclophane Mechanophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shakkeeb Thazhathethil
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science: Hokkaido Daigaku Daigakuin Seimei Kagakuin Division of Life Science JAPAN
| | - Tatsuya Muramatsu
- Tokyo Institute of Technology: Tokyo Kogyo Daigaku Department of Materials Science and Engineering JAPAN
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science: Hokkaido Daigaku Daigakuin Seimei Kagakuin Division of Life Science JAPAN
| | - Christoph Weder
- University of Fribourg: Universite de Fribourg Adolphe Merkle Institute JAPAN
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Tokyo Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Science and Engineering 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku 152-8552 Tokyo JAPAN
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13
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Tan M, Wang X, Xie T, Zhang Z, Shi Y, Li Y, Chen Y. Fluorogenic Mechanophore Based on Dithiomaleimide with Dual Responsiveness. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tong Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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14
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Ultrasound triggered organic mechanoluminescence materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114343. [PMID: 35580814 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound induced organic mechanoluminescence materials have become one of the focal topics in wireless light sources since they exhibit high spatiotemporal resolution, biocompatibility and excellent tissue penetration depth. These properties promote great potential in ultrahigh sensitive bioimaging with no background noise and noninvasive nanodevices. Recent advances in chemistry, nanotechnology and biomedical research are revolutionizing ultrasound induced organic mechanoluminescence. Herein, we try to summarize some recent researches in ultrasound induced mechanoluminescence that use various materials design strategies based on the molecular conformational changes and cycloreversion reaction. Practical applications, like noninvasive bioimaging and noninvasive optogenetics, are also presented and prospected.
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15
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Overholts AC, Robb MJ. Examining the Impact of Relative Mechanophore Activity on the Selectivity of Ultrasound-Induced Mechanochemical Chain Scission. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:733-738. [PMID: 35608186 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in polymer mechanochemistry, a more complete understanding of the factors that dictate the ultrasound-induced mechanochemical activation efficiency of mechanophores is necessary. Here, we examine how the identity of a mechanophore, and hence its unique force-coupled reactivity, affects the competition between mechanophore activation and nonspecific polymer backbone scission. Polymers incorporating distinct mechanophores but with putatively similar "chain-centeredness" exhibit widely different mechanochemical activation efficiencies. Furthermore, we employ mechanophores that can be orthogonally cleaved following ultrasonication using heat or light to report on the degree of nonspecific backbone scission that occurs for different mechanophore-containing polymers subjected to ultrasound-induced mechanical force. Our results illustrate that the identity of the mechanophore as well as its position in the polymer chain are inextricably important parameters that together control the selectivity of mechanophore activation during ultrasonication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Overholts
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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16
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Qiu W, Scofield JMP, Gurr PA, Qiao GG. Mechanochromophore-linked Polymeric Materials with Visible Color Changes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100866. [PMID: 35338794 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force as a type of stimuli for smart materials has obtained much attention in the past decade. Color-changing materials in response to mechanical stimuli have shown great potential in the applications such as sensors and displays. Mechanochromophore-linked polymeric materials, which are a growing sub-class of these materials, are discussed in detail in this review. Two main types of mechanochromophores which exhibit visible color change, summarized herein, involve either isomerization or radical generation mechanisms. This review focuses on their synthesis and incorporation into polymer matrices, the type of mechanical force used, factors affecting the mechanochromic properties, and their applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joel M P Scofield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gurr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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17
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Wang X, Cao Y, Peng Y, Wang L, Hou W, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Huang H, Chen Y, Li Y. Concurrent and Mechanochemical Activation of Two Distinct and Latent Fluorophores via Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction of an Anthracene-Aminomaleimide Adduct. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:310-316. [PMID: 35575364 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Generally, a typical mechanochromophore produces color change through chemical transformation into one or two identical new chromophores/fluorophores under applied mechanical force. Herein, we introduce a novel mechanophore based on an anthracene-aminomaleimide Diels-Alder (DA) adduct featuring two distinct and latent fluorophores. This nonfluorescent mechanophore undergoes retro-DA reaction upon mechanochemical activation in solution and the solid state, generating the respective anthracene and aminomaleimide fragments simultaneously, both of which are highly emissive with different fluorescent colors. In addition, the aminomaleimide fluorophore exhibits sensitive fluorescence on-off response to protic solvents or polar solvents, which enables dual-color mechanochromism from this single mechanophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yifeng Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lewen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wangmeng Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huahua Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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18
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Gao W, Tang R, Bai M, Yu H, Ruan Y, Zheng J, Chen Y, Weng W. Dynamic covalent polymer networks with mechanical and mechanoresponsive properties reinforced by strong hydrogen bonding. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic polymer materials with superior mechanical properties and mechanochromism are of great importance to a vast variety of applications including stress sensing, damage detecting, soft robot. Herein, mechanoresponsive dynamic covalent...
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19
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Overholts AC, McFadden ME, Robb MJ. Quantifying Activation Rates of Scissile Mechanophores and the Influence of Dispersity. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Overholts
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Molly E. McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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20
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Tu L, Liao Z, Luo Z, Wu Y, Herrmann A, Huo S. Ultrasound-controlled drug release and drug activation for cancer therapy. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2021; 1:20210023. [PMID: 37323693 PMCID: PMC10190934 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional chemotherapy suffers from severe toxicity and side effects that limit its maximum application in cancer therapy. To overcome this challenge, an ideal treatment strategy would be to selectively control the release or regulate the activity of drugs to minimize the undesirable toxicity. Recently, ultrasound (US)-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) have attracted significant attention due to the non-invasiveness, high tissue penetration depth, and spatiotemporal controllability of US. Moreover, the US-induced mechanical force has been proven to be a robust method to site-selectively rearrange or cleave bonds in mechanochemistry. This review describes the US-activated DDSs from the fundamental basics and aims to present a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of US-responsive DDSs for controlled drug release and drug activation. First, we summarize the typical mechanisms for US-responsive drug release and drug activation. Second, the main factors affecting the ultrasonic responsiveness of drug carriers are outlined. Furthermore, representative examples of US-controlled drug release and drug activation are discussed, emphasizing their novelty and design principles. Finally, the challenges and an outlook on this promising therapeutic strategy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenP. R. China
| | - Zhihuan Liao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenP. R. China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenP. R. China
| | - Yun‐Long Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenP. R. China
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsAachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenP. R. China
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21
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Wang T, Wang H, Shen L, Zhang N. Force-induced strengthening of a mechanochromic polymer based on a naphthalene-fused cyclobutane mechanophore. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12675-12678. [PMID: 34779466 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We discovered a force-induced strengthening of a mechanochromic polymer based on a naphthalene-fused cyclobutane mechanophore (NCD). Our results revealed that mechanically induced retro-cycloaddition of the NCD and subsequent crosslinking reactions between CC bonds were responsible for this peculiar strenghthening, and demonstrated the good possibility that the NCD can be applied in smart materials fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China
| | - Haoxiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China.
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China
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22
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Abstract
AbstractThis Account covers the recent progress made on heterocyclic mechanophores in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. In particular, the types of such mechanophores as well as the mechanisms and applications of their force-induced structural transformations are discussed and related perspectives and future challenges proposed.1 Introduction2 Types of Mechanophores3 Methods to Incorporate Heterocycle Mechanophores into Polymer Systems4 Mechanochemical Reactions of Heterocyclic Mechanophores4.1 Three-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.2 Four-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.3 Six-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.4 Bicyclic Mechanophores5 Applications5.1 Cross-Linking of Polymer5.2 Degradable Polymer5.3 Mechanochromic Polymer6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
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23
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Tan M, Hu Z, Dai Y, Peng Y, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Li Y, Chen Y. A Simple Mechanochromic Mechanophore Based on Aminothiomaleimide. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1423-1428. [PMID: 35549011 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic mechanophores have promising applications in stress sensing and damage detection. Here we report a simple mechanofluorochromic mechanophore based on aminothiomaleimide (ATM). Poly(methyl acrylate) containing this mechanophore (ATM-PMA) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using an ATM-derived difunctional initiator. To investigate its mechanofluorochromism, the solution of ATM-PMA was subjected to ultrasonication, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to monitor the changes in molecular weight and fluorescence emission. The results showed that the molecular weight of ATM-PMA decreased upon ultrasonication, accompanied by a shift of fluorescence emission from bright yellow to light blue. This mechanophore of a simple functional group of ATM has great potential to be used in mechanochromic polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhitao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunkai Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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24
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Zeng T, Hu X, Robb MJ. 5-Aryloxy substitution enables efficient mechanically triggered release from a synthetically accessible masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11173-11176. [PMID: 34608472 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04886d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are attractive materials for a wide variety of applications. Here, we report a new mechanophore platform based on a masked 2-furylcarbinol derivative that incorporates a 5-aryloxy group, which serves as both an electron-rich substituent to accelerate molecular release and the position of polymer attachment proximal to the furan-maleimide junction. The mechanophore is readily synthesized and efficiently releases both phenol and arylamine payloads following mechanical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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25
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Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi T. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry Incheon National University 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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26
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Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18651-18659. [PMID: 34101320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We explored the mechanochemical degradation of bottlebrush and dendronized polymers in solution (with ultrasonication, US) and solid states (with ball-mill grinding, BMG). Over 50 polymers were prepared with varying backbone length and arm architecture, composition, and size. With US, we found that bottlebrush and dendronized polymers exhibited consistent backbone scission behavior, which was related to their elongated conformations in solution. Considerably different behavior was observed with BMG, as arm architecture and composition had a significant impact on backbone scission rates. Arm scission was also observed for bottlebrush polymers in both solution and solid states, but only in the solid state for dendronized polymers. Motivated by these results, multi-mechanophore polymers with bottlebrush and dendronized polymer architectures were prepared and their reactivity was compared. Although dendronized polymers showed slower arm-scission, the selectivity for mechanophore activation was much higher. Overall, these results have important implications to the development of new mechanoresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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27
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Peterson GI, Choi TL. The influence of polymer architecture in polymer mechanochemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6465-6474. [PMID: 34132272 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymer architecture is an important factor in polymer mechanochemistry. In this Feature Article, we summarize recent developments in utilizing polymer architecture to modulate mechanochemical reactions within polymers, or more specifically, the location and rates of bond scission events that lead to polymer fragmentation or mechanophore activation. Various well-defined architectures have been explored, including those of cyclic, intramolecularly cross-linked, dendritic, star, bottlebrush, and dendronized polymers. We primarily focus on describing the enhancement or suppression of mechanochemical reactivity, with respect to analogous linear polymers, as well as differences in solution- and solid-state behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Muramatsu T, Okado Y, Traeger H, Schrettl S, Tamaoki N, Weder C, Sagara Y. Rotaxane-Based Dual Function Mechanophores Exhibiting Reversible and Irreversible Responses. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9884-9892. [PMID: 34162206 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic mechanophores permit the design of polymers that indicate mechanical events through optical signals. Here we report rotaxane-based supramolecular mechanophores that display both reversible and irreversible fluorescence changes. These responses are triggered by different forces and are achieved by exploiting the molecular shuttling function and force-induced dethreading of rotaxanes. The new rotaxane mechanophores are composed of a ring featuring a luminophore, which is threaded onto an axle with a matching quencher and two stoppers. In the stress-free state, the luminophore is preferentially located in the proximity of the quencher, and the emission is quenched. The luminophore slides away from the quencher when a force is applied and the fluorescence is switched on. This effect is reversible, unless the force is so high that the luminophore-carrying ring slips past the stopper and dethreading occurs. We show that the combination of judiciously selected ring and stopper moieties is crucial to attain interlocked structures that display such a dual response. PU elastomers that contain such doubly responsive rotaxanes exhibit reversible fluorescence changes over multiple loading-unloading cycles due to the shuttling function, whereas permanent changes are observed upon repeated deformations to high strains due to breakage of the mechanical bond upon dethreading of the ring from the axle. This response allows one, at least conceptually, to monitor the actual deformation of polymer materials and examine mechanical damage that was inflicted in the past on the basis of an optical signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Muramatsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yuji Okado
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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29
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Zhao P, Huo S, Fan J, Chen J, Kiessling F, Boersma AJ, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Activation of the Catalytic Activity of Thrombin for Fibrin Formation by Ultrasound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14707-14714. [PMID: 33939872 PMCID: PMC8252103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of enzyme activity is a method to control biological function. We report two systems enabling the ultrasound-induced activation of thrombin, which is vital for secondary hemostasis. First, we designed polyaptamers, which can specifically bind to thrombin, inhibiting its catalytic activity. With ultrasound generating inertial cavitation and therapeutic medical focused ultrasound, the interactions between polyaptamer and enzyme are cleaved, restoring the activity to catalyze the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Second, we used split aptamers conjugated to the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the presence of thrombin, these assemble into an aptamer tertiary structure, induce AuNP aggregation, and deactivate the enzyme. By ultrasonication, the AuNP aggregates reversibly disassemble releasing and activating the enzyme. We envision that this approach will be a blueprint to control the function of other proteins by mechanical stimuli in the sonogenetics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengkun Zhao
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical ScienceXiamen University361102XiamenChina
| | - Jilin Fan
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Junlin Chen
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingUniversity Hospital AachenForckenbeckstr. 5552074AachenGermany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingUniversity Hospital AachenForckenbeckstr. 5552074AachenGermany
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
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30
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Zhao P, Huo S, Fan J, Chen J, Kiessling F, Boersma AJ, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Aktivierung der katalytischen Aktivität von Thrombin für die Bildung von Fibrin durch Ultraschall. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengkun Zhao
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research School of Pharmaceutical Science Xiamen University 361102 Xiamen China
| | - Jilin Fan
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Junlin Chen
- Institut für Experimentelle Molekulare Bildgebung Uniklinik Aachen Forckenbeckstr. 55 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institut für Experimentelle Molekulare Bildgebung Uniklinik Aachen Forckenbeckstr. 55 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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31
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Bettens T, Eeckhoudt J, Hoffmann M, Alonso M, Geerlings P, Dreuw A, De Proft F. Designing Force Probes Based on Reversible 6π-Electrocyclizations in Polyenes Using Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7477-7489. [PMID: 33988028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conjugated π-system in polyenes can be interrupted by electrocyclic ring-closure reactions. In this work, this 6π-electrocylization is shown by means of density functional calculations to be reversible by the application of an external mechanical pulling force at the terminal ends of the interrupted polyene chain. The test systems were constrained in a fused ring system, thus locking the orientation of three π-bonds and generally promoting 6π-electrocyclic ring-closure reactions. For several systems, the forward reaction is exergonic and the corresponding reaction barrier is comparable to those reported in the literature. The reverse reaction is triggered by an external pulling force of 2 nN (nano-Newton) or less and also becomes exergonic in all investigated polyenes under these force conditions. Moreover, it proceeds via a low reaction barrier when a pulling force of 2 nN is active, indicating that the mechanical force is an efficient stimulus for triggering ring-opening reactions. Analysis of the strain energy induced by this mechanical force confirms an optimal activation of the corresponding C-C σ-bond that breaks upon ring opening when the pulling positions are located on the polyene chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bettens
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jochen Eeckhoudt
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marvin Hoffmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205A, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205A, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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32
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Qian H, Purwanto NS, Ivanoff DG, Halmes AJ, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Fast, reversible mechanochromism of regioisomeric oxazine mechanophores: Developing in situ responsive force probes for polymeric materials. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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33
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Bettens T, Hoffmann M, Alonso M, Geerlings P, Dreuw A, De Proft F. Mechanochemically Triggered Topology Changes in Expanded Porphyrins. Chemistry 2021; 27:3397-3406. [PMID: 33170967 PMCID: PMC7898923 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A hitherto unexplored class of molecules for molecular force probe applications are expanded porphyrins. This work proves that mechanical force is an effective stimulus to trigger the interconversion between Hückel and Möbius topologies in [28]hexaphyrin, making these expanded porphyrins suitable to act as conformational mechanophores operating at mild (sub-1 nN) force conditions. A straightforward approach based on distance matrices is proposed for the selection of pulling scenarios that promote either the planar Hückel topology or the three lowest lying Möbius topologies. This approach is supported by quantum mechanochemical calculations. Force distribution analyses reveal that [28]hexaphyrin selectively allocates the external mechanical energy to molecular regions that trigger Hückel-Möbius interconversions, explaining why certain pulling scenarios favor the Hückel two-sided topology and others favor Möbius single-sided topologies. The meso-substitution pattern on [28]hexaphyrin determines whether the energy difference between the different topologies can be overcome by mechanical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bettens
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Pleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
| | - Marvin Hoffmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingRuprecht-Karls UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 205A69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Pleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Pleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingRuprecht-Karls UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 205A69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Pleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
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34
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Watabe T, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Enhancement of Mechanophore Activation in Mechanochromic Dendrimers by Functionalization of Their Surface. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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35
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O’Neill RT, Boulatov R. The many flavours of mechanochemistry and its plausible conceptual underpinnings. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:148-167. [PMID: 37117533 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry describes diverse phenomena in which mechanical load affects chemical reactivity. The fuzziness of this definition means that it includes processes as seemingly disparate as motor protein function, organic synthesis in a ball mill, reactions at a propagating crack, chemical actuation, and polymer fragmentation in fast solvent flows and in mastication. In chemistry, the rate of a reaction in a flask does not depend on how fast the flask moves in space. In mechanochemistry, the rate at which a material is deformed affects which and how many bonds break. In other words, in some manifestations of mechanochemistry, macroscopic motion powers otherwise endergonic reactions. In others, spontaneous chemical reactions drive mechanical motion. Neither requires thermal or electrostatic gradients. Distinct manifestations of mechanochemistry are conventionally treated as being conceptually independent, which slows the field in its transformation from being a collection of observations to a rigorous discipline. In this Review, we highlight observations suggesting that the unifying feature of mechanochemical phenomena may be the coupling between inertial motion at the microscale to macroscale and changes in chemical bonding enabled by transient build-up and relaxation of strains, from macroscopic to molecular. This dynamic coupling across multiple length scales and timescales also greatly complicates the conceptual understanding of mechanochemistry.
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36
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Wang T, Wang H, Shen L, Zhang N. Multicolor mechanochromism of a multinetwork elastomer that can distinguish between low and high stress. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report our findings on a multicolor mechanochromic elastomer that is able to discriminate between low and high stress. The key point of our design depends on the introduction of two UV-inert mechanophores into different polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanjing Institute of Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology
| | - Haoxiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanjing Institute of Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanjing Institute of Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanjing Institute of Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology
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37
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Ayer MA, Verde-Sesto E, Liu CH, Weder C, Lattuada M, Simon YC. Modeling ultrasound-induced molecular weight decrease of polymers with multiple scissile azo-mechanophores. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00420d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective and non-selective chain scission compete upon ultrasonic treatment of polymers with randomly distributed azo units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu A. Ayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC
| | - Cheyenne H. Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- The University of Southern Mississippi
- 118 College Dr
- USA
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
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38
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Chen Y, Mellot G, van Luijk D, Creton C, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4100-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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39
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Pan Y, Zhang H, Xu P, Tian Y, Wang C, Xiang S, Boulatov R, Weng W. A Mechanochemical Reaction Cascade for Controlling Load-Strengthening of a Mechanochromic Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21980-21985. [PMID: 32827332 PMCID: PMC7756483 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate an intermolecular reaction cascade to control the force which triggers crosslinking of a mechanochromic polymer of spirothiopyran (STP). Mechanochromism arises from rapid reversible force-sensitive isomerization of STP to a merocyanine, which reacts rapidly with activated C=C bonds. The concentration of such bonds, and hence the crosslinking rate, is controlled by force-dependent dissociation of a Diels-Alder adduct of anthracene and maleimide. Because the adduct requires ca. 1 nN higher force to dissociate at the same rate as that of STP isomerization, the cascade limits crosslinking to overstressed regions of the material, which are at the highest rate of material damage. Using comb polymers decreased the minimum concentration of mechanophores required to crosslinking by about 100-fold compared to previous examples of load-strengthening materials. The approach described has potential for controlling a broad range of reaction sequences triggered by mechanical load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Pan
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Piaoxue Xu
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool and Donnan LabG31, Crown St.LiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool and Donnan LabG31, Crown St.LiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Shishuai Xiang
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool and Donnan LabG31, Crown St.LiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
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40
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Pan Y, Zhang H, Xu P, Tian Y, Wang C, Xiang S, Boulatov R, Weng W. A Mechanochemical Reaction Cascade for Controlling Load‐Strengthening of a Mechanochromic Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Pan
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Piaoxue Xu
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab G31, Crown St. Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab G31, Crown St. Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Shishuai Xiang
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab G31, Crown St. Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
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41
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Klein IM, Husic CC, Kovács DP, Choquette NJ, Robb MJ. Validation of the CoGEF Method as a Predictive Tool for Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16364-16381. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Klein
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dávid P. Kovács
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicolas J. Choquette
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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42
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Peterson GI, Ko W, Hwang YJ, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Degradation of Amorphous Polymers with Ball-Mill Grinding: Influence of the Glass Transition Temperature. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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43
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Navarro R, Seoane-Rivero R, Cuevas JM, Marcos-Fernandez Á. A novel strategy to polyurethanes with improved mechanical properties by photoactivation of amidocoumarin moieties. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29935-29944. [PMID: 35518219 PMCID: PMC9056287 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06372j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An attractive strategy involving photodimerization of a novel amidocoumarin moiety is presented to prepare polyurethane coatings with excellent mechanical properties. Two families of polyurethanes containing these chromophore units into soft or hard segments were easily synthesized by inserting a small fraction of amidocoumarin-diol (5 wt% or 10 wt%). A systematic study has been carried out comparing hard segment, chromophore content and the influence of this amidocoumarin unit within the hard or soft segment. For all synthetized polymers, mechanical properties of the coatings have been evaluated before and after an excitation of the coumarin units with UV light. The results show that the insertion of coumarin into the hard segment leads to a considerable improvement of the mechanical properties after irradiation. Additionally, the photochemical activity of amidocoumarin was studied by UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopies. An attractive strategy involving photodimerization of a novel amidocoumarin moiety is presented to prepare polyurethane coatings with excellent mechanical properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Navarro
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3 Madrid 28006 Spain .,Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Rubén Seoane-Rivero
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Ed. 202 Zamudio E-487170 Spain
| | - José María Cuevas
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Ed. 202 Zamudio E-487170 Spain
| | - Ángel Marcos-Fernandez
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3 Madrid 28006 Spain .,Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC) Madrid Spain
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44
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Zhang Y, Lund E, Gossweiler GR, Lee B, Niu Z, Khripin C, Munch E, Couty M, Craig SL. Molecular Damage Detection in an Elastomer Nanocomposite with a Coumarin Dimer Mechanophore. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000359. [PMID: 32761960 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular force probes that generate optical responses to critical levels of mechanical stress (mechanochromophores) are increasingly attractive tools for identifying molecular sites that are most prone to failure. Here, a coumarin dimer mechanophore whose mechanical strength is comparable to that of the sulfur-sulfur bonds found in vulcanized rubbers is reported. It is further shown that the strain-induced scission of the coumarin dimer within the matrix of a particle-reinforced polybutadiene-based co-polymer can be detected and quantified by fluorescence spectroscopy, when cylinders of the nanocomposite are subjected to unconstrained uniaxial stress. The extent of the scission suggests that the coumarin dimers are molecular "weak links" within the matrix, and, by analogy, sulfur bridges are likely to be the same in vulcanized rubbers. The mechanophore is embedded in polymer main chains, grafting agent, and cross-linker positions in a polymer composite in order to generate experimental data to understand how macroscopic mechanical stress is transferred at the molecular scale especially in highly entangled cross-linked polymer nanocomposite. Finally, the extent of activation is enhanced by approximately an order of magnitude by changing the regiochemistry and stereochemistry of the coumarin dimer and embedding the mechanophore at the heterointerface of the particle-reinforced elastomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ethen Lund
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Bobin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zhenbin Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Etienne Munch
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes Dechaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc Couty
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes Dechaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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45
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Kim TA, Lamuta C, Kim H, Leal C, Sottos NR. Interfacial Force-Focusing Effect in Mechanophore-Linked Nanocomposites. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903464. [PMID: 32274322 PMCID: PMC7141001 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced force transmission to mechanophores is demonstrated in polymer nanocomposite materials. Spiropyran (SP) mechanophores that change color and fluorescence under mechanical stimuli are functionalized at the interface between SiO2 nanoparticles and polymers. Successful mechanical activation of SP at the interface is confirmed in both solution and solid states. Compared with SP-linked in bulk polymers, interfacial activation induces greater conversion of SP to its colored merocyanine form and also significantly decreases the activation threshold under tension. Experimental observations are supported by finite element simulation of the interfacial stress state. The interfacial force-focusing strategy opens a new way to control the reactivity of mechanophores and also potentially indicates interfacial damage in composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ann Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Photo‐Electronic Hybrids Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Caterina Lamuta
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of IowaIowa CityIA52242USA
| | - Hojun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringBeckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
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46
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Peterson GI, Noh J, Bang KT, Ma H, Kim KT, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Degradation of Brush Polymers: Kinetics of Ultrasound-Induced Backbone and Arm Scission. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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47
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Stratigaki M, Göstl R. Methods for Exerting and Sensing Force in Polymer Materials Using Mechanophores. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1095-1103. [PMID: 31958366 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, polymer mechanochemistry has evolved as a methodology to provide insights into the action-reaction relationships of polymers and polymer-based materials and composites in terms of macroscopic force application (stress) and subsequent deformation (strain) through a mechanophore-assisted coupling of mechanical and chemical phenomena. The perplexity of the process, however, from the viewpoint of mechanophore activation via a molecular-scaled disruption of the structure that yields a macroscopically detectable optical signal, renders this otherwise rapidly evolving field challenging. Motivated by this, we highlight here recent advancements of polymer mechanochemistry with particular focus on the establishment of methodologies for the efficient activation and quantification of mechanophores and anticipate to aptly pinpoint unresolved matters and limitations of the respective approaches, thus highlighting possible developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stratigaki
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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48
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Izak-Nau E, Campagna D, Baumann C, Göstl R. Polymer mechanochemistry-enabled pericyclic reactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemical pericyclic reactions are reviewed with regard to their structural features and substitution prerequisites to the polymer framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Izak-Nau
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Davide Campagna
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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49
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Imato K, Yamanaka R, Nakajima H, Takeda N. Fluorescent supramolecular mechanophores based on charge-transfer interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7937-7940. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03126g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular mechanofluorophores based on charge-transfer interactions between fluorescent electron-rich pyrene and electron-deficient naphthalene diimide(s) are newly developed and show turn-on fluorescence upon application of mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering
- Waseda University (TWIns)
- Tokyo 162-8480
- Japan
| | - Ryota Yamanaka
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering
- Waseda University (TWIns)
- Tokyo 162-8480
- Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nakajima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering
- Waseda University (TWIns)
- Tokyo 162-8480
- Japan
| | - Naoya Takeda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering
- Waseda University (TWIns)
- Tokyo 162-8480
- Japan
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50
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Wang T, Zhang N, Ge Y, Wang C, Hang Z, Zhang Z. Pyrene Functionalized Mechanochromic Elastomer with Switchable White Fluorescence. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Yuanmeng Ge
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Changchun Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Zusheng Hang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Zewu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
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