1
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Akcay Ogur F, Mamasoglu S, Perry SL, Akin FA, Kayitmazer AB. Interactions between Hyaluronic Acid and Chitosan by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry: The Effect of Ionic Strength, pH, and Polymer Molecular Weight. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:9022-9035. [PMID: 39248492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c03930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA)/chitosan (CHI) complex coacervates have recently gained interest due to the pH-dependent ionization and semiflexibility of the polymers as well as their applicability in tissue engineering. Here, we apply isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to understand the apparent thermodynamics of coacervation for HA/CHI as a function of the pH, ionic strength, and chain length. We couple these ITC experiments with the knowledge of the charge states of HA and CHI from potentiometric titration to understand the mechanistic aspects of complex formation. Our data demonstrate that the driving force for the complex coacervation of HA and CHI is entropic in nature and this driving force decreased with increasing ionic strength. We also observed a decrease in the stoichiometry for ion-pairing with increasing ionic strength, which we suggest is a consequence of the changing degree of ionization for HA at higher ionic strengths. An increase in the strength of interactions with pH was hypothesized to also be a result of changes in the degree of ionization of HA, though stronger interactions were observed at the lowest pH tested, likely due to contributions from hydrogen bonding between HA and CHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Akcay Ogur
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkiye
| | - Sezin Mamasoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkiye
| | - Sarah L Perry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Fatma Ahu Akin
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkiye
| | - A Basak Kayitmazer
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkiye
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2
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Lalwani S, Hellikson K, Batys P, Lutkenhaus JL. Counter Anion Type Influences the Glass Transition Temperature of Polyelectrolyte Complexes. Macromolecules 2024; 57:4695-4705. [PMID: 38827958 PMCID: PMC11140738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Salt acts as a plasticizer in polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs), which impacts the physical, thermal, and mechanical properties, thus having implications in applications, such as drug delivery, energy storage, and smart coatings. Added salt disrupts polycation-polyanion intrinsic ion pairs, lowering a hydrated PEC's glass transition temperature (Tg). However, the relative influence of counterion type on the PEC's Tg is not well understood. Here, the effect of anion type (NaCl, NaBr, NaNO3, and NaI) on the Tg of solid-like, hydrated PECs composed of poly(diallydimethylammonium) (PDADMA)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) is investigated. With increasing the chaotropic nature of the salt anion, the Tg decreases. The relative differences are attributed to the doping level, the amount of bound water, the mobility of water molecules within the PECs, and the strength of interactions between the PEs. For all studied salt concentrations and salt types, the Tg followed the scaling of -1/Tg ≈ ln([IP]/[H2O]), in which [IP]/[H2O] is the ratio of intrinsic pairs to water. The scaling estimates that about 7 to 17% of the intrinsic ion pairs should be weakened for the PEC to partake in a glass transition. Put together, this study highlights that the Tg in PECs is impacted by the salt anion, but the mechanism of the glass transition remains unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvesh
Manoj Lalwani
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kayla Hellikson
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, Krakow PL-30239, Poland
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
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3
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Joshi P, Decker C, Zeng X, Sathyavageeswaran A, Perry SL, Heldt CL. Design Rules for the Sequestration of Viruses into Polypeptide Complex Coacervates. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:741-753. [PMID: 38103178 PMCID: PMC10866146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation is a strategy that has been used to facilitate the delivery and increase the stability of proteins and viruses. Here, we investigate the encapsulation of viruses via complex coacervation, which is a liquid-liquid phase separation resulting from the complexation of oppositely charged polymers. In particular, we utilized polypeptide-based coacervates and explored the effects of peptide chemistry, chain length, charge patterning, and hydrophobicity to better understand the effects of the coacervating polypeptides on virus incorporation. Our study utilized two nonenveloped viruses, porcine parvovirus (PPV) and human rhinovirus (HRV). PPV has a higher charge density than HRV, and they both appear to be relatively hydrophobic. These viruses were compared to characterize how the charge, hydrophobicity, and patterning of chemistry on the surface of the virus capsid affects encapsulation. Consistent with the electrostatic nature of complex coacervation, our results suggest that electrostatic effects associated with the net charge of both the virus and polypeptide dominated the potential for incorporating the virus into a coacervate, with clustering of charges also playing a significant role. Additionally, the hydrophobicity of a virus appears to determine the degree to which increasing the hydrophobicity of the coacervating peptides can enhance virus uptake. Nonintuitive trends in uptake were observed with regard to both charge patterning and polypeptide chain length, with these parameters having a significant effect on the range of coacervate compositions over which virus incorporation was observed. These results provide insights into biophysical mechanisms, where sequence effects can control the uptake of proteins or viruses into biological condensates and provide insights for use in formulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik
U. Joshi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Claire Decker
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Xianci Zeng
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Arvind Sathyavageeswaran
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Sarah L. Perry
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Institute
for Applied Life Sciences, University of
Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Caryn L. Heldt
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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4
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van Westerveld L, Pelras T, Hofman AH, Loos K, Kamperman M, Es Sayed J. Effect of Polyelectrolyte Charge Density on the Linear Viscoelastic Behavior and Processing of Complex Coacervate Adhesives. Macromolecules 2024; 57:652-663. [PMID: 38283122 PMCID: PMC10810003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that the phase behavior and physicochemical and adhesive properties of complex coacervates are readily tuneable with the salt concentration of the medium. For toxicity reasons, however, the maximum applicable salt concentration in biomedical applications is typically low. Consequently, other strategies must be implemented in order to optimize the properties of the resulting complex coacervates. In this work, the effect of the charge density of a strong polyanion on the properties of complex coacervates was studied. To control this charge density, statistical anionic/charge-neutral hydrophilic copolymers were synthesized by means of an elegant protection/deprotection strategy and subsequently complexed with a strong polycation. The resulting complexes were observed to have an increasing water content as well as faster relaxation dynamics, with either increasing salt concentration or decreasing charge density. Time-salt and time-salt-charge density superpositions could be performed and showed that the relaxation mechanism of the complex coacervates remained unchanged. When the charge density was decreased, lower salt concentration complexes became suitable for viscoelastic adhesion with improved injectability. Such complex coacervates are promising candidates for injectable biomedical adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa van Westerveld
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Théophile Pelras
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
- Macromolecular
Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H. Hofman
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular
Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Es Sayed
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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5
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van Westerveld L, Es Sayed J, de Graaf M, Hofman AH, Kamperman M, Parisi D. Hydrophobically modified complex coacervates for designing aqueous pressure-sensitive adhesives. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:8832-8848. [PMID: 37947361 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01114c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The rheology of complex coacervates can be elegantly tuned via the design and control of specific non-covalent hydrophobic interactions between the complexed polymer chains. The well-controlled balance between elasticity and energy dissipation makes complex coacervates perfect candidates for pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). In this work, the polyanion poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate) (PSPMA) and the polycation quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) (QP4VP) were used to prepare complex coacervates in water. Progressive increase of hydrophobicity is introduced to the polyanion via partial deprotection of the protected precursor. Hence, the polymer chains in the complex coacervates can interact via both electrostatic (controlled by the amount of salt) and hydrophobic (controlled by the deprotection degree) interactions. It was observed that: (i) a rheological time-salt-hydrophobicity superposition principle is applicable, and can be used as a predictive tool for rheology, (ii) the slowdown of the stress relaxation dynamics, due to the increase of hydrophobic stickers (lower deprotection degree), can be captured by the sticky-Rouse model, and (iii) the systematic variation of hydrophobic stickers, amount of salt, and molecular weight of the polymers, enables the identification of optimizing parameters to design aqueous PSA systems. The presented results offer new pathways to control the rheology of complex coacervates and their applicability as PSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa van Westerveld
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Julien Es Sayed
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marijn de Graaf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Anton H Hofman
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Daniele Parisi
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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6
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Li H, Lalwani SM, Eneh CI, Braide T, Batys P, Sammalkorpi M, Lutkenhaus JL. A Perspective on the Glass Transition and the Dynamics of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers and Complexes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:14823-14839. [PMID: 37819874 PMCID: PMC10863056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) or polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs), formed by layer-by-layer assembly or the mixing of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes (PEs) in aqueous solution, respectively, have potential applications in health, energy, and the environment. PEMs and PECs are very tunable because their structure and properties are influenced by factors such as pH, ionic strength, salt type, humidity, and temperature. Therefore, it is increasingly important to understand how these factors affect PECs and PEMs on a molecular level. In this Feature Article, we summarize our contributions to the field in the development of approaches to quantify the swelling, thermal properties, and dynamic mechanical properties of PEMs and PECs. First, the role of water as a plasticizer and in the glass-transition temperature (Tg) in both strong poly(diallyldimethylammonium)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PDADMA/PSS) and weak poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAH/PAA) systems is presented. Then, factors influencing the dynamics of PECs and PEMs are discussed. We also reflect on the swelling of PEMs in response to different salts and solvent additives. Last, the nature of water's microenvironment in PEMs/PECs is discussed. A special emphasis is placed on experimental techniques, along with molecular simulations. Taken together, this review presents an outlook and offers recommendations for future research directions, such as studying the additional effects of hydrogen-bonding hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Li
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Suvesh Manoj Lalwani
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Chikaodinaka I. Eneh
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Tamunoemi Braide
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Academy
of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials
(LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77840, United States
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7
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Es Sayed J, Caïto C, Arunachalam A, Amirsadeghi A, van Westerveld L, Maret D, Mohamed Yunus RA, Calicchia E, Dittberner O, Portale G, Parisi D, Kamperman M. Effect of Dynamically Arrested Domains on the Phase Behavior, Linear Viscoelasticity and Microstructure of Hyaluronic Acid - Chitosan Complex Coacervates. Macromolecules 2023; 56:5891-5904. [PMID: 37576476 PMCID: PMC10413963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Complex coacervates make up a class of versatile materials formed as a result of the electrostatic associations between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. It is well-known that the viscoelastic properties of these materials can be easily altered with the ionic strength of the medium, resulting in a range of materials from free-flowing liquids to gel-like solids. However, in addition to electrostatics, several other noncovalent interactions could influence the formation of the coacervate phase depending on the chemical nature of the polymers involved. Here, the importance of intermolecular hydrogen bonds on the phase behavior, microstructure, and viscoelasticity of hyaluronic acid (HA)-chitosan (CHI) complex coacervates is revealed. The density of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between CHI units increases with increasing pH of coacervation, which results in dynamically arrested regions within the complex coacervate, leading to elastic gel-like behavior. This pH-dependent behavior may be very relevant for the controlled solidification of complex coacervates and thus for polyelectrolyte material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Es Sayed
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clément Caïto
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abinaya Arunachalam
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Armin Amirsadeghi
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Larissa van Westerveld
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Maret
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Akdar Mohamed Yunus
- Engineering
and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Calicchia
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Nanomedicine & Drug Targeting, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivia Dittberner
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Parisi
- Engineering
and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Ramakrishnan AN, Röhrle O, Ludtka C, Koehler J, Kiesow A, Schwan S. Mapping the role of oral cavity physiological factors into the viscoelastic model of denture adhesives for numerical implementation. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2023; 21:22808000231201460. [PMID: 37968929 DOI: 10.1177/22808000231201460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological parameters of the oral cavity have a profound impact on any restorative solutions designed for edentulous patients including denture adhesives. This study aims to mathematically quantify the influence of three such variables, namely: the temperature, pH, and the swelling of such adhesives under the influence of saliva on its mechanical behavior. The mathematical quantification is further aimed to implement a material model for such adhesives which considers the impact of such physiological factors. The denture adhesive is experimentally investigated by means of rheological steady state frequency sweep tests to obtain the relaxation spectrum of the material. The relaxation behavior is measured for a wide range of oral cavity temperatures and pH. Also, the adhesive is hydrated and upon swelling to different levels again tested to understand the impact of swelling on the mechanical behavior. The experimentally measured continuous relaxation spectrum is modeled as a viscoelastic material using a discrete set of points based on the Prony series discretization technique. The relaxation spectrums for various temperatures are compared and the possibility of a time-temperature superposition is explored for the model. Similarly, the measured values of Storage and loss modulus are investigated to understand the role of pH and swelling. The results in this study clearly indicated a horizontal shift in the relaxation behavior with increase in temperature. And hence, the time-temperature shift factor was calculated for the adhesive. The relaxation spectrum also showed a strong correlation with swelling of the adhesive and the pH. The influence of these two parameters were captured into the model based on the relaxation time parameter in the Prony series approach. Based on this study the impact of these parameters could be appreciated on the performance and mechanical behavior of denture adhesives and implemented into a Prony series based viscoelastic material model which can be used with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantha Narayanan Ramakrishnan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Halle, Germany
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems (IMSB), Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems (IMSB), Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christopher Ludtka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Josephine Koehler
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Kiesow
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Halle, Germany
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Hochschule Merseburg, University of Applied Sciences, Merseburg, Germany
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9
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Luo Y, Gu M, Edwards CER, Valentine MT, Helgeson ME. High-throughput microscopy to determine morphology, microrheology, and phase boundaries applied to phase separating coacervates. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3063-3075. [PMID: 35363236 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01763b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of composition, rheology, and morphology during phase separation in complex fluids is highly coupled to rheological and mass transport processes within the emerging phases, and understanding this coupling is critical for materials design of multiphase complex fluids. Characterizing these dependencies typically requires careful measurement of a large number of equilibrium and transport properties that are difficult to measure in situ as phase separation proceeds. Here, we propose and demonstrate a high-throughput microscopy platform to achieve simultaneous, in situ mapping of time-evolving morphology and microrheology in phase separating complex fluids over a large compositional space. The method was applied to a canonical example of polyelectrolyte complex coacervation, whereby mixing of oppositely charged species leads to liquid-liquid phase separation into distinct solute-dense and dilute phases. Morphology and rheology were measured simultaneously and kinetically after mixing to track the progression of phase separation. Once equilibrated, the dense phase viscosity was determined to high compositional accuracy using passive probe microrheology, and the results were used to derive empirical relationships between the composition and viscosity. These relationships were inverted to reconstruct the dense phase boundary itself, and further extended to other mixture compositions. The resulting predictions were validated by independent equilibrium compositional measurements. This platform paves the way for rapid screening and formulation of complex fluids and (bio)macromolecular materials, and serves as a critical link between formulation and rheology for multi-phase material discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
| | - Mengyang Gu
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Chelsea E R Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA.
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
| | - Matthew E Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA.
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10
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Lin K, Jing B, Zhu Y. pH-Dependent complexation and polyelectrolyte chain conformation of polyzwitterion-polycation coacervates in salted water. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8937-8949. [PMID: 34549769 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00880c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phase behavior and chain conformational structure of biphasic polyzwitterion-polyelectrolyte coacervates in salted aqueous solution are investigated with a model weak cationic polyelectrolyte, poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP), whose charge fraction can be effectively tuned by pH. It is observed that increasing the pH leads to the increase of the yielding volume fraction and the water content of dense coacervates formed between net neutral polybetaine and cationic P2VP in contrast to the decrease of critical salt concentration for the onset of coacervation, where the P2VP charge fraction is reduced correspondingly. Surprisingly, a single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopic study suggests that P2VP chains upon coacervation seem to adopt a swollen or an even more expanded conformational structure at higher pH. As the hydrophobicity of P2VP chains is accompanied by a reduced charge fraction by increasing the pH, a strong pH-dependent phase and conformational behaviors suggest the shift of entropic and enthalpic contribution to the underlying thermodynamic energy landscape and chain structural dynamics of polyelectrolyte coacervation involving weak polyelectrolytes in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehua Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Benxin Jing
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Yingxi Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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11
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Lalwani SM, Batys P, Sammalkorpi M, Lutkenhaus JL. Relaxation Times of Solid-like Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Varying pH and Water Content. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suvesh M. Lalwani
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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12
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Knoerdel AR, Blocher McTigue WC, Sing CE. Transfer Matrix Model of pH Effects in Polymeric Complex Coacervation. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8965-8980. [PMID: 34328340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oppositely charged polyelectrolytes can undergo an associative phase separation, in a process known as polymeric complex coacervation. This phenomenon is driven by the electrostatic attraction between polyanion and polycation species, leading to the formation of a polymer-dense coacervate phase and a coexisting polymer-dilute supernatant phase. There has been significant recent interest in the physical origin and features of coacervation; yet notably, experiments often use weak polyelectrolytes the charge state of which depends on solution pH, while theoretical or computational efforts typically assume strong polyelectrolytes that remain fully charged. There have been only a few efforts to address this limitation, and thus there has been little exploration of how pH can affect complex coacervation. In this paper, we modify a transfer matrix theory of coacervation to account for acid-base equilibria, taking advantage of its ability to directly account for some local ion correlations that will affect monomer charging. We show that coacervation can stabilize the charged state of a weak polyelectrolyte via the proximity of oppositely charged monomers, and can lead to asymmetric phase diagrams where the positively and negatively charged polyelectrolytes exhibit different behaviors near the pKa of either chain. Specifically, there is a partitioning of one of the salt species to a coacervate to maintain electroneutrality when one of the polyelectrolytes is only partially charged. This results in the depletion of the same salt species in the supernatant, and overall can suppress phase separation. We also demonstrate that, when one of the species is only partially charged, mixtures that are off-stoichiometric in volume fraction but stoichiometric in charge exhibit the greatest propensity to form coacervate phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Knoerdel
- Program in Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Whitney C Blocher McTigue
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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13
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Kim HJ, Pyun JH, Park TY, Yoon SG, Maeng SW, Choi HS, Joo KI, Kang SH, Cha HJ. Preclinical evaluation of a regenerative immiscible bioglue for vesico-vaginal fistula. Acta Biomater 2021; 125:183-196. [PMID: 33652167 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are no clinically available tissue adhesives that work effectively in the fluid-rich and highly dynamic environments of the human body, such as the urinary system. This is especially relevant to the management of vesico-vaginal fistula, and developing a high-performance tissue adhesive for this purpose could vastly expand urologists' surgical repertoire and dramatically reduce patient discomfort. Herein, we developed a water-immiscible mussel protein-based bioadhesive (imWIMBA) with significantly improved properties in all clinical respects, allowing it to achieve rapid and strong underwater adhesion with tunable rheological properties. We evaluated in vivo potential of imWIMBA for sealing thermally injured fistula tracts between the bladder and vagina. Importantly, the use of imWIMBA in the presence of prolonged bladder drainage resulted in perfect closure of the vesico-vaginal fistula in operated pigs. Thus, imWIMBA could be successfully used for many surgical applications and improve treatment efficacy when combined with conventional surgical methods. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Vesico-vaginal fistula (VVF) is an abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina, which is a stigmatized disease in many developing countries. Leakage of urine into internal organs can induce serious complications and delay wound repair. Conventional VVF treatment requires skillful suturing to provide a tension-free and watertight closure. In addition, there is no clinically approved surgical glue that works in wet and highly dynamic environments such as the urinary system. In this work, for potential clinical VVF closure and regeneration, we developed an advanced immiscible mussel protein-based bioglue with fast, strong, wet adhesion and tunable rheological properties. This regenerative immiscible bioglue could be successfully used for sealing fistulas and further diverse surgical applications as an adjuvant for conventional suture methods.
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14
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Lappan U, Naas C, Scheler U. Influence of the Mixing Ratio on the Dynamics of Polymer Segments in Polyelectrolyte Complexes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 Dresden 01069 Germany
| | - Carolin Naas
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 Dresden 01069 Germany
| | - Ulrich Scheler
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 Dresden 01069 Germany
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15
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Aponte-Rivera C, Rubinstein M. Dynamic Coupling in Unentangled Liquid Coacervates Formed by Oppositely Charged Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2021; 54:1783-1800. [PMID: 33981120 PMCID: PMC8109663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We develop a scaling theory that predicts the dynamics of symmetric and asymmetric unentangled liquid coacervates formed by solutions of oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes. Symmetric coacervates made from oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes consist of polycations and polyanions with equal and opposite charge densities along their backbones. These symmetric coacervates can be described as mixtures of polyelectrolytes in the quasi-neutral regime with a single correlation length. Asymmetric coacervates are made from polycations and polyanions with unequal charge densities. The difference in charge densities results in a double semidilute structure of asymmetric coacervates with two correlation lengths, one for the high-charge-density and the other for the low-charge-density polyelectrolytes. We predict that the double-semidilute structure in asymmetric coacervates results in a dynamic coupling which increases the friction of the high-charge-density polyelectrolyte. This dynamic coupling increases the contribution to the zero-shear viscosity of the high-charge-density polyelectrolyte. The diffusion coefficient of the high-charge-density polyelectrolyte is predicted to depend on the concentration and degree of polymerization of the low-charge-density polyelectrolyte in the coacervate if the size of the low-charge-density polymer is smaller than the correlation length of the high-charge-density polymer. We also predict a non-monotonic salt concentration dependence of the zero-shear viscosity of asymmetric coacervates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physics and Chemistry Department, Duke University
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16
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Morin FJ, Puppo ML, Laaser JE. Decoupling salt- and polymer-dependent dynamics in polyelectrolyte complex coacervates via salt addition. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1223-1231. [PMID: 33331383 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01412e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In polyelectrolyte complex coacervates, changes in salt concentration and changes in polymer concentration are typically strongly coupled, complicating interpretation of the salt- and polymer-concentration-dependent dynamics of these materials. To address this problem, we developed a "salt addition" method for preparation of complex coacervates that allows the salt concentration of a coacervate sample to be varied without changing its polymer concentration. This method was used to prepare coacervates of poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) with salt concentrations between 1.2 and 2 M and volume fractions of polymer between 0.1 and 0.25. Characterization of these samples by small-amplitude oscillatory shear rheology revealed that the relaxation times scale significantly more strongly with polymer volume fraction than has been previously assumed, highlighting the need to account for both salt and polymer-dependent contributions to the dynamics of these complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J Morin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Marissa L Puppo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Laaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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17
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van Hees IA, Hofman AH, Dompé M, van der Gucht J, Kamperman M. Temperature-responsive polyelectrolyte complexes for bio-inspired underwater adhesives. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Manoj Lalwani S, Eneh CI, Lutkenhaus JL. Emerging trends in the dynamics of polyelectrolyte complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:24157-24177. [PMID: 33094301 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03696j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are highly tunable materials that result from the phase separation that occurs upon mixing oppositely charged polymers. Over the years, they have gained interest due to their broad range of applications such as drug delivery systems, protective coatings, food packaging, and surface adhesives. In this review, we summarize the structure, phase transitions, chain dynamics, and rheological and thermal properties of PECs. Although most literature focuses upon the thermodynamics and application of PECs, this review highlights the fundamental role of salt and water on mechanical and thermal properties impacting the PEC's dynamics. A special focus is placed upon experimental results and techniques. Specifically, the review examines phase behaviour and salt partitioning in PECs, as well as different techniques used to measure diffusion coefficients, relaxation times, various superpositioning principles, glass transitions, and water microenvironments in PECs. This review concludes with future areas of opportunity in fundamental studies and best practices in reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvesh Manoj Lalwani
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA.
| | - Chikaodinaka I Eneh
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA.
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
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19
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Kim JM, Heo TY, Choi SH. Structure and Relaxation Dynamics for Complex Coacervate Hydrogels Formed by ABA Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Heo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
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20
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Syed VMS, Srivastava S. Time-Ionic Strength Superposition: A Unified Description of Chain Relaxation Dynamics in Polyelectrolyte Complexes. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1067-1073. [PMID: 35648617 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Addition of salt speeds up chain relaxation dynamics in polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs), and time-salt superposition (TSS) approaches to describe the linear viscoelastic response of PECs are well-established. However, TSS is carried out at fixed initial polyelectrolyte concentrations, and varying the initial polyelectrolyte concentration results in distinct TSS master curves. In this contribution, we show that accounting for the small ions that accompany the oppositely charged polyelectrolyte chains (designated as accompanying counterions) enables assimilation of these distinct TSS master curves into a single universal master curve. This approach, that we christen as time-ionic strength superposition (TISS), enables a unified description of the PEC viscoelastic response in terms of the solution ionic strength, that accounts for both the accompanying counterions and the added ions, and underlines the dynamic similarities between PECs and semidilute polymer solutions. The sticky electrostatic associations among the oppositely charged chains, however, contribute additional relaxation modes in the PECs. We demonstrate that the time scales of these additional relaxation modes are described quantitatively by a modified sticky Rouse model that accounts for the influence of solution ionic strength on electrostatic screening and chain friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaqar M. S. Syed
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Samanvaya Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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21
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Gharanjig H, Gharanjig K, Hosseinnezhad M, Jafari SM. Development and optimization of complex coacervates based on zedo gum, cress seed gum and gelatin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Sing CE, Perry SL. Recent progress in the science of complex coacervation. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:2885-2914. [PMID: 32134099 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00001a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex coacervation is an associative, liquid-liquid phase separation that can occur in solutions of oppositely-charged macromolecular species, such as proteins, polymers, and colloids. This process results in a coacervate phase, which is a dense mix of the oppositely-charged components, and a supernatant phase, which is primarily devoid of these same species. First observed almost a century ago, coacervates have since found relevance in a wide range of applications; they are used in personal care and food products, cutting edge biotechnology, and as a motif for materials design and self-assembly. There has recently been a renaissance in our understanding of this important class of material phenomena, bringing the science of coacervation to the forefront of polymer and colloid science, biophysics, and industrial materials design. In this review, we describe the emergence of a number of these new research directions, specifically in the context of polymer-polymer complex coacervates, which are inspired by a number of key physical and chemical insights and driven by a diverse range of experimental, theoretical, and computational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews, Urbana, IL, USA.
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23
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Naveed KUR, Wang L, Yu H, Summe Ullah R, Nazir A, Fahad S, Elshaarani T, Usman M, Khan A. Synthesis of spin-labelled poly(acrylic acid)s and their segmental motion study. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1685690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaleem-Ur-Rahman Naveed
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Raja Summe Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ahsan Nazir
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shah Fahad
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tarig Elshaarani
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Amin Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Batys P, Kivistö S, Lalwani SM, Lutkenhaus JL, Sammalkorpi M. Comparing water-mediated hydrogen-bonding in different polyelectrolyte complexes. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7823-7831. [PMID: 31524209 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01193e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
All-atom molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the polyelectrolyte-specific influence of hydration and temperature on water diffusion in hydrated polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). Two model PECs were compared: poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)-poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDADMA)-poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The findings show that the strength of the hydrogen bonding i.e. polyelectrolyte water interaction has enormous influence on the water mobility, which has implications for PEC structure and properties. A 10-fold difference in the average water diffusion coefficient between PAH-PSS and PDADMA-PAA PECs at the same hydration level is observed. The vast majority of the water molecules hydrating the PDADMA-PAA PECs, for hydrations in the range of 26-38 wt%, are effectively immobilized, whereas for PAH-PSS PECs the amount of immobilized water decreases with hydration. This points to the polyelectrolyte-specific character of the PE-water hydrogen bonding relationship with temperature. PAA-water hydrogen bonds are found to be significantly less sensitive to temperature than for PSS-water. The polyelectrolyte-water interactions, investigated via radial distribution function, hydrogen bond distance and angle distributions, are connected with resulting structure of the PECs. The PDADMA-PAA and PAH-PSS PECs are prepared experimentally and the states of water at different hydration levels is determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Experiments confirm the differences between PDADMA-PAA and PAH-PSS PECs observed in the theoretical modelling. The results suggest that the initial predictions of the PEC's bonding with water can be based on simple molecular-level considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland.
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25
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Lappan U, Scheler U. Polyanion Substitution in Polyelectrolyte Complex Dispersions Studied by Spin-Label EPR Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Scheler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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26
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Huang J, Morin FJ, Laaser JE. Charge-Density-Dominated Phase Behavior and Viscoelasticity of Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Frances J. Morin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Laaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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27
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Suarez-Martinez PC, Batys P, Sammalkorpi M, Lutkenhaus JL. Time–Temperature and Time–Water Superposition Principles Applied to Poly(allylamine)/Poly(acrylic acid) Complexes. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar C. Suarez-Martinez
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering and ⊥Department of Materials Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering and ⊥Department of Materials Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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28
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Yang M, Shi J, Schlenoff JB. Control of Dynamics in Polyelectrolyte Complexes by Temperature and Salt. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Jianbing Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Joseph B. Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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29
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Ali S, Prabhu VM. Relaxation Behavior by Time-Salt and Time-Temperature Superpositions of Polyelectrolyte Complexes from Coacervate to Precipitate. Gels 2018; 4:E11. [PMID: 30674787 PMCID: PMC6318648 DOI: 10.3390/gels4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexation between anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes results in solid-like precipitates or liquid-like coacervate depending on the added salt in the aqueous medium. However, the boundary between these polymer-rich phases is quite broad and the associated changes in the polymer relaxation in the complexes across the transition regime are poorly understood. In this work, the relaxation dynamics of complexes across this transition is probed over a wide timescale by measuring viscoelastic spectra and zero-shear viscosities at varying temperatures and salt concentrations for two different salt types. We find that the complexes exhibit time-temperature superposition (TTS) at all salt concentrations, while the range of overlapped-frequencies for time-temperature-salt superposition (TTSS) strongly depends on the salt concentration (Cs) and gradually shifts to higher frequencies as Cs is decreased. The sticky-Rouse model describes the relaxation behavior at all Cs. However, collective relaxation of polyelectrolyte complexes gradually approaches a rubbery regime and eventually exhibits a gel-like response as Cs is decreased and limits the validity of TTSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samim Ali
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Vivek M Prabhu
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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30
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Sadman K, Wang Q, Chen Y, Keshavarz B, Jiang Z, Shull KR. Influence of Hydrophobicity on Polyelectrolyte Complexation. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Sadman
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qifeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yaoyao Chen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bavand Keshavarz
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zhang Jiang
- X-ray
Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Shull
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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31
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Liu Y, Momani B, Winter HH, Perry SL. Rheological characterization of liquid-to-solid transitions in bulk polyelectrolyte complexes. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7332-7340. [PMID: 28951897 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01285c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexation has long been known to result in both liquid and solid complexes. However, the exact nature of the liquid-to-solid transition remains an open question. We have used rheology to explain this phenomenon for the model system of poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid, sodium salt) (PSS) and poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) in the presence of potassium bromide (KBr). The use of a time-salt superposition allows for a detailed analysis of changes in the linear viscoelastic response for both liquid complex coacervates and solid polyelectrolyte complexes as a function of salt concentration, and facilitates unambiguous determination of the mechanism for this phase transition. Decreasing salt concentration, and the commensurate decrease in the water content of PSS/PDADMAC/KBr complexes is shown to lead to the formation of a physical gel due to the development of a network with trapped electrostatic crosslinks that percolates the sample at a critical salt concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Laaser JE, McGovern M, Jiang Y, Lohmann E, Reineke TM, Morse DC, Dorfman KD, Lodge TP. Equilibration of Micelle-Polyelectrolyte Complexes: Mechanistic Differences between Static and Annealed Charge Distributions. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:4631-4641. [PMID: 28441017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of charge density and charge annealing in polyelectrolyte complexation was investigated through systematic comparison of two micelle-polyelectrolyte systems. First, poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(styrene) (PDMAEMA-b-PS) micelles were complexed with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) at pH values above and below the pKa of PDMAEMA to investigate the role of charge annealing in the complexation process. Second, complexes of poly(DMAEMA-stat-oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)-block-poly(styrene) (P(DMAEMA-stat-OEGMA)-b-PS) micelles with the same PSS at low pH were used to investigate how the complexation process differs when the charged sites are in fixed positions along the polymer chains. Characterization by turbidimetric titration, dynamic light scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy reveals that whether or not the charge distribution can rearrange during the complexation process significantly affects the structure and stability of the complexes. In complexes of PDMAEMA-b-PS micelles at elevated pH, in which the charge distributions can anneal, the charge sites redistribute along the corona chains upon complexation to favor more fully ion-paired configurations. This promotes rapid rearrangement to single-micelle species when the micelles are in excess but traps complexes formed with PSS in excess. In complexes with static charge distributions introduced by copolymerization of DMAEMA with neutral OEGMA monomers, on the other hand, the opposite is true: in this case, reducing the charge density promotes rearrangement to single-micelle complexes only when the polyanion is in excess. Molecular dynamics simulations show that disruption of the charge density in the corona brush reduces the barrier to rearrangement of individual ion pairs, suggesting that the inability of the brush to rearrange to form fully ion-paired complexes fundamentally alters the kinetics of complex formation and equilibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Laaser
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael McGovern
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yaming Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Elise Lohmann
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David C Morse
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kevin D Dorfman
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Liu Y, Winter HH, Perry SL. Linear viscoelasticity of complex coacervates. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 239:46-60. [PMID: 27633928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rheology is a powerful method for material characterization that can provide detailed information about the self-assembly, structure, and intermolecular interactions present in a material. Here, we review the use of linear viscoelastic measurements for the rheological characterization of complex coacervate-based materials. Complex coacervation is an electrostatically and entropically-driven associative liquid-liquid phase separation phenomenon that can result in the formation of bulk liquid phases, or the self-assembly of hierarchical, microphase separated materials. We discuss the need to link thermodynamic studies of coacervation phase behavior with characterization of material dynamics, and provide parallel examples of how parameters such as charge stoichiometry, ionic strength, and polymer chain length impact self-assembly and material dynamics. We conclude by highlighting key areas of need in the field, and specifically call for the development of a mechanistic understanding of how molecular-level interactions in complex coacervate-based materials affect both self-assembly and material dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - H Henning Winter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarah L Perry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Salehi A, Larson RG. A Molecular Thermodynamic Model of Complexation in Mixtures of Oppositely Charged Polyelectrolytes with Explicit Account of Charge Association/Dissociation. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Salehi
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ronald G. Larson
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Blocher WC, Perry SL. Complex coacervate-based materials for biomedicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney C. Blocher
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Amherst MA USA
| | - Sarah L. Perry
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Amherst MA USA
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Lappan U, Wiesner B, Scheler U. Segmental Dynamics of Poly(acrylic acid) in Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates Studied by Spin-Label EPR Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung
Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wiesner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung
Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Scheler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung
Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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