1
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Wabnitz C, Canavan A, Chen W, Reisbeck M, Bakkour R. Quartz Crystal Microbalance as a Holistic Detector for Quantifying Complex Organic Matrices during Liquid Chromatography: 1. Coupling, Characterization, and Validation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7429-7435. [PMID: 38683884 PMCID: PMC11099895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A matrix in highly complex samples can cause adverse effects on the trace analysis of targeted organic compounds. A suitable separation of the target analyte(s) and matrix before the instrumental analysis is often a vital step for which chromatographic cleanup methods remain one of the most frequently used strategies, particularly high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The lack of a simple real-time detection technique that can quantify the entirety of the matrix during this step, especially with gradient solvents, renders optimization of the cleanup challenging. This paper, along with a companion one, explores the possibilities and limitations of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) dry-mass sensing for quantifying complex organic matrices during gradient HPLC. To this end, this work coupled a QCM and a microfluidic spray dryer with a commercial HPLC system using a flow splitter and developed a calibration and data processing strategy. The system was characterized in terms of detection and quantification limits, with LOD = 4.3-15 mg/L and LOQ = 16-52 mg/L, respectively, for different eluent compositions. Validation of natural organic matter in an environmental sample against offline total organic carbon analysis confirmed the approach's feasibility, with an absolute recovery of 103 ± 10%. Our findings suggest that QCM dry-mass sensing could serve as a valuable tool for analysts routinely employing HPLC cleanup methods, offering potential benefits across various analytical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wabnitz
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Aoife Canavan
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Mathias Reisbeck
- TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Heinz Nixdorf Chair of Biomedical Electronics, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Rani Bakkour
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
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2
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Lechtenfeld OJ, Kaesler J, Jennings EK, Koch BP. Direct Analysis of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter Using LC-FT-ICR MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4637-4647. [PMID: 38427796 PMCID: PMC10938638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of the global carbon cycle, yet its intricate composition and the sea salt matrix pose major challenges for chemical analysis. We introduce a direct injection, reversed-phase liquid chromatography ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry approach to analyze marine DOM without the need for solid-phase extraction. Effective separation of salt and DOM is achieved with a large chromatographic column and an extended isocratic aqueous step. Postcolumn dilution of the sample flow with buffer-free solvents and implementing a counter gradient reduced salt buildup in the ion source and resulted in excellent repeatability. With this method, over 5,500 unique molecular formulas were detected from just 5.5 nmol carbon in 100 μL of filtered Arctic Ocean seawater. We observed a highly linear detector response for variable sample carbon concentrations and a high robustness against the salt matrix. Compared to solid-phase extracted DOM, our direct injection method demonstrated superior sensitivity for heteroatom-containing DOM. The direct analysis of seawater offers fast and simple sample preparation and avoids fractionation introduced by extraction. The method facilitates studies in environments, where only minimal sample volume is available e.g. in marine sediment pore water, ice cores, or permafrost soil solution. The small volume requirement also supports higher spatial (e.g., in soils) or temporal sample resolution (e.g., in culture experiments). Chromatographic separation adds further chemical information to molecular formulas, enhancing our understanding of marine biogeochemistry, chemodiversity, and ecological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Lechtenfeld
- Department
of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Research Group BioGeoOmics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research −
UFZ, Permoserstraße
15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- ProVIS−Centre
for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Kaesler
- Department
of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Research Group BioGeoOmics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research −
UFZ, Permoserstraße
15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elaine K. Jennings
- Department
of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Research Group BioGeoOmics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research −
UFZ, Permoserstraße
15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Boris P. Koch
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut
Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- University
of Applied Sciences, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
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3
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Bergmann D, Matarrita-Rodríguez J, Abdulla H. Toward a More Comprehensive Approach for Dissolved Organic Matter Chemical Characterization Using an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid Mass Spectrometer Coupled with Ion and Liquid Chromatography Techniques. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3744-3753. [PMID: 38373907 PMCID: PMC10918622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents one of the largest active organic carbon pools in the global carbon cycle. Although extensively studied, only <10% of DOM has been chemically characterized into individual dissolved compounds due to its molecular complexity. This study introduced a more comprehensive DOM characterization method by coupling both ion chromatography (IC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with high mass accuracy and resolution mass spectrometry. We presented a new on-the-fly mass calibration of the Orbitrap technique by utilizing the "lock mass" function in the Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer (OT-FTMS), which assures high mass accuracy at every scan by a postcolumn introduction of internal labeled standards. With both IC and LC, tested unlabeled standards of amino acids, small peptides, and organic acids were consistently below 1.0 ppm mass error, giving the OT-FTMS the potential of reaching mass accuracy of the Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. In addition to mass accuracy, a pooled quality control sample (QC) was used to increase reproducibility by applying systematic error removal using random forest (SERRF). Using an untargeted mass spectrometry approach, estuarine DOM samples were analyzed by OT-FTMS coupled to IC in negative mode and LC in positive mode detection to cover a wide range of highly cationic to highly anionic molecules. As a proof of concept, we focused on elucidating the structures of three distinct DOM compound classes with varied acidities and basicities. In UPLC-OT-FTMS, a total of 915 compounds were detected. We putatively elucidated 44 small peptides and 33 deaminated peptides of these compounds. With IC-OT-FTMS, a total of 1432 compounds were detected. We putatively elucidated 20 peptides, 268 deaminated peptides, and 188 organic acids. Except for five compounds, all putatively elucidated compounds were uniquely detected in their corresponding chromatography technique. These results highlight the need for combining these two techniques to provide a more comprehensive method for DOM characterization. Application of the combined IC and LC techniques is not limited to DOM chemical characterization. It can analyze other complex compound mixtures, such as metabolites, and anthropogenic pollutants, such as pesticides and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, in environmental and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bergmann
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi , Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
| | - Jessie Matarrita-Rodríguez
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi , Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
- Centro
de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Hussain Abdulla
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi , Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
- Center
for Water Supply Studies, Texas A&M
University-Corpus Christi , Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
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4
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Li T, Lü F, Zhang H, Xu Q, He PJ. Nontarget Insights into the Fate of Cl-/Br-Containing DOM in Leachate during Membrane Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16033-16042. [PMID: 37822265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds in wastewater are persistent and bioaccumulative contaminants of great concern, but few are known at the molecular level. Herein, we focus on nontarget screening of halogenated dissolved organic matter (DOM) in highly concentrated organic matrices of waste leachates and their concentrates. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was optimized before capturing halogenated signatures via HaloSeeker 2.0 software on mining full-scan high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) fingerprints. This study identified 438 Cl-/Br-containing DOM formulas in 21 leachates and membrane concentrates. Among them, 334 formulas were achieved via SPE with mixed-sorbent cartridges (mixed-SPE), surpassing the 164 formulas achieved through Bond Elut PPL cartridges (PPL-SPE). Herein, only four samples identified via PPL-SPE exhibited a resolution of >50% for extracted Cl-/Br-containing DOM by either SPE. The halogenated DOM constituted 6.87% of the total DOM mass features. Nevertheless, more abundant adsorbable organic halogens deciphered waste leachates and highly concentrated waste streams as reservoirs for halogenated contaminants. Remarkably, 75.7-98.1% of Cl-/Br-containing DOM in primary membrane concentrates remained stable through the secondary membrane treatment, indicating the persistence of these unknown contaminants even post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Li
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Fan Lü
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Qiyong Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Pin-Jing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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5
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Georgiou CD, McKay C, Reymond JL. Organic Catalytic Activity as a Method for Agnostic Life Detection. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:1118-1127. [PMID: 37523279 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2023.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
An ideal life detection instrument would have high sensitivity but be insensitive to abiotic processes and would be capable of detecting life with alternate molecular structures. In this study, we propose that catalytic activity can be the basis of a nearly ideal life detection instrument. There are several advantages to catalysis as an agnostic life detection method. Demonstrating catalysis does not necessarily require culturing/growing the alien life and in fact may persist even in dead biomass for some time, and the amplification by catalysis is large even by minute amounts of catalysts and, hence, can be readily detected against abiotic background rates. In specific, we propose a hydrolytic catalysis detection instrument that could detect activity in samples of extraterrestrial organic material from unknown life. The instrument uses chromogenic assay-based detection of various hydrolytic catalytic activities, which are matched to corresponding artificial substrates having the same, chromogenic (preferably fluorescent) upon release, group; D- and L-enantiomers of these substrates can be used to also answer the question whether unknown life is chiral. Since catalysis is a time-proportional product-concentration amplification process, hydrolytic catalytic activity can be measured on a sample of even a minute size, and with instruments based on, for example, optofluidic chip technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Zhang Z, Ma Y, Li A, Pan Y, Yao Q, Jia X, Zhou Q. Improved fractionation method using amphipathic NDAM for the efficient separation of disinfection by-product precursors in natural organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:38174-38184. [PMID: 36576624 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophilic substances in natural organic matter (NOM) are the main precursor of disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during disinfection processes. The fractionation of the components in NOM based on hydrophilicity contributes to elaborating the behavior of NOM during disinfection. However, the traditional NOM fractionation method using two hydrophobic resins of DAX-8 and XAD-4 lays emphasis on the separation of hydrophobic substances, limiting the thorough study of the hydrophilic components in NOM. In this work, the amphiphilic resin NDAM was employed as a replacement of XAD-4 to realize more thorough separation of the hydrophilic substances. Compared with the divinylbenzene (DVB) structure of XAD-4, the NDAM possesses a more hydrophilic skeleton of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) and DVB which favors the adsorption of hydrophilic components in NOM. The two fractionation methods of DAX-8 + XAD-4 and DAX-8 + NDAM were applied to fractionate NOM, and the obtained fractions were characterized via fluorescence spectra, UV spectra, acid-base titration, the partition coefficients of aqueous two-phase systems(ATPs), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The results showed that the transphilic fractions separated by XAD-4 accounted for 11.09% of NOM, while the proportion increased to 20.33% with the method of NDAM fractionation. Besides, the hydrophilic components enriched by NDAM not only have more π-conjugated systems and more aromatic structure but also contain more oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing functional groups. In addition, the hydrophilic fractions separated by NDAM contained more DBP precursors. The NDAM separates more NOM which can produce bromine-containing DBPs into HPIA, and the DBP productivity of HPIN is significantly higher than that of XAD-4. In general, the NOM fractionation method proposed in this study utilizing NDAM resin could fractionate the hydrophilic fractions in NOM more thoroughly, showing application potential in the analysis and control of DBPs formed from NOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaorui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Bui HT, Park HY, Alvarez PJJ, Lee J, Kim W, Kim EJ. Visible-Light Activation of a Dissolved Organic Matter-TiO 2 Complex Mediated via Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10829-10837. [PMID: 35767386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the widespread use of TiO2, its release into aquatic systems and complexation with dissolved organic matter (DOM) are highly possible, making it important to understand how such interactions affect photocatalytic activity under visible light. Here, we show that humic acid/TiO2 complexes (HA/TiO2) exhibit photoactivity (without significant electron-hole activation) under visible light through ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). The observed visible-light activities for pollutant removal and bacterial inactivation are primarily linked to the generation of H2O2via the conduction band. By systematically considering molecular-scale interactions between TiO2 and organic functional groups in HA, we find a key role of phenolic groups in visible-light absorption and H2O2 photogeneration. The photochemical formation of H2O2 in river waters spiked with TiO2 is notably elevated above naturally occurring H2O2 generated from background organic constituents due to LMCT contribution. Our findings suggest that H2O2 generation by HA/TiO2 is related to the quantity and functional group chemistry of DOM, which provides chemical insights into photocatalytic activity and potential ecotoxicity of TiO2 in environmental and engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Tran Bui
- Department of Energy Engineering/KENTECH Institute for Environmental and Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju 58330, Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeong Park
- Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jaesang Lee
- Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Wooyul Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering/KENTECH Institute for Environmental and Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju 58330, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Kim
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
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8
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Sardana A, Weaver L, Aziz TN. Effects of dissolved organic matter characteristics on the photosensitized degradation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:805-824. [PMID: 35481471 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00545f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment wetlands are aquatic systems where diverse dissolved organic matter (DOM) compositions physically interact. Complex photochemical behaviors ensue, leading to uncertainties in the prediction of indirect photodegradation rates for organic contaminants. Here, we evaluate the photosensitization ability of whole water DOM samples from a treatment wetland and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in North Carolina to photodegrade target pharmaceuticals. Optical characterization using ultraviolet-visible and excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy shows that wetland DOM has higher aromaticity than WWTP DOM and that WWTP secondary treatment processes increase aromaticity, overall molecular weight, and humic character of wastewater DOM. Our application of a reversed-phase HPLC method to assess DOM polarity distinctly reveals that a subset of the wetland samples possesses an abundance of hydrophobic DOM moieties. Hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) mediate the majority (>50%) of the indirect photodegradation for amoxicillin (AMX), atenolol (ATL), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), while singlet oxygen (1O2) is presumed to be solely responsible for the photodegradation of cimetidine (CME). Our findings suggest that hydrophobic interactions and improved accessibility to photogenerated reactive intermediates lead to significant increases in photosensitization efficiencies and overall indirect photodegradation rates of AMX, ATL, and EE2 for the hydrophobic wetland samples. In contrast, CME photosensitization yields are unaffected by polarity and trend positively with optical indicators of sunlight-induced DOM photobleaching and humification, suggesting that wetland processing favors faster 1O2 photogeneration. These relationships highlight the uncertainties in photosensitization yields and effects of DOM optical properties and polarity on the photochemical fate of organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Sardana
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 3250 Fitts-Woolard Hall, 915 Partners Way, Raleigh NC 27695, USA.
- Geosyntec Consultants Inc., 2501 Blue Ridge Road, Suite 430, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Leah Weaver
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 3250 Fitts-Woolard Hall, 915 Partners Way, Raleigh NC 27695, USA.
| | - Tarek N Aziz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 3250 Fitts-Woolard Hall, 915 Partners Way, Raleigh NC 27695, USA.
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9
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Zhang H, Zheng Y, Wang XC, Wang Y, Dzakpasu M. Characterization and biogeochemical implications of dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 294:113041. [PMID: 34126535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is viewed as one of the most chemically active organic substances on earth. It plays vital roles in the fate, bioavailability and toxicity of aquatic exogenous chemical species (e.g., heavy metals, organic pollutants, and nanomaterials). The characteristics of DOM such low concentrations, salt interference and complexity in aquatic environments and limitations of pretreatment for sample preparation and application of characterization techniques severely limit understanding of its nature and environmental roles. This review provides a characterization continuum of aquatic DOM, and demonstrate its biogeochemical implications, enabling in-depth insight into its nature and environmental roles. A synthesis of the effective DOM pretreatment strategies, comprising extraction and fractionation methods, and characterization techniques is presented. Additionally, the biogeochemical dynamics of aquatic DOM and its environmental implications are discussed. The findings indicate the collection of representative DOM samples from water as the first and critical step for characterizing its properties, dynamics, and environmental implications. However, various pretreatment procedures may alter DOM composition and structure, producing highly variable recoveries and even influencing its subsequent characterization. Therefore, complimentary use of various characterization techniques is highly recommended to obtain as much information on DOM as possible, as each characterization technique exhibits various advantages and limitations. Moreover, DOM could markedly change the physical and chemical properties of exogenous chemical species, influencing their transformation and mobility, and finally altering their potential bioavailability and toxicity. Several research gaps to be addressed include the impact of pretreatment on the composition and structure of aquatic DOM, molecular-level structural elucidation for DOM, and assessment of the effects of DOM dynamics on the fate, bioavailability and toxicity of exogenous chemical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Mawuli Dzakpasu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Bahureksa W, Tfaily MM, Boiteau RM, Young RB, Logan MN, McKenna AM, Borch T. Soil Organic Matter Characterization by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR MS): A Critical Review of Sample Preparation, Analysis, and Data Interpretation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9637-9656. [PMID: 34232025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The biogeochemical cycling of soil organic matter (SOM) plays a central role in regulating soil health, water quality, carbon storage, and greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, many studies have been conducted to reveal how anthropogenic and climate variables affect carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. Among the analytical techniques used to better understand the speciation and transformation of SOM, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) is the only technique that has sufficient mass resolving power to separate and accurately assign elemental compositions to individual SOM molecules. The global increase in the application of FTICR MS to address SOM complexity has highlighted the many challenges and opportunities associated with SOM sample preparation, FTICR MS analysis, and mass spectral interpretation. Here, we provide a critical review of recent strategies for SOM characterization by FTICR MS with emphasis on SOM sample collection, preparation, analysis, and data interpretation. Data processing and visualization methods are presented with suggested workflows that detail the considerations needed for the application of molecular information derived from FTICR MS. Finally, we highlight current research gaps, biases, and future directions needed to improve our understanding of organic matter chemistry and cycling within terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bahureksa
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Malak M Tfaily
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Rene M Boiteau
- College of Earth, Ocean, Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Robert B Young
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1170, United States
| | - Merritt N Logan
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1170, United States
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11
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Han L, Kaesler J, Peng C, Reemtsma T, Lechtenfeld OJ. Online Counter Gradient LC-FT-ICR-MS Enables Detection of Highly Polar Natural Organic Matter Fractions. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1740-1748. [PMID: 33370097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is a highly complex mixture of natural organic molecules. The recent developments in NOM molecular characterization methods have shown that ESI-FT-ICR hyphenated with liquid chromatography (LC) is a promising approach to also obtain chemical information (such as polarity and molecular size) about NOM molecules. However, due to changing solvent composition during gradient elution in LC-FT-ICR-MS, ionization conditions also change throughout the chromatographic separation process. In this study, we applied a post-LC column counter gradient (CG) to ensure stable solvent conditions for transient ESI-MS signals. Suwanee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA) standard and a peat pore water were used as representative dissolved NOM samples for method development and validation. Our results show that in polar NOM fractions (which elute with <50% methanol) the TIC intensity and number of assigned molecular formulas were increased by 48% and 20%, as compared to the standard gradient (SG) method. Further application of a Q-isolation and selective ion accumulation for low abundance fractions revealed over 3 times more molecular formulas (especially for CHNO, CHOS, CHNOS formula classes) than in full scan mode. The number of detected highly polar NOM compounds (with elemental ratios H/C < 1, O/C > 0.6) were more than 20 times larger for CG-LC mode as compared to direct infusion (DI) (5715 vs 266 MF). We conclude that the application of a postcolumn counter gradient in LC-FT-ICR-MS analyses of NOM offers novel insight into the most polar fractions of NOM which are inaccessible in conventional DI measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Han
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Kaesler
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chang Peng
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver J Lechtenfeld
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,ProVIS-Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Liu H, Pu Y, Qiu X, Li Z, Sun B, Zhu X, Liu K. Humic Acid Extracts Leading to the Photochemical Bromination of Phenol in Aqueous Bromide Solutions: Influences of Aromatic Components, Polarity and Photochemical Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030608. [PMID: 33503850 PMCID: PMC7926322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is considered to play an important role in the abiotic transformation of organobromine compounds in marine environment, for it produces reactive intermediates photochemically and is recognized as a significant source of reactive halogen species in seawater. However, due to the complex composition of DOM, the relationship between the natural properties of DOM and its ability to produce organobromine compounds is less understood. Here, humic acid (HA) was extracted and fractionated based on the polarity and hydrophobicity using silica gel, and the influences of different fractions (FA, FB and FC) on the photochemical bromination of phenol was investigated. The structural properties of HA fractions were characterized by UV-vis absorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, and the photochemical reactivity of HA fractions was assessed by probing triplet dissolved organic matter (3DOM*), singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radical (•OH). The influences of HA fractions on the photo-bromination of phenol were investigated in aqueous bromide solutions under simulated solar light irradiation. FA and FB with more aromatic and polar contents enhanced the photo-bromination of phenol more than the weaker polar and aromatic FC. This could be attributed to the different composition and chemical properties of the three HAs’ fractions and their production ability of •OH and 3DOM*. Separating and investigating the components with different chemical properties in DOM is of great significance for the assessment of their environmental impacts on the geochemical cycle of organic halogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.P.); (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (B.S.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-411-8472-3303
| | - Yingying Pu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.P.); (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (B.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaojun Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.P.); (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (B.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.P.); (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (B.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bing Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.P.); (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (B.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaomei Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.P.); (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (B.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Kaiying Liu
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China;
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13
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Zhang X, Han J, Zhang X, Shen J, Chen Z, Chu W, Kang J, Zhao S, Zhou Y. Application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to characterize natural organic matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127458. [PMID: 32693253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the ultra-high-resolution mass spectroscopy lead to a deep insight into the molecular characterization of natural organic matter (NOM). Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) has been used as one of the most powerful tools to decipher NOM molecules. In FTICR-MS analysis, the matrix effects caused by the co-occurring inorganic substances in water samples greatly affect the ionization of NOM molecules. The inherent complexity of NOM may hinder its component classification and formula assignment. In this study, basic principles and recent advances for sample separation and purification approaches, ionization methods, and the evolutions in formula assignment and data exploitation of the FTICR-MS analysis were reviewed. The complementary characterization methods for FTICR-MS were also reviewed. By coupling with other developed/developing characterization methods, the statistical confidence for inferring the NOM compositions by FTICR-MS was greatly improved. Despite that the refined separation procedures and advanced data processing methods for NOM molecules have been exploited, the big challenge for interpreting NOM molecules is to give the basic structures of them. Online share of the FTICR-MS data, further optimizing the FTICR-MS technique, and coupling this technique with more characterization methods would be beneficial to improving the understanding of the composition and property of NOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shengxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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Liu H, Tong T, Pu Y, Sun B, Zhu X, Yan Z. Insight Into the Formation Paths of Methyl Bromide From Syringic Acid in Aqueous Bromide Solutions Under Simulated Sunlight Irradiation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062081. [PMID: 32245114 PMCID: PMC7142905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is one of the largest natural sources of bromine in the stratosphere, where it leads to ozone depletion. This paper reported the photochemical production of CH3Br from syringic acid (SA) that has been used as an environmentally relevant model compound for terrestrially-derived dissolved organic matter. The formation of CH3Br increased with the increase of bromide ion concentration ranging from 0.8 to 80 mmol L−1. Ferric ions (Fe(III)) enhanced CH3Br production, while chloride inhibited it, with or without Fe(III). Meanwhile, methyl chloride (CH3Cl) was generated in the presence of chloride and was inhibited by Fe(III). The different effects of Fe(III) on the formation of CH3Cl and CH3Br indicate their diverse formation paths. Based on the intermediates identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the confirmation of the formation of Fe(III)-SA complexes, it was proposed that there were two formation paths of CH3Br from SA in the bromide-enriched water under simulated sunlight irradiation. One path was via nucleophilic attack of Br− on the excited state protonation of SA; the other was via the combination of methyl radical and bromine radical when Fe(III) was present. This work suggests that the photochemical formation of CH3Br may act as a potential natural source of CH3Br in the bromide-enriched environmental matrix, and helps in better understanding the formation mechanism of CH3Br.
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15
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Subdiaga E, Harir M, Orsetti S, Hertkorn N, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Haderlein SB. Preferential Sorption of Tannins at Aluminum Oxide Affects the Electron Exchange Capacities of Dissolved and Sorbed Humic Acid Fractions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1837-1847. [PMID: 31894976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter and humic substances (HS) in soils and sediments participate in numerous biogeochemical processes. Sorption to redox-inert aluminum oxide (Al2O3) was recently found to affect the redox properties of HS both in sorbed and dissolved state. With this study, we aim to decipher the molecular basis for these observations by applying Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICRMS) and mediated electrochemical analysis to Elliott soil, Pahokee peat, and Suwannee river humic acid (HA) samples before and after sorption to polar Al2O3 and a nonpolar sorbent (DAX-8 resin). The FT-ICRMS data provided evidence of preferential sorption of specific HA fractions, primarily tannin-like compounds, to Al2O3. These oxygen-rich compounds bear a high density of redox-active functional groups, and their adsorption leads to a depletion of electron exchange capacity in dissolved HAs and enrichment of HAs adsorbed at Al2O3. Sorption of HAs to DAX-8 was less selective and caused only slight changes in electron exchange capacities of dissolved and sorbed HA fractions. By combining FT-ICRMS and electrochemical approaches, our findings suggest that a selective sorption of oxygen-rich compounds in HA fractions to mineral oxides is a decisive factor for the different redox properties of dissolved and sorbed HA fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edisson Subdiaga
- Environmental Mineralogy and Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences , University of Tübingen , Hölderlinstr. 12 , D-72074 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Mourad Harir
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Ingolstädter Landstraöe 1 , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Lebensmittelchemie , Technische Universität München , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , 85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Silvia Orsetti
- Environmental Mineralogy and Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences , University of Tübingen , Hölderlinstr. 12 , D-72074 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Ingolstädter Landstraöe 1 , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Ingolstädter Landstraöe 1 , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Lebensmittelchemie , Technische Universität München , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , 85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Stefan B Haderlein
- Environmental Mineralogy and Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences , University of Tübingen , Hölderlinstr. 12 , D-72074 Tübingen , Germany
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16
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Liu H, Pu Y, Tong T, Zhu X, Sun B, Zhang X. Photochemical Generation of Methyl Chloride from Humic Aicd: Impacts of Precursor Concentration, Solution pH, Solution Salinity and Ferric Ion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020503. [PMID: 31941122 PMCID: PMC7013589 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) is presently understood to arise from biotic and abiotic processes in marine systems. However, the production of CH3Cl via photochemical processes has not been well studied. Here, we reported the production of CH3Cl from humic acid (HA) in sunlit saline water and the effects of the concentration of HA, chloride ions, ferric ions and pH were investigated. HA in aqueous chloride solutions or natural seawater were irradiated under an artificial light, and the amounts of CH3Cl were determined using a purge-and-trap and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CH3Cl was generated upon irradiation and its amount increased with increasing irradiation time and the light intensity. The formation of CH3Cl increased with an increase of HA concentration ranging from 2 mg L−1 to 20 mg L−1 and chloride ion concentration ranging from 0.02 mol L−1 to 0.5 mol L−1. The photochemical production of CH3Cl was pH-dependent, with the highest amount of CH3Cl generating near neutral conditions. Additionally, the generation of CH3Cl was inhibited by ferric ions. Finally, natural coastal seawater was irradiated under artificial light and the concentration of CH3Cl rose significantly. Our results suggest that the photochemical process of HA may be a source of CH3Cl in the marine environment.
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17
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Derrien M, Brogi SR, Gonçalves-Araujo R. Characterization of aquatic organic matter: Assessment, perspectives and research priorities. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114908. [PMID: 31362212 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter (OM) refers to the largest reactive reservoir of carbon-based compounds on Earth. Aside of its role as a source of carbon, OM is also actively involved in a wide range of ecological functions. It also plays an important role in the solubility, toxicity, bioavailability, mobility and distribution of pollutants. Therefore, OM is a key component in the local and global carbon cycle. About 12,000 articles containing organic matter in the title were published during the past decade, with a continuous increasing number each year (ISI Web of Science). Although this topic was widely explored and its interest has significantly increased, some limitations remain. These limitations can be technical (e.g., pre-treatment processes, low-resolution instrument, data handling) and can be related to the current approach. In this review, we first present the current strategies and tools to characterize the organic matter in the aquatic environment, then we tackle several aspects of current characterization limitations. Finally, we suggest new perspectives and priorities of research to improve the current limitations. From our point of view, simultaneous studies of particulate and dissolved OM fractions should be prioritized and multi-disciplinary approach, creation of databases, controlled experiments and collaborative works should be the next targets for future OM research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Derrien
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea.
| | - Simona Retelletti Brogi
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; Biophysics Institute, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
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Zhang B, Shan C, Hao Z, Liu J, Wu B, Pan B. Transformation of dissolved organic matter during full-scale treatment of integrated chemical wastewater: Molecular composition correlated with spectral indexes and acute toxicity. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 157:472-482. [PMID: 30981978 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As one of the key economic modes in China, chemical industry park (CIP) has made great contribution to the Chinese rapid economic growth. Concomitantly, how to effectively and safely dispose of the CIP wastewater (CIPWW) has been an unavoidable issue. Molecular transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in CIPWW treatment is essential to optimize the employed process and to provide solid basis for risk evaluation of the discharged effluent as well. In this study, electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS) was used to characterize the molecular transformation of DOM during full-scale treatment of integrated chemical wastewater in a centralized wastewater treatment plant (CWWTP), where the combined process follows hydrolysis/acidification (HA)-flocculation/precipitation (FP)-A2/O-membrane bioreactor (MBR)-ultrafiltration (UF)-reverse osmosis (RO). Compared to municipal wastewater, DOM in CIPWW exhibited higher unsaturation degree, lower molecular weight, and higher toxicity. In FP unit, DOM of C<24 and higher nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC) values was preferentially removed. The HA and anaerobic units are capable of significantly degrading DOM, resulting in great changes in molecular composition of DOM. However, the anoxic, oxic, and MBR units only lead to a slight change of the molecular formulae. The terminal units of UF and RO can remove most DOM, with the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) declining by 19.2% and 94.6% respectively. The correlation between spectral indexes and acute toxicity with the molecular formulae of DOM suggested that polyphenols and highly unsaturated phenols were positively correlated with the specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254). In addition, both compounds (0.32 < O/C < 0.63) as well as the aliphatic ones (0.22 < O/C < 0.56) presented positive correlation with acute toxicity. Further, the pairwise correlation analysis illustrated that SUVA254, O/Cwa, double bond equivalence (DBEwa), and NOSCwa were positively correlated with each other, whereas the acute toxicity was positively correlated with humification index (HIX), O/Cwa, and DBEwa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhineng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Schittich AR, Wünsch UJ, Kulkarni HV, Battistel M, Bregnhøj H, Stedmon CA, McKnight US. Investigating Fluorescent Organic-Matter Composition as a Key Predictor for Arsenic Mobility in Groundwater Aquifers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13027-13036. [PMID: 30339396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is linked to the heterogeneous distribution of elevated arsenic (As) in groundwater used for drinking and irrigation purposes, but the relationship between DOM characteristics and arsenic mobility has yet to be fully understood. Here, DOM from groundwater sampled in the Bengal Basin region was characterized using both conventional bulk emission-excitation (EEM) spectroscopy and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography coupled to spectroscopy (HPSEC-EEM). Notably, application of the novel HPSEC-EEM approach permitted the total fluorescence of individual samples to be independently resolved into its underlying components. This allowed the external validation of the bulk-sample fluorescence decomposition and offered insight into the molecular size distribution of fluorescent DOM. Molecular size distributions were similar for the UVA fluorescent (C310 and C340) as well as the three visible fluorescent (C390, C440, and C500) components. There was a greater visible fluorescence in shallow aquifer samples (10-33 m) with high As (SH, up to 418 μg/L) than in samples from the same depth with lower As (up to 40 μg/L). This indicated a link between DOM quality and As mobility within the shallow aquifer. The deep aquifer samples (170-200 m) revealed DOM characteristics similar to SH samples but had low As concentrations (<4 μg/L), signifying that the deep aquifer is potentially vulnerable to As contamination. These findings pave the way for a more comprehensive assessment of the susceptibility of drinking water aquifers, thereby supporting the management of groundwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Ricarda Schittich
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet, Building 115 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Urban J Wünsch
- Water Environment Technology , Chalmers University of Technology, Architecture, and Civil Engineering , Sven Hultins Gata 6 , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet, Building 202 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Harshad V Kulkarni
- Department of Geology , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66502 , United States
| | - Maria Battistel
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet, Building 115 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Henrik Bregnhøj
- School of Global Health , University of Copenhagen , 1353 Copenhagen K , Denmark
| | - Colin A Stedmon
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet, Building 202 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Ursula S McKnight
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet, Building 115 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
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20
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Heinz M, Zak D. Storage effects on quantity and composition of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen of lake water, leaf leachate and peat soil water. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 130:98-104. [PMID: 29202346 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of freezing and cold storage at 4 °C on bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) concentration and SEC fractions determined with size exclusion chromatography (SEC), as well as on spectral properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) analyzed with fluorescence spectroscopy. In order to account for differences in DOM composition and source we analyzed storage effects for three different sample types, including a lake water sample representing freshwater DOM, a leaf litter leachate of Phragmites australis representing a terrestrial, 'fresh' DOM source and peatland porewater samples. According to our findings one week of cold storage can bias DOC and DON determination. Overall, the determination of DOC and DON concentration with SEC analysis for all three sample types were little susceptible to alterations due to freezing. The findings derived for the sampling locations investigated here may not apply for other sampling locations and/or sample types. However, DOC size fractions and DON concentration of formerly frozen samples should be interpreted with caution when sample concentrations are high. Alteration of some optical properties (HIX and SUVA254) due to freezing were evident, and therefore we recommend immediate analysis of samples for spectral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Heinz
- Department of Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dominik Zak
- Department of Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Landscape Ecology and Site Evaluation, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
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21
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Patriarca C, Bergquist J, Sjöberg PJR, Tranvik L, Hawkes JA. Online HPLC-ESI-HRMS Method for the Analysis and Comparison of Different Dissolved Organic Matter Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2091-2099. [PMID: 29241333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an ultracomplex mixture that is essential to global carbon cycling but is poorly understood because of its complexity. The most powerful tool for the DOM characterization is high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) generally combined to direct infusion (DI) as sample introduction. Liquid chromatography (LC) represents a compelling alternative to DI; however, state-of-the-art techniques involve only offline LC-HRMS approaches, which have important logistical drawbacks that make DOM analysis more challenging. This study introduces a new method based on online coupling of liquid chromatography to high resolution mass spectrometry, able to overcome the disadvantages of usual approaches. It is characterized by high reproducibility (% Bray-Curtis dissimilarity among replicates ≈ 2.5%), and it reduces transient complexity and contaminant interferences, thus increasing the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), leading to the identification of an overall larger number of formulas in the mixture. Moreover, the application of an in silico fractionation prior to the statistical analysis allows an easy, flexible, fast, and detailed comparison of DOM samples from a variety of sources with a single chromatographic run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Patriarca
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75124, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75124, Sweden
| | - Per J R Sjöberg
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75124, Sweden
| | - Lars Tranvik
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey A Hawkes
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University , Uppsala 75124, Sweden
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Levchuk I, Rueda Márquez JJ, Sillanpää M. Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from water by ion exchange - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:90-104. [PMID: 29100126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is present in underground and surface waters. The main constituents of NOM are humic substances, with a major fraction of refractory anionic macromolecules of various molecular weights. The NOM concentration in drinking water is typically 2-10 ppm. Both aromatic and aliphatic components with carboxylic and phenolic functional groups can be found in NOM, leading to negatively charged humic substances at the pH of natural water. The presence of NOM in drinking water causes difficulties in conventional water treatment processes such as coagulation. Problems also arise when applying alternative treatment techniques for NOM removal. For example, the most significant challenge in nanofiltration (NF) is membrane fouling. The ion exchange process for NOM removal is an efficient technology that is recommended for the beginning of the treatment process. This approach allows for a significant decrease in the concentration of NOM and prevents the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs). This article provides a state-of-the-art review of NOM removal from water by ion exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Levchuk
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Cadiz University, Poligono Rio San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Juan José Rueda Márquez
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Cadiz University, Poligono Rio San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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23
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Wünsch UJ, Murphy KR, Stedmon CA. The One-Sample PARAFAC Approach Reveals Molecular Size Distributions of Fluorescent Components in Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11900-11908. [PMID: 28949135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular size plays an important role in dissolved organic matter (DOM) biogeochemistry, but its relationship with the fluorescent fraction of DOM (FDOM) remains poorly resolved. Here high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was coupled to fluorescence emission-excitation (EEM) spectroscopy in full spectral (60 emission and 34 excitation wavelengths) and chromatographic resolution (<1 Hz), to enable the mathematical decomposition of fluorescence on an individual sample basis by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The approach allowed cross-system comparisons of molecular size distributions for individual fluorescence components obtained from independent data sets. Spectra extracted from allochthonous DOM were highly similar. Allochthonous and autochthonous DOM shared some spectra, but included unique components. In agreement with the supramolecular assembly hypothesis, molecular size distributions of the fluorescence fractions were broad and chromatographically unresolved, possibly representing reoccurring fluorophores forming noncovalently bound assemblies of varying molecular size. Samples shared underlying fluorescence components that differed in their size distributions but not their spectral properties. Thus, in contrast to absorption measurements, bulk fluorescence is unlikely to reliably indicate the average molecular size of DOM. The one-sample approach enables robust and independent cross-site comparisons without large-scale sampling efforts and introduces new analytical opportunities for elucidating the origins and biogeochemical properties of FDOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban J Wünsch
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Oceans and Arctic, Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet, Building 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kathleen R Murphy
- Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology , Sven Hultins Gata 6, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Colin A Stedmon
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Oceans and Arctic, Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet, Building 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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24
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Ateia M, Apul OG, Shimizu Y, Muflihah A, Yoshimura C, Karanfil T. Elucidating Adsorptive Fractions of Natural Organic Matter on Carbon Nanotubes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7101-7110. [PMID: 28537710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is a heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds that is omnipresent in natural waters. To date, the understanding of the adsorption of NOM components by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is limited because of the limited number of comprehensive studies in the literature examining the adsorption of NOM by CNTs. In this study, 11 standard NOM samples from various sources were characterized, and their adsorption behaviors on four different CNTs were examined side-by-side using total organic carbon, fluorescence, UV-visible spectroscopy, and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) analysis. Adsorption was influenced by the chemical properties of the NOM, including aromaticity, degree of oxidation, and carboxylic acidity. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) analysis showed preferential adsorption of decomposed and terrestrial-derived NOM compared to freshly produced and microbial-derived NOM. HPSEC analysis revealed preferential adsorption of fractions in the molecular weight range of 0.5-2 kDa for humic acids but in the molecular weight range of 1-3 kDa for all fulvic acids and reverse-osmosis isolates. However, the smallest characterized fraction (MW < 0.4 kDa) in all samples did not adsorb on the CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ateia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-M1-4 Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Onur G Apul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Yuta Shimizu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-M1-4 Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Astri Muflihah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-M1-4 Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-M1-4 Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University , Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
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25
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Li Y, Harir M, Uhl J, Kanawati B, Lucio M, Smirnov KS, Koch BP, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Hertkorn N. How representative are dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracts? A comprehensive study of sorbent selectivity for DOM isolation. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 116:316-323. [PMID: 28359043 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid phase extraction (SPE) has become a widespread method for isolating dissolved organic matter (DOM) of diverse origin such as fresh and marine waters. This study investigated the DOM extraction selectivity of 24 commercially available SPE sorbents under identical conditions (pH = 2, methanol elution) on the example of Suwannee River (SR) water and North Sea (NS) water by using DOC analysis and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy was employed to assess leaching behavior, and HLB sorbent was found to leach substantially, among others. Variable DOC recoveries observed for SR DOM and NS DOM were primarily caused by the respective molecular composition, with subordinated and heterogeneous contributions of relative salinity. Scatter of average H/C and O/C elemental ratios and gross alignment in mass-edited H/C ratios according to five established coarse SPE characteristics was near identical for SR DOM and NS DOM. FTMS-based principal component analysis (PCA) provided essentially analogous alignment of SR DOM and NS DOM molecular compositions according to the five established groups of SPE classification, and corroborated the sorption-mechanism-based selectivity of DOM extraction in both cases. Evaluation of structural blanks and leaching of SPE cartridges requires NMR spectroscopy because FT-ICR mass spectrometry alone will not reveal inconspicuous displacements of continual bulk signatures caused by leaching of SPE resin constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mourad Harir
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jenny Uhl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Basem Kanawati
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marianna Lucio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kirill S Smirnov
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Boris P Koch
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ecological Chemistry, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Hochschule Bremerhaven, University of Applied Sciences, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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26
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Fractionation of Dissolved Organic Matter on Coupled Reversed-Phase Monolithic Columns and Characterisation Using Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Katsoyiannis IA, Gkotsis P, Castellana M, Cartechini F, Zouboulis AI. Production of demineralized water for use in thermal power stations by advanced treatment of secondary wastewater effluent. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 190:132-139. [PMID: 28040589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The operation and efficiency of a modern, high-tech industrial full-scale water treatment plant was investigated in the present study. The treated water was used for the supply of the boilers, producing steam to feed the steam turbine of the power station. The inlet water was the effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plant of the city of Bari (Italy). The treatment stages comprised (1) coagulation, using ferric chloride, (2) lime softening, (3) powdered activated carbon, all dosed in a sedimentation tank. The treated water was thereafter subjected to dual-media filtration, followed by ultra-filtration (UF). The outlet of UF was subsequently treated by reverse osmosis (RO) and finally by ion exchange (IX). The inlet water had total organic carbon (TOC) concentration 10-12 mg/L, turbidity 10-15 NTU and conductivity 3500-4500 μS/cm. The final demineralized water had TOC less than 0.2 mg/L, turbidity less than 0.1 NTU and conductivity 0.055-0.070 μS/cm. Organic matter fractionation showed that most of the final DOC concentration consisted of low molecular weight neutral compounds, while other compounds such as humic acids or building blocks were completely removed. It is notable that this plant was operating under "Zero Liquid Discharge" conditions, implementing treatment of any generated liquid waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Katsoyiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Box 116, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Petros Gkotsis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Box 116, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Massimo Castellana
- Sorgenia Modugno CCGT Power Plant, Via dei Gladioli, 70026 Modugno, BA, Italy
| | - Fabricio Cartechini
- Sorgenia Modugno CCGT Power Plant, Via dei Gladioli, 70026 Modugno, BA, Italy
| | - Anastasios I Zouboulis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Box 116, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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28
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Goss CD, Wiens R, Gorczyca B, Gough KM. Comparison of three solid phase extraction sorbents for the isolation of THM precursors from manitoban surface waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:917-924. [PMID: 27839880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three prepackaged solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges: two modified styrene divinylbenzene, Bond Elut ENV and Bond Elut PPL (Varian), and one N-vinylpyrrolidone (Strata-X, Phenomenex), were assessed for isolation of THM precursors from three surface waters in Manitoba, Canada. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the La Salle River (LR), Lake Winnipegosis (LW) and the Waterhen River (WR) were fractionated into hydrophobic (HPO) and hydrophilic (HPI) parts. ENV isolated less DOM (LR = 46.6 ± 1.5%; LW = 36.2 ± 1.4%; WR = 28.6 ± 2.2%) compared to PPL (LR = 50.2 ± 4.4%; LW = 47.9 ± 2.2%; WR = 37.3 ± 2.8%) and Strata (LR = 46.4% ± 1.0; LW = 51.6 ± 0.3%; WR = 31.9 ± 3.9%). The HPO fraction isolated by each SPE was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrochemical imaging. The FTIR spectra confirmed the HPO fractions were typical of humic-material and largely resembled fulvic acids; however, the PPL and Strata HPO isolates contained slightly more polysaccharides. The THM formation potential (THMFP) confirmed that the HPO fraction formed more THMs than the HPI. The HPO fraction isolated using ENV was found to have the lowest THMFP of all three SPEs in each waterbody; however, the specific THMFP (μgTHM/mgDOM) results indicated that ENV isolated THM precursors more effectively, as the Strata and PPL isolated a greater amount of non-THM forming material. All three SPE showed significant potential for implementation at water treatment plants as a simple tool to monitor THM precursors in source waters, enabling operators to adapt processes to improve drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Goss
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Manitoba, 15 Gillson St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 5V6, Canada.
| | - R Wiens
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, 360 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - B Gorczyca
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Manitoba, 15 Gillson St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - K M Gough
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, 360 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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29
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Li Y, Harir M, Lucio M, Gonsior M, Koch BP, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Hertkorn N. Comprehensive structure-selective characterization of dissolved organic matter by reducing molecular complexity and increasing analytical dimensions. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 106:477-487. [PMID: 27770724 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular codes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) improves our understanding of its role in the global element cycles and its active involvement in ecosystem services. This study demonstrates comprehensive characterization of DOM by an initial polarity-based stepwise solid phase extraction (SPE) with single methanol elution of the cartridges, but separate collection of equal aliquots of eluate. The reduction of molecular complexity in the individual DOM fractions attenuates intermolecular interactions and substantially increases the disposable resolution of any structure selective characterization. Suwannee River DOM (SR DOM) was used to collect five distinct SPE fractions with overall 91% DOC recovery. Optical spectroscopy (UV and fluorescence spectroscopy), high-field Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed analogous hierarchical clustering among the five eluates corroborating the robustness of this approach. Two abundant moderately hydrophobic fractions contained most of the SR DOM compounds, with substantial proportions of aliphatics, carboxylic-rich alicyclic molecules, carbohydrates and aromatics. A minor early eluting hydrophilic fraction was highly aliphatic and presented a large diversity of alicyclic carboxylic acids, whereas the two late eluting, minor hydrophobic fractions appeared as a largely defunctionalized mixture of aliphatic molecules. Comparative mass analysis showed that fractionation of SR DOM was governed by multiple molecular interactions depending on O/C ratio, molecular weight and aromaticity. The traditional optical indices SUVA254 and fluorescence index (FI) indicated the relative aromaticity in agreement with FTICR mass and NMR spectra; the classical fluorescent peaks A and C were observed in all four latter eluates. This versatile approach can be easily expanded to preparative scale under field conditions, and transferred to different DOM sources and SPE conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mourad Harir
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Marianna Lucio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Gonsior
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Salomons, MD, 20688, USA
| | - Boris P Koch
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar und Marine Research, Ecological Chemistry, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany; Hochschule Bremerhaven, University of Applied Sciences, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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30
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Brown TA, Jackson BA, Bythell BJ, Stenson AC. Benefits of multidimensional fractionation for the study and characterization of natural organic matter. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1470:84-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Li Y, Harir M, Lucio M, Kanawati B, Smirnov K, Flerus R, Koch BP, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Hertkorn N. Proposed Guidelines for Solid Phase Extraction of Suwannee River Dissolved Organic Matter. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6680-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Research
Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse
1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mourad Harir
- Research
Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse
1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair
of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marianna Lucio
- Research
Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse
1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Basem Kanawati
- Research
Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse
1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kirill Smirnov
- Research
Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse
1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ruth Flerus
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum
für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Düsternbrooker
Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Boris P. Koch
- Alfred Wegener
Institute for Polar und Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Hochschule
Bremerhaven, University of Applied Sciences, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research
Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse
1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair
of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Research
Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry (BGC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse
1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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32
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Rojas A, Sandron S, Wilson R, Davies NW, Haddad PR, Shellie RA, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Simple, quantitative method for low molecular weight dissolved organic matter extracted from natural waters based upon high performance counter-current chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 909:129-38. [PMID: 26851093 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple, high-performance counter-current chromatography method with sequential UV absorbance (254 nm) and evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) was developed for the quantification of pre-extracted low molecular weight dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from natural waters. The method requires solid-phase extraction (SPE) extraction of only small volumes of water samples, here using poly(styrenedivinylbenzene)-based extraction cartridges (Varian PPL). The extracted and concentrated DOM was quantified using reversed-phase high-performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC), with a water/methanol (5:5) mobile phase and hexane/ethyl acetate (3:7) stationary phase. The critical chromatographic parameters were optimised, applying a revolution speed of 1900 rpm and a flow-rate of 1 mL min(-1). Under these conditions, 50 μL of extracted DOM solution could be injected and quantified using calibration against a reference natural dissolved material (Suwannee River), based upon UV absorbance at 254 nm and ELSD detection. Both detection methods provided excellent linearity (R(2) > 0.995) for DOM across the concentration ranges of interest, with limits of detection of 4 μg ml(-1) and 7 μg ml(-1) for ELSD and UV absorbance, respectively. The method was validated for peak area precision (<5%), and accuracy and recovery based upon spiking seawater samples prior to extraction, together with DOM solutions post-extraction (>95% recovery). The developed method was applied to the determination of the concentration of DOM in seawater, based upon initial sample volumes as small as 20 mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Rojas
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Sara Sandron
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory (CSL), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Noel W Davies
- Central Science Laboratory (CSL), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Robert A Shellie
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Pavel N Nesterenko
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
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