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Uner B, Ergin AD, Ansari IA, Macit-Celebi MS, Ansari SA, Kahtani HMA. Assessing the In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of L-Carnitine-Loaded Nanoparticles in Combating Obesity. Molecules 2023; 28:7115. [PMID: 37894594 PMCID: PMC10609287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Addressing obesity is a critical health concern of the century, necessitating urgent attention. L-carnitine (LC), an essential water-soluble compound, plays a pivotal role in lipid breakdown via β-oxidation and facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids across mitochondrial membranes. However, LC's high hydrophilicity poses challenges to its diffusion through bilayers, resulting in limited bioavailability, a short half-life, and a lack of storage within the body, mandating frequent dosing. In our research, we developed LC-loaded nanoparticle lipid carriers (LC-NLCs) using economically viable and tissue-localized nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to address these limitations. Employing the central composite design model, we optimized the formulation, employing the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) method and incorporating Poloxamer® 407 (surfactant), Compritol® 888 ATO (solid lipid), and oleic acid (liquid oil). A comprehensive assessment of nanoparticle physical attributes was performed, and an open-field test (OFT) was conducted on rats. We employed immunofluorescence assays targeting CRP and PPAR-γ, along with an in vivo rat study utilizing an isolated fat cell line to assess adipogenesis. The optimal formulation, with an average size of 76.4 ± 3.4 nm, was selected due to its significant efficacy in activating the PPAR-γ pathway. Our findings from the OFT revealed noteworthy impacts of LC-NLC formulations (0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL) on adipocyte cells, surpassing regular L-carnitine formulations' effects (0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL) by 169.26% and 156.63%, respectively (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Uner
- Department of Administrative and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Health Science and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ahmet Dogan Ergin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey
| | - Irfan Aamer Ansari
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Melahat Sedanur Macit-Celebi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55270 Samsun, Turkey;
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (H.M.A.K.)
| | - Hamad M. Al Kahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (H.M.A.K.)
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Palacios-González B, León-Reyes G, Rivera-Paredez B, Ibarra-González I, Vela-Amieva M, Flores YN, Canizales-Quinteros S, Salmerón J, Velázquez-Cruz R. Targeted Metabolomics Revealed a Sex-Dependent Signature for Metabolic Syndrome in the Mexican Population. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183678. [PMID: 36145054 PMCID: PMC9504093 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of several metabolic conditions predisposing to chronic diseases. Individuals diagnosed with MetS are physiologically heterogeneous, with significant sex-specific differences. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential sex-specific serum modifications of amino acids and acylcarnitines (ACs) and their relationship with MetS in the Mexican population. This study included 602 participants from the Health Workers Cohort Study. Forty serum metabolites were analyzed using a targeted metabolomics approach. Multivariate regression models were used to test associations of clinical and biochemical parameters with metabolomic profiles. Our findings showed a serum amino acid signature (citrulline and glycine) and medium-chain ACs (AC14:1, AC10, and AC18:10H) associated with MetS. Glycine and AC10 were specific metabolites representative of discrimination according to sex-dependent MetS. In addition, we found that glycine and short-chain ACs (AC2, AC3, and AC8:1) are associated with age-dependent MetS. We also reported a significant correlation between body fat and metabolites associated with sex-age-dependent MetS. In conclusion, the metabolic profile varies by MetS status, and these differences are sex-age-dependent in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guadalupe León-Reyes
- Genomics of Bone Metabolism Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Berenice Rivera-Paredez
- Research Center in Policies, Population and Health, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Marcela Vela-Amieva
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, National Pediatrics Institute (INP), Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Yvonne N. Flores
- Epidemiological and Health Services Research Unit, Morelos Mexican Institute of Social Security, Cuernavaca 62000, Mexico
- Department of Health Policy and Management and UCLA-Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Equity, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Center for Cancer Prevention and Control Research, Fielding School of Public Health and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unit of Genomics of Population Applied to Health, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Jorge Salmerón
- Research Center in Policies, Population and Health, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Rafael Velázquez-Cruz
- Genomics of Bone Metabolism Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +52-(55)-5350-1900
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An NMR-Based Metabolomics Assessment of the Effect of Combinations of Natural Feed Items on Juvenile Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of seven diets composed of natural feed components (chopped fish, shrimp, and squid) alone or in combination on the liver metabolite profile of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) cultured in a 24-tank recirculating aquaculture system over the course of 12 weeks using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. Experimental diets included fish (F), shrimp (SH), squid (SQ), fish and shrimp (FSH), fish and squid (FSQ), shrimp and squid (SHSQ), fish, shrimp, and squid (FSHSQ). A commercial fishmeal-based pelleted diet was used as a control. Fish were fed isocalorically. Red drum liver samples were collected at five different time points: T0, before the start of the trial (n = 12), and subsequently every 3 weeks over the course of 12 weeks (T3, T6, T9, T12), with n = 9 fish/diet/time point. Polar liver extracts were analyzed by NMR-based metabolomics. Multivariate statistical analyses (PCA, PLS-DA) revealed that red drum fed the F diet had a distinct liver metabolite profile from fish fed the other diets, with those fed SH, SQ and the combination diets displaying greater similarities in their metabolome. Results show that 19 metabolites changed significantly among the different dietary treatments, including amino acids and amino acid derivatives, quaternary amines and methylamines, carbohydrates and phospholipids. Specifically, γ-butyrobetaine, N-formimino-L-glutamate (FIGLU), sarcosine and beta-alanine were among the most discriminating metabolites. Significant correlations were found between metabolites and six growth performance parameters (final body weight, total length, condition factor, liver weight, hepatosomatic index, and eviscerated weight). Metabolites identified in this study constitute potential candidates for supplementation in fish feeds for aquaculture and optimization of existing formulations. Additionally, we identified a quaternary amine, γ-butyrobetaine as a potential biomarker of shrimp consumption in red drum. These results warrant further investigation and biomarker validation and have the potential for broader applicability outside of the aquaculture field in future investigations in wild red drum populations and potentially other carnivorous marine fishes.
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Comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of l-carnitine and transresveratrol in rats with diet-induced obesity. Nutrition 2021; 95:111561. [PMID: 34999386 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transresveratrol (Res) and l-carnitine (l-Car) are proposed to alleviate metabolic and immune disorders and increase physical activity in obese individuals. This study aims to estimate the effect of Res and l-Car in rats with diet-induced obesity. METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed a diet with excess fat and fructose (high-fat high-carbohydrate diet [HFCD]) supplemented with Res and l-Car at doses of 25 and 300 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, for 63 d. An assessment of grip strength, behavioral reactions, as well as biochemical, morphological, and immunological parameters, was performed. RESULTS Res supplementation did not affect energy consumption, but l-Car increased when animals had free access to feed. Body weight gains were the highest in animals fed the HFCD, lowest in rats receiving the control balanced diet, and intermediate in animals receiving Res and l-Car. Feeding with Res and l-Car canceled the decrease in long-term memory in rats fed the HFCD, as well as reduced anxiety and increased mobility. With both supplements, bilirubin, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein levels in the blood plasma returned to normal values, but only l-Car increased the ratio of aspartic and alanine transaminases. In addition, l-Car lowered the levels of leptin and ghrelin and increased transforming growth factor beta 1 in the blood plasma, and consumption of Res was accompanied by a decrease in interleukin-17A and increase in interferon gamma in spleen lysates. Moreover, l-Car reduced the number of cells with lipid inclusions in the liver. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of Res and l-Car leads to a significant reduction in dyslipidemia and inflammation with potentially favorable changes in behavioral responses.
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Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang C, Song Q. Protective effect of L-carnitine on myocardial injury in rats with heatstroke. Acta Cir Bras 2021; 35:e351206. [PMID: 33503219 PMCID: PMC7819698 DOI: 10.1590/acb351206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the protective effect of L-carnitine on myocardial injury in rats with heatstroke. METHODS orty-eight rats were randomly divided into control, heatstroke and 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg L-carnitine groups. The last three groups were treated with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg L-carnitine, respectively, for seven successive days. Then, except for the control group, the other four groups were transferred into the environment with ambient temperature of (39.5 ± 0.4 °C) and relative humidity of (13.5 ± 2.1%) for 2 h. The core temperature (Tc), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and serum and myocardial indexes were detected. RESULTS Compared with the heatstroke group, in the 100 mg/kg L-carnitine group, the Tc was significantly decreased, the MAP and HR were significantly increased, the serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β levels were significantly decreased, the myocardial superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels were significantly increased, the myocardial malondialdehyde level was significantly decreased and the cardiomyocyte apoptosis index and myocardial caspase-3 protein expression level were remarkably decreased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The L-carnitine pretreatment can alleviate the myocardial injury in heatstroke rats through reducing the inflammatory response, oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisong Wang
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, China
| | | | | | - Qing Song
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, China
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Li C, Liu H, Yang J, Mu J, Wang R, Zhao X. Effect of soybean milk fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum HFY01 isolated from yak yogurt on weight loss and lipid reduction in mice with obesity induced by a high-fat diet. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34276-34289. [PMID: 35519026 PMCID: PMC9056763 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06977a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean milk fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum HFY01 (LP-HFY01) was used for weight and lipid reduction in mice with obesity induced by a high-fat diet. We evaluated the gastrointestinal tolerance in vitro, organ index, body fat rate, pathological changes, serum index, mRNA expression and changes of isoflavones in soybean milk. Results indicated that LP-HFY01 exhibited good tolerance to pH 3.0 artificial gastric juice (69.87 ± 0.04%) and 0.3% bile salt (15.94 ± 0.3%). LP-HFY01-fermented soybean milk reduced the body fat rate and liver index of obese mice (p < 0.05). Organ sections showed that LP-HFY01-fermented soybean milk improved fatty degeneration and liver cell damage caused by a high-fat diet. LP-HFY01-fermented soybean milk inhibited increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and the decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) in the serum of obese mice, and inhibited CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) mRNA expression, as well as activated cuprozinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression in the liver and epididymal fat of obese mice (p < 0.05). Daidzin, glycitin, daidzein, glycitein, genistein, and genistin contents in soybean milk were determined before and after fermentation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); the daidzin and genistin contents in the fermented soybean milk decreased, whereas the daidzein and genistein contents increased significantly. Therefore, the LP-HFY01-fermented soybean milk strongly inhibits obesity induced by a high-fat diet, and shows good potential for utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China +86-23-6265-3650
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
| | - Huilin Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital Chongqing 500101 China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China +86-23-6265-3650
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
| | - Jianfei Mu
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China +86-23-6265-3650
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China +86-23-6265-3650
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China +86-23-6265-3650
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education Chongqing 400067 China
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Cherix A, Larrieu T, Grosse J, Rodrigues J, McEwen B, Nasca C, Gruetter R, Sandi C. Metabolic signature in nucleus accumbens for anti-depressant-like effects of acetyl-L-carnitine. eLife 2020; 9:50631. [PMID: 31922486 PMCID: PMC6970538 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that hierarchical status provides vulnerability to develop stress-induced depression. Energy metabolic changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) were recently related to hierarchical status and vulnerability to develop depression-like behavior. Acetyl-L-carnitine (LAC), a mitochondria-boosting supplement, has shown promising antidepressant-like effects opening therapeutic opportunities for restoring energy balance in depressed patients. We investigated the metabolic impact in the NAc of antidepressant LAC treatment in chronically-stressed mice using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). High rank, but not low rank, mice, as assessed with the tube test, showed behavioral vulnerability to stress, supporting a higher susceptibility of high social rank mice to develop depressive-like behaviors. High rank mice also showed reduced levels of several energy-related metabolites in the NAc that were counteracted by LAC treatment. Therefore, we reveal a metabolic signature in the NAc for antidepressant-like effects of LAC in vulnerable mice characterized by restoration of stress-induced neuroenergetics alterations and lipid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Cherix
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Larrieu
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain and Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyn Grosse
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain and Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - João Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain and Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruce McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Carla Nasca
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain and Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lent-Schochet D, McLaughlin M, Ramakrishnan N, Jialal I. Exploratory metabolomics of metabolic syndrome: A status report. World J Diabetes 2019; 10:23-36. [PMID: 30697368 PMCID: PMC6347655 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is as a cluster of cardio-metabolic factors that greatly increase the risk of chronic diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In the United States, obesity, physical inactivity, aging, and genetics (to a minor extent) have arisen as risk factors for developing MetS. Although 35% of American adults suffer from MetS, its pathogenesis largely remains unknown. Worse, there is a lack of screening and optimum therapy for this disease. Researchers have consequently turned towards metabolomics to identify biomarkers to better understand MetS. The purpose of this review is to characterize various metabolites and their potential connections to MetS. Numerous studies have also characterized MetS as a disease of increased inflammation, and therefore this review also explores how metabolites play a role in various inflammatory pathways. Our review explores a broad range of metabolites including biogenic amines, branched chain amino acids, aromatic amines, phosphatidylcholines, as well as a variety of other molecules. We will explore their biochemical pathways and their potential role in serving as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Lent-Schochet
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Matthew McLaughlin
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Neeraj Ramakrishnan
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Ishwarlal Jialal
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
- VA Medical Center, Mather CA 95655, United States
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Gao X, Tian Y, Randell E, Zhou H, Sun G. Unfavorable Associations Between Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide and L-Carnitine Levels With Components of Metabolic Syndrome in the Newfoundland Population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:168. [PMID: 30972022 PMCID: PMC6443640 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to study the relationships between serum Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and L-carnitine levels with metabolic syndrome profiles, including obesity, blood pressure, serum lipids, serum glucose and insulin resistance (IR)-related index in humans. Methods: Cross-sectional study was performed in 1,081 subjects from the CODING study in Newfoundland. Serum TMAO and L-carnitine levels were quantified by LC-MS/MS. Metabolic markers were measured in all subjects using fasting blood samples. Partial correlation and linear regression analysis were employed after systematically controlling the major confounding factors, such as age, gender, calorie intake and physical activity level. Results: Serum L-carnitine level was positively correlated with serum triglyceride (TG), serum insulin, IR in males with normal fasting glucose (p < 0.05 for all) and positively correlated with only serum TG (p < 0.05) in those with hyperglycemia. In females, significant positive correlations were identified between serum L-carnitine level with obesity, serum total cholesterol, glucose, insulin, and IR in those with normal fasting glucose level (p < 0.05 for all), while none was found in those with hyperglycemia. Serum TMAO level was only identified to be positively correlated with serum insulin level and IR in hyperglycemic males (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: Serum L-carnitine level was significantly associated with an unfavorable metabolic syndrome (MS) profile mainly in subjects with normal serum glucose level, while serum TMAO level was associated with an unfavorable MS profile in subjects with hyperglycemia. The gender difference warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Yuan Tian
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Edward Randell
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Haicheng Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
- The Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guang Sun
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
- *Correspondence: Guang Sun
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Cafeteria Diet Feeding in Young Rats Leads to Hepatic Steatosis and Increased Gluconeogenesis under Fatty Acids and Glucagon Influence. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111571. [PMID: 30360555 PMCID: PMC6266290 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis overstimulation due to hepatic insulin resistance is the best-known mechanism behind elevated glycemia in obese subjects with hepatic steatosis. This suggests that glucose production in fatty livers may differ from that of healthy livers, also in response to other gluconeogenic determinant factors, such as the type of substrate and modulators. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these factors on hepatic gluconeogenesis in cafeteria diet-induced obese adult rats submitted to a cafeteria diet at a young age. The livers of the cafeteria group exhibited higher gluconeogenesis rates when glycerol was the substrate, but lower rates were found when lactate and pyruvate were the substrates. Stearate or glucagon caused higher stimulations in gluconeogenesis in cafeteria group livers, irrespective of the gluconeogenic substrates. An increased mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ ratio and a reduced rate of 14CO2 production from [14C] fatty acids suggested restriction of the citric acid cycle. The higher glycogen and lipid levels were possibly the cause for the reduced cellular and vascular spaces found in cafeteria group livers, likely contributing to oxygen consumption restriction. In conclusion, specific substrates and gluconeogenic modulators contribute to a higher stimulation of gluconeogenesis in livers from the cafeteria group.
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Zayed EA, AinShoka AA, El Shazly KA, Abd El Latif HA. Improvement of insulin resistance via increase of GLUT4 and PPARγ in metabolic syndrome-induced rats treated with omega-3 fatty acid orl-carnitine. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22218. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Adel Zayed
- Minstry of health, Kafr El Shiekh General Hospital, Pharmacy department; Kafr El-Shaikh Egypt
| | - Afaf A. AinShoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University; Kafr El Sheikh, Giza Egypt
| | - Kamal A. El Shazly
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University; Kafr El-Shaikh Egypt
| | - Hekma A. Abd El Latif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University; Kafr El Sheikh, Giza Egypt
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Lin Z, Liu X, Sun L, Li J, Hu Z, Xie H, Zu X, Deng X, Zhang W. Comparison of sepsis rats induced by caecal ligation puncture or Staphylococcus aureus using a LC-QTOF-MS metabolomics approach. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:86-93. [PMID: 27174089 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a whole-body inflammatory response to infection with high mortality and is treated in intensive care units (ICUs). In the present study, to identify metabolic biomarkers that can differentiate sepsis models induced by caecal ligation puncture (CLP) or Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), small molecular metabolites in the serum were measured by liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) and analysed using the multivariate statistical analysis (MVA) of partial least square-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) method. The results demonstrated that the body showed obvious metabolic disorders in the sepsis groups compared with the control group. A total of 8 potential biomarkers were identified in the CLP group, and 10 potential biomarkers were identified in the S. aureus group. These potential biomarkers primarily reflected an energy metabolism disorder, inflammatory response, oxidative stress and tissue damage, which occur during sepsis, and these markers might potentially be used to differentiate CLP from Staphylococcus aureus sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinru Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jinbao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenglin Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Haisheng Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xianpeng Zu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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13
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Bjørndal B, Ramsvik MS, Lindquist C, Nordrehaug JE, Bruheim I, Svardal A, Nygård O, Berge RK. A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Antarctic Krill Reduced Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Increased Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and Carnitine Levels in Male Wistar Rats. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5706-21. [PMID: 26371012 PMCID: PMC4584349 DOI: 10.3390/md13095706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seafood is assumed to be beneficial for cardiovascular health, mainly based on plasma lipid lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, other plasma risk factors linked to cardiovascular disease are less studied. This study aimed to penetrate the effect of a phospholipid-protein complex (PPC) from Antarctic krill on one-carbon metabolism and production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed isoenergetic control, 6%, or 11% PPC diets for four weeks. Rats fed PPC had reduced total homocysteine plasma level and increased levels of choline, dimethylglycine and cysteine, whereas the plasma level of methionine was unchanged compared to control. PPC feeding increased the plasma level of TMAO, carnitine, its precursors trimethyllysine and γ-butyrobetaine. There was a close correlation between plasma TMAO and carnitine, trimethyllysine, and γ-butyrobetaine, but not between TMAO and choline. The present data suggest that PPC has a homocysteine lowering effect and is associated with altered plasma concentrations of metabolites related to one-carbon metabolism and B-vitamin status in rats. Moreover, the present study reveals a non-obligatory role of gut microbiota in the increased plasma TMAO level as it can be explained by the PPC's content of TMAO. The increased level of carnitine and carnitine precursors is interpreted to reflect increased carnitine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Marie S Ramsvik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Olympic Seafood AS, N-6080 Fosnavaag, Norway.
| | - Carine Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jan E Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4036 Stavanger, Norway.
| | | | - Asbjørn Svardal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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