1
|
Peters FD, Rahman T, Zhang H, Wan LQ. Energetic scaling behavior of patterned epithelium. J Biomech 2024; 176:112342. [PMID: 39342903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Cellular monolayers display various degrees of coordinated motion ranging from the small scale of just a few cells to large multi-cellular scales. This collective migration carries important physical cues for creating proper tissue morphology. Previous studies have demonstrated that the energetics of the epithelial monolayer show a linear variation with time in conjunction with an arrest in monolayer motion after confluency. However, little is known about how the energetics of monolayer development are affected by confined geometries. Here, we demonstrate that micropatterned epithelial monolayers display a non-linear change in energetic variables, which coincides with the large-scale coordination of migration. This non-linear scaling behavior was further seen to be associated with the biased alignment of cells and cell-cell adhesion. These findings provide a new understanding of how developing epithelia may be impacted by different conditions in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank D Peters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Tasnif Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Haokang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Tong X, Shi X, Keswani T, Chatterjee E, Chen L, Li G, Lee K, Guo T, Yu Y. Chiral Cell Nanomechanics Originated in Clockwise/Counterclockwise Biofunctional Microarrays to Govern the Nuclear Mechanotransduction of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48038-48049. [PMID: 37812566 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell chirality is extremely important for the evolution of cell morphogenesis to manipulate cell performance due to left-right asymmetry. Although chiral micro- and nanoscale biomaterials have been developed to regulate cell functions, how cell chirality affects cell nanomechanics to command nuclear mechanotransduction was ambiguous. In this study, chiral engineered microcircle arrays were prepared by photosensitive cross-linking synthesis on cell culture plates to control the clockwise/counterclockwise geometric topology of stem cells. Asymmetric focal adhesion and cytoskeleton structures could induce chiral cell nanomechanics measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation in left-/right-handed stem cells. Cell nanomechanics could be enhanced when the construction of mature focal adhesion and the assembly of actin and myosin cytoskeletons were well organized in chiral engineered stem cells. Curvature angles had a negative effect on cell nanomechanics, while cell chirality did not change cytoskeletal mechanics. The biased cytoskeleton tension would engender different nuclear mechanotransductions by yes-associated protein (YAP) evaluation. The chiral stimuli were delivered into the nuclei to oversee nuclear behaviors. A strong cell modulus could activate high nuclear DNA synthesis activity by mechanotransduction. The results will bring the possibility of understanding the interplay of chiral cell nanomechanics and mechanotransduction in nanomedicines and biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaolan Tong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaohui Shi
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tarun Keswani
- Center for Immunological and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Emeli Chatterjee
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Center for Immunological and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Kyubae Lee
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jafari A, Behjat E, Malektaj H, Mobini F. Alignment behavior of nerve, vascular, muscle, and intestine cells in two- and three-dimensional strategies. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1620. [PMID: 37392045 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
By harnessing structural hierarchical insights, plausibly simulate better ones imagination to figure out the best choice of methods for reaching out the unprecedented developments of the tissue engineering products as a next level. Constructing a functional tissue that incorporates two-dimensional (2D) or higher dimensions requires overcoming technological or biological limitations in order to orchestrate the structural compilation of one-dimensional and 2D sheets (microstructures) simultaneously (in situ). This approach enables the creation of a layered structure that can be referred to as an ensemble of layers or, after several days of maturation, a direct or indirect joining of layers. Here, we have avoided providing a detailed methodological description of three-dimensional and 2D strategies, except for a few interesting examples that highlight the higher alignment of cells and emphasize rarely remembered facts associated with vascular, peripheral nerve, muscle, and intestine tissues. The effective directionality of cells in conjunction with geometric cues (in the range of micrometers) is well known to affect a variety of cell behaviors. The curvature of a cell's environment is one of the factors that influence the formation of patterns within tissues. The text will cover cell types containing some level of stemness, which will be followed by their consequences for tissue formation. Other important considerations pertain to cytoskeleton traction forces, cell organelle positioning, and cell migration. An overview of cell alignment along with several pivotal molecular and cellular level concepts, such as mechanotransduction, chirality, and curvature of structure effects on cell alignments will be presented. The mechanotransduction term will be used here in the context of the sensing capability that cells show as a result of force-induced changes either at the conformational or the organizational levels, a capability that allows us to modify cell fate by triggering downstream signaling pathways. A discussion of the cells' cytoskeleton and of the stress fibers involvement in altering the cell's circumferential constitution behavior (alignment) based on exposed scaffold radius will be provided. Curvatures with size similarities in the range of cell sizes cause the cell's behavior to act as if it was in an in vivo tissue environment. The revision of the literature, patents, and clinical trials performed for the present study shows that there is a clear need for translational research through the implementation of clinical trial platforms that address the tissue engineering possibilities raised in the current revision. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Biomedical Engineering Neurological Diseases > Biomedical Engineering Cardiovascular Diseases > Biomedical Engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jafari
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erfan Behjat
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Malektaj
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Faezeh Mobini
- Molecular Simulation Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tokarz VL, Pereira RVS, Jaldin-Fincati JR, Mylvaganam S, Klip A. Junctional integrity and directional mobility of lymphatic endothelial cell monolayers are disrupted by saturated fatty acids. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar28. [PMID: 36735487 PMCID: PMC10092641 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-08-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic circulation regulates transfer of tissue fluid and immune cells toward the venous circulation. While obesity impairs lymphatic vessel function, the contribution of lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) to metabolic disease phenotypes is poorly understood. LEC of lymphatic microvessels are in direct contact with the interstitial fluid, whose composition changes during the development of obesity, markedly by increases in saturated fatty acids. Palmitate, the most prevalent saturated fatty acid in lymph and blood, is detrimental to metabolism and function of diverse tissues, but its impact on LEC function is relatively unknown. Here, palmitate (but not its unsaturated counterpart palmitoleate) destabilized adherens junctions in human microvascular LEC in culture, visualized as changes in VE-cadherin, α-catenin, and β-catenin localization. Detachment of these proteins from cortical actin filaments was associated with abundant actomyosin stress fibers. The effects were Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK)- and myosin-dependent, as inhibition with Y27632 or blebbistatin, respectively, prevented stress fiber accumulation and preserved junctions. Without functional junctions, palmitate-treated LEC failed to directionally migrate to close wounds in two dimensions and failed to form endothelial tubes in three dimensions. A reorganization of the lymphatic endothelial actin cytoskeleton may contribute to lymphatic dysfunction in obesity and could be considered as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Tokarz
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Rafaela V S Pereira
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | | | - Sivakami Mylvaganam
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu S, Ruan L, Wu J, Wu M, Chu LT, Kwong HK, Lam ML, Chen TH. Scalable pattern formation of skeletal myotubes by synergizing microtopographic cues and chiral nematics of cells. Biofabrication 2023; 15. [PMID: 36791461 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acbc4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Topographical cues have been widely used to facilitate cell fusion in skeletal muscle formation. However, an unexpected yet consistent chiral orientation of myotubes deviating from the groove boundaries is commonly observed but has long been unattended. In this study, we report a method to guide the formation of skeletal myotubes into scalable and controlled patterns. By inducing C2C12 myoblasts onto grooved patterns with different widths (from 0.4 to 200μm), we observed an enhanced chiral orientation of cells developing on wide grooves (50 and 100μm width) since the first day of induction. Active chiral nematics of cells involving cell migration and chiral rotation of the cell nucleus subsequently led to a unified chiral orientation of the myotubes. Importantly, these chiral myotubes were formed with enhanced length, diameter, and contractility on wide grooves. Treatment of latrunculin A (Lat A) suppressed the chiral rotation and migration of cells as well as the myotube formation, suggesting the essence of chiral nematics of cells for myogenesis. Finally, by arranging wide grooved/striped patterns with corresponding compensation angles to synergize microtopographic cues and chiral nematics of cells, intricate and scalable patterns of myotubes were formed, providing a strategy for engineering skeletal muscle tissue formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siying Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Ruan
- School of Creative Media, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Lok Ting Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hoi Kwan Kwong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Miu Ling Lam
- School of Creative Media, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rahman T, Peters F, Wan LQ. Cell jamming regulates epithelial chiral morphogenesis. J Biomech 2023; 147:111435. [PMID: 36641827 PMCID: PMC10020895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Internal organs such as the heart demonstrate apparent left-right (LR) asymmetric morphology and positioning. Cellular chirality and associated LR biased mechanical behavior such as cell migration have been attributed to LR symmetry breaking during embryonic development. Mathematical models have shown that chiral directional migration can be driven by cellular intrinsic torque. Tissue jamming state (i.e., solid-like vs fluid-like state) strongly regulates collective migratory behavior, but how it might affect chiral morphogenesis is still unknown. Here, we develop a cell vertex model to study the role of tissue rigidity or jamming state on chiral morphogenesis of the cells on a patterned ring-shaped tissue, simulating a previously reported experimental setup for measuring cell chirality. We simulate chirality as torsional forces acting on cell vertices. As expected, the cells undergo bidirectional migration at the opposing (inner and outer) boundaries of the ring-shaped tissue. We discover that more fluid-like tissues (unjammed) demonstrate a stronger chiral cell alignment and elongation than more solid-like (jammed) tissues and maintain a bigger difference in migration velocity between opposing tissue boundaries. Finally, we find that fluid-like tissues undergo more cell-neighbor exchange events. This study reveals that chiral torque is sufficient to achieve a biased cellular alignment as seen in vitro. It further sheds light on the mechanical regulation of chiral morphogenesis of tissues and reveals a role of cell density-independent tissue rigidity in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasnif Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Frank Peters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hang B, Jassem E, Mohammed H, Wan LQ, Herschkowitz JI, Fan J. Interacting with tumor cells weakens the intrinsic clockwise chirality of endothelial cells. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:046107. [PMID: 36505506 PMCID: PMC9729015 DOI: 10.1063/5.0115827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) possess a strong intrinsic clockwise (CW, or rightward) chirality under normal conditions. Enervating this chirality of ECs significantly impairs the function of the endothelial barrier. Malignant tumor cells (TCs) undergo metastasis by playing upon the abnormal leakage of blood vessels. However, the impact of TCs on EC chirality is still poorly understood. Using a transwell model, we co-cultured the human umbilical vein endothelial cells or human lung microvascular endothelial cells and breast epithelial tumor cell lines to simulate the TC-EC interaction. Using a micropatterning method, we assessed the EC chirality changes induced by paracrine signaling of and physical contact with TCs. We found that the intrinsic clockwise chirality of ECs was significantly compromised by the TC's physical contact, while the paracrine signaling (i.e., without physical contact) of TCs causes minimal changes. In addition, ECs neighboring TCs tend to possess a left bias, while ECs spaced apart from TCs are more likely to preserve the intrinsic right bias. Finally, we found the chirality change of ECs could result from physical binding between CD44 and E-selectin, which activates protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) and induces pseudopodial movement of EC toward TC. Our findings together suggest the crucial role of EC-TC physical interaction in EC chirality and that weakening the EC chirality could potentially compromise the overall endothelial integrity which increases the probability of metastatic cancer spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benson Hang
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA
| | - Eman Jassem
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA
| | - Hanan Mohammed
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA
| | | | - Jason I. Herschkowitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany-SUNY, Rensselaer, New York 12144, USA
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Porras Hernández AM, Tenje M, Antfolk M. Cell chirality exhibition of brain microvascular endothelial cells is dependent on micropattern width. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30135-30144. [PMID: 36329947 PMCID: PMC9585451 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05434e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Left-right asymmetry is a conserved property in nature and observed in the human body, a property known as cell chirality. Cell chirality is often studied using micropatterned in vitro models. However, micropattern geometry and size often varies across different studies, making it challenging to compare results. Here, we utilized micropatterned RGD-peptide lines on hyaluronic acid hydrogels to investigate the effect of the micropattern width on the exhibited cell chirality bias of brain microvascular endothelial cells. Overall, this cell type exhibited a negative chirality bias on micropatterned lines ranging from 10 μm to 400 μm in width, where the negative bias was most pronounced on the 100 μm wide lines. We also observed that this exhibited chirality bias varied across the line width. This work serves as a guide to determine optimal micropattern width for further investigations on cell chirality bias and its prominence in e.g., disease states or upon exposure to toxic substances. Brain endothelial microvascular cell chirality is dependent on micropattern width and spatial localization. Finding the optimal micropattern width and including only the centre cells in the analysis for chirality-based experiments might improve further experimental results.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Porras Hernández
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maria Tenje
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maria Antfolk
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University Lund Sweden .,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sri-Ranjan K, Sanchez-Alonso JL, Swiatlowska P, Rothery S, Novak P, Gerlach S, Koeninger D, Hoffmann B, Merkel R, Stevens MM, Sun SX, Gorelik J, Braga VMM. Intrinsic cell rheology drives junction maturation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4832. [PMID: 35977954 PMCID: PMC9385638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental property of higher eukaryotes that underpins their evolutionary success is stable cell-cell cohesion. Yet, how intrinsic cell rheology and stiffness contributes to junction stabilization and maturation is poorly understood. We demonstrate that localized modulation of cell rheology governs the transition of a slack, undulated cell-cell contact (weak adhesion) to a mature, straight junction (optimal adhesion). Cell pairs confined on different geometries have heterogeneous elasticity maps and control their own intrinsic rheology co-ordinately. More compliant cell pairs grown on circles have slack contacts, while stiffer triangular cell pairs favour straight junctions with flanking contractile thin bundles. Counter-intuitively, straighter cell-cell contacts have reduced receptor density and less dynamic junctional actin, suggesting an unusual adaptive mechano-response to stabilize cell-cell adhesion. Our modelling informs that slack junctions arise from failure of circular cell pairs to increase their own intrinsic stiffness and resist the pressures from the neighbouring cell. The inability to form a straight junction can be reversed by increasing mechanical stress artificially on stiffer substrates. Our data inform on the minimal intrinsic rheology to generate a mature junction and provide a springboard towards understanding elements governing tissue-level mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sri-Ranjan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J L Sanchez-Alonso
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Swiatlowska
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Rothery
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Novak
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - S Gerlach
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Julich, Germany
| | - D Koeninger
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Julich, Germany
| | - B Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Julich, Germany
| | - R Merkel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Julich, Germany
| | - M M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S X Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - J Gorelik
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Vania M M Braga
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saraswathibhatla A, Zhang J, Notbohm J. Coordination of contractile tension and cell area changes in an epithelial cell monolayer. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:024404. [PMID: 35291100 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.024404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During tissue development and repair, cells contract and expand in coordination with their neighbors, giving rise to tissue deformations that occur on length scales far larger than that of a single cell. The biophysical mechanisms by which the contractile forces of each cell cause deformations on multicellular length scales are not fully clear. To investigate this question, we began with the principle of force equilibrium, which dictates a balance of tensile forces between neighboring cells. Based on this principle, we hypothesized that coordinated changes in cell area result from tension transmitted across the cell layer. To test this hypothesis, spatial correlations of both contractile tension and the divergence of cell velocities were measured as readouts of coordinated contractility and collective area changes, respectively. Experiments were designed to alter the spatial correlation of contractile tension using three different methods, including disrupting cell-cell adhesions, modulating the alignment of actomyosin stress fibers between neighboring cells, and changing the size of the cell monolayer. In all experiments, the spatial correlations of both tension and divergence increased or decreased together, in agreement with our hypothesis. To relate our findings to the intracellular mechanism connecting changes in cell area to contractile tension, we disrupted activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which is known to mediate the intracellular relationship between cell area and contraction. Consistent with prior knowledge, a temporal cross-correlation between cell area and tension revealed that ERK was responsible for a proportional relationship between cell area and contraction. Inhibition of ERK activation reduced the spatial correlations of the divergence of cell velocity but not of tension. Together, our findings suggest that coordination of cell contraction and expansion requires transfer of cell tension over space and ERK-mediated coordination between cell area and contraction in time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jacob Notbohm
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mohammed D, Park CY, Fredberg JJ, Weitz DA. Tumorigenic mesenchymal clusters are less sensitive to moderate osmotic stresses due to low amounts of junctional E-cadherin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16279. [PMID: 34381087 PMCID: PMC8358034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The migration of tumorigenic cells is a critical step for metastatic breast cancer progression. Although the role of the extracellular matrix in breast cancer cell migration has been extensively described, the effect of osmotic stress on the migration of tumor breast cohorts remains unclear. Most of our understanding on the effect of osmotic stresses on cell migration comes from studies at the level of the single cell in isolation and does not take cell-cell interactions into account. Here, we study the impact of moderate osmotic stress on the migration of cell clusters composed of either non-tumorigenic or tumorigenic cells. We observe a decrease in migration distance and speed for non-tumorigenic cells but not for tumorigenic ones. To explain these differences, we investigate how osmotic stress impacts the mechanical properties of cell clusters and affects their volumes. Our findings show that tumorigenic mesenchymal cells are less sensitive to osmotic stress than non-tumorigenic cells and suggest that this difference is associated with a lower expression of E-cadherin. Using EGTA treatments, we confirm that the establishment of cell-cell adhesive interactions is a key component of the behavior of cell clusters in response to osmotic stress. This study provides evidence on the low sensitivity of mesenchymal tumorigenic clusters to moderate osmotic stress and highlights the importance of cadherin-based junctions in the response to osmotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danahe Mohammed
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Chan Young Park
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Fredberg
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - David A. Weitz
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yao X, Wang X, Ding J. Exploration of possible cell chirality using material techniques of surface patterning. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:92-108. [PMID: 33684535 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Consistent left-right (LR) asymmetry or chirality is critical for embryonic development and function maintenance. While chirality on either molecular or organism level has been well established, that on the cellular level has remained an open question for a long time. Although it remains unclear whether chirality exists universally on the cellular level, valuable efforts have recently been made to explore this fundamental topic pertinent to both cell biology and biomaterial science. The development of material fabrication techniques, surface patterning, in particular, has afforded a unique platform to study cell-material interactions. By using patterning techniques, chirality on the cellular level has been examined for cell clusters and single cells in vitro in well-designed experiments. In this review, we first introduce typical fabrication techniques of surface patterning suitable for cell studies and then summarize the main aspects of preliminary evidence of cell chirality on patterned surfaces to date. We finally indicate the limitations of the studies conducted thus far and describe the perspectives of future research in this challenging field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: While both biomacromolecules and organisms can exhibit chirality, it is not yet conclusive whether a cell has left-right (LR) asymmetry. It is important yet challenging to study and reveal the possible existence of cell chirality. By using the technique of surface patterning, the recent decade has witnessed progress in the exploration of possible cell chirality within cell clusters and single cells. Herein, some important preliminary evidence of cell chirality is collected and analyzed. The open questions and perspectives are also described to promote further investigations of cell chirality in biomaterials.
Collapse
|
13
|
Das A, Adhikary S, Chowdhury AR, Barui A. Substrate-dependent control of the chiral orientation of mesenchymal stem cells: image-based quantitative profiling. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:034102. [PMID: 33657017 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abce4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem-cell (SC) chirality or left-right (LR) asymmetry is an essential attribute, observed during tissue regeneration. The ability to control the LR orientation of cells by biophysical manipulation is a promising approach for recapitulating their inherent function. Despite remarkable progress in tissue engineering, the development of LR chirality in SCs has been largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate the role of substrate stiffness on the LR asymmetry of cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We found that MSCs acquired higher asymmetricity when cultured on stiffer PCL/collagen matrices. To confirm cellular asymmetry, different parameters such as the aspect ratio, orientation angle and intensity of polarized proteins (Par) were investigated. The results showed a significant (p < 0.01) difference in the average orientation angle, the cellular aspect ratio, and the expression of actin and Par proteins in MSCs cultured on matrices with different stiffnesses. Furthermore, a Gaussian support-vector machine was applied to classify cells cultured on both (2% and 10% PCL/Collagen) matrices, with a resulting accuracy of 96.2%. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first that interrelates and quantifies MSC asymmetricity with matrix properties using a simple 2D model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, IIEST, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal 711103, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rahman T, Zhang H, Fan J, Wan LQ. Cell chirality in cardiovascular development and disease. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:031503. [PMID: 32903894 PMCID: PMC7449703 DOI: 10.1063/5.0014424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular system demonstrates left-right (LR) asymmetry: most notably, the LR asymmetric looping of the bilaterally symmetric linear heart tube. Similarly, the orientation of the aortic arch is asymmetric as well. Perturbations to the asymmetry have been associated with several congenital heart malformations and vascular disorders. The source of the asymmetry, however, is not clear. Cell chirality, a recently discovered and intrinsic LR asymmetric cellular morphological property, has been implicated in the heart looping and vascular barrier function. In this paper, we summarize recent advances in the field of cell chirality and describe various approaches developed for studying cell chirality at multi- and single-cell levels. We also examine research progress in asymmetric cardiovascular development and associated malformations. Finally, we review evidence connecting cell chirality to cardiac looping and vascular permeability and provide thoughts on future research directions for cell chirality in the context of cardiovascular development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasnif Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Haokang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Jie Fan
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yao X, Ding J. Effects of Microstripe Geometry on Guided Cell Migration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:27971-27983. [PMID: 32479054 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration on material surfaces is a fundament issue in the fields of biomaterials, cell biology, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, etc. Herein, we aim to guide cell migration by flat microstripes with significant contrast of cell adhesion and varied geometric features of the adhesive stripes. To this end, we designed and fabricated cell-adhesive arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) microstripes on the nonfouling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) background and examined the microstripe-guided adhesion and migration of a few cell types. The migration of cell clusters adhering on the RGD regions was found to be significantly affected by the widths and arc radiuses of the guided microstripes. The cells migrated fastest on the straight microstripes with width of about 20 μm, which we defined as single file confined migration (SFCM). We also checked the possible left-right asymmetric bias of cell migration guided by combinatory microstripes with alternative wavy and quasi-straight stripes under a given width, and found that the velocity of CCW (counter clockwise) migration was higher than that of CW (clockwise) migration for primary rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs), whereas no left-right asymmetric bias was observed for NIH3T3 (mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line) and Hela (human cervix epithelial carcinoma cell line) cells. Comparison of migration of cells on the nanotopological stripe and smooth surfaces further confirmed the importance of cell orientation coherence for guided cell migration and strengthened the superiority of SFCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hoffmann LA, Schakenraad K, Merks RMH, Giomi L. Chiral stresses in nematic cell monolayers. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:764-774. [PMID: 31830190 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01851d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments on monolayers of spindle-like cells plated on adhesive stripe-shaped domains have provided a convincing demonstration that certain types of collective phenomena in epithelia are well described by active nematic hydrodynamics. While recovering some of the hallmark predictions of this framework, however, these experiments have also revealed a number of unexpected features that could be ascribed to the existence of chirality over length scales larger than the typical size of a cell. In this article we elaborate on the microscopic origin of chiral stresses in nematic cell monolayers and investigate how chirality affects the motion of topological defects, as well as the collective motion in stripe-shaped domains. We find that chirality introduces a characteristic asymmetry in the collective cellular flow, from which the ratio between chiral and non-chiral active stresses can be inferred by particle-image-velocimetry measurements. Furthermore, we find that chirality changes the nature of the spontaneous flow transition under confinement and that, for specific anchoring conditions, the latter has the structure of an imperfect pitchfork bifurcation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig A Hoffmann
- Instituut-Lorentz, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kwong HK, Huang Y, Bao Y, Lam ML, Chen TH. Remnant Effects of Culture Density on Cell Chirality After Reseeding. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3944-3953. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miu Ling Lam
- CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200086, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fan J, Zhang H, Rahman T, Stanton DN, Wan LQ. Cell organelle-based analysis of cell chirality. Commun Integr Biol 2019; 12:78-81. [PMID: 31143366 PMCID: PMC6527183 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2019.1605277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of tight endothelial junctions requires the establishment of proper cell polarity, which includes not only the apicobasal and front-rear polarity but also the left-right (L-R) polarity. The cell possesses an intrinsic mechanism of orienting the L-R axis with respect to the other axes, following a left-hand or right-hand rule, termed cell chirality. We have previously reported that endothelial cells exhibit a clockwise or rightward bias on ring-shaped micropatterns. Now we further characterize the chirality of individual endothelial cells on micropatterns by analyzing the L-R positioning of the cell centroid relative to the nucleus-centrosome axis. Our results show that the centroids of endothelial cells preferably polarized towards the right side of the nucleus-centrosome axis. This bias is consistent with cell chirality characterized by other methods. These results suggest that the positioning of cell organelles is intrinsically L-R biased inside individual cells. This L-R bias provides an opportunity for determining cell chirality in situ, even in vivo, without the limitations of using isolated cells in in vitro engineered platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Haokang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Tasnif Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Diana N Stanton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Epithelial Cell Chirality Revealed by Three-Dimensional Spontaneous Rotation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12188-12193. [PMID: 30429314 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805932115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the left-right (LR) asymmetry of embryonic development, in particular the contribution of intrinsic handedness of the cell or cell chirality, is limited due to the confounding systematic and environmental factors during morphogenesis and a ack of physiologically relevant in vitro 3D platforms. Here we report an efficient two-layered biomaterial platform for determining the chirality of individual cells, cell aggregates, and self-organized hollow epithelial spheroids. This bioengineered niche provides a uniform defined axis allowing for cells to rotate spontaneously with a directional bias toward either clockwise or counterclockwise directions. Mechanistic studies reveal an actin-dependent, cell-intrinsic property of 3D chirality that can be mediated by actin cross-linking via α-actinin-1. Our findings suggest that the gradient of extracellular matrix is an important biophysicochemical cue influencing cell polarity and chirality. Engineered biomaterial systems can serve as an effective platform for studying developmental asymmetry and screening for environmental factors causing birth defects.
Collapse
|
20
|
Fan J, Ray P, Lu Y, Kaur G, Schwarz JJ, Wan LQ. Cell chirality regulates intercellular junctions and endothelial permeability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat2111. [PMID: 30397640 PMCID: PMC6200360 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell chirality is a newly discovered intrinsic property of the cell, reflecting the bias of the cell to polarize in the left-right axis. Despite increasing evidence on its substantial role in the asymmetric development of embryos, little is known about implications of cell chirality in physiology and disease. We demonstrate that cell chirality accounts for the nonmonotonic, dose-response relationship between endothelial permeability and protein kinase C (PKC) activation. The permeability of the endothelial cell layer is tightly controlled in our body, and dysregulation often leads to tissue inflammation and diseases. Our results show that low-level PKC activation is sufficient to reverse cell chirality through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling and alters junctional protein organization between cells with opposite chirality, leading to an unexpected substantial change in endothelial permeability. Our findings suggest that cell chirality regulates intercellular junctions in important ways, providing new opportunities for drug delivery across tightly connected semipermeable cellular sheets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Poulomi Ray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Yaowei Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - John J. Schwarz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Leo Q. Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huang Y, Bao Y, Kwong HK, Chen TH, Lam ML. Outline-etching image segmentation reveals enhanced cell chirality through intercellular alignment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2595-2603. [PMID: 29959862 PMCID: PMC6220999 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cells cultured on micropatterns exhibit a chiral orientation, which may underlie the development of left–right asymmetry in tissue microarchitectures. To investigate this phenomenon, fluorescence staining of nuclei has been used to reveal such orientation. However, for images with high cell density, analysis is difficult because of the overlapping nuclei. Here, we report an image processing method that can acquire cell orientations within dense cell populations. After initial separation based on Boolean addition of binarized images using global and adaptive thresholds, the overlapping nucleus contours in the binarized images were segmented by iteratively etching the outlines of nuclei, which allowed the orientations of each cell to be extracted from densely packed cell clusters. In applying this technique to cultured C2C12 myoblasts in micropatterned stripes on different substrates, we found an enhanced chiral orientation on glass substrate. More important, this enhanced chirality was consistently observed with increased intercellular alignment and independent of cell–cell distance or cell density, suggesting that intercellular alignment plays a role in determining the chiral orientation. By segmenting single cells with intact orientation, this technique offers an automated method for quantitative analysis with improved accuracy, providing an essential tool for studying left–right asymmetry and other morphogenic dynamics in tissue formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhun Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuanye Bao
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Kwan Kwong
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Miu Ling Lam
- School of Creative Media, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Inaki M, Hatori R, Nakazawa N, Okumura T, Ishibashi T, Kikuta J, Ishii M, Matsuno K, Honda H. Chiral cell sliding drives left-right asymmetric organ twisting. eLife 2018; 7:32506. [PMID: 29891026 PMCID: PMC5997448 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized epithelial morphogenesis is an essential process in animal development. While this process is mostly attributed to directional cell intercalation, it can also be induced by other mechanisms. Using live-imaging analysis and a three-dimensional vertex model, we identified ‘cell sliding,’ a novel mechanism driving epithelial morphogenesis, in which cells directionally change their position relative to their subjacent (posterior) neighbors by sliding in one direction. In Drosophila embryonic hindgut, an initial left-right (LR) asymmetry of the cell shape (cell chirality in three dimensions), which occurs intrinsically before tissue deformation, is converted through LR asymmetric cell sliding into a directional axial twisting of the epithelial tube. In a Drosophila inversion mutant showing inverted cell chirality and hindgut rotation, cell sliding occurs in the opposite direction to that in wild-type. Unlike directional cell intercalation, cell sliding does not require junctional remodeling. Cell sliding may also be involved in other cases of LR-polarized epithelial morphogenesis. Many organs arise from simple sheets and tubes of cells. During development these sheets bend and deform into the more complex shape of the final organ. This can be seen, for example, in the hindgut of fruit flies, which is an organ that is equivalent to our intestines. Initially, the hindgut is a simple tube of cells. Later the hindgut develops a twist to the left that renders its right and left sides non-symmetrical. During twisting, the cells in the hindgut also change shape. It was not known how this shape change and other behaviors of the cells cause the hindgut to twist. Inaki et al. have now filmed how the hindgut develops in live fruit flies and produced computer simulations of the development process. The results suggest that a previously unidentified type of cell behavior called ‘cell sliding’ is responsible for twisting the hindgut. During sliding, the cells stay in contact with their neighbors as they move in a single direction. Sliding is triggered by the cells in the hindgut taking on a more symmetrical shape. Cell sliding may prove to be a common way to shape organs, many of which feature non-symmetrical twisted tubes of cells. In the future, learning how to control cell sliding could help researchers to create organs and biological structures in the laboratory that could be used in organ transplants and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Inaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Hatori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Naotaka Nakazawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Okumura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishibashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hisao Honda
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Inaki M, Sasamura T, Matsuno K. Cell Chirality Drives Left-Right Asymmetric Morphogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:34. [PMID: 29666795 PMCID: PMC5891590 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most macromolecules found in cells are chiral, meaning that they cannot be superimposed onto their mirror image. However, cells themselves can also be chiral, a subject that has received little attention until very recently. In our studies on the mechanisms of left-right (LR) asymmetric development in Drosophila, we discovered that cells can have an intrinsic chirality to their structure, and that this “cell chirality” is generally responsible for the LR asymmetric development of certain organs in this species. The actin cytoskeleton plays important roles in the formation of cell chirality. In addition, Myosin31DF (Myo31DF), which encodes Drosophila Myosin ID, was identified as a molecular switch for cell chirality. In other invertebrate species, including snails and Caenorhabditis elegans, chirality of the blastomeres, another type of cell chirality, determines the LR asymmetry of structures in the body. Thus, chirality at the cellular level may broadly contribute to LR asymmetric development in various invertebrate species. Recently, cell chirality was also reported for various vertebrate cultured cells, and studies suggested that cell chirality is evolutionarily conserved, including the essential role of the actin cytoskeleton. Although the biological roles of cell chirality in vertebrates remain unknown, it may control LR asymmetric development or other morphogenetic events. The investigation of cell chirality has just begun, and this new field should provide valuable new insights in biology and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Inaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang Z, Xie Y, Pan H, Huang L, Zheng X. Influence of patterned titanium coatings on polarization of macrophage and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells. J Biomater Appl 2017; 32:977-986. [PMID: 29237352 DOI: 10.1177/0885328217746802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial surface topography plays a vital role in the osteointegration of implants by regulating the early cell responses and tissue growth-in. However, most of the previous researches focused on the effects of osteogenic cells, only a little is known about the immune cells which dominate osteogenesis after implanting. In this paper, patterned titanium coatings were fabricated and the effects of surface topography on the macrophage behaviors were investigated. On patterned titanium surface, macrophages preferred to polarize to M2, while macrophages on traditional titanium coatings presented higher M1 polarization. Nearly 70% higher expression of anti-inflammatory genes, including interleukin-4, interleukin-10, interleukin-1ra, and arginase, were detected on the patterned titanium coatings. While the pro-inflammatory genes, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and inducible nitric oxide synthase were notably depressed. Up-regulation of the osteoinductive cytokines were also detected on the patterned coatings, which indicated advantageous osteogenic microenvironment provided by macrophages. Immunomodulation effect on osteogenesis was also investigated in this study. Stimulated with RAW cells/patterned coatings conditioned medium, bone marrow stem cells presented nearly 1.5 fold higher expression of osteogenic genes and more mineralization nodules than the traditional sprayed Ti coatings. All these results suggested that modulating materials with a patterned surface might be a valuable strategy to endow the implants with favorable osteoimmunomodulatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zequan Zhang
- 1 Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Youtao Xie
- 1 Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Houhua Pan
- 1 Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liping Huang
- 1 Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xuebin Zheng
- 1 Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sun Y, Li X, Li L, Liu H, Xu Q, Liu B. A patient with chronic myeloid leukemia and situs inversus totalis: A case report. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7425-7430. [PMID: 29344183 PMCID: PMC5755252 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a case of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with complete situs inversus in a 68-year-old female patient was reported. The patient presented with general weakness, abdominal distension and tenderness in the right hypochondrium. A chest X-ray revealed a right-sided heart. Ultrasonography revealed situs inversus totalis. A bone marrow smear demonstrated CML in the accelerated phase. Imatinib mesylate was subsequently administered; the patient stopped taking imatinib mesylate following discharge from the hospital. The patient presented with dizziness, fatigue, and abdominal distention and pain 1 year subsequently. A bone marrow smear demonstrated CML in the blast crisis phase; CML had progressed to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) M2a. The patient was treated with imatinib mesylate and cytarabine. After 5 days, the white blood cell count had decreased compared with that measured at the time of admission, and the previous relevant symptoms had disappeared. The patient succumbed to AML 3 months after discharge from the hospital. Situs inversus totalis is an uncommon congenital anomaly that often occurs concomitantly with other disorders. The present study documented, to the best of our knowledge, the second recorded case of CML in a patient with situs inversus totalis. Previous studies on the pathogenesis of situs inversus have suggested it is caused by embryonic cells failing to rotate normally during early embryonic development. Although there are case reports of situs inversus totalis in patients with cancer, there are few reports on the association between situs inversus totalis and cancer. The present study examined a case of CML with situs inversus totalis and assessed whether the latter may be associated with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Sun
- Medical Department, The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Li
- Medical Department, The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Medical Department, The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- Medical Department, The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Inaki M, Liu J, Matsuno K. Cell chirality: its origin and roles in left-right asymmetric development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0403. [PMID: 27821533 PMCID: PMC5104503 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An item is chiral if it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. Most biological molecules are chiral. The homochirality of amino acids ensures that proteins are chiral, which is essential for their functions. Chirality also occurs at the whole-cell level, which was first studied mostly in ciliates, single-celled protozoans. Ciliates show chirality in their cortical structures, which is not determined by genetics, but by 'cortical inheritance'. These studies suggested that molecular chirality directs whole-cell chirality. Intriguingly, chirality in cellular structures and functions is also found in metazoans. In Drosophila, intrinsic cell chirality is observed in various left-right (LR) asymmetric tissues, and appears to be responsible for their LR asymmetric morphogenesis. In other invertebrates, such as snails and Caenorhabditis elegans, blastomere chirality is responsible for subsequent LR asymmetric development. Various cultured cells of vertebrates also show intrinsic chirality in their cellular behaviours and intracellular structural dynamics. Thus, cell chirality may be a general property of eukaryotic cells. In Drosophila, cell chirality drives the LR asymmetric development of individual organs, without establishing the LR axis of the whole embryo. Considering that organ-intrinsic LR asymmetry is also reported in vertebrates, this mechanism may contribute to LR asymmetric development across phyla.This article is part of the themed issue 'Provocative questions in left-right asymmetry'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Inaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Jingyang Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wan LQ, Chin AS, Worley KE, Ray P. Cell chirality: emergence of asymmetry from cell culture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0413. [PMID: 27821525 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that intrinsic cell chirality significantly contributes to the left-right (LR) asymmetry in embryonic development, which is a well-conserved characteristic of living organisms. With animal embryos, several theories have been established, but there are still controversies regarding mechanisms associated with embryonic LR symmetry breaking and the formation of asymmetric internal organs. Recently, in vitro systems have been developed to determine cell chirality and to recapitulate multicellular chiral morphogenesis on a chip. These studies demonstrate that chirality is indeed a universal property of the cell that can be observed with well-controlled experiments such as micropatterning. In this paper, we discuss the possible benefits of these in vitro systems to research in LR asymmetry, categorize available platforms for single-cell chirality and multicellular chiral morphogenesis, and review mathematical models used for in vitro cell chirality and its applications in in vivo embryonic development. These recent developments enable the interrogation of the intracellular machinery in LR axis establishment and accelerate research in birth defects in laterality.This article is part of the themed issue 'Provocative questions in left-right asymmetry'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA .,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.,Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Amanda S Chin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kathryn E Worley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Poulomi Ray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hakim V, Silberzan P. Collective cell migration: a physics perspective. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:076601. [PMID: 28282028 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa65ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cells have traditionally been viewed either as independently moving entities or as somewhat static parts of tissues. However, it is now clear that in many cases, multiple cells coordinate their motions and move as collective entities. Well-studied examples comprise development events, as well as physiological and pathological situations. Different ex vivo model systems have also been investigated. Several recent advances have taken place at the interface between biology and physics, and have benefitted from progress in imaging and microscopy, from the use of microfabrication techniques, as well as from the introduction of quantitative tools and models. We review these interesting developments in quantitative cell biology that also provide rich examples of collective out-of-equilibrium motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hakim
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL Research University, UPMC, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Piotrowski-Daspit AS, Tien J, Nelson CM. Interstitial fluid pressure regulates collective invasion in engineered human breast tumors via Snail, vimentin, and E-cadherin. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:319-31. [PMID: 26853861 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00282f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many solid tumors exhibit elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). This elevated pressure within the core of the tumor results in outward flow of interstitial fluid to the tumor periphery. We previously found that the directionality of IFP gradients modulates collective invasion from the surface of patterned three-dimensional (3D) aggregates of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Here, we used this 3D engineered tumor model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying IFP-induced changes in invasive phenotype. We found that IFP alters the expression of genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Specifically, the levels of Snail, vimentin, and E-cadherin were increased under pressure conditions that promoted collective invasion. These changes in gene expression were sufficient to direct collective invasion in response to IFP. Furthermore, we found that IFP modulates the motility and persistence of individual cells within the aggregates, which are also influenced by the expression levels of EMT markers. Together, these data provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that guide collective invasion from primary tumors in response to IFP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Piotrowski-Daspit
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, William Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Joe Tien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA and Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, William Street, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Raymond MJ, Ray P, Kaur G, Fredericks M, Singh AV, Wan LQ. Multiaxial Polarity Determines Individual Cellular and Nuclear Chirality. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016; 10:63-74. [PMID: 28360944 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic cell chirality has been implicated in the left-right (LR) asymmetry of embryonic development. Impaired cell chirality could lead to severe birth defects in laterality. Previously, we detected cell chirality with an in vitro micropatterning system. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that chirality can be quantified as the coordination of multiaxial polarization of individual cells and nuclei. Using an object labeling, connected component based method, we characterized cell chirality based on cell and nuclear shape polarization and nuclear positioning of each cell in multicellular patterns of epithelial cells. We found that the cells adopted a LR bias the boundaries by positioning the sharp end towards the leading edge and leaving the nucleus at the rear. This behavior is consistent with the directional migration observed previously on the boundary of micropatterns. Although the nucleus is chirally aligned, it is not strongly biased towards or away from the boundary. As the result of the rear positioning of nuclei, the nuclear positioning has an opposite chirality to that of cell alignment. Overall, our results have revealed deep insights of chiral morphogenesis as the coordination of multiaxial polarization at the cellular and subcellular levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Raymond
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| | - Poulomi Ray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180; Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| | - Michael Fredericks
- Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| | - Ajay V Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180; Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180; Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180; Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu W, Bao Y, Lam ML, Xu T, Xie K, Man HS, Chan EY, Zhu N, Lam RHW, Chen TH. Nanowire Magnetoscope Reveals a Cellular Torque with Left-Right Bias. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7409-7417. [PMID: 27389867 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular force regulates many types of cell mechanics and the associated physiological behaviors. Recent evidence suggested that cell motion with left-right (LR) bias may be the origin of LR asymmetry in tissue architecture. As actomyosin activity was found essential in the process, it predicts a type of cellular force that coordinates the development of LR asymmetry in tissue formation. However, due to the lack of appropriate platform, cellular force with LR bias has not yet been found. Here we report a nanowire magnetoscope that reveals a rotating force-torque-exerted by cells. Ferromagnetic nanowires were deposited and internalized by micropatterned cells. Within a uniform, horizontal magnetic field, the nanowires that initially aligned with the magnetic field were subsequently rotated due to the cellular torque. We found that the torque is LR-biased depending on cell types. While NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and human vascular endothelial cells exhibited counterclockwise torque, C2C12 myoblasts showed torque with slight clockwise bias. Moreover, an actin ring composed of transverse arcs and radial fibers was identified as a major factor determining the LR bias of cellular torque, since the disruption of actin ring by biochemical inhibitors or elongated cell shape abrogated the counterclockwise bias of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Our finding reveals a LR-biased torque of single cells and a fundamental origin of cytoskeletal chirality. More broadly, we anticipate that our method will provide a different perspective on mechanics-related cell physiology and force transmission necessary for LR propagation in tissue formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miu Ling Lam
- CityU Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bao Y, Huang Y, Lam ML, Xu T, Zhu N, Guo Z, Cui X, Lam RHW, Chen TH. Substrate Stiffness Regulates the Development of Left-Right Asymmetry in Cell Orientation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:17976-17986. [PMID: 27359036 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Left-right (LR) asymmetry of tissue/organ structure is a morphological feature essential for many tissue functions. The ability to incorporate the LR formation in constructing tissue/organ replacement is important for recapturing the inherent tissue structure and functions. However, how LR asymmetry is formed remains largely underdetermined, which creates significant hurdles to reproduce and regulate the formation of LR asymmetry in an engineering context. Here, we report substrate rigidity functioning as an effective switch that turns on the development of LR asymmetry. Using micropatterned cell-adherent stripes on rigid substrates, we found that cells collectively oriented at a LR-biased angle relative to the stripe boundary. This LR asymmetry was initiated by a LR-biased migration of cells at stripe boundary, which later generated a velocity gradient propagating from stripe boundary to the center. After a series of cell translocations and rotations, ultimately, an LR-biased cell orientation within the micropatterned stripe was formed. Importantly, this initiation and propagation of LR asymmetry was observed only on rigid but not on soft substrates, suggesting that the LR asymmetry was regulated by rigid substrate probably through the organization of actin cytoskeleton. Together, we demonstrated substrate rigidity as a determinant factor that mediates the self-organizing LR asymmetry being unfolded from single cells to multicellular organization. More broadly, we anticipate that our findings would pave the way for rebuilding artificial tissue constructs with inherent LR asymmetry in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miu Ling Lam
- CityU Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Cells in the body are physically confined by neighboring cells, tissues, and the extracellular matrix. Although physical confinement modulates intracellular signaling and the underlying mechanisms of cell migration, it is difficult to study in vivo. Furthermore, traditional two-dimensional cell migration assays do not recapitulate the complex topographies found in the body. Therefore, a number of experimental in vitro models that confine and impose forces on cells in well-defined microenvironments have been engineered. We describe the design and use of microfluidic microchannel devices, grooved substrates, micropatterned lines, vertical confinement devices, patterned hydrogels, and micropipette aspiration assays for studying cell responses to confinement. Use of these devices has enabled the delineation of changes in cytoskeletal reorganization, cell-substrate adhesions, intracellular signaling, nuclear shape, and gene expression that result from physical confinement. These assays and the physiologically relevant signaling pathways that have been elucidated are beginning to have a translational and clinical impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and
| | - Wei-Chien Hung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218;
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Monzo P, Chong YK, Guetta-Terrier C, Krishnasamy A, Sathe SR, Yim EKF, Ng WH, Ang BT, Tang C, Ladoux B, Gauthier NC, Sheetz MP. Mechanical confinement triggers glioma linear migration dependent on formin FHOD3. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1246-61. [PMID: 26912794 PMCID: PMC4831879 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-08-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are extremely aggressive brain tumors with highly invasive properties. Brain linear tracks such as blood vessel walls constitute their main invasive routes. Here we analyze rat C6 and patient-derived glioma cell motility in vitro using micropatterned linear tracks to mimic blood vessels. On laminin-coated tracks (3-10 μm), these cells used an efficient saltatory mode of migration similar to their in vivo migration. This saltatory migration was also observed on larger tracks (50-400 μm in width) at high cell densities. In these cases, the mechanical constraints imposed by neighboring cells triggered this efficient mode of migration, resulting in the formation of remarkable antiparallel streams of cells along the tracks. This motility involved microtubule-dependent polarization, contractile actin bundles and dynamic paxillin-containing adhesions in the leading process and in the tail. Glioma linear migration was dramatically reduced by inhibiting formins but, surprisingly, accelerated by inhibiting Arp2/3. Protein expression and phenotypic analysis indicated that the formin FHOD3 played a role in this motility but not mDia1 or mDia2. We propose that glioma migration under confinement on laminin relies on formins, including FHOD3, but not Arp2/3 and that the low level of adhesion allows rapid antiparallel migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Monzo
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | | | | | - Anitha Krishnasamy
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Sharvari R Sathe
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575 Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Wai Hoe Ng
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433 Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Beng Ti Ang
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433 Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857 Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597 Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore 117609
| | - Carol Tang
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433 Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857 Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot and CNRS UMR 7592, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Raymond MJ, Ray P, Kaur G, Singh AV, Wan LQ. Cellular and Nuclear Alignment Analysis for Determining Epithelial Cell Chirality. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:1475-86. [PMID: 26294010 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Left-right (LR) asymmetry is a biologically conserved property in living organisms that can be observed in the asymmetrical arrangement of organs and tissues and in tissue morphogenesis, such as the directional looping of the gastrointestinal tract and heart. The expression of LR asymmetry in embryonic tissues can be appreciated in biased cell alignment. Previously an in vitro chirality assay was reported by patterning multiple cells on microscale defined geometries and quantified the cell phenotype-dependent LR asymmetry, or cell chirality. However, morphology and chirality of individual cells on micropatterned surfaces has not been well characterized. Here, a Python-based algorithm was developed to identify and quantify immunofluorescence stained individual epithelial cells on multicellular patterns. This approach not only produces results similar to the image intensity gradient-based method reported previously, but also can capture properties of single cells such as area and aspect ratio. We also found that cell nuclei exhibited biased alignment. Around 35% cells were misaligned and were typically smaller and less elongated. This new imaging analysis approach is an effective tool for measuring single cell chirality inside multicellular structures and can potentially help unveil biophysical mechanisms underlying cellular chiral bias both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Raymond
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 2147, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Poulomi Ray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 2147, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Ajay V Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 2147, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Department of Physical Intelligence, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 2147, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA. .,Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA. .,Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| |
Collapse
|