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Guo X, Sheng W, Pan H, Guo L, Zuo H, Wu Z, Ling S, Jiang X, Chen Z, Jiao L, Hao E. Tuning Shortwave-Infrared J-aggregates of Aromatic Ring-Fused Aza-BODIPYs by Peripheral Substituents for Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapies at Ultralow Laser Power. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319875. [PMID: 38225205 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Achieving photothermal therapy (PTT) at ultralow laser power density is crucial for minimizing photo-damage and allowing for higher maximum permissible skin exposure. However, this requires photothermal agents to possess not just superior photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), but also exceptional near-infrared (NIR) absorptivity. J-aggregates, exhibit a significant redshift and narrower absorption peak with a higher extinction coefficient. Nevertheless, achieving predictable J-aggregates through molecular design remains a challenge. In this study, we successfully induced desirable J-aggregation (λabs max : 968 nm, ϵ: 2.96×105 M-1 cm-1 , λem max : 972 nm, ΦFL : 6.2 %) by tuning electrostatic interactions between π-conjugated molecular planes through manipulating molecular surface electrostatic potential of aromatic ring-fused aza-BODIPY dyes. Notably, by controlling the preparation method for encapsulating dyes into F-127 polymer, we were able to selectively generate H-/J-aggregates, respectively. Furthermore, the J-aggregates exhibited two controllable morphologies: nanospheres and nanowires. Importantly, the shortwave-infrared J-aggregated nanoparticles with impressive PCE of 72.9 % effectively destroyed cancer cells and mice-tumors at an ultralow power density of 0.27 W cm-2 (915 nm). This phototherapeutic nano-platform, which generates predictable J-aggregation behavior, and can controllably form J-/H-aggregates and selectable J-aggregate morphology, is a valuable paradigm for developing photothermal agents for tumor-treatment at ultralow laser power density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education Institution, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Wanle Sheng
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education Institution, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Hongfei Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Luying Guo
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education Institution, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Huiquan Zuo
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education Institution, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- The Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, China
| | - Shizhang Ling
- The Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, China
| | - Xiaochun Jiang
- The Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education Institution, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education Institution, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
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2
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Zhang HJ, Wei Y, Lin J. Frustrated π-stacking. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:935-942. [PMID: 38165791 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The properties of functional materials based on organic π-conjugated systems are governed extensively by intermolecular interactions between π-molecules. To establish clear relationships between supramolecular structures and functional properties, it is essential to attain structurally well-defined π-stacks, particularly in solution, as this enables the collection of valuable spectroscopic data. However, precise control and fine-tuning of π-stacks pose significant challenges due to the weak and bidirectional nature of π-π stacking interactions. This article introduces the concept of "frustrated π-stacking," strategically balancing attractive (π-π interaction) and repulsive (steric hindrance) forces in self-assembly to exert control over the sizes, sequences of π-stacks, and slip-stacked structures. These research efforts contribute to a deeper understanding of the correlation between π-stacks and their properties, thereby providing useful insights for the development of molecular materials with the desired performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Yifei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Jianbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
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3
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Ko CH, Zhu Q, Bullard G, Tassinari F, Morisue M, Naaman R, Therien MJ. Electron Spin Polarization and Rectification Driven by Chiral Perylene Diimide-Based Nanodonuts. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10271-10277. [PMID: 37939254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect allows thin-film layers of chiral conjugated molecules to function as spin filters at ambient temperature. Through solvent-modulated dropcasting of chiral l- and d-perylene diimide (PDI) monomeric building blocks, two types of aggregate morphologies, nanofibers and nanodonuts, may be realized. Spin-diode behavior is evidenced in the nanodonut structures. Stacked PDI units, which form the conjugated core of these nanostructures, dominate the nanodonut-Au electrode contact; in contrast, the AFM tip contacts largely the high-resistance solubilizing alkyl chains of the chiral monomers that form these nanodonuts. Current-voltage responses of the nanodonuts, measured by magnetic conductive AFM (mC-AFM), demonstrate substantial spin polarizations as well as spin current rectification ratios (>10) that exceed the magnitudes of those determined to date for other chiral nanoscale systems. These results underscore the potential for chiral nanostructures, featuring asymmetric molecular junctions, to enable CISS-based nanoscale spin current rectifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Qirong Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - George Bullard
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mitsuhiko Morisue
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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4
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Soldner S, Anhalt O, Sárosi MB, Stolte M, Würthner F. Donor-acceptor complex formation by social self-sorting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and perylene bisimides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11656-11659. [PMID: 37702093 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03704e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly versus complexation with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) guest molecules is studied for a series of perylene bisimides (PBIs). Bulky imide substituents at the PBI guide their self-assembly into dimer aggregates with null-type exciton coupling. Host-guest titration experiments with perylene and triphenylene PAHs afford 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes whose properties are studied by single crystal X-ray analysis and UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Soldner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Olga Anhalt
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Menyhárt B Sárosi
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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5
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Ali SM, Sk S, Sengupta A, Santra S, Barman S, Sepay N, Molla MR. Anion-assisted supramolecular polymerization of luminescent organic π-conjugated chromophores in a moderately polar solvent: tunable nanostructures and their corresponding effects on electronic properties. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14866-14876. [PMID: 37646513 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers of π-conjugated organic chromophores have emerged as promising candidates in organic electronics because of their dynamic and highly ordered molecular organization. Herein, we demonstrate the formation of luminescent, highly conducting supramolecular polymers of a functionalized naphthalimide π-chromophore-based organic semiconductor in a moderately polar organic solvent (tetrahydrofuran) by overcoming solute-solvent H-bonding via assistance from fluoride anions. The polymerization is exclusively guided by the synergistic effects of cascade H-bonding (F-⋯H-N- of primary amines, followed by -CO⋯H-N- of amides), π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions. An increasing molar equivalent of anions leads to a morphology transition from 1D nanowires to 2D nanosheets via nanotubes and nanorings, but above a particular threshold of the same anion, depolymerization-mediated disruption of long-range order and formation of non-luminescent spherical particles was observed. Such significant impacts of anions in supramolecular polymerization-depolymerization were utilized in modulating the electronic properties of this naphthalimide-based organic semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Mursed Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal-700009, India.
| | - Sujauddin Sk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal-700009, India.
| | - Ankita Sengupta
- Department of Electronic Science, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal-700009, India
| | - Subrata Santra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal-700009, India.
| | - Souvik Barman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal-700009, India.
| | - Nayim Sepay
- Department of Chemistry, Lady Brabourne College, P-1/2, Suhrawardy Ave, Kolkata, West Bengal-700017, India
| | - Mijanur Rahaman Molla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal-700009, India.
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6
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Naranjo C, Doncel-Giménez A, Gómez R, Aragó J, Ortí E, Sánchez L. Solvent-dependent self-assembly of N-annulated perylene diimides. From dimers to supramolecular polymers. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9900-9909. [PMID: 37736635 PMCID: PMC10510848 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03372d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and self-assembling features of the N-annulated perylene diimide (NPBI) 1 in different solvents are reported. Compound 1 possesses two chiral linkers, derived from (S)-(+)-alaninol, that connect the central aromatic NPBI segment and the peripheral trialkoxybenzamide units. The Ala-based linker has been demonstrated to strongly favor the formation of intramolecularly H-bonded seven-membered pseudocycles. NPBI 1 shows a strong tendency to self-assemble even in a good solvent like CHCl3 and the formation of chiral dimers is detected in this good solvent. Both experimental techniques and theoretical calculations reveal that the intramolecular H-bonded pseudocycles are very robust and the formation of chiral dimers is driven by the π-stacking of two units of the NPBI core. Unexpectedly, an efficient transfer of the asymmetry of the point chirality at the linker to the aromatic moiety is observed in the molecularly dissolved state. Changing the solvent to more apolar methylcyclohexane modifies the self-assembly process and the formation of chiral supramolecular polymers is detected. The supramolecular polymerization of 1 is demonstrated to follow an isodesmic mechanism unlike previous referable systems. In the formation of the supramolecular polymers of 1, the combination of experimental and computational data indicates that the H-bonded pseudocycles are also present in the aggregated state and the rope-like, columnar aggregates formed by the self-assembly of 1 rely on the π-stacking of the NPBI backbones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Naranjo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Azahara Doncel-Giménez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Aragó
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
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7
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Matarranz B, Díaz‐Cabrera S, Ghosh G, Carreira‐Barral I, Soberats B, García‐Valverde M, Quesada R, Fernández G. Anticooperative Supramolecular Oligomerization Mediated by V‐Shaped Monomer Design and Unconventional Hydrogen Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202218555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Matarranz
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Sandra Díaz‐Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | | | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - María García‐Valverde
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Roberto Quesada
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
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8
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Lopez AJ, Andreadaki M, Vahokoski J, Deligianni E, Calder LJ, Camerini S, Freitag A, Bergmann U, Rosenthal PB, Sidén-Kiamos I, Kursula I. Structure and function of Plasmodium actin II in the parasite mosquito stages. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011174. [PMID: 36877739 PMCID: PMC10019781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Actins are filament-forming, highly-conserved proteins in eukaryotes. They are involved in essential processes in the cytoplasm and also have nuclear functions. Malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) have two actin isoforms that differ from each other and from canonical actins in structure and filament-forming properties. Actin I has an essential role in motility and is fairly well characterized. The structure and function of actin II are not as well understood, but mutational analyses have revealed two essential functions in male gametogenesis and in the oocyst. Here, we present expression analysis, high-resolution filament structures, and biochemical characterization of Plasmodium actin II. We confirm expression in male gametocytes and zygotes and show that actin II is associated with the nucleus in both stages in filament-like structures. Unlike actin I, actin II readily forms long filaments in vitro, and near-atomic structures in the presence or absence of jasplakinolide reveal very similar structures. Small but significant differences compared to other actins in the openness and twist, the active site, the D-loop, and the plug region contribute to filament stability. The function of actin II was investigated through mutational analysis, suggesting that long and stable filaments are necessary for male gametogenesis, while a second function in the oocyst stage also requires fine-tuned regulation by methylation of histidine 73. Actin II polymerizes via the classical nucleation-elongation mechanism and has a critical concentration of ~0.1 μM at the steady-state, like actin I and canonical actins. Similarly to actin I, dimers are a stable form of actin II at equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Lopez
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Andreadaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Juha Vahokoski
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elena Deligianni
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Lesley J. Calder
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anika Freitag
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ulrich Bergmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter B. Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Sidén-Kiamos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- * E-mail: (ISK); (IK)
| | - Inari Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail: (ISK); (IK)
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9
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Xu F, Feringa BL. Photoresponsive Supramolecular Polymers: From Light-Controlled Small Molecules to Smart Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204413. [PMID: 36239270 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive supramolecular polymers are well-organized assemblies based on highly oriented and reversible noncovalent interactions containing photosensitive molecules as (co-)monomers. They have attracted increasing interest in smart materials and dynamic systems with precisely controllable functions, such as light-driven soft actuators, photoresponsive fluorescent anticounterfeiting and light-triggered electronic devices. The present review discusses light-activated molecules used in photoresponsive supramolecular polymers with their main photo-induced changes, e.g., geometry, dipole moment, and chirality. Based on these distinct changes, supramolecular polymers formed by light-activated molecules exhibit photoresponsive disassembly and reassembly. As a consequence, photo-induced supramolecular polymerization, "depolymerization," and regulation of the lengths and topologies are observed. Moreover, the light-controlled functions of supramolecular polymers, such as actuation, emission, and chirality transfer along length scales, are highlighted. Furthermore, a perspective on challenges and future opportunities is presented. Besides the challenge of moving from harmful UV light to visible/near IR light avoiding fatigue, and enabling biomedical applications, future opportunities include light-controlled supramolecular actuators with helical motion, light-modulated information transmission, optically recyclable materials, and multi-stimuli-responsive supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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10
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Matarranz B, Díaz-Cabrera S, Ghosh G, Carreira-Barral I, Soberats B, García-Valverde M, Quesada R, Fernández G. Anticooperative Supramolecular Oligomerization Mediated by V-Shaped Monomer Design and Unconventional Hydrogen Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218555. [PMID: 36828774 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
After more than three decades of extensive investigations on supramolecular polymers, strategies for self-limiting growth still remain challenging. Herein, we exploit a new V-shaped monomer design to achieve anticooperatively formed oligomers with superior robustness and high luminescence. In toluene, the monomer-oligomer equilibrium is shifted to the monomer side, enabling the elucidation of the molecular packing modes and the resulting (weak) anticooperativity. Steric effects associated with an antiparallel staircase organization of the dyes are proposed to outcompete aromatic and unconventional B-F⋅⋅⋅H-N/C interactions, restricting the growth at the stage of oligomers. In methylcyclohexane (MCH), the packing modes and the anticooperativity are preserved; however, pronounced solvophobic and chain-enwrapping effects lead to thermally ultrastable oligomers. Our results shed light on understanding anticooperative effects and restricted growth in self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Matarranz
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra Díaz-Cabrera
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Israel Carreira-Barral
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears Cra., Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - María García-Valverde
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Roberto Quesada
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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11
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Chen S, Feng S, Markvoort AJ, Zhang C, Zhou E, Liang W, Zhang HJ, Jiang YB, Lin J. Unequal Perylene Diimide Twins in a Quadruple Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300786. [PMID: 36792541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural light-harvesting (LH) systems can divide identical dyes into unequal aggregate states, thereby achieving intelligent "allocation of labor". From a synthetic point of view, the construction of such kinds of unequal and integrated systems without the help of proteinaceous scaffolding is challenging. Here, we show that four octatetrayne-bridged ortho-perylene diimide (PDI) dyads (POPs) self-assemble into a quadruple assembly (POP)4 both in solution and in the solid state. The two identical PDI units in each POP are compartmentalized into weakly coupled PDIs (P520) and closely stacked PDIs (P550) in (POP)4 . The two extreme pools of PDI chromophores were unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. To interpret the formation of the discrete quadruple assembly, we also developed a two-step cooperative model. Quantum-chemical calculations indicate the existence of multiple couplings within and across P520 and P550, which can satisfactorily describe the photophysical properties of the unequal quadruple assembly. This finding is expected to help advance the rational design of dye stacks to emulate functions of natural LH systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shishi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Albert J Markvoort
- Computational Biology Group and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Cankun Zhang
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Enyang Zhou
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - WanZhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Bao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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12
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Chen C, Valera JS, Adachi TBM, Hermans TM. Efficient Photoredox Cycles to Control Perylenediimide Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202849. [PMID: 36112270 PMCID: PMC10098730 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoreduction of perylenediimide (PDI) derivatives has been widely studied for use in photocatalysis, hydrogen evolution, photo-responsive gels, and organic semiconductors. Upon light irradiation, the radical anion (PDI⋅- ) can readily be obtained, whereas further reduction to the dianion (PDI2- ) is rare. Here we show that full 2-electron photoreduction can be achieved using UVC light: 1) in anaerobic conditions by 'direct photoreduction' of PDI aggregates, or 2) by 'indirect photoreduction' in aerobic conditions due to acetone ketyl radicals. The latter strategy is also efficient for other dyes, such as naphthalenediimide (NDI) and methylviologen (MV2+ ). Efficient photoreduction on the minute time-scale using simple LED light in aerobic conditions is attractive for use in dissipative light-driven systems and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Chen
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7140, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jorge S Valera
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7140, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Takuji B M Adachi
- Department of Physical chemistry Sciences II, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Hermans
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7140, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
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13
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Bujosa S, Doncel‐Giménez A, Bäumer N, Fernández G, Ortí E, Costa A, Rotger C, Aragó J, Soberats B. Thermoreversible Polymorph Transitions in Supramolecular Polymers of Hydrogen-Bonded Squaramides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213345. [PMID: 36178740 PMCID: PMC9828658 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded squaramide (SQ) supramolecular polymers exhibit uncommon thermoreversible polymorph transitions between particle- and fiber-like nanostructures. SQs 1-3, with different steric bulk, self-assemble in solution into particles (AggI) upon cooling to 298 K, and SQs 1 and 2, with only one dendronic group, show a reversible transformation into fibers (AggII) by further decreasing the temperature to 288 K. Nano-DSC and UV/Vis studies on SQ 1 reveal a concentration-dependent transition temperature and ΔH for the AggI-to-AggII conversion, while the kinetic studies on SQ 2 indicate the on-pathway nature of the polymorph transition. Spectroscopic and theoretical studies reveal that these transitions are triggered by the molecular reorganization of the SQ units changing from slipped to head-to-tail hydrogen bonding patterns. This work unveils the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of reversible polymorph transitions that are of interest to develop stimuli-responsive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Bujosa
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Azahara Doncel‐Giménez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaC/Catedrático José Beltrán, 246980PaternaSpain
| | - Nils Bäumer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaC/Catedrático José Beltrán, 246980PaternaSpain
| | - Antonio Costa
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Carmen Rotger
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Juan Aragó
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaC/Catedrático José Beltrán, 246980PaternaSpain
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.507122Palma de MallorcaSpain
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14
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Shi Z, Wang Q, Yi J, Zhao C, Chen S, Tian H, Qu D. Encoding Supramolecular Chiral Self‐Assembly with Photo‐Controlled Circularly Polarized Luminescence by Overcrowded Alkene‐Based Bis‐PBI Modulators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207405. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao‐Tao Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jinhao Yi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Chengxi Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Shao‐Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Da‐Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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15
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One Fluorophore‐Two Sensing Films: Hydrogen‐Bond Directed Formation of a Quadruple Perylene Bisimide Stack. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201974. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Wu G, Li F, Tang B, Zhang X. Molecular Engineering of Noncovalent Dimerization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14962-14975. [PMID: 35969112 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dimers are probably the simplest model to facilitate the understanding of fundamental physical and chemical processes that take place in much-expanded systems like aggregates, crystals, and other solid states. The molecular interplay within a dimer differentiates it from the corresponding monomeric state and determines its features. Molecular engineering of noncovalent dimerization through applied supramolecular restrictions enables additional control over molecular interplay, particularly over its dynamic aspect. This Perspective introduces the recent effort that has been made in the molecular engineering of noncovalent dimerization, including supramolecular dimers, folda-dimers, and macrocyclic dimers. It showcases how the variation in supramolecular restrictions endows molecular-based materials with improved performance and/or functions like enhanced emission, room-temperature phosphorescence, and effective catalysis. We particularly discuss pseudostatic dimers that can sustain molecular interplay for a long period of time, yet are still flexible enough to adapt to variations. The pseudostatic feature allows for active species to decay along an alternate pathway, thereby spinning off emerging features that are not readily accessible from conventional dynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bohan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Shi ZT, Wang Q, Yi J, Zhao C, Chen SY, Tian H, Qu DH. Encoding Supramolecular Chiral Self‐Assembly with Photo‐Controlled Circularly Polarized Luminescence by Overcrowded Alkene‐Based Bis‐PBI Modulators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Tao Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboretory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Joint Research Center East China University of Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboretory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center East China University of Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Jinhao Yi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center East China University of Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Chengxi Zhao
- Key Laboretory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Jiont Research Center East China University of Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Shao-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center East China University of Science and Technology CHINA
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint Internation Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Enginering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center East China University of Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Labs for Advanced Materials Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai CHINA
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18
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Hogan DT, Sutherland TC. Multiple aggregates from multiple polymorphs: structural and mechanistic insight into organic dye aggregates. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:10327-10334. [PMID: 35822504 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03211b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This case study provides evidence for the appearance of multiple aggregation forms of a single organic dye, arising from its packing polymorphs in the solid state. Each aggregate can be spectroscopically matched to one polymorph, acquiring nanoscopic structural information even in the absence of conventional H- or J-type aggregation spectral features. The conversion from one polymorphic aggregate to another supports the action of Ostwald's rule of stages in organic aggregates suspended in solution. Mechanistically, dye molecules from one aggregate dissociate then renucleate the more stable aggregate form, the first demonstration for an aggregation-induced emission-active organic dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Hogan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, T2N 1N4, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Todd C Sutherland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, T2N 1N4, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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19
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Maity N, Majumder K, Patel AK, Swain D, Suryaprakash N, Patil S. Synthesis and Emergent Photophysical Properties of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Supramolecular Self-Assembly. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23179-23188. [PMID: 35847286 PMCID: PMC9280760 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based molecular semiconductors exhibit intriguing optical and charge transport properties. Herein, we rationally design a series of electronically identical but structurally distinct Hamilton receptor (HR)-based supramolecular assembly of DPP. The HR endows supramolecular assemblies via hydrogen bonding with enhanced structural ordering and excitonic couplings. The mechanism of supramolecular self-assembly was probed by diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and solid-state IR spectroscopy studies. We investigated the morphology of self-assembly, photophysical and electrochemical properties and compared them with the identical DPP molecular structures without HRs. The microstructure of self-assembly was probed with atomic force microscopy in thin films. Subsequently, the influence of solid-state packing was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The single-crystal structure of HR-TDPP-C20 reveals slipped stack arrangements between the two neighboring chromophores with π-π stacking distance and slip angle of 3.55 Å and 35.4°, respectively. Notably, the slight torsional angle of 1° between thiophene and lactam rings and small π-π stacking distance suggest a significant intermolecular coupling between thiophene (D) and lactam (A) rings. This intramolecular coupling between two π-π chromophore stacks manifests in their optical properties. In this manuscript, we report rational design and synthesis of supramolecular self-assembly of DPP with a collection of compelling structural and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilabja Maity
- Solid
State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kanad Majumder
- Solid
State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Arun Kumar Patel
- NMR
Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Diptikanta Swain
- Solid
State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Satish Patil
- Solid
State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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20
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Kotha S, Sahu R, Srideep D, Yamijala SSRKC, Reddy SK, Rao KV. Cooperative supramolecular polymerization guided by dispersive interactions. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200494. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinu Kotha
- IITH: Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | - Rahul Sahu
- IIT Kharagpur: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Centre for Computational and Data Science INDIA
| | - Dasari Srideep
- IITH: Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | - Sharma S. R. K. C. Yamijala
- IIT Madras: Indian Institute of Technology Madras Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomistic Modelling and Materials Design INDIA
| | - Sandeep Kumar Reddy
- IIT Kharagpur: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Centre for Computational and Data Science INDIA
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21
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Helmers I, Hossain MS, Bäumer N, Wesarg P, Soberats B, Shimizu LS, Fernández G. Anti-cooperative Self-Assembly with Maintained Emission Regulated by Conformational and Steric Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200390. [PMID: 35112463 PMCID: PMC9311066 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a strategy to enable a maintained emissive behavior in the self‐assembled state by enforcing an anti‐cooperative self‐assembly involving weak intermolecular dye interactions. To achieve this goal, we designed a conformationally flexible monomer unit 1 with a central 1,3‐substituted (diphenyl)urea hydrogen bonding synthon that is tethered to two BODIPY dyes featuring sterically bulky trialkoxybenzene substituents at the meso‐position. The competition between attractive forces (H‐bonding and aromatic interactions) and destabilizing effects (steric and competing conformational effects) limits the assembly, halting the supramolecular growth at the stage of small oligomers. Given the presence of weak dye–dye interactions, the emission properties of molecularly dissolved 1 are negligibly affected upon aggregation. Our findings contribute to broadening the scope of emissive supramolecular assemblies and controlled supramolecular polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Helmers
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Muhammad Saddam Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nils Bäumer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Wesarg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Linda S Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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22
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Suda N, Saito T, Arima H, Yagai S. Photo-modulation of supramolecular polymorphism in the self-assembly of a scissor-shaped azobenzene dyad into nanotoroids and fibers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3249-3255. [PMID: 35414866 PMCID: PMC8926283 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00690a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the research field of supramolecularly engineered dye aggregates have enabled the design of simple one-dimensional stacks such as fibers and of closed structures such as nanotoroids (nanorings). More complex and advanced supramolecular systems could potentially be designed using a molecule that is able to provide either of these distinct nanostructures under different conditions. In this study, we introduced bulky but strongly aggregating cholesterol units to a scissor-shaped azobenzene dyad framework, which affords either nanotoroids, nanotubes, or 1D fibers, depending on the substituents. This new dyad with two trans-azobenzene arms shows supramolecular polymorphism in its temperature-controlled self-assembly, leading to not only oligomeric nanotoroids as kinetic products, but also to one-dimensional fibers as thermodynamic products. This supramolecular polymorphism can also be achieved via photo-triggered self-assembly, i.e., irradiation of a monomeric solution of the dyad with two cis-azobenzene arms using strong visible light leads to the preferential formation of nanotoroids, whereas irradiation with weak visible light leads to the predominant formation of 1D fibers. This is the first example of a successful light-induced modulation of supramolecular polymorphism to produce distinctly nanostructured aggregates under isothermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Suda
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Takuho Saito
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Hironari Arima
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
- Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR), Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
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23
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Helmers I, Hossain MS, Bäumer N, Wesarg P, Soberats B, Shimizu LS, Fernandez G. Anti‐cooperative Self‐Assembly with Maintained Emission Regulated by Conformational and Steric Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Helmers
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | | | - Nils Bäumer
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Paul Wesarg
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Universitat de les Illes Balears Facultat de Ciencies Quimica Organica SPAIN
| | - Linda S. Shimizu
- University of South Carolina Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Gustavo Fernandez
- WWU Münster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Correnstraße, 4ß 48149 Münster GERMANY
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24
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Wilson‐Kovacs RS, Fang X, Hagemann MJL, Symons HE, Faul CFJ. Design and Control of Perylene Supramolecular Polymers through Imide Substitutions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103443. [PMID: 34595777 PMCID: PMC9298417 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The number and type of new supramolecular polymer (SMP) systems have increased rapidly in recent years. Some of the key challenges faced for these novel systems include gaining full control over the mode of self-assembly, the creation of novel architectures and exploring functionality. Here, we provide a critical overview of approaches related to perylene-based SMPs and discuss progress to exert control over these potentially important SMPs through chemical modification of the imide substituents. Imide substitutions affect self-assembly behaviour orthogonally to the intrinsic optoelectronic properties of the perylene core, making for a valuable approach to tune SMP properties. Several recent approaches are therefore highlighted, with a focus on controlling 1) morphology, 2) H- or J- aggregation, and 3) mechanism of growth and degree of aggregation using thermodynamic and kinetic control. Areas of potential future exploration and application of these functional SMPs are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xue Fang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | | | - Henry E. Symons
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Charl F. J. Faul
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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25
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Dorca Y, Naranjo C, Ghosh G, Soberats B, Calbo J, Ortí E, Fernández G, Sánchez L. Supramolecular polymerization of electronically complementary linear motifs: anti-cooperativity by attenuated growth. Chem Sci 2021; 13:81-89. [PMID: 35059154 PMCID: PMC8694371 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04883j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-cooperative supramolecular polymerization by attenuated growth exhibited by self-assembling units of two electron-donor benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) derivatives (compounds 1a and 1b) and the electron-acceptor 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) (compound 2) is reported. Despite the apparent cooperative mechanism of 1 and 2, AFM imaging and SAXS measurements reveal the formation of small aggregates that suggest the operation of an anti-cooperative mechanism strongly conditioned by an attenuated growth. In this mechanism, the formation of the nuclei is favoured over the subsequent addition of monomeric units to the aggregate, which finally results in short aggregates. Theoretical calculations show that both the BDT and BODIPY motifs, after forming the initial dimeric nuclei, experience a strong distortion of the central aromatic backbone upon growth, which makes the addition of successive monomeric units unfavourable and impedes the formation of long fibrillar structures. Despite the anti-cooperativity observed in the supramolecular polymerization of 1 and 2, the combination of both self-assembling units results in the formation of small co-assembled aggregates with a similar supramolecular polymerization behaviour to that observed for the separate components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeray Dorca
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Cristina Naranjo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Bartolomé Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
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26
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Vonhausen Y, Lohr A, Stolte M, Würthner F. Two-step anti-cooperative self-assembly process into defined π-stacked dye oligomers: insights into aggregation-induced enhanced emission. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12302-12314. [PMID: 34603660 PMCID: PMC8480337 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03813c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) phenomena received great popularity during the last decade but in most cases insights into the packing structure – fluorescence properties remained scarce. Here, an almost non-fluorescent merocyanine dye was equipped with large solubilizing substituents, which allowed the investigation of it's aggregation behaviour in unpolar solvents over a large concentration range (10−2 to 10−7 M). In depth analysis of the self-assembly process by concentration-dependent UV/Vis spectroscopy at different temperatures revealed a two-step anti-cooperative aggregation mechanism. In the first step a co-facially stacked dimer is formed driven by dipole–dipole interactions. In a second step these dimers self-assemble to give an oligomer stack consisting of about ten dyes. Concentration- and temperature-dependent UV/Vis spectroscopy provided insight into the thermodynamic parameters and allowed to identify conditions where either the monomer, the dimer or the decamer prevails. The centrosymmetric dimer structure could be proven by 2D NMR spectroscopy. For the larger decamer atomic force microscopy (AFM), diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and vapour pressure osmometric (VPO) measurements consistently indicated that it is of small and defined size. Fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectroscopy provided insights into the photofunctional properties of the dye aggregates. Starting from an essentially non-fluorescent monomer (ΦFl = 0.23%) a strong AIEE effect with excimer-type fluorescence (large Stokes shift, increased fluorescence lifetime) is observed upon formation of the dimer (ΦFl = 2.3%) and decamer (ΦFl = 4.5%) stack. This increase in fluorescence is accompanied for both aggregates by an aggregation-induced CPL enhancement with a strong increase of the glum from ∼0.001 for the dimer up to ∼0.011 for the higher aggregate. Analysis of the radiative and non-radiative decay rates corroborates the interpretation that the AIEE effect originates from a pronounced decrease of the non-radiative rate due to π–π-stacking induced rigidification that outmatches the effect of the reduced radiative rate that originates from the H-type exciton coupling in the co-facially stacked dyes. The self-assembly of a dipolar merocyanine into preferred dimers and small-sized chiral aggregates leads to enhanced emission due to a reduced non-radiative rate as well as amplified circular polarized luminescence.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Vonhausen
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Lohr
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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27
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Martínez M, Doncel-Giménez A, Cerdá J, Calbo J, Rodríguez R, Aragó J, Crassous J, Ortí E, Sánchez L. Distance Matters: Biasing Mechanism, Transfer of Asymmetry, and Stereomutation in N-Annulated Perylene Bisimide Supramolecular Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13281-13291. [PMID: 34378925 PMCID: PMC8478275 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two series of N-annulated perylene bisimides (PBIs), compounds 1 and 2, is reported, and their self-assembling features are thoroughly investigated by a complete set of spectroscopic measurements and theoretical calculations. The study corroborates the enormous influence that the distance between the PBI core and the peripheral groups exerts on the chiroptical properties and the supramolecular polymerization mechanism. Compounds 1, with the peripheral groups separated from the central PBI core by two methylenes and an ester group, form J-type supramolecular polymers in a cooperative manner but exhibit negligible chiroptical properties. The lack of clear helicity, due to the staircase arrangement of the self-assembling units in the aggregate, justifies these features. In contrast, attaching the peripheral groups directly to the N-annulated PBI core drastically changes the self-assembling properties of compounds 2, which form H-type aggregates following an isodesmic mechanism. These H-type aggregates show a strong aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect that leads to nonemissive aggregates. Chiral (S)-2 and (R)-2 experience an efficient transfer of asymmetry to afford P- and M-type aggregates, respectively, although no amplification of asymmetry is achieved in majority rules or "sergeants-and-soldiers" experiments. A solvent-controlled stereomutation is observed for chiral (S)-2 and (R)-2, which form helical supramolecular polymers of different handedness depending on the solvent (methylcyclohexane or toluene). The stereomutation is accounted for by considering the two possible conformations of the terminal phenyl groups, eclipsed or staggered, which lead to linear or helical self-assemblies, respectively, with different relative stabilities depending on the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel
A. Martínez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Azahara Doncel-Giménez
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José
Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jesús Cerdá
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José
Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José
Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Rafael Rodríguez
- Univ
Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Juan Aragó
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José
Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Univ
Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José
Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Gui M, Han Y, Zhong H, Liao R, Wang F. Investigation of the Amide Linkages on Cooperative Supramolecular Polymerization of Organoplatinum(II) Complexes. Molecules 2021; 26:2832. [PMID: 34068830 PMCID: PMC8126204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperative supramolecular polymerization of π-conjugated compounds into one-dimensional nanostructures has received tremendous attentions in recent years. It is commonly achieved by incorporating amide linkages into the monomeric structures, which provide hydrogen bonds for intermolecular non-covalent complexation. Herein, the effect of amide linkages is elaborately studied, by comparing supramolecular polymerization behaviors of two structurally similar monomers with the same platinum(II) acetylide cores. As compared to the N-phenyl benzamide linkages, N-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl] benzamide linkages give rise to effective chirality transfer behaviors due to the closer distances between the chiral units and the platinum(II) acetylide core. They also provide stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding strength, which consequently brings higher thermo-stability and enhanced gelation capability for the resulting supramolecular polymers. Supramolecular polymerization is further strengthened by varying the monomers from monotopic to ditopic structures. Hence, with the judicious modulation of structural parameters, the current study opens up new avenues for the rational design of supramolecular polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rui Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (M.G.); (Y.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (M.G.); (Y.H.); (H.Z.)
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29
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Xu F, Pfeifer L, Crespi S, Leung FKC, Stuart MCA, Wezenberg SJ, Feringa BL. From Photoinduced Supramolecular Polymerization to Responsive Organogels. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5990-5997. [PMID: 33830767 PMCID: PMC8154511 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Controlling supramolecular polymerization by external stimuli holds great potential toward the development of responsive soft materials and manipulating self-assembly at the nanoscale. Photochemical switching offers the prospect of regulating the structure and properties of systems in a noninvasive and reversible manner with spatial and temporal control. In addition, this approach will enhance our understanding of supramolecular polymerization mechanisms; however, the control of molecular assembly by light remains challenging. Here we present photoresponsive stiff-stilbene-based bis-urea monomers whose trans isomers readily form supramolecular polymers in a wide range of organic solvents, enabling fast light-triggered depolymerization-polymerization and reversible gel formation. Due to the stability of the cis isomers and the high photostationary states (PSS) of the cis-trans isomerization, precise control over supramolecular polymerization and in situ gelation could be achieved with short response times. A detailed study on the temperature-dependent and photoinduced supramolecular polymerization in organic solvents revealed a kinetically controlled nucleation-elongation mechanism. By application of a Volta phase plate to enhance the phase-contrast method in cryo-EM, unprecedented for nonaqueous solutions, uniform nanofibers were observed in organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Center for System Chemistry,
Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefano Crespi
- Center for System Chemistry,
Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marc C. A. Stuart
- Center for System Chemistry,
Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ben L. Feringa
- Center for System Chemistry,
Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Bialas D, Kirchner E, Röhr MIS, Würthner F. Perspectives in Dye Chemistry: A Rational Approach toward Functional Materials by Understanding the Aggregate State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4500-4518. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bialas
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Kirchner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Merle I. S. Röhr
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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31
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Control of self-assembly pathways toward conglomerate and racemic supramolecular polymers. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5460. [PMID: 33122635 PMCID: PMC7596528 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Homo- and heterochiral aggregation during crystallization of organic molecules has significance both for fundamental questions related to the origin of life as well as for the separation of homochiral compounds from their racemates in industrial processes. Herein, we analyse these phenomena at the lowest level of hierarchy – that is the self-assembly of a racemic mixture of (R,R)- and (S,S)-PBI into 1D supramolecular polymers. By a combination of UV/vis and NMR spectroscopy as well as atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate that homochiral aggregation of the racemic mixture leads to the formation of two types of supramolecular conglomerates under kinetic control, while under thermodynamic control heterochiral aggregation is preferred, affording a racemic supramolecular polymer. FT-IR spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations reveal unique packing arrangements and hydrogen-bonding patterns within these supramolecular polymers. Time-, concentration- and temperature-dependent UV/vis experiments provide further insights into the kinetic and thermodynamic control of the conglomerate and racemic supramolecular polymer formation. Homo- and heterochiral aggregation is a process of interest to prebiotic and chiral separation chemistry. Here, the authors analyze the self-assembly of a racemic mixture into 1D supramolecular polymers and find homochiral aggregation into conglomerates under kinetic control, while under thermodynamic control a racemic polymer is formed.
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32
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Kim KY, Ok M, Kim J, Jung SH, Seo ML, Jung JH. Pyrene-Based Co-Assembled Supramolecular Gel; Morphology Changes and Macroscale Mechanical Property. Gels 2020; 6:gels6020016. [PMID: 32429228 PMCID: PMC7345282 DOI: 10.3390/gels6020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two pyrene derivatives having the perylenediimide (1) or the alky chain (2) in the middle of molecules were synthesized. Co-assembled supramolecular gels were prepared at different molar ratios of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 equiv. of 2 to 1. By SEM observation, the morphology of co-assembled supramolecular gels changed from spherical nanoparticles to three-dimensional network nanofibers as the ratio of 2 increased. In addition, the pyrene-excimer emission of co-assembled gels increased with increasing concentration of 2, and was stronger when compared with the condition without 1 or 2, indicating the formation of pyrene interaction between 1 and 2. In addition, the sol-gel transition was found to be reversible over repeated measurement by tube inversion method. The rheological properties of co-assembled supramolecular gels were also improved by increasing the ratio of 2, due to the increased nanoscale flexibility of supramolecular packing by introducing alkyl chain groups through heterogeneous pyrene interaction. These findings suggest that macroscale mechanical strength of co-assembled supramolecular gel was strongly influenced by nanoscale flexibility of the supramolecular packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.Y.K.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Mirae Ok
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.Y.K.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaehyeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.Y.K.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Sung Ho Jung
- Department of Liberal Arts, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTECH), Jinju 52725, Korea;
| | - Moo Lyong Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.Y.K.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.S.); (J.H.J.); Tel.: +82-55-772-1488 (J.H.J.)
| | - Jong Hwa Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (K.Y.K.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.S.); (J.H.J.); Tel.: +82-55-772-1488 (J.H.J.)
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33
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Reine P, Ortuño AM, Mariz IFA, Ribagorda M, Cuerva JM, Campaña AG, Maçôas E, Miguel D. Simple Perylene Diimide Cyclohexane Derivative With Combined CPL and TPA Properties. Front Chem 2020; 8:306. [PMID: 32373591 PMCID: PMC7186504 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we describe the linear and non-linear (chiro)optical properties of an enantiopure bis-perylenediimide (PDI) cyclohexane derivative. This compound exhibits upconversion based on a two-photon absorption (TPA) process with a cross-section value of 70 GM together with emission of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), showing a glum in the range of 10-3. This simple structure represents one of the scarce examples of purely organic compounds combining both TPA and CPL responses, together with large values of molar absorptivity and fluorescence quantum yield with emission in the 500-600 nm. Self-assembly induced by introduction of a poor solvent allows for a spectacular shift of the emission into the near-infrared (NIR, 650-750 nm) by formation of well-defined rotationally displaced dimers. Therefore, we are here presenting a versatile platform whose optical properties can be simply tuned by self-assembly or by functionalization of the electron-deficient aromatic core of PDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Reine
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M Ortuño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Inês F A Mariz
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Ribagorda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, C.U. Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Cuerva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Araceli G Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Emerlinda Maçôas
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Delia Miguel
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, UEQ, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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34
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Zhou J, Gao ZJ, Cai JQ, Li LL, Wang H. Synthesis and Self-Assembly Behavior of Chlorophyll Derivatives for Ratiometric Photoacoustic Signal Optimization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1559-1568. [PMID: 32030985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly provides researchers powerful tools for creating ordered functional structures and complex architectures. Investigation of in vivo self-assembly reveals the assembly/aggregation-induced retention (AIR) effect and enhanced targeting effect, which can be applied to promising biomedical applications by enhancing molecular accumulation in the target region. These unique bioeffects inspire the interest of researchers in construction of self-assembled nanomaterials in biological systems. Although many efforts have been achieved, the in-depth analysis of the relationship between assemblies and functions is rarely reported. Here, we focus on the relationship of chlorophyll-derivative assemblies and their photoacoustic signals and attempt to establish a method for monitoring the aggregation efficiency in vivo based on photoacoustic signals. Three arginine-rich peptide-purpurin molecules were designed and synthesized. The assembled capabilities and assembly processes of these molecules were characterized and monitored by UV, fluorescence, and CD spectra images of gradually changing polarities in mixed solvents, and the morphologies of the assemblies were observed by TEM. Furthermore, the relationship between the aggregation ratios of the molecules and the ratiometric photoacoustic signals was systemically studied. We prospect that the fundamental research in revealing objective laws will be useful for future guidance in optimizing photoacoustic detection windows and assembled molecule design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Zi-Jun Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Jun-Quan Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
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35
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Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are non-covalent assemblies of unimeric building blocks connected by secondary interactions and hold great promises due to their dynamic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sebastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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36
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Bujosa S, Castellanos E, Frontera A, Rotger C, Costa A, Soberats B. Self-assembly of amphiphilic aryl-squaramides in water driven by dipolar π–π interactions. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:888-894. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02085c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic aryl-squaramides self-assemble via unprecedented dipolar π–π interactions forming well-defined supramolecular aggregates and self-consistent hydrogels in water
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Bujosa
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | | | | | - Carmen Rotger
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | - Antonio Costa
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
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37
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Renner R, Stolte M, Würthner F. Self-Assembly of Bowl-Shaped Naphthalimide-Annulated Corannulene. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:32-39. [PMID: 31921543 PMCID: PMC6946951 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of a bowl-shaped naphthalimide-annulated corannulene of high solubility has been studied in a variety of solvents by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Evaluation by the anti-cooperative K2-K model revealed the formation of supramolecular dimers of outstanding thermodynamic stability. Further structural proof for the almost exclusive formation of dimers over extended aggregates is demonstrated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) measurements as well as by theoretical calculations. Thus, herein we present the first report of a supramolecular dimer of an annulated corannulene derivative in solution and discuss its extraordinarily high thermodynamic stability with association constants up to >106 M-1 in methylcyclohexane, which is comparable to the association constants given for planar phthalocyanine and perylene bisimide dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Renner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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38
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Guo X, Li M, Wu H, Sheng W, Feng Y, Yu C, Jiao L, Hao E. Near-IR absorbing J-aggregates of a phenanthrene-fused BODIPY as a highly efficient photothermal nanoagent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14709-14712. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06014c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A phenanthrene-[b]-fused BODIPY exhibited well-defined J-aggregates in both pure hydrocarbon solution and aqueous solution, and was developed as a highly efficient photothermal nanoagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Mao Li
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Hao Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Wanle Sheng
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Yuanmei Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Changjiang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
| | - Erhong Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu
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39
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Wehner M, Würthner F. Supramolecular polymerization through kinetic pathway control and living chain growth. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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ten Eikelder HMM, Markvoort AJ. Mass-Balance Models for Scrutinizing Supramolecular (Co)polymerizations in Thermodynamic Equilibrium. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3465-3474. [PMID: 31756081 PMCID: PMC6921686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed increasing attention on supramolecular polymerization, i.e., the formation of one-dimensional aggregates in which the monomeric units bind together via reversible and usually highly directional non-covalent interactions. Because of the presence of these reversible interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, or metal coordination, supramolecular polymers exhibit numerous desirable properties ranging from high thermoresponsiveness to self-healing and great capacity for processability and recycling. These properties relate to intriguing experimentally observed nonlinear effects such as the monomer-dependent presence of a critical temperature for aggregation and a solvent- and temperature-tunable aggregate morphology. For coassemblies this is complemented with monomer-ratio- and monomer-compatibility-dependent internal order as well as majority-rules-type chiral amplification. However, the dynamic nature of the (co)polymers and the intricate interplay of many interactions make these effects difficult to rationalize without theoretical models. This Account presents recent advances in the development and use of equilibrium models for supramolecular copolymerization based on mass balances, mainly developed by our group. The basic idea of these models is that we describe a supramolecular (co)polymerization by a set of independent equilibrium reactions, like monomer associations and dissociations, and that in thermodynamic equilibrium the concentrations of the reactants and products in each reaction are coupled via the equilibrium constant of that reaction. Recursion then allows the concentration of each possible aggregate to be written as a function of the free monomer concentrations. Because a monomer should be present either as a free monomer or in one of the aggregates, a set of n equations can be formed with the n free monomer concentrations as the only unknowns. This set of mass-balance equations can then be solved numerically, yielding the free monomer concentrations, from which the complete system can be reconstituted. By a step-by-step extension of the model for the aggregation of a single monomer type to include the formation of multiple aggregate types and the coassembly of multiple monomer types, we can capture increasingly complex supramolecular (co)polymerizations. In each step we illustrate how the extended model explains in detail another of the experimentally observed nonlinear effects, with the common denominator that small differences in association energies are intricately amplified at the supramolecular level. We finally arrive at our latest and most general approach to modeling (cooperative) supramolecular (co)polymerization, which encompasses all of our earlier models and shows great promise to help rationalize also future systems featuring ever-increasing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huub M. M. ten Eikelder
- Computational Biology Group and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. Markvoort
- Computational Biology Group and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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41
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Draper ER, Wilbraham L, Adams DJ, Wallace M, Schweins R, Zwijnenburg MA. Insight into the self-assembly of water-soluble perylene bisimide derivatives through a combined computational and experimental approach. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15917-15928. [PMID: 31414112 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03898a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We use a combination of computational and experimental techniques to study the self-assembly and gelation of water-soluble perylene bisimides derivatised at the imide position with an amino acid. Specifically, we study the likely structure of self-assembled aggregates of the alanine-functionalised perylene bisimide (PBI-A) and the thermodynamics of their formation using density functional theory and predict the UV-vis spectra of such aggregates using time-dependent density functional theory. We compare these predictions to experiments in which we study the evolution of the UV-Vis and NMR spectra and the rheology and neutron scattering of alkaline PBI-A solutions when gradually decreasing the pH. Based on the combined computational and experimental results, we show that PBI-A self-assembles at all pH values but that aggregates grow in size upon protonation. Hydrogel formation is driven not by aggregate growth but reduction of the aggregation surface-charge and a decrease in the colloidal stability of the aggregation with respect to agglomeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Draper
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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ten
Eikelder HMM, Adelizzi B, Palmans ARA, Markvoort AJ. Equilibrium Model for Supramolecular Copolymerizations. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6627-6642. [PMID: 31287320 PMCID: PMC6681264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The coassembly of different building blocks into supramolecular copolymers provides a promising avenue to control their properties and to thereby expand the potential of supramolecular polymers in applications. However, contrary to covalent copolymerization which nowadays can be well controlled, the control over sequence, polymer length, and morphology in supramolecular copolymers is to date less developed, and their structures are more determined by the delicate balance in binding free energies between the distinct building blocks than by kinetics. Consequently, to rationalize the structures of supramolecular copolymers, a thorough understanding of their thermodynamic behavior is needed. Though this is well established for single-component assemblies and over the past years several models have been proposed for specific copolymerization cases, a generally applicable model for supramolecular cooperative copolymers is still lacking. Here, we provide a generalization of our earlier mass-balance models for supramolecular copolymerizations that encompasses all our earlier models. In this model, the binding free energies of each pair of monomer types in each aggregate type can be set independently. We provide scripts to solve the model numerically for any (co)polymerization of one or two types of monomer into an arbitrary number of distinct aggregate types. We illustrate the applicability of the model on data from literature as well as on new experimental data of triarylamine triamide-based copolymers in three distinct solvents. We show that apart from common properties such as the degree of polymerization and length distributions, our approach also allows us to investigate properties such as the copolymer microstructure, that is, the internal ordering of monomers within the copolymers. Moreover, we show that in some cases, also intriguing analytical approximations can be derived from the mass balances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huub M. M. ten
Eikelder
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Computational Biology Group,
and Laboratory for
Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice Adelizzi
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Computational Biology Group,
and Laboratory for
Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Computational Biology Group,
and Laboratory for
Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. Markvoort
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Computational Biology Group,
and Laboratory for
Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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43
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Herkert L, Droste J, Kartha KK, Korevaar PA, de Greef TFA, Hansen MR, Fernández G. Pathway Control in Cooperative vs. Anti-Cooperative Supramolecular Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11344-11349. [PMID: 31119831 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the nanoscale morphology in assemblies of π-conjugated molecules is key to developing supramolecular functional materials. Here, we report an unsymmetrically substituted amphiphilic PtII complex 1 that shows unique self-assembly behavior in nonpolar media, providing two competing anti-cooperative and cooperative pathways with distinct molecular arrangement (long- vs. medium-slipped, respectively) and nanoscale morphology (discs vs. fibers, respectively). With a thermodynamic model, we unravel the competition between the anti-cooperative and cooperative pathways: buffering of monomers into small-sized, anti-cooperative species affects the formation of elongated assemblies, which might open up new strategies for pathway control in self-assembly. Our findings reveal that side-chain immiscibility is an efficient method to control anti-cooperative assemblies and pathway complexity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Herkert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörn Droste
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kalathil K Kartha
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter A Korevaar
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom F A de Greef
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Herkert L, Droste J, Kartha KK, Korevaar PA, de Greef TFA, Hansen MR, Fernández G. Pathway Control in Cooperative vs. Anti‐Cooperative Supramolecular Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Herkert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Jörn Droste
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Kalathil K. Kartha
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Peter A. Korevaar
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Tom F. A. de Greef
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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Shen X, Li B, Pan T, Wu J, Wang Y, Shang J, Ge Y, Jin L, Qi Z. Self-assembly behaviors of perylene- and naphthalene-crown macrocycle conjugates in aqueous medium. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1203-1209. [PMID: 31293667 PMCID: PMC6604709 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of conjugates of perylene diimide (PDI) and naphthalene diimide (NDI) modified with two benzo-21-crown-7 ethers (B21C7) are herein described. Their self-assembly behavior in various solvents was investigated particularly in aqueous medium, due to the recently discovered hydrophilic properties of B21C7 crown macrocycle. An unexpected fluorescence quenching phenomenon was observed in the PDI-B21C7 macrocycle conjugate in chloroform. The detailed UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of these PDI/NDI derivatives in different solvents as well as their morphologies were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shen
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Tiezheng Pan
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yangxin Wang
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shang
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yan Ge
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Lin Jin
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhui Qi
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
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46
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Kirchner E, Bialas D, Fennel F, Grüne M, Würthner F. Defined Merocyanine Dye Stacks from a Dimer up to an Octamer by Spacer-Encoded Self-Assembly Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7428-7438. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kirchner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Fennel
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Grüne
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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47
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Buchelnikov AS, Evstigneev VP, Evstigneev MP. Hetero-association models of non-covalent molecular complexation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7717-7731. [PMID: 30931443 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present review discusses the current state-of-the-art in building models enabling the description of non-covalent equilibrium complexation of different types of molecules in solution, which results in the formation of supramolecular structures different in length and composition (hetero-association or supramolecular multicomponent co-polymerisation). The description is focused on standard physical and chemical quantities such as experimental observables and equilibrium parameters of interaction (equilibrium constants and concentrations). The major partial cases of the hetero-association models, such as finite and indefinite isodesmic and cooperative complexations, and Benesi-Hildebrand and Langmuir adsorption models are considered. Future challenges in the development of the hetero-association models are provided.
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Wehner M, Röhr MIS, Bühler M, Stepanenko V, Wagner W, Würthner F. Supramolecular Polymorphism in One-Dimensional Self-Assembly by Kinetic Pathway Control. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6092-6107. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Wehner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Merle Insa Silja Röhr
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bühler
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Schreck MH, Röhr MIS, Clark T, Stepanenko V, Würthner F, Lambert C. A Self‐Assembled Unit Comprising 12 Squaraine Dyes Built Up from Two Star‐Shaped Hexasquarainyl‐Benzene Molecules. Chemistry 2019; 25:2831-2839. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian H. Schreck
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Merle I. S. Röhr
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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Kartha KK, Allampally NK, Politi AT, Prabhu DD, Ouchi H, Albuquerque RQ, Yagai S, Fernández G. Influence of metal coordination and light irradiation on hierarchical self-assembly processes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:752-760. [PMID: 30746108 PMCID: PMC6340407 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03875a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart light-responsive supramolecular materials have been extensively investigated in the past decade, but so far the impact of metal coordination on hierarchical supramolecular structures of light-responsive building blocks has remained nearly unexplored. Herein, we unravel the hierarchical self-assembly of a small π-conjugated azo-containing pyridyl ligand that is able to respond to UV-light and metal complexation. The ligand self-assembles in an antiparallel fashion into long twisted fibers, which are then disassembled upon photoisomerization of the azobenzene groups, resulting in shorter rigid rods with a different packing motif. Complexation of Pd(ii) ions enhances the cooperativity of the aggregation and induces a molecular rearrangement into slipped stacks with subsequent formation of long thin fibers. These are then transformed into thinner, shorter rods upon light irradiation. The observed different light-responsiveness, besides clearing up the influence of metal coordination and light irradiation in self-assembly processes, paves the way towards the design of novel supramolecular photochromic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalathil K Kartha
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48151 Münster , Germany .
| | | | - Antiope T Politi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool L3 3AF , UK .
| | - Deepak D Prabhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33-Yayoi-cho , Inage-Ku , Chiba 263-8522 , Japan .
| | - Hayato Ouchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33-Yayoi-cho , Inage-Ku , Chiba 263-8522 , Japan .
| | - Rodrigo Q Albuquerque
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool L3 3AF , UK .
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33-Yayoi-cho , Inage-Ku , Chiba 263-8522 , Japan .
- Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku , Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48151 Münster , Germany .
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