1
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Yang Z, Barbhai S, Ji B, Feng J. Effect of surface viscoelasticity on top jet drops produced by bursting bubbles. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4868-4877. [PMID: 38700115 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Jet drops resulting from bubble bursting at a liquid surface play a key role in various mass transfer processes across the interface, including sea spray aerosol generation and pathogen transmission. However, the impact of structurally compound interfaces, characterized by complex surface rheology introduced by surface-active contaminants, on the jet drop ejection still remains unclear. Here, we experimentally investigate the influence of surface viscoelasticity on the size and velocity of the top jet drops from surface bubble bursting, examining both pure protein and mixed protein-surfactant solutions. We document that for bubble bursting at a pure-protein-laden surface where surface elasticity dominates, the increase in Ec, i.e. the interfacial elastocapillary number as the ratio between the effects of interfacial elasticity and capillarity, efficiently increases the radius and decreases the velocity of the top jet drop, ultimately inhibiting the jet drop ejection. On the other hand, considering the mixed protein-surfactant solution, we show that the top jet drop radius and velocity exhibit a different variation trend with Ec, which is attributed to the additional dissipation on the capillary waves as well as the retardation and resistance on the converging flow for jet formation from surface viscoelasticity. Our work may advance the understanding of bubble bursting dynamics at contaminated liquid surfaces and shed light on the potential influence of surface viscoelasticity on the generation of bubble bursting aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Yang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Sainath Barbhai
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Bingqiang Ji
- School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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2
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Griffin VP, Pace S, Ogunyankin MO, Holstein M, Hung J, Dhar P. Understanding the Impact of Combined Hydrodynamic Shear and Interfacial Dilatational Stress, on Interface-Mediated Particle Formation for Monoclonal Antibody Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00138-2. [PMID: 38615816 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
During biomanufacturing, several unit operations expose solutions of biologics to multiple stresses, such as hydrodynamic shear forces due to fluid flow and interfacial dilatational stresses due to mechanical agitation or bubble collapse. When these stresses individually act on proteins adsorbed to interfaces, it results in an increase in protein particles in the bulk solution, a phenomenon referred to as interface-induced protein particle formation. However, an understanding of the dominant cause, when multiple stresses are acting simultaneously or sequentially, on interface-induced protein particle formation is limited. In this work, we established a unique set-up using a peristaltic pump and a Langmuir-Pockels trough to study the impact of hydrodynamic shear stress due to pumping and interfacial dilatational stress, on protein particle formation. Our experimental results together demonstrate that for protein solutions subjected to various combinations of stress (i.e., interfacial and hydrodynamic stress in different sequences), surface pressure values during adsorption and when subjected to compression/dilatational stresses, showed no change, suggesting that the interfacial properties of the protein film are not impacted by pumping. The concentration of protein particles is an order of magnitude higher when interfacial dilatational stress is applied at the air-liquid interface, compared to solutions that are only subjected to pumping. Furthermore, the order in which these stresses are applied, have a significant impact on the concentration of protein particles measured in the bulk solution. Together, these studies conclude that for biologics exposed to multiple stresses throughout bioprocessing and manufacturing, exposure to air-liquid interfacial dilatational stress is the predominant mechanism impacting protein particle formation at the interface and in the bulk solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie P Griffin
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15(th) Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Samantha Pace
- Department of Drug Product, Department of Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Lawrence Township, NJ, 08648, USA
| | - Maria Olu Ogunyankin
- Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Melissa Holstein
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA, 01434, USA
| | - Jessica Hung
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA, 01434, USA
| | - Prajnaparamita Dhar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15(th) Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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3
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Escobar ELN, Vaclaw MC, Lozenski JT, Dhar P. Using Passive Microrheology to Measure the Evolution of the Rheological Properties of NIST mAb Formulations during Adsorption to the Air-Water Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4789-4800. [PMID: 38379175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The development of novel protein-based therapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), is often limited due to challenges associated with maintaining the stability of these formulations during manufacturing, storage, and clinical administration. An undesirable consequence of the instability of protein therapeutics is the formation of protein particles. MAbs can adsorb to interfaces and have the potential to undergo partial unfolding as well as to form viscoelastic gels. Further, the viscoelastic properties may be correlated with their aggregation potential. In this work, a passive microrheology technique was used to correlate the evolution of surface adsorption with the evolution of surface rheology of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) mAb reference material (NIST mAb) and interface-induced subvisible protein particle formation. The evolution of the surface adsorption and interfacial shear rheological properties of the NIST mAb was recorded in four formulation conditions: two different buffers (histidine vs phosphate-buffered saline) and two different pHs (6.0 and 7.6). Our results together demonstrate the existence of multiple stages for both surface adsorption and surface rheology, characterized by an induction period that appears to be purely viscous, followed by a sharp increase in protein molecules at the interface when the film rheology is viscoelastic and ultimately a slowdown in the surface adsorption that corresponds to the formation of solid-like or glassy films at the interface. When the transitions between the different stages occurred, they were dependent on the buffer/pH of the formulations. The onset of these transitions can also be correlated to the number of protein particles formed at the interface. Finally, the addition of polysorbate 80, an FDA-approved surfactant used to mitigate protein particle formation, led to the interface being surfactant-dominated, and the resulting interface remained purely viscous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephanie Laura Nottar Escobar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - M Coleman Vaclaw
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Joseph T Lozenski
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Prajnaparamita Dhar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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4
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Sarter T, Friess W. Molecular Dynamics Study of Protein Aggregation at Moving Interfaces. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1214-1221. [PMID: 38321750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Repeated compression and dilation of a protein film adsorbed to an interface lead to aggregation and entry of film fragments into the bulk. This is a major mechanism for protein aggregate formation in drug products upon mechanical stress, such as shaking or pumping. To gain a better understanding of these events, we developed a molecular dynamics (MD) setup, which would, in a later stage, allow for in silico formulation optimization. In contrast to previous approaches, the molecules of our model protein human growth hormone displayed realistic shapes, surfaces, and interactions with each other and the interface. This enabled quantitative assessment of protein cluster formation. Simulation outcomes aligned with experimental data on subvisible particles and turbidity, thereby validating the model. Computational and experimental results indicated that compression speed does not affect the aggregation behavior of preformed protein films but rather their regeneration. Protein clusters that formed during compression disassembled upon relaxation, suggesting that the particles originate from a partly compressed state. Desorption studies via steered MD revealed that proteins from compressed systems are more likely to detach as clusters, implying that compression effects at the interface translate into aggregates present in the bulk solution. With the possibility of studying the impact of different variables upon compression and dilation at the interface on a molecular level, our model contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of protein aggregation at moving interfaces. It also enables further studies to change formulation parameters, interfaces, or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sarter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
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5
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Moino C, Artusio F, Pisano R. Shear stress as a driver of degradation for protein-based therapeutics: More accomplice than culprit. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123679. [PMID: 38065348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Protein degradation is a major concern for protein-based therapeutics. It may alter the biological activity of the product and raise the potential for undesirable effects on the patients. Among the numerous drivers of protein degradation, shear stress has been the focus around which much work has revolved since the 1970s. In the pharmaceutical realm, the product is often processed through several unit operations, which include mixing, pumping, filtration, filling, and atomization. Nonetheless, the drug might be exposed to significant shear stresses, which might cooperatively contribute to product degradation, together with interfacial stress. This review presents fundamentals of shear stress about protein structure, followed by an overview of the drivers of product degradation. The impact of shear stress on protein stability in different unit operations is then presented, and recommendations for limiting the adverse effects on the biopharmaceutical formulations are outlined. Finally, several devices used to explore the effects of shear stress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Moino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Fiora Artusio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy.
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6
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Pham KG, Thompson BR, Wang T, Samaddar S, Qian KK, Liu Y, Wagner NJ. Interfacial Pressure and Viscoelasticity of Antibodies and Their Correlation to Long-Term Stability in Formulation. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9724-9733. [PMID: 37917554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) form viscoelastic gel-like layers at the air-water interface due to their amphiphilic nature, and this same protein characteristic can lead to undesired aggregation of proteins in therapeutic formulations. We hypothesize that the interfacial viscoelasticity and surface pressure of mAbs at the air-water interface will correlate with their long-term stability. To test this hypothesis, the interfacial viscoelastic rheology and surface pressure of five different antibodies with varying visible particle counts from a three-year stability study were measured. We find that both the surface pressures and interfacial elastic moduli correlate well with the long-time mAb solution stability within a class of mAbs with the interfacial elastic moduli being particularly sensitive to discriminate between stable and unstable mAbs across a range of formulations. Furthermore, X-ray reflectivity was used to gain insight into the interfacial structure of mAbs at the air-water interface, providing a possible molecular mechanism to explain the relationship between interfacial elastic moduli and the long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet G Pham
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Benjamin R Thompson
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Tingting Wang
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - Shayak Samaddar
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - Ken K Qian
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Delaware 19716, United States
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Norman J Wagner
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Delaware 19716, United States
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7
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Zürcher D, Caduff S, Aurand L, Capasso Palmiero U, Wuchner K, Arosio P. Comparison of the Protective Effect of Polysorbates, Poloxamer and Brij on Antibody Stability Against Different Interfaces. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2853-2862. [PMID: 37295604 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins and antibodies are exposed to a variety of interfaces during their lifecycle, which can compromise their stability. Formulations, including surfactants, must be carefully optimized to improve interfacial stability against all types of surfaces. Here we apply a nanoparticle-based approach to evaluate the instability of four antibody drugs against different solid-liquid interfaces characterized by different degrees of hydrophobicity. We considered a model hydrophobic material as well as cycloolefin-copolymer (COC) and cellulose, which represent some of the common solid-liquid interfaces encountered during drug production, storage, and delivery. We assess the protective effect of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, Poloxamer 188 and Brij 35 in our assay and in a traditional agitation study. While all nonionic surfactants stabilize antibodies against the air-water interface, none of them can protect against hydrophilic charged cellulose. Polysorbates and Brij increase antibody stability in the presence of COC and the model hydrophobic interface, although to a lesser extent compared to the air-water interface, while Poloxamer 188 has a negligible stabilizing effect against these interfaces. These results highlight the challenge of fully protecting antibodies against all types of solid-liquid interfaces with traditional surfactants. In this context, our high-throughput nanoparticle-based approach can complement traditional shaking assays and assist in formulation design to ensure protein stability not only at air-water interfaces, but also at relevant solid-liquid interfaces encountered during the product lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Zürcher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Severin Caduff
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Aurand
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Klaus Wuchner
- Janssen R&D, BTDS Analytical Development, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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8
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Ji B, Yang Z, Wang Z, Ewoldt RH, Feng J. Secondary Bubble Entrainment via Primary Bubble Bursting at a Viscoelastic Surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:104002. [PMID: 37739356 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Bubble bursting at liquid surfaces is ubiquitous and plays a key role for the mass transfer across interfaces, impacting global climate and human health. Here, we document an unexpected phenomenon that when a bubble bursts at a viscoelastic surface of a bovine serum albumin solution, a secondary (daughter) bubble is entrapped with no subsequent jet drop ejection, contrary to the counterpart experimentally observed at a Newtonian surface. We show that the strong surface dilatational elastic stress from the viscoelastic surface retards the cavity collapse and efficiently damps out the precursor waves, thus facilitating the dominant wave focusing above the cavity nadir. The onset of daughter bubble entrainment is well predicted by an interfacial elastocapillary number comparing the effects of surface dilatational elasticity and surface tension. Our Letter highlights the important role of surface rheology on free surface flows and may find important implications in bubble dynamics with a contaminated interface exhibiting complex surface rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiang Ji
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Zhengyu Yang
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Zirui Wang
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Randy H Ewoldt
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jie Feng
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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9
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Wood C, Razinkov VI, Qi W, Roberts CJ, Vermant J, Furst EM. Antibodies Adsorbed to the Air-Water Interface Form Soft Glasses. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:7775-7782. [PMID: 37222141 PMCID: PMC10249626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
When monoclonal antibodies are exposed to an air-water interface, they form aggregates, which negatively impacts their performance. Until now, the detection and characterization of interfacial aggregation have been difficult. Here, we exploit the mechanical response imparted by interfacial adsorption by measuring the interfacial shear rheology of a model antibody, anti-streptavidin immunoglobulin-1 (AS-IgG1), at the air-water interface. Strong viscoelastic layers of AS-IgG1 form when the protein is adsorbed from the bulk solution. Creep experiments correlate the compliance of the interfacial protein layer with the subphase solution pH and bulk concentration. These, along with oscillatory strain amplitude and frequency sweeps, show that the viscoelastic behavior of the adsorbed layers is that of a soft glass with interfacial shear moduli on the order of 10-3 Pa m. Shifting the creep compliance curves under different applied stresses forms master curves consistent with stress-time superposition of soft interfacial glasses. The interfacial rheology results are discussed in the context of the interface-mediated aggregation of AS-IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin
V. Wood
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Allan P. Colburn Laboratory, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Vladimir I. Razinkov
- Drug
Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Wei Qi
- Drug
Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christopher J. Roberts
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Allan P. Colburn Laboratory, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jan Vermant
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Eric M. Furst
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Allan P. Colburn Laboratory, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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10
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Mechanism of Protein-PDMS Visible Particles Formation in Liquid Vial Monoclonal Antibody Formulation. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:653-664. [PMID: 36191621 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Visible particles (VPs) formation in liquid monoclonal antibody formulations is a critical quality issue. Formulations that include poloxamer 188 (PX188) as a surfactant are prone to the formation of VPs comprising aggregated complexes of protein and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS; silicone oil) derived from primary containers. However, the mechanisms through which these VPs form are complicated and remain to be fully elucidated. This study demonstrates for the first time the dominant spot and pathway of protein-PDMS VP formation in a particular liquid vial formulation. Specifically, when a vial sealed with a PDMS-coated stopper is stored in an upright position under conditions whereby the antibody solution has become well-adhered to the stopper and an air phase exists in the vicinity, protein-PDMS aggregates form on the stopper and are then desorbed into the drug solution to be detected as VPs. Here, we evaluated the effects of several factors on VP formation: adhesion of the drug solution to the stopper, storage orientation, silicone coating on the stopper, vial material, and hydrophobicity of PX188. Remarkably, we found that changing any one of the factors could significantly affect VP formation. Our findings are instructive for better understanding the mechanisms of VP formation in vial products and can provide strategies for VP mitigation in biotherapeutics.
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11
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Kizuki S, Wang Z, Torisu T, Yamauchi S, Uchiyama S. Relationship between aggregation of therapeutic proteins and agitation parameters: Acceleration and frequency. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:492-505. [PMID: 36167196 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An increase in protein aggregates during transportation should be suppressed in therapeutic protein products because the aggregates have a potential risk of immunogenicity. In this study, three protein solutions in vials were exposed to tri-axial vibration with various combinations of frequency and acceleration using a transportation test system to investigate the relationship between low g-force stresses and protein aggregate generation. The number concentration of micron aggregates detected by flow imaging analysis increased markedly when the acceleration and frequency of agitation were within a specific range, in other words, above a threshold. This threshold was common among the three protein solutions. The suppression of micron aggregate formation by adding a surfactant suggested that agitation above the threshold increased micron aggregates mainly via interface-mediated routes. Notably, agitation, including agitation below the threshold, accelerated spontaneous oligomerization (nanometer aggregate generation) of proteins in bulk solution even in the presence of the surfactant. Studies of stability against mechanical stresses (e.g., a random vibration test to simulate actual shipment, with a time-compressed setting by increasing acceleration) need to be performed and discussed with careful consideration of the threshold for generating micron aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kizuki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Formulation Research Lab., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 224-2, Ebisuno, Hiraishi, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0194, Japan
| | - Zekun Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Torisu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Satoru Yamauchi
- Business Development Headquarters, ESPEC CORP. 5-2-5, Minamimachi, Kanokodai, Kita-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-1514, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
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12
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Kopp MRG, Grigolato F, Zürcher D, Das TK, Chou D, Wuchner K, Arosio P. Surface-Induced Protein Aggregation and Particle Formation in Biologics: Current Understanding of Mechanisms, Detection and Mitigation Strategies. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:377-385. [PMID: 36223809 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein stability against aggregation is a major quality concern for the production of safe and effective biopharmaceuticals. Amongst the different drivers of protein aggregation, increasing evidence indicates that interactions between proteins and interfaces represent a major risk factor for the formation of protein aggregates in aqueous solutions. Potentially harmful surfaces relevant to biologics manufacturing and storage include air-water and silicone oil-water interfaces as well as materials from different processing units, storage containers, and delivery devices. The impact of some of these surfaces, for instance originating from impurities, can be difficult to predict and control. Moreover, aggregate formation may additionally be complicated by the simultaneous presence of interfacial, hydrodynamic and mechanical stresses, whose contributions may be difficult to deconvolute. As a consequence, it remains difficult to identify the key chemical and physical determinants and define appropriate analytical methods to monitor and predict protein instability at these interfaces. In this review, we first discuss the main mechanisms of surface-induced protein aggregation. We then review the types of contact materials identified as potentially harmful or detected as potential triggers of proteinaceous particle formation in formulations and discuss proposed mitigation strategies. Finally, we present current methods to probe surface-induced instabilities, which represent a starting point towards assays that can be implemented in early-stage screening and formulation development of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie R G Kopp
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fulvio Grigolato
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Zürcher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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13
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Schvartz M, Saudrais F, Devineau S, Aude JC, Chédin S, Henry C, Millán-Oropeza A, Perrault T, Pieri L, Pin S, Boulard Y, Brotons G, Renault JP. A proteome scale study reveals how plastic surfaces and agitation promote protein aggregation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1227. [PMID: 36681766 PMCID: PMC9867740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation in biotherapeutics can reduce their activity and effectiveness. It may also promote immune reactions responsible for severe adverse effects. The impact of plastic materials on protein destabilization is not totally understood. Here, we propose to deconvolve the effects of material surface, air/liquid interface, and agitation to decipher their respective role in protein destabilization and aggregation. We analyzed the effect of polypropylene, TEFLON, glass and LOBIND surfaces on the stability of purified proteins (bovine serum albumin, hemoglobin and α-synuclein) and on a cell extract composed of 6000 soluble proteins during agitation (P = 0.1-1.2 W/kg). Proteomic analysis revealed that chaperonins, intrinsically disordered proteins and ribosomes were more sensitive to the combined effects of material surfaces and agitation while small metabolic oligomers could be protected in the same conditions. Protein loss observations coupled to Raman microscopy, dynamic light scattering and proteomic allowed us to propose a mechanistic model of protein destabilization by plastics. Our results suggest that protein loss is not primarily due to the nucleation of small aggregates in solution, but to the destabilization of proteins exposed to material surfaces and their subsequent aggregation at the sheared air/liquid interface, an effect that cannot be prevented by using LOBIND tubes. A guidance can be established on how to minimize these adverse effects. Remove one of the components of this combined stress - material, air (even partially), or agitation - and proteins will be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Schvartz
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LIONS, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085, Le Mans Cedex, France.
| | - Florent Saudrais
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LIONS, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphanie Devineau
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Aude
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphane Chédin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LIONS, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Céline Henry
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, PAPPSO, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aarón Millán-Oropeza
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, PAPPSO, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Thomas Perrault
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085, Le Mans Cedex, France
| | - Laura Pieri
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Serge Pin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LIONS, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yves Boulard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume Brotons
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085, Le Mans Cedex, France
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14
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Ciutara CO, Barman S, Iasella S, Huang B, Zasadzinski JA. Dilatational and shear rheology of soluble and insoluble monolayers with a Langmuir trough. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:125-135. [PMID: 36063630 PMCID: PMC10038177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The surface dilatational and shear moduli of surfactant and protein interfacial layers can be derived from surface pressures measured with a Wilhelmy plate parallel, ΔΠpar and perpendicular ΔΠperp to the barriers in a Langmuir trough. EXPERIMENTAL Applying area oscillations, A0+ ΔAeiωt, in a rectangular Langmuir trough induces changes in surface pressure, ΔΠpar and ΔΠperp for monolayers of soluble palmitoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), insoluble dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and the protein β-lactoglobulin to evaluate Es∗+Gs∗=A0ΔΠparΔA and Es∗-Gs∗=A0ΔΠperpΔA. Gs∗ was independently measured with a double-wall ring apparatus (DWR) and Es∗ by area oscillations of hemispherical bubbles in a capillary pressure microtensiometer (CPM) and the results were compared to the trough measurements. FINDINGS For LysoPC and DPPC, A0ΔΠparΔA≅A0ΔΠperpΔA meaning Es∗≫Gs∗ and Es∗≅A0ΔΠparΔA≅A0ΔΠperpΔA. Trough values for Es∗ were quantitatively similar to CPM when corrected for interfacial curvature. DWR showed G∗ was 4 orders of magnitude smaller than Es∗ for both LysoPC and DPPC. For β-lactoglobulin films, A0ΔΠparΔA>A0ΔΠperpΔA and Es∗ and Gs∗ were in qualitative agreement with independent CPM and DWR measurements. For β-lactoglobulin, both Es∗ and Gs∗ varied with film age and history on the trough, suggesting the evolution of the protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara O Ciutara
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sourav Barman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Steven Iasella
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Boxun Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph A Zasadzinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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15
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Deiringer N, Frieß W. Reaching the breaking point: Effect of tubing characteristics on protein particle formation during peristaltic pumping. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122216. [PMID: 36179929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Peristaltic pumping has been identified as a cause for protein particle formation during manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. To give advice on tubing selection, we evaluated the physicochemical parameters and the propensity for tubing and protein particle formation using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) for five different tubings. After pumping, particle levels originating from tubing and protein differed substantially between the tubing types. An overall low shedding of tubing particles by wear was linked to low surface roughness and high abrasion resistance. The formation of mAb particles upon pumping was dependent on the tubing hardness and surface chemistry. Defined stretching of tubing filled with mAb solution revealed that aggregation increased with higher strain beyond the breaking point of the protein film adsorbed to the tubing wall. This is in line with the decrease in protein particle concentration with increasing tubing hardness. Furthermore, material composition influenced particle formation propensity. Faster adsorption to materials with higher hydrophobicity is suspected to lead to a higher protein film renewal rate resulting in higher protein particle counts. Overall, silicone tubing with high hardness led to least protein particles during peristaltic pumping. Results from this study emphasize the need of proper tubing selection to minimize protein particle generation upon pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Deiringer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frieß
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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16
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Eshraghi J, Dou Z, Veilleux JC, Shi G, Collins D, Ardekani AM, Vlachos PP. The Air Entrainment and Hydrodynamic Shear of the Liquid Slosh in Syringes. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122210. [PMID: 36122618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interface motion and hydrodynamic shear induced by the liquid sloshing during the insertion stage of an autoinjector can help improve drug product administration. We perform experiments to investigate the interfacial motion and hydrodynamic shear due to the acceleration and deceleration of syringes. The goal is to explore the role of fluid properties, air gap size, and syringe acceleration on the interface dynamics caused by autoinjector activation. We used a simplified autoinjector platform to record the syringe and liquid motion without any view obstruction. Water and silicone oil with the same viscosity are used as the model fluids. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is employed to measure the velocity field. Simultaneous shadowgraph visualization captures the air entrainment. Our in-house PIV and image processing algorithms are used to quantify the hydrodynamic stress and interfacial area to investigate the effects of various autoinjector design parameters and fluid types on liquid sloshing. The results indicate that reducing the air gap volume and syringe acceleration/deceleration mitigate the interface area and effective shear. Moreover, the interfacial area and induced hydrodynamic stress decrease with the Fr=U/aD, where U is the interface velocity, a is the maximum syringe acceleration, and D is the syringe diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Eshraghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Zhongwang Dou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Galen Shi
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | | | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Pavlos P Vlachos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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17
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Kanthe AD, Carnovale MR, Katz JS, Jordan S, Krause ME, Zheng S, Ilott A, Ying W, Bu W, Bera MK, Lin B, Maldarelli C, Tu RS. Differential Surface Adsorption Phenomena for Conventional and Novel Surfactants Correlates with Changes in Interfacial mAb Stabilization. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3100-3113. [PMID: 35882380 PMCID: PMC9450885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein adsorption on surfaces can result in loss of drug product stability and efficacy during the production, storage, and administration of protein-based therapeutics. Surface-active agents (excipients) are typically added in protein formulations to prevent undesired interactions of proteins on surfaces and protein particle formation/aggregation in solution. The objective of this work is to understand the molecular-level competitive adsorption mechanism between the monoclonal antibody (mAb) and a commercially used excipient, polysorbate 80 (PS80), and a novel excipient, N-myristoyl phenylalanine-N-polyetheramine diamide (FM1000). The relative rate of adsorption of PS80 and FM1000 was studied by pendant bubble tensiometry. We find that FM1000 saturates the interface faster than PS80. Additionally, the surface-adsorbed amounts from X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements show that FM1000 blocks a larger percentage of interfacial area than PS80, indicating that a lower bulk FM1000 surface concentration is sufficient to prevent protein adsorption onto the air/water interface. XRR models reveal that with an increase in mAb concentration (0.5-2.5 mg/mL: IV based formulations), an increased amount of PS80 concentration (below critical micelle concentration, CMC) is required, whereas a fixed value of FM1000 concentration (above its relatively lower CMC) is sufficient to inhibit mAb adsorption, preventing mAb from co-existing with surfactants on the surface layer. With this observation, we show that the CMC of the surfactant is not the critical factor to indicate its ability to inhibit protein adsorption, especially for chemically different surfactants, PS80 and FM1000. Additionally, interface-induced aggregation studies indicate that at minimum surfactant concentration levels in protein formulations, fewer protein particles form in the presence of FM1000. Our results provide a mechanistic link between the adsorption of mAbs at the air/water interface and the aggregation induced by agitation in the presence of surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit D Kanthe
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Miriam R Carnovale
- Pharma Solutions R&D, International Flavors and Fragrances, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Joshua S Katz
- Pharma Solutions R&D, International Flavors and Fragrances, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Susan Jordan
- Pharma Solutions R&D, International Flavors and Fragrances, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Mary E Krause
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Songyan Zheng
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Andrew Ilott
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - William Ying
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Wei Bu
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606371, United States
| | - Mrinal K Bera
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606371, United States
| | - Binhua Lin
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606371, United States
| | - Charles Maldarelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States.,Levich Institute, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Raymond S Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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18
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Impact of Poloxamer 188 Material Attributes on Proteinaceous Visible Particle Formation in Liquid Monoclonal Antibody Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2191-2200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Katz JS, Chou DK, Christian TR, Das TK, Patel M, Singh SN, Wen Y. Emerging Challenges and Innovations in Surfactant-mediated Stabilization of Biologic Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:919-932. [PMID: 34883096 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biologics may be subjected to various destabilizing conditions during manufacturing, transportation, storage, and use. Therefore, biologics must be appropriately formulated to meet their desired quality target product profiles. In the formulations of protein-based biologics, one critical component is surfactant. Polysorbate 80 and Polysorbate 20 remain the most commonly used surfactants. Surfactants can stabilize proteins through different mechanisms and help the proteins withstand destabilization stresses. However, the challenges associated with surfactants, for instance, impurities, degradation, and potential triggering of adverse immune responses, have been encountered. Therefore, there are continued efforts to develop novel surfactants to overcome these challenges associated with traditional surfactants. Meanwhile, surfactants have also found their use in formulations of newer and novel modalities, namely, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, and adeno-associated viruses (AAV). This review provides an updated in-depth discussion of surfactants in the above-mentioned areas, namely mechanism of action of surfactants, a critical review of challenges with surfactants and current mitigation approaches, and emerging technologies to develop novel surfactants. In addition, gaps, current mitigations, and future directions have been presented to trigger further discussion and research to facilitate the use and development of novel surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Katz
- Pharma Solutions R&D, International Flavors and Fragrances, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | - Danny K Chou
- Compassion BioSolution, LLC, Lomita, CA 90717, USA
| | | | - Tapan K Das
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Biologics Development, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Mayank Patel
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Shubhadra N Singh
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Yi Wen
- Lilly Research Laboratory, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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20
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Zhang Y, Dou Z, Veilleux JC, Shi GH, Collins DS, Vlachos PP, Dabiri S, Ardekani AM. Modeling cavitation bubble dynamics in an autoinjector and its implications on drug molecules. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121062. [PMID: 34506926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The collapse of cavitation bubbles induced by abrupt acceleration of the syringe in an autoinjector device can lead to protein aggregation. The details of bubble dynamics are investigated using an axisymmetric, three-dimensional simulation with passive tracers to illustrate the transport of protein molecules. When a bubble near the syringe wall collapses, protein molecules are concentrated in the re-entrant jet, pushed towards the syringe wall, and then spread across the wall, potentially leading to protein adsorption on the syringe wall and aggregation. This phenomenon is more prominent for bubbles positioned closer to the bottom wall, growing to a larger maximum radius. The bubble's maximum radius decreases with the bubble's distance from the syringe wall and air gap pressure, and increases with an increase in liquid column height and nucleus size. The strain rate induced by the bubble collapse is not large enough to unfold the proteins. When the re-entrant jet impacts the bubble surface or syringe wall, the bubble breaks up, generating smaller bubbles with high surface concentration of protein molecules, potentially inducing aggregation in the bulk. The bubble dynamics are influenced by dimensionless distance of the nucleus from the wall, normalized by maximum bubble radius (γ). The re-entrant jet velocity increases with γ, while the maximum liquid pressure, typically 100∼1000 bar, first decreases and then increases with γ. For a cloud of cavitation bubbles, i.e., closely clustered bubbles, coalescence of bubbles can occur, leading to a higher peak pressure at collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Zhongwang Dou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | | | - Galen H Shi
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, United States
| | - David S Collins
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, United States
| | - Pavlos P Vlachos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Sadegh Dabiri
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States.
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21
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Johann F, Wöll S, Winzer M, Snell J, Valldorf B, Gieseler H. Miniaturized Forced Degradation of Therapeutic Proteins and ADCs by Agitation-Induced Aggregation Using Orbital Shaking of Microplates. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1401-1413. [PMID: 34563536 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microplate-based formulation screening is a powerful approach to identify stabilizing excipients for therapeutic proteins while reducing material requirements. However, this approach is sometimes not representative of studies conducted in relevant container closures. The present study aimed to identify critical parameters for a microplate-based orbital shaking method to screen biotherapeutic formulations by agitation-induced aggregation. For this purpose, an in-depth methodological study was conducted using different shakers, microplates, and plate seals. Aggregation was monitored by size exclusion chromatography, turbidity, and backgrounded membrane imaging. Both shaker quality and liquid-seal contact had substantial impacts on aggregation during shaking and resulted in non-uniform sample treatment when parameters were not suitably selected. The well volume to fill volume ratio (Vwell/Vfill) was identified as an useful parameter for achieving comparable aggregation levels between different microplate formats. An optimized method (2400 rpm [ac 95 m/s2], Vfill 60-100 µL [Vwell/Vfill 6-3.6], 24 h, RT, heat-sealed) allowed for uniform sample treatment independent of surface tension and good agreement with vial shaking results. This study provides valuable guidance for miniaturization of shaking stress studies in biopharmaceutical drug development, facilitating method transfer and comparability between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Johann
- Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Pharmaceutics, Freeze Drying Focus Group (FDFG), Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Merck KGaA, Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Steffen Wöll
- Merck KGaA, Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Winzer
- Merck KGaA, Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jared Snell
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Bernhard Valldorf
- Merck KGaA, Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Henning Gieseler
- Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Pharmaceutics, Freeze Drying Focus Group (FDFG), Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; GILYOS GmbH, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 15, 97076 Würzburg, Germany.
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22
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Kanthe A, Ilott A, Krause M, Zheng S, Li J, Bu W, Bera MK, Lin B, Maldarelli C, Tu RS. No ordinary proteins: Adsorption and molecular orientation of monoclonal antibodies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg2873. [PMID: 34452912 PMCID: PMC8397265 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with air/water interfaces plays a crucial role in their overall stability in solution. We aim to understand this behavior using pendant bubble measurements to track the dynamic tension reduction and x-ray reflectivity to obtain the electron density profiles (EDPs) at the surface. Native immunoglobulin G mAb is a rigid molecule with a flat, "Y" shape, and simulated EDPs are obtained by rotating a homology construct at the surface. Comparing simulations with experimental EDPs, we obtain surface orientation probability maps showing mAbs transition from flat-on Y-shape configurations to side-on or end-on configurations with increasing concentration. The modeling also shows the presence of β sheets at the surface. Overall, the experiments and the homology modeling elucidate the orientational phase space during different stages of adsorption of mAbs at the air/water interface. These finding will help define new strategies for the manufacture and storage of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kanthe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Andrew Ilott
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Mary Krause
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Songyan Zheng
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jinjiang Li
- Pharmaceutical Development, Wolfe Laboratories, Watertown, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Wei Bu
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 606371, USA
| | - Mrinal K Bera
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 606371, USA
| | - Binhua Lin
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 606371, USA
| | - Charles Maldarelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
- Levich Institute, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Raymond S Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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23
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Kim NA, Kar S, Li Z, Das TK, Carpenter JF. Mimicking Low pH Virus Inactivation Used in Antibody Manufacturing Processes: Effect of Processing Conditions and Biophysical Properties on Antibody Aggregation and Particle Formation. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3188-3199. [PMID: 34090901 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Low pH virus inactivation (VI) step is routinely used in antibody production manufacturing. In this work, a mimic of the VI step was developed to focus on evaluating adverse effects on product quality. A commercially available lab-scale glass reactor system was utilized to assess impacts of process and solution conditions on process-induced monoclonal antibody particle formation. Flow imaging was found to be more sensitive than light obscuration in detecting microparticles. NaOH as a base titrant increased protein microparticles more than Tris. Both stirring and NaCl accelerated particle formation, indicating that interfacial stress and protein colloidal stability were important factors. Polysorbate 80 was effective at suppressing particle formation induced by stirring. In contrast, trehalose led to higher microparticle levels suggesting a conformational stabilizer may have other adverse effects during titration with stirring. Additionally, conformational and colloidal stability of antibodies were characterized to investigate the potential roles of antibody physicochemical properties in microparticle formation during VI. The stability data were supportive in rationalizing particle formation behaviors, but they were not predictive of particle formation during the mimicked viral inactivation steps. Overall, the results demonstrate the value of testing various solution and processing conditions in a scaled-down system prior to larger-scale VI bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ah Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora 80045, CO, USA; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Sambit Kar
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, USA
| | - Zhengjian Li
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, USA
| | - Tapan K Das
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, USA
| | - John F Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora 80045, CO, USA.
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Narayan S, Barman S, Moravec DB, Hauser BG, Dallas AJ, Zasadzinski JA, Dutcher CS. Dilatational rheology of water-in-diesel fuel interfaces: effect of surfactant concentration and bulk-to-interface exchange. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4751-4765. [PMID: 33861293 PMCID: PMC8140520 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00064k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Micrometer-sized water droplets dispersed in diesel fuel are stabilized by the fuel's surface-active additives, such as mono-olein and poly(isobutylene)succinimide (PIBSI), making the droplets challenging for coalescing filters to separate. Dynamic material properties found from interfacial rheology are known to influence the behavior of microscale droplets in coalescing filters. In this work, we study the interfacial dilatational properties of water-in-fuel interfaces laden with mono-olein and PIBSI, with a fuel phase of clay-treated ultra-low sulphur diesel (CT ULSD). First, the dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) is measured using pendant drop tensiometry, and a curvature-dependent form of the Ward and Tordai diffusion equation is applied for extracting the diffusivity of the surfactants. Additionally, Langmuir kinetics are applied to the dynamic IFT results to obtain the maximum surface concentration (Γ∞) and ratio of adsorption to desorption rate constants (κ). We then use a capillary pressure microtensiometer to measure the interfacial dilatational modulus, and further extract the characteristic frequency of surfactant exchange (ω0) by fitting a model assuming diffusive exchange between the interface and bulk. In this measurement, 50-100 μm diameter water droplets are pinned at the tip of a glass capillary in contact with the surfactant-containing fuel phase, and small amplitude capillary pressure oscillations over a range of frequencies from 0.45-20 rad s-1 are applied to the interface, inducing changes in interfacial tension and area to yield the dilatational modulus, E*(ω). Over the range of concentrations studied, the dilatational modulus of CT ULSD with either mono-olein or PIBSI increases with a decrease in bulk concentration and plateaus at the lowest concentrations of mono-olein. Characteristic frequency (ω0) values extracted from the fit are compared with those calculated using equilibrium surfactant parameters (κ and Γ∞) derived from pendant drop tensiometry, and good agreement is found between these values. Importantly, the results imply that diffusive exchange models based on the equilibrium relationships between surfactant concentration and interfacial tension can be used to infer the dynamic dilatational behavior of complex surfactant systems, such as the water-in-diesel fuel interfaces in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Narayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Sourav Barman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joseph A Zasadzinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cari S Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA. and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Doshi N, Giddings J, Luis L, Wu A, Ritchie K, Liu W, Chan W, Taing R, Chu J, Sreedhara A, Kannan A, Kei P, Shieh I, Graf T, Hu M. A Comprehensive Assessment of All-Oleate Polysorbate 80: Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation, Interfacial Protection and Oxidative Degradation. Pharm Res 2021; 38:531-548. [PMID: 33713012 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enzymatic polysorbate (PS) degradation and resulting free fatty acid (FFA) particles are detrimental to biopharmaceutical drug product (DP) stability. Different types and grades of polysorbate have varying propensity to form FFA particles. This work evaluates the homogenous all-oleate (AO) PS80 alongside heterogeneous PS20 and PS80 grades in terms its propensity to form FFA particles and other important attributes like interfacial protection and oxidation susceptibility. METHODS FFA particle formation rates were compared by degrading PS using non-immobilized hydrolases and fast degrading DP formulations. Interfacial protection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was assessed by agitation studies in saline using non-degraded and degraded PS. Several antioxidants were assessed for their ability to mitigate AO PS80 oxidation and subsequent mAb oxidation by a 40°C placebo stability study and a 2, 2'-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride stress model, respectively. RESULTS Visible and subvisible particles were significantly delayed in AO PS80 formulations compared with heterogeneous PS20 and PS80 formulations. Non-degraded AO PS80 was less protective of mAbs against the air-water interface compared with heterogeneous PS20. Interfacial protection by AO PS80 improved upon degradation owing to high surface activity of FFAs. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) completely mitigated AO PS80 oxidation unlike L-methionine and N-Acetyl-DL-Tryptophan. However, DTPA did not mitigate radical mediated mAb oxidation. CONCLUSION AO PS80 is a promising alternative to reduce FFA particle formation compared with other PS types and grades. However, limitations observed here---such as lower protection against interfacial stresses and higher propensity for oxidation---need to be considered in assessing the risk/benefit ratio in using AO PS80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - Jamie Giddings
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Lin Luis
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Arthur Wu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Kyle Ritchie
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Wayman Chan
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Rosalynn Taing
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jeff Chu
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Aadithya Kannan
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Pervina Kei
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Ian Shieh
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Tobias Graf
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Mark Hu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
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26
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Zhang Y, Han D, Dou Z, Veilleux JC, Shi GH, Collins DS, Vlachos PP, Ardekani AM. The Interface Motion and Hydrodynamic Shear of the Liquid Slosh in Syringes. Pharm Res 2021; 38:257-275. [PMID: 33619639 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-02992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interface motion and hydrodynamic shear of the liquid slosh during the insertion of syringes upon autoinjector activation may damage the protein drug molecules. Experimentally validated computational fluid dynamics simulations are used in this study to investigate the interfacial motion and hydrodynamic shear due to acceleration and deceleration of syringes. The goal is to explore the role of fluid viscosity, air gap size, syringe acceleration, syringe tilt angle, liquid-wall contact angle, surface tension and fill volume on the interface dynamics caused by autoinjector activation. METHODS A simplified autoinjector platform submerged in water is built to record the syringe and liquid motion without obstruction of view. The syringe kinematics is imported to the simulations based on OpenFOAM InterIsoFoam solver, which is used to study the effects of various physical parameters. RESULTS The simulations agree with experiments on the air-liquid interface profile and interface area. The interfacial area and the volume of fluid subject to high strain rate decrease with the solution viscosity, increase with the air gap height, syringe velocity, tilt angle and syringe wall hydrophobicity, and hardly change with the surface tension and liquid column height. The hydrodynamic shear mainly occurs near the syringe wall and entrained bubbles. CONCLUSION For a given dose of drug solution, the syringe with smaller radius and larger length will generate less liquid slosh. Reducing the air volume and syringe wall hydrophobicity are also helpful to reduce interface area and effective shear. The interface motion is reduced when the syringe axis is aligned with the gravitational direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Dingding Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Zhongwang Dou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Galen H Shi
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Pavlos P Vlachos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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Kale SK, Cope AJ, Goggin DM, Samaniuk JR. A miniaturized radial Langmuir trough for simultaneous dilatational deformation and interfacial microscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 582:1085-1098. [PMID: 32932179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INNOVATION Interfacial rheological properties of complex fluid-fluid interfaces are strongly influenced by the film microstructure. Experimental investigations for correlating interfacial morphology and rheology are notoriously challenging. A miniaturized radial Langmuir trough was developed to study complex fluid-fluid interfaces under purely dilatational deformations that operates in tandem with a conventional inverted microscope for simultaneous interfacial visualization. EXPERIMENTS Two materials were investigated at an air-water interface: poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) (PtBMA) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Surface pressure measurements made in the radial Langmuir trough were compared with a commercial rectangular Langmuir trough. Interfacial in situ visualization for each material was performed during the compression cycle in the radial trough. Challenges associated with the small size of the radial Langmuir trough, such as the influence of capillary deformation on the measured surface pressure, are also quantified. FINDINGS Measured surface pressures between the newly developed radial trough and the rectangular Langmuir trough compare well. Micrographs obtained in the radial Langmuir trough were used to obtain film properties such as Young's modulus. The new advance in colloid and interface science is the ability to capture structure-property relationships of planar interfaces using microscopy and purely dilatational deformation. This will advance the development of constitutive modeling of complex fluid-fluid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka K Kale
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Andrew J Cope
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - David M Goggin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Joseph R Samaniuk
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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Chandran Suja V, Rodríguez-Hakim M, Tajuelo J, Fuller GG. Single bubble and drop techniques for characterizing foams and emulsions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 286:102295. [PMID: 33161297 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The physics of foams and emulsions has traditionally been studied using bulk foam/emulsion tests and single film platforms such as the Scheludko cell. Recently there has been a renewed interest in a third class of techniques that we term as single bubble/drop tests, which employ isolated whole bubbles and drops to probe the characteristics of foams and emulsions. Single bubble and drop techniques provide a convenient framework for investigating a number of important characteristics of foams and emulsions, including the rheology, stabilization mechanisms, and rupture dynamics. In this review we provide a comprehensive discussion of the various single bubble/drop platforms and the associated experimental measurement protocols including the construction of coalescence time distributions, visualization of the thin film profiles and characterization of the interfacial rheological properties. Subsequently, we summarize the recent developments in foam and emulsion science with a focus on the results obtained through single bubble/drop techniques. We conclude the review by presenting important venues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chandran Suja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
| | - M Rodríguez-Hakim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - J Tajuelo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Departamento de Física Interdisciplinar, Universidad Nacional de Eduación a Distancia UNED, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - G G Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Wood CV, Razinkov VI, Qi W, Furst EM, Roberts CJ. A Rapid, Small-Volume Approach to Evaluate Protein Aggregation at Air-Water Interfaces. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1083-1092. [PMID: 33271135 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-native protein aggregation is a common concern for biopharmaceuticals. A given protein may aggregate through a variety of mechanisms that depend on solution and physico-chemical stress conditions. A thorough evaluation of aggregation behavior for a protein under all conditions of interest is necessary to ensure drug safety and efficacy. This work introduces a rapid, small-volume approach to evaluate protein aggregation propensity upon exposure to air-water interfaces (AWI). A microtensiometer apparatus is used to aerate a small volume of a protein solution with microbubbles for short periods of time (≤10 s). Sub-visible particles that form are captured and analyzed using backgrounded membrane imaging. This allows one to capture all particles in the solution while being sample sparing. The surface-mediated aggregation of two model monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and a globular protein (aCgn) was tested as a function of pH and temperature. Temperature had a negligible effect under the rapid interface turnover time scales with this technique. Electrostatic protein-protein interactions, mediated by pH changes, were more influential for particle formation via AWI. Nonionic surfactants substantially reduced particle formation for all MAb solutions, but not aCgn. The results are contrasted with expectations when exposing samples to much larger air-water interfacial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin V Wood
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | - Wei Qi
- Drug Product Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Eric M Furst
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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30
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A Review on Mixing-Induced Protein Particle Formation: The Puzzle of Bottom-Mounted Mixers. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2363-2374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Barman S, Davidson ML, Walker LM, Anna SL, Zasadzinski JA. Inflammation product effects on dilatational mechanics can trigger the Laplace instability and acute respiratory distress syndrome. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6890-6901. [PMID: 32643749 PMCID: PMC7462632 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00415d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the lungs, the Laplace pressure, ΔP = 2γ/R, would be higher in smaller alveoli than larger alveoli unless the surface tension, γ decreases with alveolar interfacial area, A, such that 2ε > γ in which ε = A(dγ/dA) is the dilatational modulus. In Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), lipase activity due to the immune response to an underlying trauma or disease causes single chain lysolipid concentrations to increase in the alveolar fluids via hydrolysis of double-chain phospholpids in bacterial, viral, and normal cell membranes. Increasing lysolipid concentrations decrease the dilatational modulus dramatically at breathing frequencies if the soluble lysolipid has sufficient time to diffuse off the interface, causing 2ε < γ, thereby potentially inducing the "Laplace Instability", in which larger alveoli have a lower internal pressure than smaller alveoli. This can lead to uneven lung inflation, alveolar flooding, and poor gas exchange, typical symptoms of ARDS. While the ARDS lung contains a number of lipid and protein species in the alveolar fluid in addition to lysolipids, the surface activity and frequency dependent dilatational modulus of lysolipid suggest how inflammation may lead to the lung instabilities associated with ARDS. At high frequencies, even at high lysolipid concentrations, 2ε - γ > 0, which may explain the benefits ARDS patients receive from high frequency oscillatory ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Barman
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael L Davidson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lynn M Walker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelly L Anna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph A Zasadzinski
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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32
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Recent Advances in Studying Interfacial Adsorption of Bioengineered Monoclonal Antibodies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092047. [PMID: 32353995 PMCID: PMC7249052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important class of biotherapeutics; as of 2020, dozens are commercialized medicines, over a hundred are in clinical trials, and many more are in preclinical developmental stages. Therapeutic mAbs are sequence modified from the wild type IgG isoforms to varying extents and can have different intrinsic structural stability. For chronic treatments in particular, high concentration (≥ 100 mg/mL) aqueous formulations are often preferred for at-home administration with a syringe-based device. MAbs, like any globular protein, are amphiphilic and readily adsorb to interfaces, potentially causing structural deformation and even unfolding. Desorption of structurally perturbed mAbs is often hypothesized to promote aggregation, potentially leading to the formation of subvisible particles and visible precipitates. Since mAbs are exposed to numerous interfaces during biomanufacturing, storage and administration, many studies have examined mAb adsorption to different interfaces under various mitigation strategies. This review examines recent published literature focusing on adsorption of bioengineered mAbs under well-defined solution and surface conditions. The focus of this review is on understanding adsorption features driven by distinct antibody domains and on recent advances in establishing model interfaces suitable for high resolution surface measurements. Our summary highlights the need to further understand the relationship between mAb interfacial adsorption and desorption, solution aggregation, and product instability during fill-finish, transport, storage and administration.
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33
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Wood CV, McEvoy S, Razinkov VI, Qi W, Furst EM, Roberts CJ. Kinetics and Competing Mechanisms of Antibody Aggregation via Bulk- and Surface-Mediated Pathways. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1449-1459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Defante AP, Kalonia CK, Keegan E, Bishop SM, Satish HA, Hudson SD, Santacroce PV. The Impact of the Metal Interface on the Stability and Quality of a Therapeutic Fusion Protein. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:569-578. [PMID: 31917583 PMCID: PMC11025017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Subvisible particle formation, which occurs after the sterile filtration step of the fill/finish process, is a challenge that may occur during the development of biotherapeutics with complex molecular structures. Here, we show that a stainless steel pump head from a rotary piston pump produces more protein aggregates, past the limit of the acceptable quality range for subvisible particle counts, in comparison to a ceramic pump head. The quartz crystal microbalance was used to quantify the primary layer, proteins irreversibly adsorbed at the solid-liquid interface, and the secondary diffuse gel-like layer interacting on top of the primary layer. The results showed that the mass of protein irreversibly adsorbed onto stainless steel sensors is greater than on an aluminum oxide surface (ceramic pump mimic). This suggests that the amount of adsorbed protein plays a role in surface-induced protein aggregation at the solid-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Defante
- Material Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Cavan K Kalonia
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20878 , United States
| | - Emma Keegan
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20878 , United States
| | - Steven M Bishop
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20878 , United States
| | - Hasige A Satish
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20878 , United States
| | - Steven D Hudson
- Material Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Paul V Santacroce
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20878 , United States
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35
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Dreckmann T, Boeuf J, Ludwig IS, Lümkemann J, Huwyler J. Low volume aseptic filling: Impact of pump systems on shear stress. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 147:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Kopp MRG, Capasso Palmiero U, Arosio P. A Nanoparticle-Based Assay To Evaluate Surface-Induced Antibody Instability. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:909-918. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie R. G. Kopp
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Umberto Capasso Palmiero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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37
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Zhang C, Springall JS, Wang X, Barman I. Rapid, quantitative determination of aggregation and particle formation for antibody drug conjugate therapeutics with label-free Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1081:138-145. [PMID: 31446951 PMCID: PMC6750807 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lot release and stability testing of biologics are essential parts of the quality control strategy for ensuring therapeutic material dosed to patients is safe and efficacious, and consistent with previous clinical and toxicological experience. Characterization of protein aggregation is of particular significance, as aggregates may lose the intrinsic pharmaceutical properties as well as engage with the immune system instigating undesirable downstream immunogenicity. While important, real-time identification and quantification of subvisible particles in the monoclonal antibody (mAb) drug products remains inaccessible with existing techniques due to limitations in measurement time, sensitivity or experimental conditions. Here, owing to its exquisite molecular specificity, non-perturbative nature and lack of sample preparation requirements, we propose label-free Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate analysis as a solution to this unmet need. By leveraging subtle, but consistent, differences in vibrational modes of the biologics, we have developed a support vector machine-based regression model that provides fast, accurate prediction for a wide range of protein aggregations. Moreover, in blinded experiments, the model shows the ability to precisely differentiate between aggregation levels in mAb like product samples pre- and post-isothermal incubation, where an increase in aggregate levels was experimentally determined. In addition to offering fresh insights into mAb like product-specific aggregation mechanisms that can improve engineering of new protein therapeutics, our results highlight the potential of Raman spectroscopy as an in-line analytical tool for monitoring protein particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy S Springall
- AstraZeneca, R&D Biopharmaceuticals, Biopharmaceutical Product Development, Analytical Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- AstraZeneca, R&D Biopharmaceuticals, Biopharmaceutical Product Development, Analytical Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Kannan A, Shieh IC, Fuller GG. Linking aggregation and interfacial properties in monoclonal antibody-surfactant formulations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 550:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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39
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Wang W, Ohtake S. Science and art of protein formulation development. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118505. [PMID: 31306712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceuticals have become a significant class of marketed drug products and are expected to grow steadily over the next decade. Development of a commercial protein product is, however, a rather complex process. A critical step in this process is formulation development, enabling the final product configuration. A number of challenges still exist in the formulation development process. This review is intended to discuss these challenges, to illustrate the basic formulation development processes, and to compare the options and strategies in practical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Biological Development, Bayer USA, LLC, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States.
| | - Satoshi Ohtake
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
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Li J, Krause ME, Chen X, Cheng Y, Dai W, Hill JJ, Huang M, Jordan S, LaCasse D, Narhi L, Shalaev E, Shieh IC, Thomas JC, Tu R, Zheng S, Zhu L. Interfacial Stress in the Development of Biologics: Fundamental Understanding, Current Practice, and Future Perspective. AAPS J 2019; 21:44. [PMID: 30915582 PMCID: PMC6435788 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic products encounter various types of interfacial stress during development, manufacturing, and clinical administration. When proteins come in contact with vapor-liquid, solid-liquid, and liquid-liquid surfaces, these interfaces can significantly impact the protein drug product quality attributes, including formation of visible particles, subvisible particles, or soluble aggregates, or changes in target protein concentration due to adsorption of the molecule to various interfaces. Protein aggregation at interfaces is often accompanied by changes in conformation, as proteins modify their higher order structure in response to interfacial stresses such as hydrophobicity, charge, and mechanical stress. Formation of aggregates may elicit immunogenicity concerns; therefore, it is important to minimize opportunities for aggregation by performing a systematic evaluation of interfacial stress throughout the product development cycle and to develop appropriate mitigation strategies. The purpose of this white paper is to provide an understanding of protein interfacial stability, explore methods to understand interfacial behavior of proteins, then describe current industry approaches to address interfacial stability concerns. Specifically, we will discuss interfacial stresses to which proteins are exposed from drug substance manufacture through clinical administration, as well as the analytical techniques used to evaluate the resulting impact on the stability of the protein. A high-level mechanistic understanding of the relationship between interfacial stress and aggregation will be introduced, as well as some novel techniques for measuring and better understanding the interfacial behavior of proteins. Finally, some best practices in the evaluation and minimization of interfacial stress will be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Li
- Pharmaceutical Development, Wolfe Labs, 19 Presidential Way, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA.
| | - Mary E Krause
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - Weiguo Dai
- Large Molecule Drug Product Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Johnson and Johnson, Malvern, Pennsylvania, 19355, USA
| | - John J Hill
- BioProcess Technology Consultants, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
| | - Susan Jordan
- Pharma Excipients, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
| | - Daniel LaCasse
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
| | - Linda Narhi
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, USA
| | - Evgenyi Shalaev
- Pharmaceutical Development, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Ian C Shieh
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Justin C Thomas
- Bioproduct Research & Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Raymond Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York-CUNY, New York, New York, 10031, USA
| | - Songyan Zheng
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - Lily Zhu
- Technical Operations, CRISPR Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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Schack MM, Møller EH, Friderichsen AV, Carpenter JF, Rades T, Groenning M. Optimization of Infrared Microscopy to Assess Secondary Structure of Insulin Molecules Within Individual Subvisible Particles in Aqueous Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1117-1129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Wang W, Roberts CJ. Protein aggregation – Mechanisms, detection, and control. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:251-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kalonia CK, Heinrich F, Curtis JE, Raman S, Miller MA, Hudson SD. Protein Adsorption and Layer Formation at the Stainless Steel-Solution Interface Mediates Shear-Induced Particle Formation for an IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1319-1331. [PMID: 29425047 PMCID: PMC5997281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Passage of specific protein solutions through certain pumps, tubing, and/or filling nozzles can result in the production of unwanted subvisible protein particles (SVPs). In this work, surface-mediated SVP formation was investigated. Specifically, the effects of different solid interface materials, interfacial shear rates, and protein concentrations on SVP formation were measured for the National Institute of Standards and Technology monoclonal antibody (NISTmAb), a reference IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). A stainless steel rotary piston pump was used to identify formulation and process parameters that affect aggregation, and a flow cell (alumina or stainless steel interface) was used to further investigate the effect of different interface materials and/or interfacial shear rates. SVP particles produced were monitored using flow microscopy or flow cytometry. Neutron reflectometry and a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring were used to characterize adsorption and properties of NISTmAb at the stainless steel interface. Pump/shear cell experiments showed that the NISTmAb concentration and interface material had a significant effect on SVP formation, while the effects of interfacial shear rate and passage number were less important. At the higher NISTmAb concentrations, the adsorbed protein became structurally altered at the stainless steel interface. The primary adsorbed layer remained largely undisturbed during flow, suggesting that SVP formation at high NISTmAb concentration was caused by the disruption of patches and/or secondary interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cavan K. Kalonia
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Formulation Sciences Department, MedImmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Frank Heinrich
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Joseph E. Curtis
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sid Raman
- Formulation Sciences Department, MedImmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Maria A. Miller
- Formulation Sciences Department, MedImmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Steven D. Hudson
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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44
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Sorret LL, DeWinter MA, Schwartz DK, Randolph TW. Protein-protein interactions controlling interfacial aggregation of rhIL-1ra are not described by simple colloid models. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1191-1204. [PMID: 29388282 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of protein-protein interaction strength on interfacial viscoelastic properties and aggregation of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rhIL-1ra) at silicone oil-water interfaces. Osmotic second virial coefficients determined by static light scattering were used to quantify protein-protein interactions in bulk solution. Attractive protein-protein interactions dominated at low ionic strengths and their magnitude decreased with increasing ionic strength, in contrast to repulsive interactions that would be expected based on uniformly charged sphere models. Interfacial shear rheometry was used to characterize rhIL-1ra interfacial layers. More attractive protein-protein interactions in bulk solution correlated with stronger interfacial gels. Thioflavin-T fluorescence measurements indicated that the intermolecular β-sheet content of rhIL-1ra incubated in the presence of silicone oil-water interfaces correlated with gel strength. Siliconized syringes were used to probe the effects of mechanical perturbation of the interfacial gel layers. When rhIL-1ra solutions in siliconized glass syringes were subjected to end-over-end rotation, monomeric rhIL-1ra was lost from solution, and particles containing aggregated protein were released into the bulk aqueous phase. The loss of monomeric rhIL-1ra in response to mechanical perturbation was highest under the conditions where the strongest gels were observed. Aggregation of rhIL-1ra was strictly interface-induced and growth of aggregates in the bulk solution was not observed, even in the presence of particles released from silicone oil-water interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea L Sorret
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Madison A DeWinter
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
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45
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Notorious but not understood: How liquid-air interfacial stress triggers protein aggregation. Int J Pharm 2018; 537:202-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Kannan A, Shieh IC, Leiske DL, Fuller GG. Monoclonal Antibody Interfaces: Dilatation Mechanics and Bubble Coalescence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:630-638. [PMID: 29251942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are proteins that uniquely identify targets within the body, making them well-suited for therapeutic applications. However, these amphiphilic molecules readily adsorb onto air-solution interfaces where they tend to aggregate. We investigated two mAbs with different propensities to aggregate at air-solution interfaces. The understanding of the interfacial rheological behavior of the two mAbs is crucial in determining their aggregation tendency. In this work, we performed interfacial stress relaxation studies under compressive step strain using a custom-built dilatational rheometer. The dilatational relaxation modulus was determined for these viscoelastic interfaces. The initial value and the equilibrated value of relaxation modulus were larger in magnitude for the mAb with a higher tendency to aggregate in response to interfacial stress. We also performed single-bubble coalescence experiments using a custom-built dynamic fluid-film interferometer (DFI). The bubble coalescence times also correlated to the mAbs aggregation propensity and interfacial viscoelasticity. To study the influence of surfactants in mAb formulations, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was chosen as a model surfactant. In the mixed mAb/PEG system, we observed that the higher aggregating mAb coadsorbed with PEG and formed domains at the interface. In contrast, for the other mAb, PEG entirely covered the interface at the concentrations studied. We studied the mobility of the interfaces, which was manifested by the presence or the lack of Marangoni stresses. These dynamics were strongly correlated with the interfacial viscoelasticity of the mAbs. The influence of competitive destabilization in affecting the bubble coalescence times for the mixed mAb/PEG systems was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadithya Kannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development and §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech , South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ian C Shieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development and §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech , South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Danielle L Leiske
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development and §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech , South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gerald G Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development and §Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech , South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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47
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Interfacial curvature effects on the monolayer morphology and dynamics of a clinical lung surfactant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E134-E143. [PMID: 29279405 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715830115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology of surfactant monolayers is typically studied on the planar surface of a Langmuir trough, even though most physiological interfaces are curved at the micrometer scale. Here, we show that, as the radius of a clinical lung surfactant monolayer-covered bubble decreases to ∼100 µm, the monolayer morphology changes from dispersed circular liquid-condensed (LC) domains in a continuous liquid-expanded (LE) matrix to a continuous LC linear mesh separating discontinuous LE domains. The curvature-associated morphological transition cannot be readily explained by current liquid crystal theories based on isotropic domains. It is likely due to the anisotropic bending energy of the LC phase of the saturated phospholipids that are common to all natural and clinical lung surfactants. This continuous LC linear mesh morphology is also present on bilayer vesicles in solution. Surfactant adsorption and the dilatational modulus are also strongly influenced by the changes in morphology induced by interfacial curvature. The changes in morphology and dynamics may have physiological consequences for lung stability and function as the morphological transition occurs at alveolar dimensions.
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48
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Probst C, Zeng Y, Zhu RR. Characterization of Protein Particles in Therapeutic Formulations Using Imaging Flow Cytometry. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1952-1960. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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49
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Smith C, Li Z, Holman R, Pan F, Campbell RA, Campana M, Li P, Webster JRP, Bishop S, Narwal R, Uddin S, van der Walle CF, Lu JR. Antibody adsorption on the surface of water studied by neutron reflection. MAbs 2017; 9:466-475. [PMID: 28353420 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1276141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface and interfacial adsorption of antibody molecules could cause structural unfolding and desorbed molecules could trigger solution aggregation, resulting in the compromise of physical stability. Although antibody adsorption is important and its relevance to many mechanistic processes has been proposed, few techniques can offer direct structural information about antibody adsorption under different conditions. The main aim of this study was to demonstrate the power of neutron reflection to unravel the amount and structural conformation of the adsorbed antibody layers at the air/water interface with and without surfactant, using a monoclonal antibody 'COE-3' as the model. By selecting isotopic contrasts from different ratios of H2O and D2O, the adsorbed amount, thickness and extent of the immersion of the antibody layer could be determined unambiguously. Upon mixing with the commonly-used non-ionic surfactant Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), the surfactant in the mixed layer could be distinguished from antibody by using both hydrogenated and deuterated surfactants. Neutron reflection measurements from the co-adsorbed layers in null reflecting water revealed that, although the surfactant started to remove antibody from the surface at 1/100 critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant, complete removal was not achieved until above 1/10 CMC. The neutron study also revealed that antibody molecules retained their globular structure when either adsorbed by themselves or co-adsorbed with the surfactant under the conditions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Smith
- a Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Zongyi Li
- a Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Robert Holman
- a Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Fang Pan
- a Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | | | - Mario Campana
- c ISIS Neutron Facility, STFC , Chilton, Didcot , UK
| | - Peixun Li
- c ISIS Neutron Facility, STFC , Chilton, Didcot , UK
| | | | - Steven Bishop
- d Formulation Sciences, MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Shahid Uddin
- e Formulation Sciences , MedImmune Ltd , Cambridge , UK
| | | | - Jian R Lu
- a Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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50
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Koshari SHS, Ross JL, Nayak PK, Zarraga IE, Rajagopal K, Wagner NJ, Lenhoff AM. Characterization of Protein–Excipient Microheterogeneity in Biopharmaceutical Solid-State Formulations by Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:546-553. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn H. S. Koshari
- Center
for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jean L. Ross
- DBI
Bio-Imaging Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Purnendu K. Nayak
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17605, United States
| | - Isidro E. Zarraga
- Late
Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karthikan Rajagopal
- Drug
Delivery Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Norman J. Wagner
- Center
for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Abraham M. Lenhoff
- Center
for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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